The Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM) was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration to simulate stormwater quality. To assess the effects of runoff, SELDM uses a stochastic mass-balance approach to estimate combinations of pre-storm streamflow, stormflow, highway runoff, event mean concentrations (EMCs) and stormwater constituent loads from a site of interest. In addition, SELDM can be used to assess the effects of stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs), which are designed to mitigate the adverse effects of runoff into a waterbody.
Adverse effects of stormwater on receiving waters are one of the greatest unsolved water-quality problems Nationwide. State DOTs, municipalities, Federal facilities, and private property owners who manage impervious surfaces need information about the potential magnitude of their contributions and the potential effectiveness of methods to mitigate the adverse effects of runoff. Because the efficacy of at-site controls are limited, information about the potential effectiveness of alternative strategies is needed.
The USGS, in cooperation with the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), conducted a study to research methods in which SELDM can be used to enhance the efficiency of ODOT’s stormwater program, support the development of a stormwater banking program, and meet environmental goals. Results can be used to develop a strategic, systems-level approach to stormwater management by considering entire watersheds instead of individual road crossings. Two watersheds, Bear Creek and Mill Creek, in western Oregon were selected for analysis. Within each watershed, seven road crossings were selected for demonstrating the utility of SELDM in nested basins.
Precipitation statistics, pre-storm streamflow, runoff coefficients, and hydrograph recession factors were calculated for each location and used in SELDM to simulate flow, water-quality concentrations, and constituent loads in the upstream basin, from the highway (or developed area), and downstream from the road crossing. Three water-quality constituents were selected for modeling: suspended-sediment concentration (SSC), total phosphorus (TP), and total copper (TCu). Using water-quality transport curves, the relations between streamflow and SSC and between streamflow and TP were simulated. Concentrations of TCu were simulated by configuring a linear relation between SSC and TCu. A generic BMP was simulated using the median treatment statistics for flow reductions, hydrograph extensions, concentration reductions, and minimum irreducible concentrations from nine BMP categories with data from the 2012 International BMP database.
Five simulation scenarios were modeled for demonstrative purposes. These simulations were used to evaluate potential effects of different watershed properties, water-quality inputs, and stormwater mitigation measures. Instream EMCs were compared to hypothetical water-quality criteria for suspended sediment, total phosphorus, and total copper to demonstrate the concept of water-quality risk analysis. For all five scenarios, it was assumed that highway runoff concentrations were independent of location or average annual daily traffic. These five scenarios are as follows:
• Simulation Scenario 1—Natural Conditions (hereafter Simulation Scenario 1) represents conditions in an undeveloped watershed. This scenario demonstrates that the strategic placement of a hypothetical road crossing within a watershed could be used to avoid exceeding water-quality standards of TP and SSC, but that no location choice results in meeting TCu standards. Implementation of BMP had the most pronounced effects on downstream water-quality constituent EMCs at road crossings with the highest ratio of highway catchment area to upstream drainage area, but the largest effect of BMP treatment on mean annual load is based on highway catchment area alone.
• Simulation Scenario 2—Current Conditions (hereafter Simulation Scenario 2) represents current watershed conditions, where all developed area upstream from the road crossing was modeled as a highway and combined with the undeveloped part of the upstream drainage area (scenario 2A) and where the output from scenario 2A is used for the upstream area (developed area and the undeveloped area), and where the road crossing is added as usual (scenario 2B). Scenario 2 results indicate that attaining water-quality standards is more difficult with upstream developed areas. Specific road-crossing sites can be selected to achieve the fewest water-quality exceedances per year, but water-quality targets are not met without BMP implementation, and in some instances are not achievable even with BMP implementation. Results from this scenario also serve to quantify the upper limit of constituent reduction if funding were available to implement BMPs to large areas of development, and to quantify how much area would need BMP implementation to achieve water-quality targets.
• Simulation Scenario 3—Alternative Road Layouts (hereafter Simulation Scenario 3) was designed to assess the sensitivity of SELDM to various road layouts. In this scenario, different highway configurations were superimposed at one road crossing. Results indicate that downstream waterquality constituent EMCs did not exhibit much variation, but annual water-quality constituent loads varied considerably.
• Simulation Scenario 4—Varying Road Width (hereafter Simulation Scenario 4) was designed to assess the sensitivity of SELDM to road width. Similar to scenario 3, the results indicate little variation in downstream water-quality constituent EMCs, but annual water-quality constituent loads increased in proportion to road width.
• Simulation scenario 5—Changes to Impervious Area (hereafter Simulation Scenario 5) was designed to investigate the effects of changing amounts of imperviousness upstream from the road crossing. Results indicate that the downstream water-quality constituent EMCs are highly correlated with the percentage of impervious area upstream.
Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
Digital flood-inundation maps for a 9.3-mile reach of the Iowa River along the Meskwaki Settlement, Iowa, were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa. The flood-inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science website at https://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (stages) at the USGS streamgage 05451770 on the Iowa River at County Highway E49 near Tama, Iowa. Near-real-time stages at this streamgage may be obtained on the internet from the USGS National Water Information System at https://waterdata.usgs.gov/ or the National Weather Service (NWS) Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service at https://water.weather.gov/ahps/, which also forecasts flood hydrographs at this site.
Flood profiles were computed for the stream reach by means of a calibrated one-dimensional and two-dimensional step-backwater hydraulic model. The model was calibrated by using the current stage-discharge relation at the USGS streamgage 05451770 on the Iowa River at County Highway E49 near Tama, Iowa, and stage and discharge data from historic flooding events that were recorded at the streamgage.
The hydraulic model was then used to compute eight water-surface profiles for flood stages at 1-foot intervals referenced to the streamgage datum and ranging from the NWS “action stage” of 11 feet (ft) to 18 ft, the stage exceeding the estimated 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability (500-year recurrence interval) flood, as determined at the USGS streamgage 05451770. The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a geographic information system digital elevation model to delineate the area flooded at each flood stage (water level).
In addition, potential modifications to hydraulic structures within the flood plain were modeled so any effects from the potential modifications could be evaluated. Four comparison points, which were along the flood plain, showed little to no change (less than 0.1 ft) in flood elevation from the existing conditions within the flood plain for the 11- to 16-ft stages as referenced to the USGS streamgage 05451770. There were greater changes (more than 0.1 ft) in flood elevation for the 2 comparison points that were closest to the modified hydraulic structure for the 2 highest modeled stages of 17 and 18 ft.
The availability of these maps, along with internet information regarding current stage from the USGS streamgage and forecasted high-flow stages from the NWS, will provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood-response activities such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for postflood recovery efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20195050","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa","usgsCitation":"Cigrand, C.V., 2019, Flood-inundation maps for the Iowa River at the Meskwaki Settlement in Iowa, 2019: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5050, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195050.","productDescription":"12 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-103795","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365048,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":" https://doi.org/10.5066/P912FO3L ","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geospatial datasets for the flood-inundation study for the Iowa River at the Meskwaki Settlement in Iowa, 2019"},{"id":365046,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5050/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":365047,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5050/sir20195050.pdf","text":"Report","size":"26.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2019-5050"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Meskwaki Settlement","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.7175,41.916666666666664 ], [ -92.7175,42.034166666666664 ], [ -92.55,42.034166666666664 ], [ -92.55,41.916666666666664 ], [ -92.7175,41.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
400 South Clinton Street, Suite 269
Iowa City, IA 52240
Since 2014, the U.S. Geological Survey has been working in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management, Mono County, Ormat Technologies, Inc., and the Mammoth Community Water District to design and implement a groundwater-monitoring program for the proposed Casa Diablo IV Geothermal Power Project in Long Valley Caldera, California, to characterize baseline groundwater-level, water-temperature, and water-chemistry conditions at dedicated monitoring wells and municipal supply wells. The publicly available data and the analyses provided here represent quality-assured and peer-reviewed information to help with the management of the thermal and non-thermal water resources beneath and in the vicinity of the town of Mammoth Lakes, California.
The methods of data collection for continuous water levels and quarterly water-temperature profiles for two 600-foot-deep monitoring wells during 2016 through 2017 are discussed. Also discussed are the methods of water-sample collection and characterizations of the water chemistry in numerous wells in the multilayered aquifer system beneath Mammoth Lakes. Additionally, the methodology used to develop digital (mathematical) filters to remove or reduce the effects of barometric pressure and solid Earth tides on the continuous water-level records is discussed.
Digitally filtered water levels for a 2017 flow test of a deep geothermal production well are described, and various aquifer responses observed during the flow test are discussed. These are further considered in a companion evaluation of potential physical and chemical influences on the water-level data collected during the flow test.
The digitally filtered water-level data indicated that some hydraulic communication exists between the deep geothermal aquifer and shallow groundwater aquifer at the location of the flow test, northeast of Mammoth Lakes. Groundwater-chemistry data from three wells indicated that shallow groundwater naturally mixes with a small component of geothermal water along the northern periphery of the shallow aquifer system at Mammoth Lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191063","usgsCitation":"Howle, J.F., Evans, W.C., Galloway, D.L., Hsieh, P.A., Hurwitz, S., Smith, G.A., and Nawikas, J., 2019, Hydraulic, geochemical, and thermal monitoring of an aquifer system in the vicinity of Mammoth Lakes, Mono County, California, 2015–17: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1063, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191063.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 90 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"90","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-098793","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437404,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ON8U5U","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Atmospheric-loading frequency response functions and groundwater-levels filtered for the effects of atmospheric loading and solid Earth tides for three monitoring wells near Mammoth Lakes, California, 2015 - 2017"},{"id":365075,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5bdc7dcee4b0b3fc5cf01d9d","linkHelpText":"Atmospheric-loading frequency response functions and groundwater-levels filtered for the effects of atmospheric loading and solid Earth tides for three monitoring wells near Mammoth Lakes, California, 2015–2017"},{"id":364987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1063/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":364988,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1063/ofr20191063.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Open-File Report 2019-1063"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Mono 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California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
The State of Nebraska requires a sustainable balance between long-term water supplies and uses of groundwater and surface water and requires Natural Resources Districts to include the effect of groundwater use on surface-water systems as part of their respective integrated management plans. Recent droughts in Nebraska (2000–6; 2012–13) have amplified concerns about the long-term sustainability of groundwater and surface-water resources in the state, and concerns about the effect of groundwater irrigation on both streamflow and the water supplies needed to meet wildlife, recreational, and municipal needs. The lower Platte River provides nearly 100 percent of drinking-water supplies to Lincoln, Nebraska, 40 to 60 percent of drinking-water supplies to Omaha, Nebr., and critical aquatic and riparian habitat for threatened and endangered species. The Lower Platte River Basin-wide Management Plan has been jointly developed by the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources and seven Natural Resources Districts to address some of these concerns by managing groundwater and surface-water resources conjunctively.
To sustain flows in the lower Platte River that are needed for municipal water supplies, water managers have proposed projects aimed at temporary storage of surface water in upstream parts of the basin to mitigate periods of low flow in the lower Platte River. To increase scientific understanding and provide support for any potential future streamflow augmentation projects, the Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District, the Lower Platte North Natural Resources District, and the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources, in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, initiated this study to examine groundwater/surface-water interaction along the lower Platte and Elkhorn Rivers upstream from their confluence. The study design described herein focused on understanding seasonal characteristics of groundwater movement and interaction with surface water during periods of high groundwater demand (June through August) and low groundwater demand (all other months). Understanding how groundwater movement and interaction with surface water are affected by streamflow conditions and local groundwater demand is critical to the development of any streamflow augmentation project intended to sustain streamflow and mitigate periods of low flow in the lower Platte River.
The characteristics of groundwater movement and interaction with surface water are affected by hydrologic and local climatic conditions. For the study area, 2016–18 conditions can be broadly characterized as above normal precipitation. The flows measured at the Elkhorn River at Waterloo, Nebr., streamflow-gaging station (U.S. Geological Survey station 06800500) were above the long-term median, and the streamflow of the Platte River near Leshara, Nebr., streamflow-gaging station (06796500) remained normal or slightly above normal for the duration of this study.
Continuous streamflow and water-level data were interpreted to examine differences in groundwater movement and interaction with surface water between the Platte and Elkhorn Rivers during high and low groundwater demand periods. Although the streamflow for the Platte and Elkhorn Rivers and their tributaries was less during the high groundwater demand period, the hydraulic gradient along a transect of recorder wells was identical (0.0012 foot per foot) during the high and low groundwater demand synoptic water-level and streamflow surveys. The hydraulic gradient between the Platte and Elkhorn Rivers generally remained between 0.0011 and 0.0012 foot per foot. It can be inferred that the hydraulic gradient, which is the only temporally variable factor in Darcy’s Law, is consistent throughout the study period and that groundwater flow does not vary appreciably along this transect.
The northern part of the study area (north of the transect of recorder wells) has consistent groundwater and tributary flow from Big Slough, Rawhide Creek (Old Channel), and Rawhide Creek for low and high groundwater demand periods. In the southern part of the study area (south of the transect of recorder wells), tributary flow is more variable and dependent on local groundwater demand and flow conditions of the Platte River. Small decreases (less than 2 feet) in the groundwater levels, such as those measured during the high groundwater demand period, can have substantial changes in the streamflow in an unnamed tributary to the Elkhorn River. The streamflow measured during the high groundwater demand synoptic water-level and streamflow survey had decreased by nearly a factor of 20 when compared to the low groundwater demand period.
The volume of groundwater discharge received by the Elkhorn River was estimated by examining the changes in streamflow between measurement locations. Streamflow measurements indicate that the groundwater discharge received by the Elkhorn River in the southern part of the study area was seasonably variable, making it difficult if not impossible to estimate an annual value. In the Elkhorn River, between the Elkhorn River at Waterloo, Nebr., streamflow-gaging station and the Q Street Bridge, streamflow measurements collected during the low groundwater demand period indicated a gain of 80 cubic feet per second, which is comparable to the gain estimated using aerial thermal infrared imagery and water temperature data. Streamflow measurements collected during the high groundwater demand period indicate a loss of 80 cubic feet per second across this same reach. In assessing water supply conditions in the lower Platte River system, the term “loss” in reference to streamflow in the Elkhorn River should be used with caution. Most likely, flow from the Elkhorn River which is “lost” to the groundwater system will later discharge to surface water closer to the confluence of the Platte and Elkhorn Rivers as underflow. A calibrated groundwater flow model of the study area likely is required to predict the fate of this water and to quantify groundwater discharge during varying hydrologic conditions along this reach.
Aerial thermal infrared imagery indicated that much of the groundwater discharge in the southern part of the study area is focused across a 3-mile reach where the Elkhorn River turns southwest, perpendicular to the regional groundwater flow direction. Points of focused groundwater discharge were not detected with aerial thermal infrared imagery, indicating that groundwater discharge is diffuse rather than concentrated at focused points. Temperature-based streambed flux estimates indicated that strong regional groundwater gradients are not driving groundwater discharge and hyporheic flow is the dominant groundwater/surface-water exchange process.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20195048","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Papio-Missouri River and Lower Platte North Natural Resources Districts and the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Hobza, C.M., Johnson, M.J., Woodward, P.W., Strauch, K.R., and Schepers, A.R., 2019, Groundwater movement and interaction with surface water near the confluence of the Platte and Elkhorn Rivers, Nebraska, 2016–18: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5048, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195048.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 38 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-101680","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365092,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5048/sir20195048.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.36 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2019–5048"},{"id":365093,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EZLGSC","text":"USGS data release ","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Water-level and aerial thermal infrared imagery data collected along the lower Platte and Elkhorn Rivers, Nebraska, 2016–2017"},{"id":365091,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5048/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.503662109375,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -95.7073974609375,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -95.7073974609375,\n 42.09007006868398\n ],\n [\n -97.503662109375,\n 42.09007006868398\n ],\n [\n -97.503662109375,\n 40.613952441166596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Nebraska Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5231 South 19th Street
Lincoln, NE 68512
The Big Chino Subbasin is a groundwater basin that includes the Verde River headwaters in Yavapai County in north-central Arizona. Groundwater in the southern part of the subbasin is found primarily in the Big Chino and Williamson Valleys. The former is a potential municipal water source for growing communities in Yavapai County, particularly groundwater from the Big Chino Water Ranch, about 15 miles northwest of the community of Paulden. Groundwater in the Big Chino Valley discharges to wells (by pumping), by evapotranspiration, and to the upper Verde River springs, which form the headwaters of the Verde River. Groundwater also discharges to short perennial reaches of Williamson Valley Wash, Walnut Creek, and a small number of small, ungaged springs and seeps. To monitor changes in groundwater storage and to identify aquifer-storage properties, a network of repeat microgravity stations and groundwater-level monitoring stations was established in the Big Chino and Williamson Valleys in 2010.
Small decreases in groundwater storage were observed throughout the study area from 2010 to 2017. Annual groundwater withdrawals for agricultural use varied between 2,800 and 4,000 acre-ft between 2013 and 2016, with an additional amount, probably less than 1,000 acre-ft, withdrawn for domestic use, primarily in the Paulden and Williamson Valley Wash areas. No local recharge events from sustained rainfall were observed during 2010 to 2017, and base-flow discharge in the Verde River near Paulden and Williamson Valley Wash near Paulden was consistently below the long-term average (for years 1964 to 2017 and 1966 to 2017, respectively) at each site. Relations between groundwater-level changes and aquifer-storage changes (determined from repeat microgravity data) indicate monitoring wells are representative primarily of semiconfined aquifer conditions in the Paulden area, the area west of Big Chino Wash, and the Big Chino Water Ranch area. Unconfined aquifer conditions are monitored in the Williamson Valley Wash area and at two sites in the Paulden area. Specific yield was estimated at five wells and ranged between 0.04 and 0.34, with a median value of 0.23.
Negative groundwater-level trends (increasing depth to water) were observed between 2010 and 2017 at all sites where trends were identified using the Mann-Kendall trend test, except for the northernmost reaches of Big Chino Wash within and to the north of the Big Chino Water Ranch. Groundwater storage trends were negative at all sites where trends were identified except for one site in the foothills of the Santa Maria mountains west of Big Chino Wash. Declining storage in the Big Chino Water Ranch area, where water levels show no trend or are increasing, are likely the result of drying conditions in the unsaturated zone and (or) aquifers located above the aquifer(s) monitored by wells.
Director,
Arizona Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
520 N. Park Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85719
Director, Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division
U.S. Geological Survey
MS 415 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
The San Juan-Silverton caldera complex located near Silverton, Colorado, in the Southern Rocky Mountains volcanic field is an ideal natural laboratory for furthering the understanding of shallow-to-deep volcanic-related mineral systems. Recent advances in geophysical data processing and three-dimensional (3D) model construction will help to characterize shallow properties important for understanding surface water and groundwater quality issues and will also improve knowledge of deep geological structures that may have been conduits for hydrothermal fluids that formed mineral deposits. The study has general applications to mineral resource assessments in other areas of the world and to identifying possible groundwater flow paths and associated geochemistry important in abandoned mine lands cleanup.
Silverton, Colorado, is the site of a spectacular succession of igneous rocks that formed beginning about 35 million years ago (Ma). Base metals (copper, lead, and zinc) and precious metals (silver and gold) mined from the late 1870s to 1991 owe their existence to a 25-million-year cycle of igneous activity. The presence of economic, base, and precious metal deposits within a complex geological setting were largely responsible for stimulating studies by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted during the early 20th century. The focus of investigations in the late 20th and 21st centuries have broadened in scope to include abandoned mine lands (AML) investigations. The legacy of hard rock mining in headwater catchment areas caused environmental challenges for local communities and downstream water resource users. The Gold King Mine, located a few kilometers north of Silverton, illustrates the potential environmental effects of abandoned mines. On August 5, 2015, during reclamation efforts at the Gold King Mine, a breach of collapsed workings sent approximately 3 million gallons of acidic and metal-rich mine water into the upper Animas River, a tributary to the Colorado River Basin. Mining-related sources of metals and acidity add to geological sources of metals in surface water and groundwater. Weathering processes of altered and mineralized rock have been a source of acid rock drainage that have been ongoing for millennia.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20193026","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Colorado Division of Reclamation Mining and Safety, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, and Animas River Stakeholders Group","usgsCitation":"Yager, D.B., Anderson, E.D., Rodriguez, B.D., Deszcz-Pan, M., and Smith, B.D., 2019, Geological and geophysical data for a three-dimensional view—Inside the San Juan and Silverton calderas, Southern Rocky Mountains volcanic field, Silverton, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2019-3026, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193026.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-103569","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2019/3026/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":364305,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2019/3026/fs20193026.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.83 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2019-3026"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"San Juan County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-107.5857,37.9702],[-107.5786,37.9667],[-107.5721,37.9636],[-107.5632,37.9573],[-107.5584,37.9524],[-107.5549,37.9493],[-107.5502,37.9475],[-107.5361,37.9445],[-107.5319,37.9414],[-107.5324,37.9378],[-107.5347,37.9337],[-107.5352,37.9291],[-107.5351,37.9237],[-107.532,37.9178],[-107.5278,37.9088],[-107.5247,37.9039],[-107.5212,37.9007],[-107.5211,37.8967],[-107.5279,37.8875],[-107.5324,37.8806],[-107.5329,37.8748],[-107.5317,37.8734],[-107.5305,37.8716],[-107.5204,37.8618],[-107.5179,37.8554],[-107.5184,37.8486],[-107.5176,37.84],[-107.5146,37.8342],[-107.5127,37.8288],[-107.5121,37.8265],[-107.5109,37.8256],[-107.5068,37.8243],[-107.491,37.8236],[-107.4828,37.8223],[-107.4757,37.817],[-107.4705,37.8143],[-107.4669,37.8107],[-107.4627,37.8044],[-107.4578,37.7918],[-107.457,37.785],[-107.4581,37.7791],[-107.4666,37.7668],[-107.4677,37.7645],[-107.4695,37.7645],[-107.4777,37.768],[-107.4812,37.7684],[-107.4829,37.7675],[-107.484,37.7648],[-107.4824,37.7407],[-107.4832,37.6374],[-107.6698,37.6372],[-107.6849,37.6375],[-107.6867,37.6375],[-107.9686,37.6377],[-107.9628,37.6401],[-107.96,37.6415],[-107.9583,37.6429],[-107.9572,37.6456],[-107.9572,37.6479],[-107.9579,37.6524],[-107.9604,37.6592],[-107.9629,37.6646],[-107.966,37.6718],[-107.9685,37.6777],[-107.9698,37.6822],[-107.9699,37.6867],[-107.9688,37.6899],[-107.966,37.6936],[-107.9615,37.6977],[-107.9575,37.7005],[-107.9534,37.7024],[-107.9505,37.7029],[-107.9471,37.7029],[-107.9389,37.7017],[-107.936,37.7017],[-107.9331,37.7027],[-107.9274,37.706],[-107.9239,37.7074],[-107.9181,37.7079],[-107.9135,37.7098],[-107.9094,37.7112],[-107.9049,37.7154],[-107.9014,37.7168],[-107.8968,37.7173],[-107.8904,37.717],[-107.8817,37.7162],[-107.8764,37.7163],[-107.8747,37.7172],[-107.873,37.7213],[-107.8726,37.7259],[-107.8733,37.7317],[-107.8717,37.7368],[-107.8684,37.7431],[-107.8644,37.7477],[-107.8627,37.7509],[-107.8622,37.7537],[-107.8629,37.7559],[-107.8641,37.7582],[-107.8659,37.76],[-107.8677,37.7617],[-107.8683,37.7635],[-107.8672,37.7663],[-107.8615,37.7732],[-107.8592,37.7737],[-107.854,37.7742],[-107.8493,37.7734],[-107.8446,37.7721],[-107.8423,37.7721],[-107.84,37.7726],[-107.8354,37.7767],[-107.8275,37.7859],[-107.8224,37.7915],[-107.8213,37.7928],[-107.8225,37.7955],[-107.8268,37.8063],[-107.8263,37.8082],[-107.8258,37.81],[-107.8085,37.8207],[-107.8056,37.8212],[-107.8004,37.8212],[-107.7975,37.8213],[-107.7952,37.8222],[-107.7935,37.8236],[-107.7918,37.8277],[-107.7885,37.8332],[-107.7868,37.8355],[-107.7845,37.8378],[-107.7812,37.8451],[-107.7762,37.8556],[-107.7756,37.857],[-107.7768,37.8592],[-107.7781,37.8615],[-107.7741,37.8656],[-107.7655,37.8739],[-107.7553,37.8845],[-107.7479,37.8923],[-107.7422,37.8982],[-107.7359,37.9038],[-107.7188,37.8977],[-107.7077,37.8955],[-107.7024,37.892],[-107.6977,37.8912],[-107.6942,37.8917],[-107.6897,37.8967],[-107.6879,37.8976],[-107.6862,37.899],[-107.6839,37.9],[-107.681,37.9],[-107.6682,37.9011],[-107.6595,37.9039],[-107.6514,37.9081],[-107.6422,37.9146],[-107.6394,37.9187],[-107.6389,37.9237],[-107.6404,37.9368],[-107.6405,37.9404],[-107.6407,37.9491],[-107.6385,37.9545],[-107.635,37.9586],[-107.6263,37.9588],[-107.6216,37.9588],[-107.6077,37.9636],[-107.5961,37.9669],[-107.588,37.9688],[-107.5857,37.9702]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"San Juan\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-964
Denver, CO 80225-0046
The Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA) is the principal water source for industrial and public supply in Glynn County, Georgia. Wells in active pumping centers that tap the UFA for industries near the city of Brunswick have created an upward hydraulic-head gradient in the Floridan aquifer system, which has allowed high chloride (saline) groundwater from the Fernandina permeable zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer (LFA) to migrate upward into freshwater zones. Chloride concentrations of more than 250 milligrams per liter—the State and Federal secondary drinking-water standard—have been measured in a 2-square-mile area near downtown Brunswick.
An existing regional U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference groundwater-flow model (MODFLOW-2000) was modified using greater horizontal and vertical resolution to enable more detailed simulation of the effects of pumping in the vicinity of chloride contamination. Modifications to the regional model consisted of (1) limiting grid size to a maximum of 500 feet (ft) per side in the vicinity of the chloride plume; (2) representing the upper and lower Brunswick aquifers with distinct model layers; (3) similarly, representing upper and lower water-bearing zones of the UFA with distinct model layers in Glynn and Camden Counties, Ga.; and (4) establishing new hydraulic-property geographic zones in the UFA within Glynn County. The revised groundwater-flow model was calibrated to steady-state conditions that were assumed to exist during 2000 and 2004. The calibration and framework of the revised groundwater-flow model were documented in a separate report. For the current study, steady-state conditions were calibrated using October 2015 pumping rates in the Brunswick/Glynn County area as a 2015 Base Case. The 2015 Base Case simulation was used as the basis to evaluate seven groundwater-management scenarios in the Brunswick/Glynn County area.
Seven groundwater management-scenarios were developed on the basis of short- and long-term groundwater-use projections for the UFA in the Brunswick/Glynn County area. Scenarios A and B simulated additional pumping in the upper water-bearing zone (UWBZ) of the UFA at existing public-supply wells located near a chloride plume and planned public-supply wells to be constructed north of downtown Brunswick. Scenario C simulated a shutdown at Brunswick Cellulose Inc. and Pinova Inc. and the resulting deactivation of nine production wells, with a combined total pumping of 31.3 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) for the 2015 Base Case simulation. Scenario D (three scenarios) simulated 12.5, 25, and 50 percent (designated Scenarios D1, D2, and D3) of the total pumping of 31.3 Mgal/d at Brunswick Cellulose and Pinova. The objective of Scenario D was to determine pumping rates that may reverse groundwater-flow directions toward the Brunswick Cellulose well field and potentially allow groundwater with higher chloride concentration to migrate toward nearby public-supply wells. Scenario E simulated an additional pumping of 5 Mgal/d from the UWBZ of the UFA at a recently constructed production well within the Brunswick Cellulose well field.
Backward particle-tracking (MODPATH) analysis in public-supply wells located just outside the chloride plume to the north shows that predominant groundwater-flow directions are from the northeast toward the Brunswick Cellulose well field. The analysis covered 20- and 50-year periods for the 2015 Base Case and Scenario C simulations with 100 percent of backtracked particles remaining in the UWBZ and lower water-bearing zone of the UFA. Groundwater-flow directions are characterized by some vertical movement and dominant horizontal movement away from the chloride plume in the northern Brunswick area. For the 2015 Base Case simulation, the mean rate of particle movement ranged from 268 to 413 feet per year. For the Scenario C simulation, the mean rate of particle movement ranged from 89 to 182 feet per year with 50 percent of particles migrating from the chloride plume area. The rate of particle movement is influenced most by the horizontal hydraulic-head gradient in the UWBZ of the UFA.
The revised groundwater-flow model is subject to the limitations documented in the original model. In addition, the values used for the specified-head boundaries in the Floridan aquifer system for the 2004 calibrated model were based on the sparse data available and were not changed for the 2015 update to the model. These model boundaries control 80 percent of the inflows and about 60 percent of the outflows. Composite-scaled sensitivities of the model parameters indicate the revised model is most sensitive to pumping rates, followed by the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the UFA for zones along coastal Georgia.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20195035","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Brunswick-Glynn County Joint Water and Sewer Commission and the Georgia Environmental Protection Division","usgsCitation":"Cherry, G.S., 2019, Simulation of groundwater flow in the Brunswick area, Georgia, for 2004 and 2015, and selected groundwater-management scenarios: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5035, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195035.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 70 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"82","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-089920","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364052,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5035/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":364054,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Stephenson Center, Suite 129
Columbia, SC 29210
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) initiated a cooperative study through the Southern Nevada Public Land Management Act (Bureau of Land Management, 1998) to install six wells in the carbonate-rock and basin-fill aquifers of Clark County, Nevada, in areas of sparse groundwater data. This map uses water levels from these new wells, water levels from existing wells, and altitudes of spring discharge points to update a regional potentiometric map of the carbonate-rock aquifer and provide evidence to interpret the direction of regional groundwater flow. This potentiometric surface map is accompanied by drilling and borehole geophysical logs, well construction information, lithology, water chemistry, and water levels from the newly drilled wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3434","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Wilson, J.W., 2019, Drilling, construction, water chemistry, water levels, and regional potentiometric surface of the upper carbonate-rock aquifer in Clark County, Nevada, 2009–2015: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3434, scale 1:500,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3434.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 59.00 x 32.00 in.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050214","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364132,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3434/sim3434.pdf","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Scientific Investigations Map 3434"},{"id":364131,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3434/coverthb_.jpg"},{"id":364136,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9K73T7Q","linkHelpText":"Supplemental data for drilling, construction, water chemistry, water levels, and regional potentiometric surface of the upper carbonate-rock aquifer in Clark County, Nevada, 2009-2015"}],"contact":"Nevada Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2730 N. Deer Run Road
Carson City, Nevada 95819
In 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) entered into a cooperative agreement with the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) to develop a North Carolina-enhanced variation of the national Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM) with available North Carolina-specific streamflow and water-quality data and to demonstrate use of the model by documenting selected simulation scenarios. The USGS developed the national SELDM in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to provide the tools and techniques necessary for performing stormwater-quality simulations. SELDM uses a stochastic mass-balance approach to estimate combinations of flows, concentrations, and loads of stormwater constituents from the site of interest (often a highway catchment; nonhighway areas, such as a large impervious area at a shopping center complex, also can be used) and the basin upstream from the stormwater outfall to assess the risk for adverse effects of runoff. SELDM also can be used to simulate the effectiveness of volume reduction, hydrograph extension, and water-quality concentration reductions by stormwater best management practices (BMPs), which are designed to help mitigate the effects of runoff on receiving water bodies.
Some of the statistical inputs needed for the North Carolina-enhanced SELDM were either calculated or augmented using local or regional data from North Carolina. Streamflow statistics used by SELDM were determined for 266 streamgages across North Carolina on the basis of data available through the 2015 water year. Recession ratio statistics used for triangular hydrographs were also developed for 30 streamgages across the State. The NCDOT identified previous research reports on highway-runoff and BMP studies in North Carolina for review of potential data addition to the national FHWA Highway-Runoff Database (HRDB). Following USGS review of these data, a total of 25,087 event mean concentration values and 1,140 storm events for 39 highway-runoff sites and 195 analytes were uploaded to the national HRDB from six North Carolina highway-runoff research reports and a recent USGS bridge deck runoff study. Using data for 27 streamgages in North Carolina, a total of 57 water-quality transport curves were developed for seven constituents for use in simulating water-quality conditions in the upstream basin. Performance data for three BMPs (bioretention, grass strip or swale, and wetland channel) from NCDOT research data were incorporated into the North Carolina-enhanced SELDM for volume-reduction statistics, including the effectiveness of treating four water-quality constituents (total suspended solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate plus nitrite) and turbidity.
Simulations using the North Carolina-enhanced SELDM are presented for two hypothetical upstream basins in the Piedmont ecoregion and one hypothetical highway site to demonstrate how simulations can be used to provide risk-based information about potential effects of stormwater runoff on downstream water quality and the potential for mitigating those risks by using BMPs. The first group of simulations explores the stochastic variability in dilution factors (the ratio of the highway runoff to the total downstream stormflow) for a hypothetical Piedmont rural creek having drainage areas ranging from 1 to 100 square miles. The second group of simulations examines dilution factors based on variations in precipitation, streamflow, and recession ratios for two hypothetical Piedmont upstream basins (rural and urban) where the drainage area was held constant at 25 square miles. These simulations indicate the sensitivity of results to variations in each of the three variables. The third group of simulations examines the effects of varied concentrations in the upstream basin on water-quality conditions downstream from the highway crossing. Variations in upstream water-quality conditions for three constituents (suspended sediment concentration, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus) are based on water-quality transport curves selected from among the 57 curves developed as part of this study to represent low-, medium-, and high-concentration statistics. Simulations completed for this third group also examine the potential effects of grass swale and bioretention BMP treatment on total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations in highway runoff. The BMP performance data from the NCDOT research reports were applied in this group of simulations.
The stochastic mass-balance approach used in SELDM analyses and simulations provides a strong tool for engineers and water-resource managers to use in exploring a wide range of possible hydrologic and water-quality inputs and their effects on downstream water quality. The results of this study can not only aid engineers and managers in planning for potential adverse effects of runoff at site-specific locations, they can also help the USGS and other Federal and State agencies with oversight responsibilities in stormwater-quality issues to continue gathering data on potential water-quality effects in receiving streams.
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U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
California faces unprecedented challenges presented by shifting weather patterns that are defining a “new normal.” The result has been extreme weather events, prolonged drought, flooding, and debris flows. These conditions drive severe tree mortality, increase wildfire occurrence and intensity, reduce water availability, and hasten subsidence in groundwater basins. Collectively, these challenges threaten public safety, compromise infrastructure, and adversely impact the economic well-being of California's citizens. Critical applications that address these issues depend on light detection and ranging (lidar) data that provide a highly detailed, three-dimensional (3D) model of the Earth’s surface. The U.S. Geological Survey 3D Elevation Program works in partnership with Federal, State, Tribal, U.S. territorial, and local agencies to acquire consistent lidar coverage to meet the needs of California and the Nation.
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\"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.1; Revised June 24, 2019","contact":"Director, National Geospatial Program
U.S. Geological Survey, MS 511
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
3D Elevation Program
Email: 3DEP@usgs.gov
Median summer water yields and resultant flows for streams are used in Michigan to regulate large water withdrawals to help prevent negative effects on characteristic fish populations. Large water withdrawals commonly are associated with irrigation in rural areas. In an earlier statewide report, an index-flow statistic for the period of record, defined as the median flow during the summer month of lowest flow, was used to characterize median summer flows and associated water yields. In this report, the annual series of median summer water yields for the period July 1 through September 30 within the period of record is used to characterize median summer water yields. For 27 streamgages included in both reports, the average index water yield was at the 37th percentile of the distribution of median summer water yields. In contrast to an index statistic, an annual time series provides a basis for detecting trends in median summer water yields and for determining basin, climatic, and irrigation factors affecting spatial and temporal variations in summer water yields. Daily flow data from 40 selected U.S. Geological Survey streamgages in southwestern Michigan were used in this analysis. Two mixed models were identified to estimate median summer water yields based on fixed basin characteristics and temporally varying climatic factors for 1945–2015. No irrigation data were available prior to 1970, so no irrigation variables were included in the mixed models for 1945–2015. Then, two mixed models were developed for 1970–2015, a period in which a partial annual series of county-level irrigation data also were available. One of the 1970–2015 mixed models provides a basis for estimating median summer water yields at sites in southwestern Michigan using an estimated trend component, and selected basin, climatic, and irrigation factors. Re-estimation of model parameters in this mixed model with more spatially precise information on irrigation withdrawals may improve model accuracy.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185071","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Holtschlag, D.J., 2019, Basin, climatic, and irrigation factors associated with median summer water yields for streams in southwestern Michigan, 1945–2015: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5071, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185071.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 23 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-093386","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363517,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5071/sir20185071.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5071"},{"id":363516,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5071/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":363518,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5c7d7268e4b0fe48cb532c2f","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"- Data on Factors Affecting Spatial and Temporal Variations of Annual Summer Median Water Yields in Southwestern Michigan, 1945-2015"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.671142578125,\n 41.599013054830216\n ],\n [\n -84.385986328125,\n 41.599013054830216\n ],\n [\n -84.385986328125,\n 43.30919109985686\n ],\n [\n -86.671142578125,\n 43.30919109985686\n ],\n [\n -86.671142578125,\n 41.599013054830216\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6520 Mercantile Way, Suite 5
Lansing, MI 48911
Hydrologic influences on water levels were investigated at Three Oaks Recreation Area (TORA), a former sand-and-gravel quarry converted into recreational lakes in Crystal Lake, Illinois. From 2009 to 2015, average water levels in the lakes declined nearly 4 feet. It was not clear if these declines were related to variations in weather (precipitation or evaporation) or other hydrologic influences such as municipal supply pumping or nearby quarry operations. Data were collected using three approaches to determine the possibility of such hydrologic influences. First, water levels were collected at 15 minute intervals at three wells equipped with pressure transducers from April 14 through September 27, 2016. The continuous data allowed assessment of lake and well water level responses to precipitation, pumping influences, and quarry operations. Second, a single-day synoptic water-level survey was completed to create a water table map to determine groundwater flow directions. Third, single-well aquifer tests (slug tests) were completed on the three data-collection wells to estimate the aquifer’s horizontal hydraulic conductivity. Collectively, these data were used to determine the velocity and volume of water entering and exiting TORA.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185105","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Crystal Lake, Illinois","usgsCitation":"Gahala, A.M., 2019, Hydrologic influences on water levels at Three Oaks Recreation Area, Crystal Lake, Illinois, April 14 through September 27, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5105, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185105.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 22 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-082111","costCenters":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437479,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9SA4LZZ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Water level test data for groundwater monitoring wells near Three Oaks Recreational Area, Crystal Lake, Illinois"},{"id":362987,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5b801758e4b05f6e32194c4b","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Water Level Test Data for Groundwater Monitoring Wells Near Three Oaks Recreational Area, Crystal Lake, Illinois"},{"id":362986,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5105/sir20185105.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.05 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5105"},{"id":362985,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5105/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Crystal Lake","otherGeospatial":"Three Oaks Recreation Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.32527160644531,\n 42.165184775416826\n ],\n [\n -88.23446273803711,\n 42.165184775416826\n ],\n [\n -88.23446273803711,\n 42.226610675467626\n ],\n [\n -88.32527160644531,\n 42.226610675467626\n ],\n [\n -88.32527160644531,\n 42.165184775416826\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8505 Research Way
Middleton, Wisconsin 53562
During 2015–17, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service (Forest Service), carried out a study to characterize the hydrology and water chemistry in two study areas within the Daniel Boone National Forest. One study area was within the Rock Creek drainage and the other study area included the Wildcat and Addison Branch drainages. Both study areas historically were mined for coal prior to the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 and contain abandoned coal mine sites that have since been the focus of remediation efforts. Synoptic surveys of streamflow and water-quality properties (water temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen) of Rock Creek were done during November 2015 and May 2016, and surveys of Wildcat and Addison Branches were done during June 2016 and May 2017. Streamflow measurements were used to quantify contributions from tributaries and to compute streamflow gain and loss in designated reaches. Discrete measurements of water temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen were used to evaluate conditions during a short timeframe and for comparison between study areas. Study designs for the two study areas differed because there was an operating streamgage on Rock Creek near Yamacraw, Kentucky (station number 03410590) where streamflow and water-quality properties (water temperature, specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity) were monitored continuously, while Addison and Wildcat Branches were ungaged. Several hydrograph separation methods were used to estimate base flow and runoff at the Rock Creek gage. These data will be used by the Forest Service to evaluate the current (2018) conditions and plan remediation efforts.
The water quality at Rock Creek was less affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) than the Wildcat or Addison Branches. Appreciable losing reaches, where water flowed underground, were identified in both study areas. All losing reaches coincided with karst topography. Streamflow increased in areas with openings to underground mine tunnels, known as portals.
Six hydrograph separation methods (Base-flow index [BFI; standard and modified], HYSEP [fixed interval, sliding interval, and local minimum], and PART) were applied to daily mean streamflow collected from August 2015 to August 2017 at station number 03410590. The hydrograph separation methods partition total streamflow into base flow and streamflow that originated from surface runoff. Base flow typically reacts slowly to precipitation infiltration and is largely sustained by groundwater discharge. The estimated daily base flow and runoff made with the different separation methods are not highly different. On average, base flow accounted for more total streamflow than surface runoff during the study period, irrespective of method.
Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, and turbidity values were measured from July 2016 through July 2017 with a continuous monitor installed at station number 03410590. Nearly neutral pH values that ranged from 6.8 to 7.9 standard units likely limited metal solubility in the surface water. The continuous specific conductance values ranged between 30 and 259 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. The previous remediation efforts are likely continuing to improve the effect of AMD in the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20195006","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service ","usgsCitation":"Cherry, M.A., 2019, Streamflow gain and loss, hydrograph separation, and water quality of abandoned mine lands in the Daniel Boone National Forest, eastern Kentucky, 2015–17: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5006, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195006.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 36 p.;Data Release","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-091989","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363195,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5006/sir20195006.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2019-5006"},{"id":363196,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7FX78D9","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Streamflow and water-quality data for selected streams in the Daniel Boone National Forest, eastern Kentucky, 2015–17"},{"id":363194,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5006/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Daniel Boone National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.67437744140625,\n 36.63536611993544\n ],\n [\n -84.20333862304688,\n 36.63536611993544\n ],\n [\n -84.20333862304688,\n 37.004746084814784\n ],\n [\n -84.67437744140625,\n 37.004746084814784\n ],\n [\n -84.67437744140625,\n 36.63536611993544\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
9818 Bluegrass Parkway
Louisville, KY 40299
The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) is widely used to simulate the effects of climate, topography, land cover, and soils on landscape-level hydrologic responses and streamflow. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the New Mexico Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, developed procedures to apply the PRMS model to simulate the effects of fire on hydrologic responses.
A PRMS model was built of the upper Rio Hondo Basin from the headwaters to approximately 19 miles downstream from the USGS streamgage Rio Hondo above Chavez Canyon near Hondo, New Mexico, by using 24 hydrologic response units (HRUs), or hydrologically similar subareas, from the National Hydrologic Model. A quasi-graphical user interface was created to easily query and analyze published PRMS sensitivity-analysis data. Simulation of mean daily streamflow was most sensitive to parameters related to snowmelt or infiltration throughout the upper Rio Hondo Basin. In the basin’s eastern and northern HRUs, flashiness and timing of streamflow were most sensitive to interflow; in many western-basin HRUs (higher elevations), flashiness of streamflow was most sensitive to soil moisture parameters, and timing of streamflow was most sensitive to infiltration and evapotranspiration parameters.
The PRMS model was calibrated for the fire-affected North Fork Eagle Creek subwatershed by comparing modeled to observed daily streamflow for the nonfrozen (May through October) period for a prefire and postfire time period. The prefire model was calibrated for the period 2007–12 before the 2012 fire, and the postfire model was calibrated for a 2-year (2014–15) period after the fire. Model parameterization combined manual adjustment of 8 parameters on the basis of prior knowledge and automated adjustment of the most sensitive parameters by using the Let Us Calibrate interface. A gridded, daily precipitation dataset that captured the spatial heterogeneity across the study watershed was used as the precipitation input for calibration. Model performance was assessed as satisfactory by using standard statistical measures for prefire and postfire periods.
The calibrated model was run by using data from a single precipitation gage to better represent the effect of localized, extreme storms on postfire hydrologic response. The calibrated models for prefire and postfire conditions simulated streamflows with greater consistency than the uncalibrated model for the corresponding (prefire or postfire) period of hydrographic record. The effect of fire on streamflow was found to be primarily a shift from streamflow dominated by base flow prior to fire to streamflow dominated by surface runoff after fire.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20195022","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Mexico Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management","usgsCitation":"Douglas-Mankin, K.R., and Moeser, C.D., 2019, Calibration of Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) to simulate prefire and postfire hydrologic response in the upper Rio Hondo Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5022, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195022.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 25 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"36","ipdsId":"IP-094970","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363146,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KD1X7Q","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Model input and output for prefire and postfire hydrologic simulations in the Upper Rio Hondo Basin, New Mexico using the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS)"},{"id":363157,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5022/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":363145,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5022/sir20195022.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.52 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2019–5022"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Lincoln County, Otero County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.83610534667969,\n 33.33741240611175\n ],\n [\n -105.74203491210938,\n 33.33741240611175\n ],\n [\n -105.74203491210938,\n 33.465816745730024\n ],\n [\n -105.83610534667969,\n 33.465816745730024\n ],\n [\n -105.83610534667969,\n 33.33741240611175\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd NE
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87113
This report provides a synthesis of geologic mapping and geochronologic research along the South Platte River between the town of Masters and the city of Fort Morgan, northeastern Colorado. This work was undertaken to better understand landscape development along this part of the river corridor. The focus is on times of rapid change within the fluvial system that had a marked effect on the landscape. The study area is susceptible to drought, which destabilizes vegetation and makes the landscape vulnerable to eolian activity. This is reflected in a landscape that is largely covered by eolian sand and lesser amounts of loess. Past glaciation of the river’s headwaters had a major influence on river discharge and sediment supply, as have major flood events particularly on unglaciated tributaries heading on the piedmont.
In the mapping area, fluvial deposits of the South Platte River system span the Pliocene and early Pleistocene(?) deposits of Nussbaum Alluvium to present-day deposits of the active channel and floodplain. Results of the study indicate that along this stretch of the South Platte River, the early Pleistocene and first half of the middle Pleistocene were times of net incision, periodically interrupted by episodes of aggradation that resulted in deposition of alluvium that has been correlated to Rocky Flats Alluvium, Verdos Alluvium, and Slocum Alluvium. Net incision between depositional events formed a series of poorly preserved terrace deposits along the valley sides that are now largely covered by eolian deposits. Sometime after about 380 thousand years, the river cut a deep paleovalley into Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale that was then filled with a thick sequence of inferred Louviers Alluvium (coeval with Bull Lake glaciation). Net aggradation continued during the late Pleistocene, resulting in burial of the Louviers paleovalley with a thick sequence of mainstream and sidestream Broadway Alluvium (coeval with Pinedale glaciation). Subsequent incision during the late Pleistocene–Holocene transition formed the Kersey (Broadway) terrace, whose riser forms a prominent bluff on the south side of the river valley. This episode of incision spanned a very short period and was followed by renewed aggradation that deposited the next-lower terrace alluvium (Kuner terrace alluvium). The Kuner terrace level was probably abandoned sometime around the beginning of the middle Holocene. Low terraces on the valley floor indicate that the river has been primarily cutting and backfilling laterally rather than incising during the late Holocene.
Synthesis of geologic mapping and chronologic data generated in this study indicate that the South Platte River in northeastern Colorado likely was highly sensitive to rapidly changing environmental conditions or crossed threshold conditions that triggered rapid geomorphic response during major climate changes associated with the late Pleistocene–Holocene transition. Historical times have been another period marked by rapid incision, reflected by gully incision and headward erosion in tributary valleys draining the north side of the South Platte River. This historical erosion could be related at least in part to extensive construction of irrigation ditches and reservoirs in the late 1800s–early 1900s, which altered drainage paths and groundwater flow and could have amplified natural factors such as climate change or intrinsic geomorphic instabilities within the system.
Director, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 980
Denver, CO 80225
Adaptive management has been applied to problems with multiple conflicting objectives in various natural resources settings to learn how management actions affect divergent values regarding system response. Hydropower applications have only recently begun to emerge in the field, yet in the specific example reported herein, stakeholders invested in determining the best management alternatives for attainment of a suite of objectives outlined in a long-term adaptive management program below R.L. Harris Dam, a large, privately owned dam in Alabama. Stakeholders convened an objective-setting workshop to engage a governance structure and developed a decision support model to determine appropriate actions that optimized stakeholder values. The process led to implemented change in dam operation inclusive of incorporating hypothetical responses in system parameters to management. To account for the iterative loop of adaptive management, yearly monitoring of state variables that approximated many stakeholder objectives was performed from 2005 to 2016 and data collected were incorporated into the decision model. Specific analysis of fish and macroinvertebrate population responses indicated a less than satisfactory response for some stakeholders to the flow-management changes at the dam. Uncertainty regarding the best management to provide adequate hydrologic and thermal habitats for fauna and boatable days for recreationists still exists. The project led to a Federal Energy Regulatory Commission process for renewing the license to operate the dam (beginning in 2018); adaptive management could be a viable path forward to ensure stakeholder satisfaction related to new management options.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191026","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Alabama Power Company, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and R.L. Harris Dam Adaptive Management Stakeholders","usgsCitation":"Irwin, E.R., ed., 2019, Adaptive management of flows from R.L. Harris Dam (Tallapoosa River, Alabama)—Stakeholder process and use of biological monitoring data for decision making: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1026, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191026.","productDescription":"Report: x, 93 p.; 4 Appendixes; 1 Table","numberOfPages":"108","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-096592","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363058,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1026/ofr20191026_appendix_A2.pdf","text":"Appendix A2","size":"302 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1026 Appendix A2","linkHelpText":"– Initial Bayesian Belief Network (2005), Training Cases and Learned Networks (2005–16)"},{"id":363057,"rank":2,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1026/ofr20191026_appendix_A1.pdf","text":"Appendix A1","size":"1.14 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1026 Appendix A1","linkHelpText":"– Transcripts from the Adaptive Management Workshop, April 30–May 1, 2003"},{"id":363061,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1026/ofr20191026_table_C2.1.pdf","text":"Table C2.1","size":"198 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1026 Table C2.1","linkHelpText":"– Sum of total observations for each macroinvertebrate taxon at all sites, listed alphabetically by class, order, family and taxon"},{"id":363060,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1026/ofr20191026_appendix_B.pdf","text":"Appendix B","size":"296 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1026 Appendix B","linkHelpText":"– R code used to conduct metapopulation analyses"},{"id":363056,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1026/ofr20191026.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.82 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1026"},{"id":363053,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1026/coverthb3.jpg"},{"id":363059,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1026/ofr20191026_appendix_A3.pdf","text":"Appendix A3","size":"112 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019–1026 Appendix A3","linkHelpText":"– Charter of the R.L. Harris Stakeholders Board"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","otherGeospatial":"Tallapoosa River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.7208251953125,\n 32.93953889877841\n ],\n [\n -85.48324584960936,\n 32.93953889877841\n ],\n [\n -85.48324584960936,\n 33.6283419913718\n ],\n [\n -85.7208251953125,\n 33.6283419913718\n ],\n [\n -85.7208251953125,\n 32.93953889877841\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Alabama Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit
School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences
Auburn University
602 Duncan Dr.
Auburn, AL 36849–5418
A binational study was initiated to update statistical equations that are used to estimate the magnitude and frequency of peak flows on streams in Manitoba and Ontario, Canada, and Minnesota that are contained within the binational Lake of the Woods–Rainy River Basin upstream from Kenora, Ontario, Canada. Hydraulic engineers use peak streamflow data to inform designs of bridges, culverts, and dams, and water managers use peak streamflow data to inform regulation and planning activities. However, long-term streamflow measurements are available at few locations along the more than 20,000 miles of stream/ditch networks within the binational Lake of the Woods–Rainy River Basin upstream from Kenora, Ontario, Canada.
Estimates of peak-flow magnitudes for 66.7-, 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probabilities equivalent to annual flood-frequency recurrence intervals of 1.5-, 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year recurrence intervals, respectively, are presented for 49 streamgages in Minnesota and adjacent areas in the Province of Ontario, Canada, based on data collected through water year 2013. Peak-flow frequency information was subsequently used in regression analyses to develop equations relating peak flows for selected recurrence intervals to various basin and climatic characteristics.
The study area includes 49 streamgages located in the binational Lake of the Woods–Rainy River Basin upstream from Kenora, Ontario, Canada, and is represented by southern portions of the Canadian Provinces of Manitoba (2 percent) and Ontario (56 percent) and the northern portion of the U.S. State of Minnesota (42 percent). The study area was represented by three regions that were defined in previous studies in the U.S. State of Minnesota and another in the Canadian Province of Ontario. The two Minnesota regions A and B were developed using a multiple regression method and hydrologic landscape units were used to validate regions in Minnesota. The Ontario region A was developed using a multiple regression method and standardized residuals from the 100-year recurrence intervals.
Canadian maximum instantaneous peak-flow data were converted from a calendar year to a water year (October 1 to September 30) and where the annual maximum instantaneous peak-flow value was not available in HYDAT, the Sangal method was applied to known average daily flow values to estimate an annual maximum instantaneous peak-flow value. Geographic information system software was used to calculate eight characteristics investigated as potential explanatory variables in the regression analyses.
The procedure for estimating peak-flow frequency for selected exceedance probabilities for a specific ungaged site depends on whether the site is near a streamgage on the same stream or is on an ungaged stream. For an ungaged site near a streamgage on the same stream, the drainage-area ratio method can be used. For an ungaged site on an ungaged stream, the regional regression equations developed for this study should be used.
All equations presented in this study will be incorporated into StreamStats, a web-based geographic information system tool developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. StreamStats allows users to obtain streamflow statistics, basin characteristics, and other information for user-selected locations on streams through an interactive map.
Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2280 Woodale Drive
Mounds View, MN 55112
Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
400 South Clinton Street, Suite 269
Iowa City, IA 52240
The U.S. Geological Survey, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the European Association for Remote Sensing Companies, and the European Space Agency in coordination with the GEOValue Community hosted a side event to the Group on Earth Observations Plenary on October 23–24, 2017, in Washington, D.C. The workshop, entitled “Demonstrating the Value of Earth Observations: Methods, Practical Applications and Solutions,” brought together more than 60 international experts including economists, scientists, and engineers to consider the state of the science and applications of valuing Earth observations (EO).
This 2-day workshop built upon previous activities developed under the GEOValue initiative. This workshop brought together expert analysts from multiple disciplines and backgrounds who are developing methods to identify and measure the value of information generated from the use of satellite and in-situ data. The mix of government agencies, international financial institutions, and independent consultants who participated in the workshop blended to develop a rich mix of views, approaches, and outcomes.
During the first part of the workshop, the focus was on the latest science in valuing EO. A number of methodologies were described. Approaches generally assess the societal benefits of specific actions (for example, investments in EO). Some methods focus on broad measures of economic activity (for example, gross domestic product) or methods to assess total economic value such as contingent valuation surveys. Alternatively, use-case approaches (a use case is defined as an evaluation in which one or more decisions, applications, or other uses of data, information, and information products are specifically considered) start with the specific actions and how information is used to support decision making and affect outcomes.
The second part of the meeting was focused on the use and development of value chains and decision trees. A value chain can be defined as the set of value-adding activities that one or more organizations perform in creating and distributing goods and services. In terms of EO, the value chain approach can be applied to consider societal benefits of the data and assess the value of data and data features. The EO value chain considers the geospatial data sources and the processing of the data into value added information to be incorporated into decision-support systems, leading to decision makers’ actions. To understand the value of EO, one would also need to recognize the demand side of the equation or how EO benefits users. Extending the value chain concept and incorporating tenets of Bayesian decision making, a decision tree would include one or more use cases. The value provided by the marginal increase in information could flow from one or several parts of the supply side of the value chain. The decision tree is based on the premise that information has no value if it is not used in at least one decision. By connecting the value chain and the decision tree, a framework is created that allows for conceptualizing the value of EO in its many uses. One can then apply economic techniques to monetize the marginal benefit of an outcome with information versus one without.
A third part of the meeting applied the value chain and decision-tree frameworks to five specific thematic areas, each with the focus of using information for a decision point:
During the working session, five separate groups worked to define and delineate the value chains and decision trees associated with each topic, discussing the related challenges and data needs. The outcomes were reported back to the full group. Because of the complexity of the topics, most groups first identified a network of value chains and then narrowed the scope to develop a single value chain to address their group’s topic. Although they worked separately and on different topics, the groups came to similar conclusions, concurring that the value chain and decision-tree frameworks are very effective for informing quantitative impact assessments and developing a relatable narrative to assist the public in understanding the link between EO and citizens.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191033","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, FourBridges, European Space Agency, and European Association of Remote Sensing Companies","usgsCitation":"Pearlman, F., Lawrence, C.B., Pindilli, E.J., Geppi, D., Shapiro, C.D., Grasso, M., Pearlman, J., Adkins, J., Sawyer, G., and Tassa, A., 2019, Demonstrating the value of Earth observations—Methods, practical applications, and solutions—Group on Earth Observations side event proceedings: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1033, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191033.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-102614","costCenters":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1033/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":363045,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1033/ofr20191033.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1033"}],"contact":"Science and Decisions Center
U.S. Geological Survey
913 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Email: gs_emeh_sdc@usgs.gov
Historical training and operational activities at Joint Base Cape Cod (JBCC) on western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, have resulted in the release of contaminants into an underlying glacial aquifer that is the sole source of water to the surrounding communities. Remedial systems have been installed to contain and remove contamination from the aquifer. Groundwater withdrawals for public supply are expected to increase as the region continues to urbanize. Increases in water-supply withdrawals and wastewater return flow likely will affect the hydrologic system around JBCC and could affect the transport of any contamination that may remain in the aquifer following remediation of contamination from the JBCC. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Air Force Civil Engineer Center, developed a numerical, steady-state regional model of the Sagamore flow lens on western Cape Cod and evaluated the potential effects of future (2030) groundwater withdrawals on water levels, streamflows, hydraulic gradients, and advective transport near the JBCC.
The aquifer consists generally of sandy sediments underlain by impermeable bedrock and is bounded laterally by a freshwater/saltwater interface. Data on the altitude of the bedrock surface, position of the freshwater/saltwater interface, lithology of the aquifer, spatial distribution of recharge, and hydrologic boundaries were incorporated into the three-dimensional, finite-difference groundwater flow model.
Some inputs into the numerical model—aquifer properties, leakances, and recharge—are represented as parameters to facilitate estimation of optimal parameter values in an inverse calibration. A hybrid parameterization scheme, with both zones of piecewise constancy and pilot points, is used to represent hydraulic conductivity; other adjustable parameters include recharge, boundary leakance, and porosity. Data on water levels, the distribution of subsurface contamination, and groundwater ages were compiled, evaluated, and used to develop observations of long-term average hydraulic gradients and advective-transport patterns. These observations of steady-state hydrologic conditions were combined with the parameterized groundwater model in an inverse calibration to estimate model parameters that best fit the observations.
Current (2010) and future (2030) conditions were simulated in the calibrated model to characterize the groundwater flow system and to determine potential effects of increased groundwater withdrawals on advective-transport patterns at the JBCC. Groundwater flow and advective transport are radially outward from a water-table divide in the northern part of the JBCC; flow diverges from the divide toward all points of the compass. Most groundwater flow and contaminant transport occur in shallow parts of the aquifer. On average, about one-half of the groundwater flux occurs in the shallowest 20 percent of the saturated thickness; shallow flow is even more predominant near streams and lakes. Projected (2030) increases in groundwater withdrawals decrease water levels by a maximum of about 1.2 feet in the northern part of the JBCC; drawdowns exceeding 1 foot generally are limited to areas near the largest increases in withdrawals, such as in the northern part of the JBCC, near Long Pond in Falmouth, and in eastern Barnstable. Streamflow decreases average about 6 percent; the largest decreases are in areas with the largest drawdowns. Changes in hydraulic-gradient directions at the water table exceed 1 degree in about 13 percent of the aquifer, generally near groundwater divides where gradient magnitudes are small and near large groundwater withdrawals. Predictions of advective transport from randomly selected locations at the water table are similar for current (2010) and future (2030) groundwater withdrawals. The results indicate that projected increases in groundwater withdrawals affect water levels and streamflows, but effects on hydraulic gradients and advective transport at the JBCC likely are small.
Several underlying assumptions inherent in the model, including observations and weights used in the calibration, representation of local-scale heterogeneity, and simulation of the freshwater/saltwater interface, could affect model calibration and predictions; these assumptions were evaluated with alternative models and alternative inverse calibrations. Eight alternative calibrations were performed in which different, but reasonable, observations and weights were used. The preferred calibrated model had the best overall fit to the observations.
Fine-grained silty sediments occur in many parts of the aquifer, and silt lenses can locally affect hydraulic gradients. A set of alternative models in which silts were represented with different correlation distances and hydraulic conductivities indicated that explicitly representing silt lenses could affect model calibration but that the implicit representation of local-scale heterogeneity may be sufficient at the regional scale to represent regional-scale hydraulic gradients. For the coastal boundary, two alternative models representing silty and sandy seabeds and their associated interface positions were developed to test the importance of the assumed coastal-boundary condition. The two alternative models resulted in different predictions of streamflow—streamflows increase with smaller (silty) seabed leakances. However, predictions of advective transport, particularly near the JBCC, generally were similar between the alternative and preferred calibrated models, indicating that the seabed leakance and associated interface position at the coastal boundary does not affect simulations of advective transport in inland parts of the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185139","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Air Force Civil Engineer Center","usgsCitation":"Walter, D.A., McCobb, T.D., and Fienen, M.N., 2019, Use of a numerical model to simulate the hydrologic system and transport of contaminants near Joint Base Cape Cod, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5139, 98 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185139.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 98 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"114","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-077209","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362939,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F77P8XCT ","text":"USGS data release ","description":"USGS data release ","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW–2005 and MODPATH Used to Simulate the Hydrologic System and Transport of Contaminants Near Joint Base Cape Cod, Western Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},{"id":437495,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F77P8XCT","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW2005 and MODPATH used to simulate the hydrologic system and transport contaminants near Joint Base Cape Cod, Western Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},{"id":362937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5139/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":362938,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5139/sir20185139.pdf","text":"Report","size":"43.8 MB ","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5139"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.026611328125,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n -69.840087890625,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n -69.840087890625,\n 42.21224516288584\n ],\n [\n -71.026611328125,\n 42.21224516288584\n ],\n [\n -71.026611328125,\n 41.21172151054787\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
331 Commerce Way, Suite 2
Pembroke, NH 03275
The Point-Source Load Estimation Tool (PSLoadEsT) provides a user-friendly interface for generating reproducible load calculations for point source dischargers while managing common data challenges including duplicates, incompatible input tables, and incomplete or missing nutrient concentration or effluent flow data. Maintaining a consistent method across an entire study area is important when estimating loads to be used as calibration data for regional water-quality models. PSLoadEsT is written using the open-source programming language R and has an easy-to-use interface written in Visual Basic for Applications® within a Microsoft Access® database file that guides the user through the necessary steps to estimate point source loads. The purpose of this report is to provide a detailed user guide for PSLoadEsT.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191025","collaboration":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Gorman Sanisaca, L.E., Skinner, K.D., and Maupin, M.A., 2019, Annual wastewater nutrient data preparation and load estimation using the Point Source Load Estimation Tool (PSLoadEsT): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1025, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191025.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 48 p.; Additional Report Piece","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-099356","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437510,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QWVZ4L","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Point-Source Load Estimation Tool (PSLoadEsT)"},{"id":362728,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1025/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":362733,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QWVZ4L","text":"PSLoadEsT Software release","description":"PSLoadEsT Software release"},{"id":362729,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1025/ofr20191025.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1025"},{"id":362732,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1101","text":"Data Series 1101","description":"Data Series 1101","linkHelpText":"Point-Source Nutrient Loads to Streams of the Conterminous United States, 2012"}],"contact":"Director, MD-DE-DC Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5522 Research Park Drive
Catonsville, MD 21228
On February 14, 2019, just before 2:56 am local time (Pacific Standard Time), a landslide initiated from the hillslopes above the Hurricane Gulch section of the City of Sausalito, Marin County, California. The landslide, specifically classified as a debris flow, overran a road (Sausalito Boulevard) immediately below the landslide source area and impacted a residential structure that subsequently toppled downslope and collided with another residential structure. The second structure then crossed a lower road (Crescent Avenue) that runs along the base of the slope before the mixture of soil and structural debris came to rest in and near the valley axis that drains the lower area of Hurricane Gulch.
The U.S. Geological Survey responded to this event within hours of the landslide and provided situational awareness of possible secondary landslide hazards associated with the unstable slope. The USGS also rapidly mobilized its topographic surveying capabilities (specifically, GPS and terrestrial lidar devices) and collected a three-dimensional point cloud model of the landslide source area and surrounding terrain to capture the as-failed condition of the slope for use in potential future studies. This report summarizes the methods and available data collected during this response.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds1112","usgsCitation":"Collins, B.D. and Corbett, S.C., 2019. Terrestrial lidar data of the February 14, 2019 Sausalito Boulevard Landslide, Sausalito, California: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 1112, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1112.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 12 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-106637","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362641,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9AQRCTJ","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Terrestrial LIDAR Data Set of the February 14, 2019 Sausalito Boulevard Landslide, Sausalito, California"},{"id":362639,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1112/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":362640,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1112/ds1112_.pdf","text":"Report","size":"34.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 1112"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Sausalito","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.5074291229248,\n 37.87376937332855\n ],\n [\n -122.50828742980956,\n 37.86299605572604\n ],\n [\n -122.48854637145995,\n 37.84422368363511\n ],\n [\n -122.47670173645018,\n 37.84564702731293\n ],\n [\n -122.47756004333496,\n 37.859540129644195\n ],\n [\n -122.50288009643553,\n 37.87715688349197\n ],\n [\n -122.5074291229248,\n 37.87376937332855\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center—Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591
This database release contains all the information used to produce Geologic Investigations Series I-2614 (https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2614/). The main component of this digital release is a geodatabase prepared using ArcGIS, but Esri shapefiles are included as well.
Kīlauea is an active shield volcano in the southeastern part of the Island of Hawai‘i. The middle East Rift Zone (MERZ) map includes about 27 square kilometers of the MERZ and shows the distribution of the products of 34 separate eruptions during late Holocene time. Lava flows erupted during 1983–86 have reached the mapped area. The subaerial part of the MERZ is 3–4 km wide and about 18 km long. It is a constructional ridge, 50–150 m above the adjoining terrain, marked by low spatter ramparts and cones as high as 60 m. Lava typically flowed either northeast or southeast, depending on vent location relative to the topographic crest of the rift zone. The MERZ receives more than 100 inches of rainfall annually and is covered by tropical rain forest. Vegetation begins to grow on lava a few months after its eruption. Relative heights of trees can be a guide to relative ages of underlying lava flows, but proximity to faults, presence of easily weathered cinders, and human activity also affect the rate of growth. The rocks have been grouped into five basic age groups. The framework for the ages assigned is provided by eight radiocarbon ages from nearby mapping by the authors and a single date from within this investigation area. The numerical ages are supplemented by observations of stratigraphic relations, degree of weathering, soil development, and vegetative cover.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds1111","usgsCitation":"Zoeller, M.H., Trusdell, F.A., and Moore, R.B., 2019, Digital database of the geologic map of the middle east rift geothermal subzone, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 1111, scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1111.","productDescription":"Database; Metadata; Read Me","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-101940","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362530,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2614/","text":"Geologic Investigations Series I-2614"},{"id":362524,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1111/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":362525,"rank":2,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1111/readme.txt","size":"5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"Data Series 1111 Readme"},{"id":362528,"rank":3,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1111/Database.zip","text":"ZIP","size":"2 MB","description":"Data Series 1111 Database Zip","linkHelpText":" - Zip file containing all database files"},{"id":362529,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1111/Metadata.zip","text":"ZIP","size":"583 KB","description":"Data Series 1111 Metadata Zip","linkHelpText":" - Zip file containing all metadata files"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano middle East Rift Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.996477,\n 19.403433\n ],\n [\n -154.996477,\n 19.463472\n ],\n [\n -155.072903,\n 19.463472\n ],\n [\n -155.072903,\n 19.403433\n ],\n [\n -154.996477,\n 19.403433\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact HVO
Volcano Science Center, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
U.S. Geological Survey
P.O. Box 51, 1 Crater Rim Road
Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, HI 96718-0051