{"pageNumber":"2399","pageRowStart":"59950","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":79275,"text":"sir20065107 - 2006 - Nutrients in streams and rivers across the nation — 1992–2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T21:00:25.466892","indexId":"sir20065107","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5107","title":"Nutrients in streams and rivers across the nation — 1992–2001","docAbstract":"<p class=\"textindent\">Nutrient compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus were investigated in streams and rivers sampled as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Nutrient data were collected in 20 NAWQA study units during 1992-95, 16 study units during 1996-98, and 15 study units during 1999-2001. To facilitate comparisons among sampling sites with variable sampling frequency, daily loads were determined by using regression models that relate constituent transport to streamflow and time. Model results were used to compute mean annual loads, yields, and concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, total nitrogen, orthophosphate, and total phosphorus, which were compared among stream and river sampling sites. Variations in the occurrence and distribution of nutrients in streams and rivers on a broad national scale reflect differences in the sources of nutrient inputs to the upstream watersheds and in watershed characteristics that affect movement of those nutrients.</p><p class=\"textindent\">Sites were classified by watershed size and by land use in the upstream watershed: agriculture, urban, and undeveloped (forest or rangeland). Selection of NAWQA urban sites was intended to avoid effects of major wastewater-treatment plants and other point sources, but in some locations this was not feasible. Nutrient concentrations and yields generally increased with anthropogenic development in the watershed. Median concentrations and yields for all constituents at sites downstream from undeveloped areas were less than at sites downstream from agricultural or urban areas. Concentrations of ammonia, orthophosphate, and total phosphorus at agricultural and urban sites were not significantly different; however, concentrations of nitrate and total nitrogen were higher at agricultural than at urban sites. Total nitrogen concentrations at agricultural sites were higher in areas of high nitrogen input or enhanced transport, such as irrigation or artificial drainage that can rapidly move water from cropland to streams (Midwest, Northern Plains, and western areas of the United States). Concentrations were lower in the Southeast, where more denitrification occurs during transport of nitrogen compounds in shallow ground water. At urban sites, high concentrations of ammonia and orthophosphate were more prevalent downstream from wastewater-treatment plants. At sites with large watersheds and high mean-annual streamflow (“large-watershed” sites), concentrations of most nutrients were significantly less than at sites downstream from agricultural or urban areas. Total nitrogen concentrations at large-watershed sites were higher in Midwest agricultural areas and lower in the Western United States, where agricultural and urban development is less extensive. Total phosphorus concentrations at large-watershed sites were higher in areas of greater potential erosion and low overall runoff such as the arid areas in the West.</p><p class=\"textindent\">Although not as distinct as seasonal patterns of streamflow, geographic patterns of seasonally high and low concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were identified in the data. Seasonal patterns in concentrations of total nitrogen generally mirror seasonal patterns in streamflow in the humid Eastern United States but are inverse to seasonal patterns in streamflow in the semiarid interior West. Total phosphorus concentrations typically have the opposite regional relation with streamflow; high concentrations coincide with high streamflows in the interior West.</p><p class=\"textindent\">In the NAWQA Program, sites downstream from relatively undeveloped areas were selected to provide a baseline for comparison to sites with potential effects of urban development and agriculture. Concentrations of nitrate, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus at NAWQA undeveloped sites were found to be greater than values reported by other studies for conditions of essentially no development (background conditions). Concentrations at NAWQA undeveloped sites represent conditions of relatively little development and provide insight in comparison to developed areas but should not, in general, be considered to represent background status.</p><p class=\"textindent\">The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has developed nutrient criteria to assist States in setting regional water-quality standards. Regional criteria were exceeded by total nitrogen concentrations at 72 percent of NAWQA undeveloped sites and by total phosphorus concentrations at 89 percent of these sites. Exceedances were even more extensive at sites with greater anthropogenic development upstream. The nitrogen criteria were exceeded at 96 percent of NAWQA sites classified as agricultural, urban, or mixed land use, and the phosphorus criteria were exceeded at 97 percent of these sites.</p><p class=\"textindent\">Nationally, outflow loads of all nutrient constituents were strongly correlated to nonpoint-source inputs in the upstream watershed. The variation in input mass explained at least 69 percent of the variation in loads. Correlations between nonpoint-source input rates and outflow yields were not quite as good; variation in input rates explained only about 22-45 percent of the variations in nutrient yields. Estimation of nutrient outflow, on the basis of these correlations, likely could be improved if nationally consistent data were available for additional watershed characteristics.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065107","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D.K., and Spahr, N.E., 2006, Nutrients in streams and rivers across the nation — 1992–2001 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5107, vi, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065107.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"50","temporalStart":"1991-10-01","temporalEnd":"2001-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8756,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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,{"id":79279,"text":"ofr20061316 - 2006 - Siberian platform: Geology and natural bitumen resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T10:29:01","indexId":"ofr20061316","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1316","title":"Siberian platform: Geology and natural bitumen resources","docAbstract":"<p>The Siberian platform is located between the Yenisey River on the west and the Lena River on the south and east. The Siberian platform is vast in size and inhospitable in its climate. This report is concerned principally with the setting, formation, and potential volumes of natural bitumen. In this report the volumes of maltha and asphalt referred to in the Russian literature are combined to represent natural bitumen. The generation of hydrocarbons and formation of hydrocarbon accumulations are discussed. The sedimentary basins of the Platform are described in terms of the Klemme basin classification system and the conditions controlling formation of natural bitumen. Estimates of in-place bitumen resources are reviewed and evaluated. If the bitumen volume estimate is confined to parts of identified deposits where field observations have verified rock and bitumen grades values, the bitumen resource amounts to about 62 billion barrels of oil in-place. However, estimates of an order of magnitude larger can be obtained if additional speculative and unverified rock volumes and grade measures are included.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061316","usgsCitation":"Meyer, R.F., and Freeman, P., 2006, Siberian platform: Geology and natural bitumen resources: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1316, i, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061316.","productDescription":"i, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8760,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1316/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3e0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, Richard F.","contributorId":67963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Philip A. 0000-0002-0863-7431 pfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-7431","contributorId":193093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Philip A.","email":"pfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":79281,"text":"fs20063128 - 2006 - The U.S. Geological Survey Energy Resources Program","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":79281,"text":"fs20063128 - 2006 - The U.S. Geological Survey Energy Resources Program","indexId":"fs20063128","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"title":"The U.S. Geological Survey Energy Resources Program"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":98870,"text":"fs20103100 - 2010 - The U.S.Geological Survey Energy Resources Program","indexId":"fs20103100","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The U.S.Geological Survey Energy Resources Program"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":98870,"text":"fs20103100 - 2010 - The U.S.Geological Survey Energy Resources Program","indexId":"fs20103100","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The U.S.Geological Survey Energy Resources Program"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:12","indexId":"fs20063128","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3128","title":"The U.S. Geological Survey Energy Resources Program","docAbstract":"The United States uses tremendous amounts of geologic energy resources. In 2004 alone, the United States consumed more than 7.4 billion barrels of oil, 21.9 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and 1.1 billion short tons of coal. Forecasts indicate the Nation's need for energy resources will continue to grow, raising several questions:\r\n\r\nHow much domestic and foreign petroleum resources are available to meet the growing energy demands of the Nation and world? \r\nDoes the United States have coal deposits of sufficient quantity and quality to meet demand over the next century? \r\nWhat other geologic energy resources can be added to the U.S. energy mix? \r\nHow do the occurrence and use of energy resources affect environmental quality and human health? \r\nUnbiased information from robust scientific studies is needed for sound energy policy and resource management decisions addressing these issues. The U.S. Geological Survey Energy Resources Program provides impartial, scientifically robust information to advance the understanding of geologically based energy resources including: petroleum (oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids), coal, gas hydrates, geothermal resources, oil shale, oil sands, uranium, and heavy oil and natural bitumen. This information can be used to contribute to plans for a secure energy future and to facilitate evaluation and responsible use of resources.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20063128","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, The U.S. Geological Survey Energy Resources Program (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3128, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063128.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3128.jpg"},{"id":8762,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3128/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db67337e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":79291,"text":"sir20065110 - 2006 - StreamVOC - A deterministic source-apportionment model to estimate volatile organic compound concentrations in rivers and streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-15T11:21:52","indexId":"sir20065110","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5110","title":"StreamVOC - A deterministic source-apportionment model to estimate volatile organic compound concentrations in rivers and streams","docAbstract":"This report documents the construction and verification of the model, StreamVOC, that estimates (1) the time- and position-dependent concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in rivers and streams as well as (2) the source apportionment (SA) of those concentrations. The model considers how different types of sources and loss processes can act together to yield a given observed VOC concentration. Reasons for interest in the relative and absolute contributions of different sources to contaminant concentrations include the need to apportion: (1) the origins for an observed contamination, and (2) the associated human and ecosystem risks. For VOCs, sources of interest include the atmosphere (by absorption), as well as point and nonpoint inflows of VOC-containing water. Loss processes of interest include volatilization to the atmosphere, degradation, and outflows of VOC-containing water from the stream to local ground water.\r\n\r\nThis report presents the details of StreamVOC and compares model output with measured concentrations for eight VOCs found in the Aberjona River at Winchester, Massachusetts. Input data for the model were obtained during a synoptic study of the stream system conducted July 11-13, 2001, as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. The input data included a variety of basic stream characteristics (for example, flows, temperature, and VOC concentrations). The StreamVOC concentration results agreed moderately well with the measured concentration data for several VOCs and provided compound-dependent SA estimates as a function of longitudinal distance down the river. For many VOCs, the quality of the agreement between the model-simulated and measured concentrations could be improved by simple adjustments of the model input parameters. In general, this study illustrated: (1) the considerable difficulty of quantifying correctly the locations and magnitudes of ground-water-related sources of contamination in streams; and (2) that model-based estimates of stream VOC concentrations are likely to be most accurate when the major sources are point sources or tributaries where the spatial extent and magnitude of the sources are tightly constrained and easily determined.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065110","usgsCitation":"Asher, W., Bender, D.A., Zogorski, J.S., and Bartholomay, R.C., 2006, StreamVOC - A deterministic source-apportionment model to estimate volatile organic compound concentrations in rivers and streams (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5110, xii, 167 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065110.","productDescription":"xii, 167 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5110.jpg"},{"id":8783,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5110/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4fd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asher, William E.","contributorId":44986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asher","given":"William E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bender, David A. 0000-0002-1269-0948 dabender@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-0948","contributorId":985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"David","email":"dabender@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":79254,"text":"ofr20061329 - 2006 - Preliminary geologic map of the White Sulphur Springs 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-25T15:45:18.068126","indexId":"ofr20061329","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1329","displayTitle":"Preliminary Geologic Map of the White Sulphur Springs 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Montana","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the White Sulphur Springs 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Montana","docAbstract":"The geologic map of the White Sulphur Springs quadrangle, scale 1:100,000, was made as part of the Montana Investigations Project to provide new information on the stratigraphy, structure, and geologic history of the geologically complex area in west-central Montana.  The quadrangle encompasses about 4,235 km2 (1,635 mi2), across part of the Smith River basin, the west end of the Little Belt Mountains, the Castle Mountains, and the upper parts of the basins of the North Forks of the Smith and Musselshell Rivers and the Judith River.  Geologically the quadrangle extends across the eastern part of the Helena structural salient in the Rocky Mountain thrust belt, a segment of the Lewis and Clark tectonic zone, west end of the ancestral central Montana uplift, and the southwest edge of the Judith basin.\r\n\r\nRocks and sediments in the White Sulphur Springs quadrangle are assigned to 88 map units on the basis of rock or sediment type and age.  The oldest rock exposed is Neoarchean diorite that is infolded with Paleoproterozoic metamorphic rocks including gneiss, diorite, granite, amphibolite, schist, and mixed metamorphic rock types.  A thick succession of the Mesoproterozoic Belt Supergroup unconformably overlies the metamorphic rocks and, in turn, is overlain unconformably by Phanerozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks.  Across most of the quadrangle, the pre-Tertiary stratigraphic succession is intruded by Eocene dikes, sills, and plutons.  The central part of the Little Belt Mountains is generally underlain by laccoliths and sheet-like bodies of quartz monzonite or dacite.  Oligocene andesitic basalt flows in the western and southern part of the quadrangle document both the configuration of the late Eocene erosional surfaces and the extent of extensional faulting younger than early Oligocene in the area.\r\n\r\nPliocene, Miocene, and Oligocene strata, mapped as 11 units, consist generally of interbedded sand, gravel, and tuffaceous sedimentary rock.  Quaternary and Quaternary-Tertiary sediments rest across the older Cenozoic deposits and across all older rocks.  The Quaternary and Quaternary-Tertiary deposits generally are gravels that mantle broad erosional surfaces on the flanks of the mountains, gravels in stream channels, and colluvium and landslide deposits on hill sides.  Glacial deposits, representing at least two stages of glaciation, are present in the northern part of the Little Belt Mountains.\r\n\r\nThe geologic structure of much of the northwest part of the quadrangle is a broad uplift, in the core of which the Paleoproterozoic and Neoarchean metamorphic rocks are exposed.  Down plunge to the east, the succession of Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks define an east-trending arch, cored locally by Mesoproterozoic strata of the Belt Supergroup.  The north flank of the arch dips steeply north as a monocline.  Stratigraphic relations among Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Jurassic strata document the recurrent uplift and erosion on that north flank.  The broader arch of the Little Belt Mountains reflects the west plunge of the ancestral Central Montana uplift.\r\n\r\nThe eastern extension of the Lewis and Clark tectonic zone is exposed in the southern half of the quadrangle where the Volcano Valley fault zone curves from west to southeast as a reverse fault along which the latest movement is up on the south side.  The fault zone ends in an anticline in the south-central margin of the quadrangle.  Stratigraphic overlap of Phanerozoic strata over the truncated edges of Mesoproterozoic units documents that the area of the eastern terminus of the fault zone was tectonically recurrently active.\r\n\r\nNortheast trending strike-slip faults displace Mesoproterozoic rocks in the northwest and south-central parts of the quadrangle.  Several of those faults are overlain unconformably by the Middle Cambrian Flathead Sandstone.  Other north-east and west-trending faults across the central part of the quadrangle are intruded by middle Eocene plutons.  You","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061329","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, M.W., and Brandt, T.R., 2006, Preliminary geologic map of the White Sulphur Springs 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Montana (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1329, 1 Map: 69.69 x 29.45 inches; HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061329.","productDescription":"1 Map: 69.69 x 29.45 inches; HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8728,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1329/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110682,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78152.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"78152"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111,46.5 ], [ -111,47 ], [ -110,47 ], [ -110,46.5 ], [ -111,46.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.1","publicComments":"Version 1.1 is released to (a) revise on the basis of new fossil evidence the Cretaceous stratigraphy and nomenclature for strata the southeast part of the quadrangle, and (b) modify several line and polygon codes.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e530","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Mitchell W. 0000-0002-9966-3896 mwreynol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9966-3896","contributorId":4641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Mitchell","email":"mwreynol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brandt, Theodore R. 0000-0002-7862-9082 tbrandt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7862-9082","contributorId":1267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"Theodore","email":"tbrandt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":79259,"text":"ofr20061257 - 2006 - An Introduction to Using Surface Geophysics to Characterize Sand and Gravel Deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:05","indexId":"ofr20061257","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1257","title":"An Introduction to Using Surface Geophysics to Characterize Sand and Gravel Deposits","docAbstract":"This report is an introduction to surface geophysical techniques that aggregate producers can use to characterize known deposits of sand and gravel. Five well-established and well-tested geophysical methods are presented: seismic refraction and reflection, resistivity, ground penetrating radar, time-domain electromagnetism, and frequency-domain electromagnetism. Depending on site conditions and the selected method(s), geophysical surveys can provide information concerning aerial extent and thickness of the deposit, thickness of overburden, depth to the water table, critical geologic contacts, and location and correlation of geologic features. In addition, geophysical surveys can be conducted prior to intensive drilling to help locate auger or drill holes, reduce the number of drill holes required, calculate stripping ratios to help manage mining costs, and provide continuity between sampling sites to upgrade the confidence of reserve calculations from probable reserves to proved reserves. Perhaps the greatest value of geophysics to aggregate producers may be the speed of data acquisition, reduced overall costs, and improved subsurface characterization.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061257","usgsCitation":"Lucius, J.E., Langer, W.H., and Ellefsen, K.J., 2006, An Introduction to Using Surface Geophysics to Characterize Sand and Gravel Deposits (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1257, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061257.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","numberOfPages":"55","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8737,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1257/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686541","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucius, Jeffrey E. lucius@usgs.gov","contributorId":817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucius","given":"Jeffrey","email":"lucius@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langer, William H. blanger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"William","email":"blanger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellefsen, Karl J. 0000-0003-3075-4703 ellefsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-4703","contributorId":789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"Karl","email":"ellefsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":82803,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":289505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":79267,"text":"sir20065160 - 2006 - Simulation of Streamflow and Water Quality to Determine Fecal Coliform and Nitrate Concentrations and Loads in the Mad River Basin, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:19","indexId":"sir20065160","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5160","title":"Simulation of Streamflow and Water Quality to Determine Fecal Coliform and Nitrate Concentrations and Loads in the Mad River Basin, Ohio","docAbstract":"The Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran (HSPF) was used to simulate the concentrations and loads of fecal coliform and nitrate for streams in the Mad River Basin in west-central Ohio during the period 1999 through 2003. The Mad River Basin was divided into subbasins that were defined either by the 14-digit Hydrologic Unit (HU) boundaries or by streamflow-gaging-station locations used in the model. Model calibration and simulation processes required the formation of nine meteorologic zones to input meteorologic time-series data and water-quality data.\r\n\r\nSources of fecal coliform and nitrate from wastewater-treatment discharges and combined sewer overflow discharges (CSOs) within the City of Springfield were point sources simulated in the model. Failing septic systems and cattle with direct access to streams were nonpoint sources included in the study but treated in the model as point sources. Other nonpoint sources were addressed by adjusting interflow and ground-water concentrations in the subsurface and maximum storage capacities and accumulation rates of the simulated constituents on the land surface for each meteorologic zone. Simulation results from the calibrated model show that several HUs exceeded the water-quality standard of 1,000 colony-forming units per 100 mL for fecal coliform based on the maximum 30-day geometric mean. Most HUs with high fecal coliform counts were within or downstream from the City of Springfield. No water-quality standard has been set for instream nitrate concentrations; however, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (Ohio EPA) considered a concentration of 5 mg/L or greater to be of concern. Simulation results indicate that several HUs in the agricultural areas of the basin exceeded this level.\r\n\r\nThe calibrated model was modified to create scenarios that simulated loads of fecal coliform and nitrate that were either reduced or eliminated from selected sources. The revised models included the elimination of failing septic systems, elimination of direct access of cattle to streams, decrease in fecal coliform loads from the CSOs and selected wastewater-treatment facilities, and decrease in nitrate loads from land surfaces. The fecal coliform source-reduction model decreased the fecal coliform concentrations below a target concentration of 1,000 colonies per 100 milliliters for all HU outlets and decreased the load at the mouth of the Mad River by 73 percent. The nitrate source-reduction model decreased some HU mean concentrations to 5 milligrams per liter or less and decreased the load at the mouth of the Mad River by 52 percent. Other reduction scenarios may be run by Ohio EPA with the intent of identifying a management strategy that will attain a target concentration for the Mad River Basin.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065160","usgsCitation":"Reutter, D., Puskas, B.M., and Jagucki, M.L., 2006, Simulation of Streamflow and Water Quality to Determine Fecal Coliform and Nitrate Concentrations and Loads in the Mad River Basin, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5160, viii, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065160.","productDescription":"viii, 94 p.","numberOfPages":"102","temporalStart":"1999-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-01-01","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8746,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5160/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697847","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reutter, David C. dreutter@usgs.gov","contributorId":5441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reutter","given":"David C.","email":"dreutter@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Puskas, Barry M.","contributorId":59889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puskas","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jagucki, Martha L. 0000-0003-3798-8393 mjagucki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3798-8393","contributorId":1794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jagucki","given":"Martha","email":"mjagucki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":79287,"text":"sim2900 - 2006 - Geologic map of the Peach Springs 30' x 60' quadrangle, Mohave and Coconino counties, northwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T12:27:47","indexId":"sim2900","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2900","title":"Geologic map of the Peach Springs 30' x 60' quadrangle, Mohave and Coconino counties, northwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"This map is a product of a cooperative project of the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. National Park Service, and the Bureau of Land Management to provide geologic map coverage and regional geologic information for visitor services and resource management of Grand Canyon National Park, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Grand Canyon-Parashant-National Monument, and adjacent lands in northwestern Arizona. This map is a synthesis of previous and new geologic mapping that encompasses the Peach Springs 30' x 60' quadrangle, Arizona. The geologic data will support future geologic, biologic, hydrologic, and other science resource studies of this area conducted by the National Park Service, the Hualapai Indian Tribe, the Bureau of Land Management, the State of Arizona, and private organizations. \r\n\r\nThe Colorado River and its tributaries have dissected the southwestern Colorado Plateau into what is now the southwestern part of Grand Canyon. The erosion of Grand Canyon has exposed about 426 m (1,400 ft) of Proterozoic crystalline metamorphic rocks and granite, about 1,450 m (4,760 ft) of Paleozoic strata, and about 300 m (1,000 ft) of Tertiary sedimentary rocks. Outcrops of Proterozoic crystalline rocks are exposed at the bottom of Grand Canyon at Granite Park from Colorado River Mile 207 to 209, at Mile 212, and in the Lower Granite Gorge from Colorado River Mile 216 to 262, and along the Grand Wash Cliffs in the southwest corner of the map area. \r\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2900","isbn":" 9781411310049","usgsCitation":"Billingsley, G.H., Block, D., and Dyer, H.C., 2006, Geologic map of the Peach Springs 30' x 60' quadrangle, Mohave and Coconino counties, northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2900, map, 54 inches by 33 inches; accompanying pamphlet (17 p.), https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2900.","productDescription":"map, 54 inches by 33 inches; accompanying pamphlet (17 p.)","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8771,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2900/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110683,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78280.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"78280"},{"id":8772,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2900/version_history.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Coconino County, Mohave County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,35.5 ], [ -114,36 ], [ -113,36 ], [ -113,35.5 ], [ -114,35.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8482","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Billingsley, George H.","contributorId":20711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Block, Debra L.","contributorId":66351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Block","given":"Debra L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dyer, Helen C.","contributorId":86432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyer","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":79263,"text":"sir20065187 - 2006 - Simulation of Water Levels and Salinity in the Rivers and Tidal Marshes in the Vicinity of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, Coastal South Carolina and Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T10:26:13","indexId":"sir20065187","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5187","title":"Simulation of Water Levels and Salinity in the Rivers and Tidal Marshes in the Vicinity of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, Coastal South Carolina and Georgia","docAbstract":"The Savannah Harbor is one of the busiest ports on the East Coast of the United States and is located downstream from the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, which is one of the Nation?s largest freshwater tidal marshes. The Georgia Ports Authority and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers funded hydrodynamic and ecological studies to evaluate the potential effects of a proposed deepening of Savannah Harbor as part of the Environmental Impact Statement. These studies included a three-dimensional (3D) model of the Savannah River estuary system, which was developed to simulate changes in water levels and salinity in the system in response to geometry changes as a result of the deepening of Savannah Harbor, and a marsh-succession model that predicts plant distribution in the tidal marshes in response to changes in the water-level and salinity conditions in the marsh. Beginning in May 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey entered into cooperative agreements with the Georgia Ports Authority to develop empirical models to simulate the water level and salinity of the rivers and tidal marshes in the vicinity of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge and to link the 3D hydrodynamic river-estuary model and the marsh-succession model. \r\n\r\nFor the development of these models, many different databases were created that describe the complexity and behaviors of the estuary. The U.S. Geological Survey has maintained a network of continuous streamflow, water-level, and specific-conductance (field measurement to compute salinity) river gages in the study area since the 1980s and a network of water-level and salinity marsh gages in the study area since 1999. The Georgia Ports Authority collected water-level and salinity data during summer 1997 and 1999 and collected continuous water-level and salinity data in the marsh and connecting tidal creeks from 1999 to 2002. Most of the databases comprise time series that differ by variable type, periods of record, measurement frequency, location, and reliability. \r\n\r\nUnderstanding freshwater inflows, tidal water levels, and specific conductance in the rivers and marshes is critical to enhancing the predictive capabilities of a successful marsh succession model. Data-mining techniques, including artificial neural network (ANN) models, were applied to address various needs of the ecology study and to integrate the riverine predictions from the 3D model to the marsh-succession model. ANN models were developed to simulate riverine water levels and specific conductance in the vicinity of the tidal marshes for the full range of historical conditions using data from the river gaging networks. ANN models were also developed to simulate the marsh water levels and pore-water salinities using data from the marsh gaging networks. Using the marsh ANN models, the continuous marsh network was hindcasted to be concurrent with the long-term riverine network. The hindcasted data allow ecologists to compute hydrologic parameters?such as hydroperiods and exposure frequency?to help analyze historical vegetation data.\r\n\r\nTo integrate the 3D hydrodynamic model, the marsh-succession model, and various time-series databases, a decision support system (DSS) was developed to support the various needs of regulatory and scientific stakeholders. The DSS required the development of a spreadsheet application that integrates the database, 3D hydrodynamic model output, and ANN riverine and marsh models into a single package that is easy to use and can be readily disseminated. The DSS allows users to evaluate water-level and salinity response for different hydrologic conditions. Savannah River streamflows can be controlled by the user as constant flow, a percentage of historical flows, a percentile daily flow hydrograph, or as a user-specified hydrograph. The DSS can also use output from the 3D model at stream gages near the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge to simulate the effects in the tidal marshes. The DSS is distributed with a two-dimensional (","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065187","usgsCitation":"Conrads, P., Roehl, E.A., Daamen, R.C., and Kitchens, W.M., 2006, Simulation of Water Levels and Salinity in the Rivers and Tidal Marshes in the Vicinity of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, Coastal South Carolina and Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5187, x, 134 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065187.","productDescription":"x, 134 p.","numberOfPages":"144","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8742,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5187/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Savannah National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.51031494140625,\n              31.811062019751912\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.51031494140625,\n              32.55607364492026\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.60531616210938,\n              32.55607364492026\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.60531616210938,\n              31.811062019751912\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.51031494140625,\n              31.811062019751912\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648602","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roehl, Edwin A.","contributorId":89242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roehl","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daamen, Ruby C.","contributorId":105391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daamen","given":"Ruby","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kitchens, Wiley M. kitchensw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"Wiley","email":"kitchensw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":79253,"text":"sim2950 - 2006 - Aeromagnetic Map with Geology of the Los Angeles 30 x 60 Minute Quadrangle, Southern California ","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":31621,"text":"ofr97162 - 1997 - Aeromagnetic map of the Los Angeles 1:100,000-scale quadrangle, California","indexId":"ofr97162","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Los Angeles 1:100,000-scale quadrangle, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":79253,"text":"sim2950 - 2006 - Aeromagnetic Map with Geology of the Los Angeles 30 x 60 Minute Quadrangle, Southern California ","indexId":"sim2950","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic Map with Geology of the Los Angeles 30 x 60 Minute Quadrangle, Southern California "},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:43","indexId":"sim2950","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2950","title":"Aeromagnetic Map with Geology of the Los Angeles 30 x 60 Minute Quadrangle, Southern California ","docAbstract":"Introduction:  An important objective of geologic mapping is to project surficial structures and stratigraphy into the subsurface. Geophysical data and analysis are useful tools for achieving this objective. This aeromagnetic anomaly map provides a three-dimensional perspective to the geologic mapping of the Los Angeles 30 by 60 minute quadrangle. Aeromagnetic maps show the distribution of magnetic rocks, primarily those containing magnetite (Blakely, 1995). In the Los Angeles quadrangle, the magnetic sources are Tertiary and Mesozoic igneous rocks and Precambrian crystalline rocks. Aeromagnetic anomalies mark abrupt spatial contrasts in magnetization that can be attributed to lithologic boundaries, perhaps caused by faulting of these rocks or by intrusive contacts. This aeromagnetic map overlain on geology, with information from wells and other geophysical data, provides constraints on the subsurface geology by allowing us to trace faults beneath surficial cover and estimate fault dip and offset. This map supersedes Langenheim and Jachens (1997) because of its digital form and the added value of overlaying the magnetic data on a geologic base. The geologic base for this map is from Yerkes and Campbell (2005); some of their subunits have been merged into one on this map. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sim2950","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., Hildenbrand, T., Jachens, R., Campbell, R.H., and Yerkes, R.F., 2006, Aeromagnetic Map with Geology of the Los Angeles 30 x 60 Minute Quadrangle, Southern California : U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2950, oversized sheet, 61 inches by 33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2950.","productDescription":"oversized sheet, 61 inches by 33 inches","costCenters":[{"id":314,"text":"Geophysics Unit of Menlo Park, CA (GUMP)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110685,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78295.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"78295"},{"id":194422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8725,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2950/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8735,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2950/version_history.txt","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119,34 ], [ -119,34.5 ], [ -118,34.5 ], [ -118,34 ], [ -119,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6972bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Campbell, R. H.","contributorId":52160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yerkes, R. F.","contributorId":24754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":79266,"text":"sim2944 - 2006 - Sand waves at the mouth of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T12:02:01","indexId":"sim2944","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2944","title":"Sand waves at the mouth of San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<p>A multibeam bathymetric survey that produced unprecedented high resolution images of the mouth of San Francisco Bay was conducted in 2004 and 2005. The survey, performed over forty-four days by the Seafloor Mapping Lab at California State University, Monterey Bay, consisted of 1,138 track lines, 1.1 billion soundings, and covered an area of 154 km2 (60 mi2). The goals of this survey were to analyze sediment transport pathways at the mouth of San Francisco Bay and to calculate bathymetric change since the last survey was completed in 1956. The survey showed that significant bathymetric changes have occurred over the past 50 years. It also revealed that the study area contains sand waves that are among the largest and bedform morphologies that are among the most varied in the world.</p>\n<br>\n<p>This set of five sheets shows views of the sand waves on the seafloor from different perspectives along with descriptive text.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim2944","usgsCitation":"Barnard, P., Hanes, D.M., Kvitek, R.G., and Iampietro, P.J., 2006, Sand waves at the mouth of San Francisco Bay, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2944, 5 Plates: 48.00 x 36.00 inches and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2944.","productDescription":"5 Plates: 48.00 x 36.00 inches and smaller","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110678,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78130.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"78130"},{"id":194576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim2944.PNG"},{"id":8745,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2944/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":295152,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2944/SIM-2944_sheet2.pdf"},{"id":295153,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2944/SIM-2944_sheet3.pdf"},{"id":295151,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2944/SIM-2944_sheet1.pdf"},{"id":295154,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2944/SIM-2944_sheet4.pdf"},{"id":295155,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2944/SIM-2944_sheet5.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdd5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L.","contributorId":54936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanes, Daniel M.","contributorId":96360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvitek, Rikk G.","contributorId":107804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvitek","given":"Rikk","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Iampietro, Pat J.","contributorId":85679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iampietro","given":"Pat","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":79265,"text":"sim2947 - 2006 - Potentiometric Surface of the Alluvial Aquifer and Hydrologic Conditions in the Juana Diaz area, Puerto Rico, June 29 - July 1, 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:20","indexId":"sim2947","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2947","title":"Potentiometric Surface of the Alluvial Aquifer and Hydrologic Conditions in the Juana Diaz area, Puerto Rico, June 29 - July 1, 2005","docAbstract":"A synoptic survey of the hydrologic conditions in the Juana Diaz area, Puerto Rico, was conducted between June 29 and July 1, 2005, to define the spatial distribution of the potentiometric surface of the alluvial aquifer. The study area encompasses 21 square miles of the more extensive South Coastal Plain Alluvial Aquifer system and is bounded along the north by foothills of the Cordillera Central mountain chain, to the south by the Caribbean Sea, the east by the Rio Descalabrado and to the west by the Rio Inabon. Ground water in the Juana Diaz area is in the Quaternary-age alluvial deposits and the middle-Tertiary age Ponce Limestone and Juana Diaz Formation (Giusti, 1968). The hydraulic properties of the Ponce Limestone in the Juana Diaz area are unknown, and the Juana Diaz Formation is a unit of poor permeability due to its high clay content. Consequently, the Ponce Limestone and the Juana Diaz Formation are generally considered to be the base of the alluvial aquifer in the Juana Diaz area with ground-water flow occurring primarily within the alluvial deposits.\r\n\r\nThe potentiometric-surface map of the alluvial aquifer was delineated using ground-water level measurements taken at existing wells. The water-level measurements were taken at wells that were either not pumping during the survey or were shut down for a brief period. In the latter case, a recovery period of 30 minutes was allowed for the drawdown in the wellbore to achieve a near static level position representative of the aquifer at the measurement point. Land-surface altitude from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 1:20,000 scale topographic maps (Playa de Ponce, Ponce, Rio Descalabrado, and Santa Isabel) were used to refer ground-water levels to mean sea level datum (National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929). In addition to the ground-water level measurements, the potentiometricsurface contours were delineated using hydrologic features, such as drainage ditches and saturated intermittent streams that were considered as aquifer drains and losing streams, respectively. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2947","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, J.M., Santigo-Rivera, L., and Gómez-Gómez, F., 2006, Potentiometric Surface of the Alluvial Aquifer and Hydrologic Conditions in the Juana Diaz area, Puerto Rico, June 29 - July 1, 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2947, Map Sheet: 42 x 22 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2947.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 42 x 22 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-06-29","temporalEnd":"2005-07-01","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110679,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78131.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"78131"},{"id":191945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8744,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2947/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -66.56666666666666,17.966666666666665 ], [ -66.56666666666666,18.0675 ], [ -66.41666666666667,18.0675 ], [ -66.41666666666667,17.966666666666665 ], [ -66.56666666666666,17.966666666666665 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae067","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, Jose M. 0000-0002-4430-9929 jmrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4430-9929","contributorId":1318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Jose","email":"jmrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Santigo-Rivera, Luis","contributorId":94550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santigo-Rivera","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":79264,"text":"sir20065211 - 2006 - Characterization of dissolved solids in water resources of agricultural lands near Manila, Utah, 2004-05","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:19:07","indexId":"sir20065211","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5211","title":"Characterization of dissolved solids in water resources of agricultural lands near Manila, Utah, 2004-05","docAbstract":"<p>Agricultural lands near Manila, Utah, have been identified as contributing dissolved solids to Flaming Gorge Reservoir. Concentrations of dissolved solids in water resources of agricultural lands near Manila, Utah, ranged from 35 to 7,410 milligrams per liter. The dissolved-solids load in seeps and drains in the study area that discharge to Flaming Gorge Reservoir ranged from less than 0.1 to 113 tons per day. The most substantial source of dissolved solids discharging from the study area to the reservoir was Birch Spring Draw. The mean daily dissolved-solids load near the mouth of Birch Spring Draw was 65 tons per day.</p><p>The estimated annual dissolved-solids load imported to the study area by Sheep Creek and Peoples Canals is 1,330 and 13,200 tons, respectively. Daily dissolved-solid loads discharging to the reservoir from the study area, less the amount of dissolved solids imported by canals, for the period July 1, 2004, to June 30, 2005, ranged from 72 to 241 tons per day with a mean of 110 tons per day. The estimated annual dissolved-solids load discharging to the reservoir from the study area, less the amount of dissolved solids imported by canals, for the same period was 40,200 tons. Of this 40,200 tons of dissolved solids, about 9,000 tons may be from a regional source that is not associated with agricultural activities. The salt-loading factor is 3,670 milligrams per liter or about 5.0 tons of dissolved solids per acre-foot of deep percolation in Lucerne Valley and 1,620 milligrams per liter or 2.2 tons per acre-foot in South Valley.</p><p>The variation of δ<sup>87</sup>Sr with strontium concentration indicates some general patterns that help to define a conceptual model of the processes affecting the concentration of strontium and the δ<sup>87</sup>Sr isotopic ratio in area waters. As excess irrigation water percolates through soils derived from Mancos Shale, the δ<sup>87</sup>Sr isotopic ratio (0.21 to 0.69 permil) approaches one that is typical of deep percolation from irrigation on Mancos Shale. The boron concentration and δ<sup>11</sup>B value for the water sample from Antelope Wash, being distinctly different from water samples from other sites, is evidence that water in Antelope Wash may contain a substantial component of regional ground-water flow.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065211","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Natural Resources Conservation Service","usgsCitation":"Gerner, S.J., Spangler, L., Kimball, B.A., and Naftz, D.L., 2006, Characterization of dissolved solids in water resources of agricultural lands near Manila, Utah, 2004-05 (Version 2.0, Revised June 2007): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5211, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065211.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-07-01","temporalEnd":"2005-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8743,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5211/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":334164,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5211/PDF/SIR2006_5211.pdf"},{"id":334165,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5211/PDF/Errata_SIR2006_5211.pdf","text":"Revision History"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","city":"Manila","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.9,40.916666666666664 ], [ -109.9,41.11666666666667 ], [ -109.6,41.11666666666667 ], [ -109.6,40.916666666666664 ], [ -109.9,40.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 2.0, Revised June 2007","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1ccb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerner, Steven J. 0000-0002-5701-1304 sjgerner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5701-1304","contributorId":972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerner","given":"Steven","email":"sjgerner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spangler, L.E.","contributorId":54230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spangler","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":79257,"text":"ofr20061235 - 2006 - Evaluation of some software measuring displacements using GPS in real-time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-08T10:46:35","indexId":"ofr20061235","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1235","title":"Evaluation of some software measuring displacements using GPS in real-time","docAbstract":"<p>For the past decade, the USGS has been monitoring deformation at various locations in the western United States using continuous GPS. The main focus of these measurements are estimates of displacement averaged over one day. Essentially, these consist of recording at 30 seconds intervals the carrier-frequency phase-data (equivalent to travel-time) between a GPS receiver and the GPS satellite network. In turn, these observations, which are converted to pseudo—ranges, are processed using one of the “research grade” programs (GIPSY, Zumberge et al., or GAMIT, wwwgpsg.mit.edu/~simon/gtgk) to estimate the position of the GPS receiver averaged over 24 hours. However, it is possible and desirable to estimate the position of the receiver (actually the antenna) more frequently and to do this within a few seconds of the time actual measurement (known as real-time). A recent example, the 2004 Magnitude 6, Parkfield, California earthquake, demonstrated that having GPS estimates of position more frequently than simply a daily average is required if one requires discrimination between co-seismic and post-seismic deformation (Langbein et al., 2006). The high-rate estimates of position obtained at Parkfield show that post-seismic deformation started less than one-hour after the mainshock and that this deformation was roughly the same magnitude as the co-seismic deformation. The high-rate solutions for Parkfield were done by others including Yehuda Bock at UCSD and Kristine Larson at U. of Colorado, but not the USGS. </p><p>The Parkfield experience points out the need for an in-house capability by the USGS to be able to accurately measure co-seismic displacements and other rapid, deformation signals using GPS. This applies to both the Earthquake and Volcano Hazard programs. Although at many locations where we monitor deformation, we have strainmeters and tiltmeters in addition to GPS which, in principle, are far more sensitive to rapid deformation over periods of less than a day (Langbein and Bock, 2004). But, not all locales include strain and tiltmeters. Thus, having the capability to extract signals with periods of less than a day is desirable since the distribution of GPS is more extensive than strain and tilt.</p><p>At both Parkfield and Long Valley, the USGS has been using other software packages to process the GPS data at sub-daily intervals and in real-time. The underlying goal of these types of measurements is to detect any deformation event as it evolves; the 24 hour processing might not provide timely results if such a deformation event is precursory to a geologic hazard (an earthquake for Parkfield and either a volcanic event or an earthquake for Long Valley).</p><p>In Long Valley, We use the software package called 3DTracker (http://www.3dtracker.com, http://www.condorearth.com) to estimate the changes of in position of a remote site relative to a “fixed” site. The 3DTracker software uses double difference GPS code measurements and receiversatellite-time triple differences from one epoch to the next of the GPS phase data (a proxy for travel-time measurements) and employs a Kalman filter to obtain stability in the estimate of position. That is, the estimate of the current position depends upon the estimate of the prior position. Hence, a time series of position looks fairly smooth depending upon the coefficient selected for the Kalman filter. With triple differences, the sometimes troublesome initial integer cycle ambiguity terms cancel (number of wavelengths between the receiver and each satellite), but only the incremental change in position is calculated. This triple difference Kalman filter solution is slow to converge and less accurate than a double difference (e.g., RTD, Track) solution, but it is robust and computationally efficient (Remondi and Brown, 2000). 3D-Tracker allows use of various single-frequency and dual-frequency GPS phase and code observables including the ionospheric-free combinations (known as LC or L3 and P(L3)) formed from an linear combination of the L1 and L2 carrier phase and code data. The lowest noise observable is the L1 carrier, but it is biased by ionospheric refraction that has amplitudes of about 1 to 10 ppm. This results in a systematic scale error in the relative positions. The L3 phase noise is about 3 times greater than the L1 phase noise, but it is generally used to solve for all but the shortest baselines (&lt; 5 km). In addition, the software does output the position changes is a standard format that can be used for other analysis.</p><p>At Parkfield, we use the software package called RTD (http://www.geodetics.com). The RTD software has been described in the literature (Bock et al., 2000) but basically, it estimates the position without the constraint of a Kalman filter. It uses double differences (in our studies the LC or ionospheric free observable is used) and the integer ambiguities are resolved independently for each 1-second measurement; Most GPS software that use double-differences require several epochs of measurements to resolve the integer ambiguities. The data files use a proprietary format and can not be read by me or others; rather, Yehuda Bock at UCSD (and author of RTD) translates these files into a standard format that can be read by me.</p><p>Recently, Tom Herring of MIT has modified the GAMIT software to process kinematically GPS data (www-gpsg.mit.edu/~simon/gtgk/tutorial/Lecture_13.pdf). At this time, the software, known as TRACK, does not process the observations in real-time. Consequently, the latency between the time of the observation and the time when a position estimate is available depends upon the frequency that the data are downloaded and the speed of actually processing the observations; there could be a delay of an hour or two before the a position estimates are available. Unlike RTD and 3DTracker, TRACK comes with GAMIT (which is distributed freely) and is currently operating in a test mode at the USGS office in Pasadena. The LC or ionosphere free observable is used in our TRACK solutions. </p><p>JPL has a version of their GIPSY software called “Real-time GIPSY (RTG)” (gipsy.jpl.nasa.gov/orms/rtg), which, like TRACK, can process the pseudo-range data “off—line”. However, this software is not freely distributed. Instead, at least one company, NAVCOM, has teamed with JPL to integrate RTG with GPS receivers and telemetry that yields positions in realtime.</p><p>Kristine Larson of University of Colorado has modified the original GIPSY to estimate positions kinematically. Again, like TRACK, the positions are estimated off—line. Much of her research is described in Larson et al. (2003), and Choi et al. (2004). </p><p>For Long Valley, out of the 17 GPS sites, we monitor 5 baselines within the caldera at 5 second intervals relative to the Bald Mountain site at the edge of the caldera using 3DTracker. The baseline measurement using 3DTracker consists of determination of the 3 dimensional positions of the 5 remote points (GPS receivers) relative to a GPS site at Bald. A second, independent system collects and downloads once a day the 30-second data used for the 24-hour solutions for the 12 sites not monitored with 3DTracker. For the sites monitored with 3DTracker, the pseudo—range data are decimated to 30 seconds and converted to a form used for the 24-hour solutions. Both sets of telemetry employ 900 MHz spread spectrum radios which require line of site between all of the links. The telemetry for the 3DTracker sites require a dedicated radios at each end and intermediate repeaters as needed, while the telemetry required for the other sites use a single master radio, repeaters as needed, and a radio at each remote site. (The 5 sites being monitored with 3DTracker require 13 radios.)</p><p>At Parkfield, RTD is used to measure the position changes all 12 baselines at 1 second intervals relative to a site, Pomm, adjacent to the San Andreas Fault. The complete RTD package (hardware and software) collects all of the data and determines the position of each site relative to Pomm. In addition, the system stores both the 1-second and 30-second pseudo-range data for later downloading which are ultimately used in the 24-hour solutions. To do this, each site has a 2.4 GHz radio and a telemetry buffer. The telemetry buffer holds 24-hours of data (in the event that the telemetry link is broken) and converts the RS232 data stream from the GPS receiver into a form compatible with an IP (Internet protocol) network connection. In contrast with the Long Valley system, the telemetry link for GPS at Parkfield consists of a single radio at each remote sites and a single radio at the central site. Although position estimates are produced within 1-second of the observations, these results are not immediately available because there is no high speed Internet connection to Parkfield. Instead, the data are stored on a removable disk and sent to UCSD once per month.</p><p>Below, I describe the results of a simple experiment to examine the response of some of these systems to simulated deformation that could be an analogue of a tectonic or volcanic event. In many engineering applications, the system response is tested by inputting a step to the system and measuring the output of the system. Essentially, this is what I've done. The experiment described below moves the GPS antenna from its original position to a new position within 1 second; the software tracks the translation. These measurements were conducted in August 2004 with the RTD software at Parkfield, and twice in Long Valley. The first Long Valley test was conducted in September 2004 using 3DTracker on a single baseline. The test was repeated in September 2005 using 3DTracker on two baselines and, importantly, saving the RINEX files of the data so that the data could be replayed through 3DTracker using other options in the program and, using other software packages including TRACK. </p><p>In addition, we observed a short-term event at the Three Sisters volcano in Oregon. This event was snow melt at a remote GPS site which gave an apparent 15 cm displacement in vertical in less than one-day. 3DTracker is used to monitor this site, and the event was captured with this software. In addition, with the assistance of others, I got additional estimates of position using other software packages; those results are presented. </p><p>Finally, the precision of both 3DTracker and RTD are compared using a power spectrum. Those results would suggest that 3DTracker using appropriate Kalman filter coefficients would have better precision than RTD; instead, the lower noise level from 3DTracker is a result of smoothing from the Kalman filter. </p><p>Given the results described in this report, high-rate GPS is certainly capable of accurately measuring displacements of 1 centimeter with a high degree of statistical confidence. Plotting these results show that the time of the displacement can be visually determined to that of the sampling interval of the data. However, especially with small amplitude signals, any of the software packages can yield erroneous deformation “signals” that are either due excess travel-time of the GPS carrier frequency from multipath or a limitation in the software. Thus, the time series of&nbsp;displacements must be viewed with caution and knowledge of external circumstances that might cause a change in position.&nbsp;</p><p>The casual reader should continue with the next section describing the methods then jump to the last two sections for the discussion and conclusions. I have made some recommendations there.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061235","usgsCitation":"Langbein, J.O., 2006, Evaluation of some software measuring displacements using GPS in real-time (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1235, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061235.","productDescription":"37 p.","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":648,"text":"Western Earthquake Hazards","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8731,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1235/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8732,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1235/version_history.txt","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627b66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, John O.","contributorId":72438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"John","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":79285,"text":"ds222 - 2006 - Database for the Geologic Map of the Skykomish River 30-Minute by 60-Minute Quadrangle, Washington (I-1963)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:37","indexId":"ds222","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"222","title":"Database for the Geologic Map of the Skykomish River 30-Minute by 60-Minute Quadrangle, Washington (I-1963)","docAbstract":"This digital map database has been prepared from the published geologic map of the Skykomish River 30- by 60-minute quadrangle by the senior author. Together with the accompanying text files as PDF, it provides information on the geologic structure and stratigraphy of the area covered. The database delineates map units that are identified by general age and lithology following the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U.S. Geological Survey. The authors mapped most of the bedrock geology at 1:100,000 scale, but compiled Quaternary units at 1:24,000 scale. The Quaternary contacts and structural data have been much simplified for the 1:100,000-scale map and database. The spatial resolution (scale) of the database is 1:100,000 or smaller. \r\n\r\nFrom the eastern-most edges of suburban Seattle, the Skykomish River quadrangle stretches east across the low rolling hills and broad river valleys of the Puget Lowland, across the forested foothills of the North Cascades, and across high meadowlands to the bare rock peaks of the Cascade crest. The Straight Creek Fault, a major Pacific Northwest structure which almost bisects the quadrangle, mostly separates unmetamorphosed and low-grade metamorphic Paleozoic and Mesozoic oceanic rocks on the west from medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks on the east. Within the quadrangle the lower grade rocks are mostly Mesozoic melange units. To the east, the higher-grade terrane is mostly the Chiwaukum Schist and related gneisses of the Nason terrane and invading mid-Cretaceous stitching plutons. The Early Cretaceous Easton Metamorphic Suite crops out on both sides of the Straight Creek fault and records it's dextral displacement. On the south margin of the quadrangle, the fault separates the lower Eocene Swauk Formation on the east from the upper Eocene and Oligocene(?) Naches Formation and, farther north, its correlative Barlow Pass Volcanics the west. Stratigraphically equivalent rocks of the Puget Group crop out farther to the west. Rocks of the Cascade magmatic arc are mostly represented by Miocene and Oligocene plutons, including the Grotto, Snoqualmie, and Index batholiths. Alpine river valleys in the quadrangle record multiple advances and retreats of alpine glaciers. Multiple advances of the Cordilleran ice sheet, originating in the mountains of British Columbia, Canada, have left an even more complex sequence of outwash and till along the western mountain front, up these same alpine river valleys, and over the Puget Lowland. \r\n\r\nThis database and accompanying plot files depict the distribution of geologic materials and structures at a regional (1:100,000) scale. The report is intended to provide geologic information for the regional study of materials properties, earthquake shaking, landslide potential, mineral hazards, seismic velocity, and earthquake faults. In addition, the report contains new information and interpretations about the regional geologic history and framework. However, the regional scale of this report does not provide sufficient detail for site development purposes.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ds222","usgsCitation":"Tabor, R.W., Frizzell, V.A., Booth, D.B., Waitt, R., Whetten, J.T., and Zartman, R., 2006, Database for the Geologic Map of the Skykomish River 30-Minute by 60-Minute Quadrangle, Washington (I-1963) (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 222, digital map database; readme file (4 p.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ds222.","productDescription":"digital map database; readme file (4 p.)","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8767,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/222/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8768,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/222/skymetadata.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122,47.5 ], [ -122,48 ], [ -120,48 ], [ -120,47.5 ], [ -122,47.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673e11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tabor, R. W.","contributorId":16002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabor","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frizzell, V. A. Jr.","contributorId":39376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frizzell","given":"V.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Booth, D. B.","contributorId":42223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Booth","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waitt, R. B.","contributorId":78766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waitt","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whetten, J. T.","contributorId":26015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whetten","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":79255,"text":"ofr20061160 - 2006 - Geophysical Data from the Spring and Snake Valleys Area, Nevada and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:39","indexId":"ofr20061160","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1160","title":"Geophysical Data from the Spring and Snake Valleys Area, Nevada and Utah","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061160","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., Roberts, C.W., McKee, E.H., Chuchel, B.A., and Moring, B.C., 2006, Geophysical Data from the Spring and Snake Valleys Area, Nevada and Utah (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1160, 39 p.; Excel spreadsheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061160.","productDescription":"39 p.; Excel spreadsheet","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[{"id":314,"text":"Geophysics Unit of Menlo Park, CA (GUMP)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8729,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1160/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8734,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1160/version_history.txt","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.5,38 ], [ -114.5,40 ], [ -113.25,40 ], [ -113.25,38 ], [ -114.5,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c46b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberts, Carter W.","contributorId":45282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Carter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKee, Edwin H. mckee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"mckee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chuchel, Bruce A. chuchel@usgs.gov","contributorId":2415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chuchel","given":"Bruce","email":"chuchel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moring, Barry C. 0000-0001-6797-9258 moring@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-9258","contributorId":2794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"Barry","email":"moring@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":79260,"text":"sim2951 - 2006 - Isostatic Gravity Map with Geology of the Santa Ana 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:38","indexId":"sim2951","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2951","title":"Isostatic Gravity Map with Geology of the Santa Ana 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Southern California","docAbstract":"This report presents an updated isostatic gravity map, with an accompanying discussion of the geologic significance of gravity anomalies in the Santa Ana 30 by 60 minute quadrangle, southern California. Comparison and analysis of the gravity field with mapped geology indicates the configuration of structures bounding the Los Angeles Basin, geometry of basins developed within the Elsinore and San Jacinto Fault zones, and a probable Pliocene drainage network carved into the bedrock of the Perris block. Total cumulative horizontal displacement on the Elsinore Fault derived from analysis of the length of strike-slip basins within the fault zone is about 5-12 km and is consistent with previously published estimates derived from other sources of information. This report also presents a map of density variations within pre-Cenozoic metamorphic and igneous basement rocks. Analysis of basement gravity patterns across the Elsinore Fault zone suggests 6-10 km of right-lateral displacement. A high-amplitude basement gravity high is present over the San Joaquin Hills and is most likely caused by Peninsular Ranges gabbro and/or Tertiary mafic intrusion. A major basement gravity gradient coincides with the San Jacinto Fault zone and marked magnetic, seismic-velocity, and isotopic gradients that reflect a discontinuity within the Peninsular Ranges batholith in the northeast corner of the quadrangle.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sim2951","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., Lee, T., Biehler, S., Jachens, R., and Morton, D.M., 2006, Isostatic Gravity Map with Geology of the Santa Ana 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2951, 25 p.; map 50 inches by 36 inches; Excel file, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2951.","productDescription":"25 p.; map 50 inches by 36 inches; Excel file","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":314,"text":"Geophysics Unit of Menlo Park, CA (GUMP)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110680,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78146.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"78146"},{"id":191964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8739,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2951/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118,33 ], [ -118,34 ], [ -117,34 ], [ -117,33 ], [ -118,33 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa0e4b07f02db661943","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Tien-Chang","contributorId":82779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Tien-Chang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Biehler, Shawn","contributorId":69168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biehler","given":"Shawn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Morton, D. M.","contributorId":54608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":79283,"text":"ofr20061204 - 2006 - Aeromagnetic and Gravity Surveys in Afghanistan: A Web Site for Distribution of Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-13T11:02:12.648809","indexId":"ofr20061204","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1204","title":"Aeromagnetic and Gravity Surveys in Afghanistan: A Web Site for Distribution of Data","docAbstract":"Aeromagnetic data were digitized from aeromagnetic maps created from\r\n      aeromagnetic surveys flown in southeastern and southern Afghanistan\r\n      in 1966 by PRAKLA, Gesellschaft fur praktische Lagerstattenforschung\r\n      GmbH, Hannover, Germany, on behalf of the 'Bundesanstalt fur\r\n      Bodenforschung', Hannover, Germany.  The digitization was done along\r\n      contour lines, followed by interpolation of the data along the original\r\n      survey flight-lines.  Survey and map specifications can be found in two\r\n      project reports, 'prakla_report_1967.pdf' and 'bgr_report_1968.pdf',\r\n      made available in this open-file report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061204","usgsCitation":"Sweeney, R.E., Kucks, R.P., Hill, P.L., and Finn, C.A., 2006, Aeromagnetic and Gravity Surveys in Afghanistan: A Web Site for Distribution of Data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1204, HTML Document; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061204.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Metadata","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1911-01-01","temporalEnd":"1967-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192306,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8764,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1204/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8765,"rank":3,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1204/Gravity/afghan_metadata.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 60.8,29.4 ], [ 60.8,38.1 ], [ 71.6,38.1 ], [ 71.6,29.4 ], [ 60.8,29.4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698a22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweeney, Ronald E.","contributorId":89564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweeney","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kucks, Robert P.","contributorId":11648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kucks","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, Patricia L. pathill@usgs.gov","contributorId":1327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Patricia","email":"pathill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":79261,"text":"sir20065229 - 2006 - Water-Quality Conditions of Chester Creek, Anchorage, Alaska, 1998-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-07T18:16:39","indexId":"sir20065229","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5229","title":"Water-Quality Conditions of Chester Creek, Anchorage, Alaska, 1998-2001","docAbstract":"<p>Between October 1998 and September 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program evaluated the water-quality conditions of Chester Creek, a stream draining forest and urban settings in Anchorage, Alaska. Data collection included water, streambed sediments, lakebed sediments, and aquatic organisms samples from urban sites along the stream. Urban land use ranged from less than 1 percent of the basin above the furthest upstream site to 46 percent above the most downstream site. Findings suggest that water quality of Chester Creek declines in the downstream direction and as urbanization in the watershed increases. Water samples were collected monthly and during storms at a site near the stream's mouth (Chester Creek at Arctic Boulevard) and analyzed for major ions and nutrients. Water samples collected during water year 1999 were analyzed for selected pesticides and volatile organic compounds. Concentrations of fecal-indicator bacteria were determined monthly during calendar year 2000. During winter, spring, and summer, four water samples were collected at a site upstream of urban development (South Branch of South Fork Chester Creek at Tank Trail) and five from an intermediate site (South Branch of South Fork Chester Creek at Boniface Parkway). Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate in water increased in the downstream direction. Nitrate concentrations were similar at the three sites and all were less than the drinking-water standard. About one-quarter of the samples from the Arctic Boulevard site had concentrations of phosphorus that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guideline for preventing nuisance plant growth. Water samples collected at the Arctic Boulevard site contained concentrations of the insecticide carbaryl that exceeded the guideline for protecting aquatic life. Every water sample revealed a low concentration of volatile organic compounds, including benzene, toluene, tetrachloroethylene, methyl tert-butyl ether, and chloroform. No water samples contained volatile organic compounds concentrations that exceeded any USEPA drinking-water standard or guideline. Fecal-indicator bacteria concentrations in water from the Arctic Boulevard site commonly exceeded Federal and State guidelines for water-contact recreation. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in streambed sediments increased in the downstream direction. Some concentrations of arsenic, chromium, lead, and zinc in sediments were at levels that can adversely affect aquatic organisms. Analysis of sediment chemistry in successive lakebed-sediment layers from Westchester Lagoon near the stream's mouth provided a record of water-quality trends since about 1970. Concentrations of lead have decreased from peak levels in the mid-1970s, most likely because of removing lead from gasoline and lower lead content in other products. However, concen-trations in recently-deposited lakebed sediments are still about 10 times greater than measured in streambed sediments at the upstream Tank Trail site. Zinc concentrations in lakebed sediments also increased in the early 1970s to levels that exceeded guidelines to protect aquatic life and have remained at elevated but variable levels. Pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and phenanthrene in lakebed sediments also have varied in concentrations and have exceeded protection guidelines for aquatic life since the 1970s. Concentrations of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), or their by-products generally were highest in lakebed sediments deposited in the 1970s. More recent sediments have concentrations that vary widely and do not show distinct temporal trends. Tissue samples of whole slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), a non-migratory species of fish, showed con-centrations of trace elements and organic contaminants. Of the constituents analyzed, only selenium concentra-tions showed levels of potential concern for</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/sir20065229","usgsCitation":"Glass, R.L., and Ourso, R.T., 2006, Water-Quality Conditions of Chester Creek, Anchorage, Alaska, 1998-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5229, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065229.","productDescription":"32 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1998-10-01","temporalEnd":"2001-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8740,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5229/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd19a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glass, Roy L.","contributorId":86813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ourso, Robert T. 0000-0002-5952-8681 rtourso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5952-8681","contributorId":203207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ourso","given":"Robert","email":"rtourso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70206233,"text":"70206233 - 2006 -  Impacts of landslide dams on mountain morphology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-25T11:06:48","indexId":"70206233","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-25T11:05:53","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":" Impacts of landslide dams on mountain morphology","docAbstract":"<p>Landslide dams can influence mountain-valley morphology significantly in the vicinity of the dam sites, as well as upstream and downstream. The effects are: (1) impoundment of lakes that result in changes in stream gradients, (2) deposition of lacustrine and deltaic sediments in these impoundments that causes changes in surficial morphology and geologic materials upstream from the dams, (3) diversions of stream channels at the and near the sam sites, (4) formation of avulsively-shifting channels downstream from the dams by the introduction of high sediment loads from erosion of landslide deposits or sediments in the landslide-dammed lakes, and (5) secondary landslide activity along the shores of impounded lakes due to rapid drawdown when the dam fails. Often, by construction of channel spillways or outlet tunnels human remedial efforts affect the longevity of landslide dams and the impoundments, and thus influence the long term effects of these natural features on mountain valley morphology.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landslides from massive rock slope failure","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Netherlands","usgsCitation":"Schuster, R.L., 2006,  Impacts of landslide dams on mountain morphology, chap. <i>of</i> Landslides from massive rock slope failure, p. 591-616.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"616","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368607,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schuster, Robert L.","contributorId":19162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":79248,"text":"ds211 - 2006 - Particle-associated contaminants in street dust, parking lot dust, soil, lake-bottom sediment, and suspended and streambed sediment, Lake Como and Fosdic Lake watersheds, Fort Worth, Texas, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T15:31:37","indexId":"ds211","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"211","title":"Particle-associated contaminants in street dust, parking lot dust, soil, lake-bottom sediment, and suspended and streambed sediment, Lake Como and Fosdic Lake watersheds, Fort Worth, Texas, 2004","docAbstract":"A previous study by the U.S. Geological Survey of impaired water bodies in Fort Worth, Texas, reported elevated but variable concentrations of particle-associated contaminants (PACs) comprising chlorinated hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and trace elements in suspended and bed sediment of lakes and streams affected by urban land use. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Fort Worth, collected additional samples during October 2004 to investigate sources of PACs in the watersheds of two impaired lakes: Lake Como and Fosdic Lake. Source materials and aquatic sediment were sampled and analyzed for PACs. Source materials sampled consisted of street dust and soil from areas with residential and commercial land use and parking lot dust from sealed and unsealed parking lots. Aquatic sediment sampled consisted of bottom-sediment cores from the two lakes and suspended and streambed sediment from the influent stream of each lake. Samples were analyzed for chlorinated hydrocarbons (organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, major and trace elements, organic carbon, grain size, and radionuclides.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds211","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Fort Worth","usgsCitation":"Wilson, J.T., Van Metre, P., Werth, C.J., and Yang, Y., 2006, Particle-associated contaminants in street dust, parking lot dust, soil, lake-bottom sediment, and suspended and streambed sediment, Lake Como and Fosdic Lake watersheds, Fort Worth, Texas, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 211, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds211.","productDescription":"31 p.","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds211.PNG"},{"id":8719,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/211/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Fort Worth","otherGeospatial":"Fosdic Lake watershed, Lake Como watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.38,\n              32.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.38,\n              32.65\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.43,\n              32.65\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.43,\n              32.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.38,\n              32.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.25,\n              32.73\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.25,\n              32.77\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.35,\n              32.77\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.35,\n              32.73\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.25,\n              32.73\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Jennifer T. 0000-0003-4481-6354 jenwilso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-6354","contributorId":1782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Jennifer","email":"jenwilso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C.","contributorId":34104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Werth, Charles J.","contributorId":31476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werth","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yang, Yanning","contributorId":12125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Yanning","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":79250,"text":"sir20065118 - 2006 - Occurrence of organic wastewater compounds in drinking water, wastewater effluent, and the Big Sioux River in or near Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 2001-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T15:35:57.354205","indexId":"sir20065118","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5118","title":"Occurrence of organic wastewater compounds in drinking water, wastewater effluent, and the Big Sioux River in or near Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 2001-2004","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the city of Sioux Falls conducted several rounds of sampling to determine the occurrence of organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) in the city of Sioux Falls drinking water and waste-water effluent, and the Big Sioux River in or near Sioux Falls during August 2001 through May 2004. Water samples were collected during both base-flow and storm-runoff conditions. Water samples were collected at 8 sites, which included 4 sites upstream from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharge, 2 sites downstream from the WWTP discharge, 1 finished drinking-water site, and 1 WWTP effluent (WWE) site.\r\n\r\nA total of 125 different OWCs were analyzed for in this study using five different analytical methods. Analyses for OWCs were performed at USGS laboratories that are developing and/or refining small-concentration (less than 1 microgram per liter (ug/L)) analytical methods. The OWCs were classified into six compound classes: human pharmaceutical compounds (HPCs); human and veterinary antibiotic compounds (HVACs); major agricultural herbicides (MAHs); household, industrial,and minor agricultural compounds (HIACs); polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); and sterol compounds (SCs). Some of the compounds in the HPC, MAH, HIAC, and PAH classes are suspected of being endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). Of the 125 different OWCs analyzed for in this study, 81 OWCs had one or more detections in environmental samples reported by the laboratories, and of those 81 OWCs, 63 had acceptable analytical method performance, were detected at concentrations greater than the study reporting levels, and were included in analyses and discussion related to occurrence of OWCs in drinking water, wastewater effluent, and the Big Sioux River.\r\n\r\nOWCs in all compound classes were detected in water samples from sampling sites in the Sioux Falls area. For the five sampling periods when samples were collected from the Sioux Falls finished drinking water, only one OWC was detected at a concentration greater than the study reporting level (metolachlor; 0.0040 ug/L).\r\n\r\nDuring base-flow conditions, Big Sioux River sites upstream from the WWTP discharge had OWC contributions that primarily were from nonpoint animal or crop agriculture sources or had OWC concentrations that were minimal. The influence of the WWTP discharge on OWCs at downstream river sites during base-flow conditions ranged from minimal influence to substantial influence depending on the sampling period. During runoff conditions, OWCs at sites upstream from the WWTP discharge probably were primarily contributed by nonpoint animal and/or crop agriculture sources and possibly by stormwater runoff from nearby roads. OWCs at sites downstream from the WWTP discharge probably were contributed by sources other than the WWTP effluent discharge, such as stormwater runoff from urban and/or agriculture areas and/or resuspension of OWCs adsorbed to sediment deposited in the Big Sioux River. OWC loads generally were substantially smaller for upstream sites than downstream sites during both base-flow and runoff conditions.discharge had OWC contributions that primarily were from nonpoint animal or crop agriculture sources or had OWC concentrations that were minimal. The influence of the WWTP discharge on OWCs at downstream river sites during base-flow conditions ranged from minimal influence to substantial influence depending on the sampling period. During runoff conditions, OWCs at sites upstream from the WWTP discharge probably were primarily contributed by nonpoint animal and/or crop agriculture sources and possibly by stormwater runoff from nearby roads. OWCs at sites downstream from the WWTP discharge probably were contributed by sources other than the WWTP effluent discharge, such as stormwater runoff from urban and/or agriculture areas and/or resuspension of OWCs adsorbed to sediment deposited in the Big Sioux River. OWC loads generally were substantially smaller for","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065118","usgsCitation":"Sando, S.K., Furlong, E.T., Gray, J.L., and Meyer, M.T., 2006, Occurrence of organic wastewater compounds in drinking water, wastewater effluent, and the Big Sioux River in or near Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 2001-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5118, 178 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065118.","productDescription":"178 p.","numberOfPages":"178","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8721,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5118/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","city":"Sioux Falls","otherGeospatial":"Big Sioux River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.99417114257812,\n              43.384091842455746\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.50802612304688,\n              43.384091842455746\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.50802612304688,\n              43.66687822574129\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.99417114257812,\n              43.66687822574129\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.99417114257812,\n              43.384091842455746\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db6923fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sando, Steven K. 0000-0003-1206-1030 sksando@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1206-1030","contributorId":1016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sando","given":"Steven","email":"sksando@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gray, James L. 0000-0002-0807-5635 jlgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0807-5635","contributorId":1253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"James","email":"jlgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":79249,"text":"sir20065184 - 2006 - Application of a stream-aquifer model to Monument Creek for development of a method to estimate transit losses for reusable water, El Paso County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T17:33:06","indexId":"sir20065184","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5184","title":"Application of a stream-aquifer model to Monument Creek for development of a method to estimate transit losses for reusable water, El Paso County, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Colorado Springs Utilities, the Colorado Water Conservation Board, and the El Paso County Water Authority, began a study in 2004 to (1) apply a stream-aquifer model to Monument Creek, (2) use the results of the modeling to develop a transit-loss accounting program for Monument Creek, (3) revise the existing transit-loss accounting program for Fountain Creek to incorporate new water-management strategies and allow for incorporation of future changes in water-management strategies, and (4) integrate the two accounting programs into a single program with a Web-based user interface. The purpose of this report is to present the results of applying a stream-aquifer model to the Monument Creek study reach.</p><p>Transit losses were estimated for reusable-water flows in Monument Creek that ranged from 1 to 200 cubic feet per second (ft<sup>3</sup>/s) and for native streamflows that ranged from 0 to 1,000 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. Transit losses were estimated for bank-storage, channel-storage, and evaporative losses. The same stream-aquifer model used in the previously completed (1988) Fountain Creek study was used in the Monument Creek study.</p><p>Sixteen model nodes were established for the Monument Creek study reach, defining 15 subreaches. Channel length, aquifer length, and aquifer width for the subreaches were estimated from available topographic and geologic maps. Thickness of alluvial deposits and saturated thickness were estimated using lithologic and water-level data from about 100 wells and test holes in or near the Monument Creek study reach. Estimated average transmissivities for the subreaches ranged from 2,000 to 12,000 feet squared per day, and a uniform value of 0.20 was used for storage coefficient.</p><p>Qualitative comparison of recorded and simulated streamflow at the downstream node for the calibration and verification simulations indicated that the two streamflows compared reasonably well. No adjustments were made to the model parameters. Differences between recorded and simulated streamflow volumes for all calibration and verification simulations ranged from about –8.8 to 7.5 percent; the total error for all simulations was about –0.7 percent.</p><p>The model was used to estimate bank-storage losses for 10 to 15 native streamflows for each reusable-water flow of 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, and 200 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. Then the 10 to 15 bank-storage loss values were used in least-squares linear regression to estimate a relation between bank-storage loss and native streamflow for each of the 12 reusable-water flow rates. The 12 regression relations then were used to develop “look-up” tables of bank-storage loss for reusable-water flows ranging from 1 to 200 ft<sup>3</sup>/s (in 1-ft<sup>3</sup>/s increments). Additional model simulations indicated that (1) when the ratio of downstream native streamflow to upstream native streamflow was less than 1, bank-storage loss generally increased and (2) when the ratio of downstream native streamflow to upstream native streamflow was larger than 1, bank-storage loss generally decreased. These results were used to develop a bank-storage loss adjustment factor based on the ratio of native streamflow at the downstream node to native streamflow at the upstream node. The model also was used to estimate a recovery period, which is the length of time needed for the bank-storage loss to return to the stream. The recovery period was 1 day for six subreaches; 2 days for four subreaches; between 3 and 12 days for four subreaches; and 28 days for one subreach.</p><p>Channel-storage losses are about 10 percent of the reusable-water flow for most of the subreaches, except for two subreaches, where the channel-storage losses are about 20 percent, and one subreach, where the losses are about 30 percent, owing to the greater channel lengths. Evaporative losses were estimated by the use of monthly pan-evaporation data and the incremental increase in stream width resulting from any reusable-water flows. Monthly pan-evaporation data were converted to a daily rate. The daily rate, when multiplied by the stream-width increase (in feet) that results from reusable-water flow and by the subreach length (in miles) gives the daily evaporative loss in cubic feet per second.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/sir20065184","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Springs Utilities, the Colorado Water Conservation Board, and the El Paso County Water Authority","usgsCitation":"Kuhn, G., and Arnold, L., 2006, Application of a stream-aquifer model to Monument Creek for development of a method to estimate transit losses for reusable water, El Paso County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5184, viii, 111 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065184.","productDescription":"viii, 111 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5184.jpg"},{"id":341739,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5184/pdf/SIR06-5184_508.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.64 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":8720,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5184/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Monument Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.91806030273438,\n              39.13006024213511\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.92218017578125,\n              39.081040177486095\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.89883422851562,\n              38.971154274048345\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.86862182617188,\n              38.85575072276977\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.83291625976561,\n              38.73373238087942\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.78897094726562,\n              38.71766178810086\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.74639892578125,\n              38.72944724289828\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.74639892578125,\n              38.77871080859691\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.77386474609375,\n              38.84291652482239\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.78897094726562,\n              38.89317057287496\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.80545043945312,\n              38.9476613635683\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.80819702148438,\n              39.00424469849724\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.8370361328125,\n              39.07144530820888\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.85214233398438,\n              39.11727568585598\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.88784790039061,\n              39.131125517089906\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.91806030273438,\n              39.13006024213511\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67abc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuhn, Gerhard","contributorId":102080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuhn","given":"Gerhard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arnold, L. Rick","contributorId":101613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"L. Rick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":79251,"text":"fs20063005 - 2006 - Gulf of Mexico dead zone —The last 150 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-24T22:41:30.715956","indexId":"fs20063005","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3005","title":"Gulf of Mexico dead zone —The last 150 years","docAbstract":"'Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone-The Last 150 Years' discusses the dead zone that forms seasonally in the northern Gulf of Mexico when subsurface waters become depleted in dissolved oxygen and cannot support most life.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20063005","usgsCitation":"Osterman, L., Swarzenski, P., and Poore, R., 2006, Gulf of Mexico dead zone —The last 150 years: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3005, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063005.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","temporalStart":"1856-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-10-01","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3005.jpg"},{"id":394794,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78138.htm"},{"id":8722,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3005/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.592529296875,\n              28.22697003891834\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.725341796875,\n              28.22697003891834\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.725341796875,\n              29.969211659636663\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.592529296875,\n              29.969211659636663\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.592529296875,\n              28.22697003891834\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a1e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterman, Lisa","contributorId":6150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterman","given":"Lisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swarzenski, P.W. 0000-0003-0116-0578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":29487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poore, R.Z.","contributorId":35314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"R.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":79247,"text":"ofr20061221 - 2006 - Flood of October 8 and 9, 2005, on Cold River in Walpole, Langdon, and Alstead and on Warren Brook in Alstead, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:21","indexId":"ofr20061221","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1221","title":"Flood of October 8 and 9, 2005, on Cold River in Walpole, Langdon, and Alstead and on Warren Brook in Alstead, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Southwestern New Hampshire experienced damaging flooding on October 8 and 9, 2005. The flooding was the result of a storm producing at least 7 inches of rain in a 30-hour period. The heavy, intense rainfall resulted in runoff and severe flooding, especially in regions of steep topography that are vulnerable to flash flooding. Some of the worst property damage was in the towns of Alstead, Langdon, and Walpole, New Hampshire along Cold River and Warren Brook. Warren Brook was severely flooded and had flows that exceeded a 100-year recurrence interval upstream of Cooper Hill Road. Downstream of Cooper Hill Road, the flooding was worsened as a result of a sudden release of impounded water, making the flood levels greater than what would be experienced from a 500-year recurrence-interval flood.\r\n\r\nAlong Cold River, upstream of its confluence with Warren Brook, flooding was at approximately a 100-year recurrence interval. Downstream of the confluence of Cold River and Warren Brook, the streamflows, which were swollen by the surge of water from Warren Brook, exceeded a 500year recurrence interval.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061221","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 2006, Flood of October 8 and 9, 2005, on Cold River in Walpole, Langdon, and Alstead and on Warren Brook in Alstead, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1221, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061221.","productDescription":"54 p.","numberOfPages":"54","temporalStart":"2005-10-08","temporalEnd":"2005-10-09","costCenters":[{"id":612,"text":"Vermont Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8718,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1221/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.5,43 ], [ -72.5,43.25 ], [ -72.25,43.25 ], [ -72.25,43 ], [ -72.5,43 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eec61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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