{"pageNumber":"24","pageRowStart":"575","pageSize":"25","recordCount":1769,"records":[{"id":97409,"text":"sir20085227 - 2009 - Quality of Water from Domestic Wells in Principal Aquifers of the United States, 1991-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T11:29:46","indexId":"sir20085227","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5227","title":"Quality of Water from Domestic Wells in Principal Aquifers of the United States, 1991-2004","docAbstract":"As part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), water samples were collected during 1991-2004 from domestic wells (private wells used for household drinking water) for analysis of drinking-water contaminants, where contaminants are considered, as defined by the Safe Drinking Water Act, to be all substances in water. Physical properties and the concentrations of major ions, trace elements, nutrients, radon, and organic compounds (pesticides and volatile organic compounds) were measured in as many as 2,167 wells; fecal indicator bacteria and radionuclides also were measured in some wells. The wells were located within major hydrogeologic settings of 30 regionally extensive aquifers used for water supply in the United States. One sample was collected from each well prior to any in-home treatment. Concentrations were compared to water-quality benchmarks for human health, either U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for public water supplies or USGS Health-Based Screening Levels (HBSLs).\r\n\r\nNo individual contaminant was present in concentrations greater than available health benchmarks in more than 8 percent of the sampled wells. Collectively, however, about 23 percent of wells had at least 1 contaminant present at concentrations greater than an MCL or HBSL, based on analysis of samples from 1,389 wells in which most contaminants were measured. Radon, nitrate, several trace elements, fluoride, gross alpha- and beta-particle radioactivity, and fecal indicator bacteria were found most frequently (in one or more percent of wells) at concentrations greater than benchmarks and, thus, are of potential concern for human health. Radon concentrations were greater than the lower of two proposed MCLs (300 picocuries per liter or pCi/L) in about 65 percent of the wells and greater than the higher proposed MCL (4,000 pCi/L) in about 4 percent of wells. Nitrate, arsenic, manganese, strontium, and gross alpha-particle radioactivity (uncorrected) each were present at levels greater than MCLs or HBSLs in samples from about 5 to 7 percent of the wells; boron, fluoride, uranium, and gross beta-particle radioactivity were present at levels greater than MCLs or HBSLs in about 1 to 2 percent of the wells. Total coliform and Escherichia coli bacteria were detected in about 34 and 8 percent, respectively, of sampled wells. Thus, with the exception of nitrate and fecal indicator bacteria, the contaminants that were present in the sampled wells most frequently at concentrations greater than human-health benchmarks were naturally occurring.\r\n\r\nAnthropogenic organic compounds were frequently detected at low concentrations, using typical analytical detection limits of 0.001 to 0.1 micrograms per liter, but were seldom present at concentrations greater than MCLs or HBSLs. The most frequently detected compounds included the pesticide atrazine, its degradate deethylatrazine, and the volatile organic compounds chloroform, methyl tert-butyl ether, perchloroethene, and dichlorofluoromethane. Only 7 of 168 organic compounds were present in samples at concentrations greater than MCLs or HBSLs, each in less than 1 percent of wells. These were diazinon, dibromochloroprane, dinoseb, dieldrin, ethylene dibromide, perchloroethene, and trichloroethene. Overall, concentrations of any organic compound greater than MCLs or HBSLs were present in 0.8 percent of wells, and concentrations of any organic compound greater than one-tenth of MCLs or HBSLs were present in about 3 percent of wells.\r\n\r\nSeveral other properties and contaminants were measured at values or concentrations outside of recommended ranges for drinking water for aesthetic quality (for example, taste or odor) or other non-health reasons. About 16 percent of the sampled wells had pH values less than (14.4 percent) or greater than (1.9 percent) the USEPA recommended range of 6.5 to 8.5. Total dissolved solids were greater than th","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085227","isbn":"9781411323513","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"DeSimone, L., 2009, Quality of Water from Domestic Wells in Principal Aquifers of the United States, 1991-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5227, Report: xi, 139 p.; Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085227.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 139 p.; Appendixes","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1991-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12545,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5227/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db655113","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeSimone, Leslie A. 0000-0003-0774-9607 ldesimon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-9607","contributorId":176711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"Leslie A.","email":"ldesimon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":97401,"text":"cir1332 - 2009 - The quality of our nation’s waters: Quality of water from domestic wells in principal aquifers of the United States, 1991–2004— Overview of major findings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-11T19:54:05.654803","indexId":"cir1332","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1332","title":"The quality of our nation’s waters: Quality of water from domestic wells in principal aquifers of the United States, 1991–2004— Overview of major findings","docAbstract":"More than 43 million people - about 15 percent of the U.S. population - rely on domestic wells as their source of drinking water (Hutson and others, 2004). The quality and safety of water from domestic wells, also known as private wells, are not regulated by the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act or, in most cases, by state laws. Rather, individual homeowners are responsible for maintaining their domestic well systems and for monitoring water quality. The lack of regular monitoring of domestic wells makes periodic assessments at national, regional, and local scales important sources for providing information about this key source of drinking water.\r\n\r\nThis study from the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assesses water-quality conditions for about 2,100 domestic wells. The sampled wells are located in 48 states and in parts of 30 regionally extensive aquifers used for water supply in the United States. As many as 219 properties and contaminants, including pH, major ions, nutrients, trace elements, radon, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), were measured. Fecal indicator bacteria and additional radionuclides were analyzed for a smaller number of wells. The large number of contaminants assessed and the broad geographic coverage of the present study provides a foundation for an improved understanding of the quality of water from the major aquifers tapped by domestic supply wells in the United States.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1332","isbn":"9781411323506","usgsCitation":"DeSimone, L., Hamilton, P.A., and Gilliom, R.J., 2009, The quality of our nation’s waters: Quality of water from domestic wells in principal aquifers of the United States, 1991–2004— Overview of major findings: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1332, vi, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1332.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","temporalStart":"1991-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195376,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12531,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1332/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388257,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86463.htm"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -130.67138671875,\n              54.686534234529695\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.9462890625,\n              55.36662484928637\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.1220703125,\n              56.145549500679074\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.9677734375,\n              56.9449741808516\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.3076171875,\n              59.833775202184206\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.38427734375,\n              59.65664225341022\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.6259765625,\n              59.23217626921806\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.52685546875,\n              58.938673187948304\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.65869140625,\n              59.33318942659219\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.8232421875,\n              60.009970961180386\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.21874999999997,\n              60.108670463036\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.04296875,\n              60.403001945865476\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.85595703125,\n              60.337823495982015\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.99853515625,\n              60.337823495982015\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.15234374999997,\n              69.71810669906763\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.4375,\n              70.17020068549206\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.1953125,\n              70.08056215839737\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.765625,\n              70.58341752317065\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.40234375,\n              70.61261423801925\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.314453125,\n              70.95969716686398\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.1484375,\n              71.35706654962706\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              70.8734913192635\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0703125,\n              70.31873847853124\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.916015625,\n              69.06856318696033\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.376953125,\n              68.942606818121\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.376953125,\n              68.26938680456564\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.30078125,\n              66.86108230224609\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.982421875,\n              66.47820814385636\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.564453125,\n              66.08936427047088\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.564453125,\n              66.6181218846659\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.76171875,\n              66.40795547978848\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.0908203125,\n              65.69447579373418\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.55273437499997,\n              65.14611484756372\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.904296875,\n              65.05360170595502\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.3330078125,\n              64.41592147626879\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.861328125,\n              64.39693778132846\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.927734375,\n              64.90491004905083\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.0595703125,\n              64.47279382008166\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.4990234375,\n              64.49172504435471\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.8837890625,\n              63.87939001720202\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.1474609375,\n              63.470144746565424\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.6416015625,\n              63.64625919492172\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.212890625,\n              63.05495931065107\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.2236328125,\n              63.37183226679281\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.1572265625,\n              61.75233128411639\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.3662109375,\n              60.54377524118842\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.431640625,\n              60.326947742998414\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.255859375,\n              59.866883195210214\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.8935546875,\n              59.7563950493563\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.68554687499997,\n              59.734253447591364\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.3779296875,\n              60.174306261926034\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.806640625,\n              59.46740794183739\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0263671875,\n              59.108308258604964\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.806640625,\n              58.768200159239576\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.20214843749997,\n              58.65408464530598\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.83984375,\n              58.44773280389084\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              58.6769376725869\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.08203125,\n              58.309488840677645\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.88476562499997,\n              58.92733441827545\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.5,\n              58.516651799363785\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.8076171875,\n              57.61010702068388\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.54296875,\n              56.022948079627454\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.6181640625,\n              53.4357192066942\n            ],\n            [\n              -174.9462890625,\n              52.26815737376817\n            ],\n            [\n              -178.2421875,\n              51.83577752045248\n            ],\n            [\n              -173.1884765625,\n              51.590722643120145\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.5537109375,\n              54.23955053156177\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.302734375,\n              55.52863052257191\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.4794921875,\n              57.51582286553883\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.9970703125,\n              60.08676274626006\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.546875,\n              60.21799073323445\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.228515625,\n              59.689926220143356\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.3828125,\n              59.93300042374631\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.3837890625,\n              58.83649009392136\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.6591796875,\n              56.31653672211301\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.2421875,\n              54.521081495443596\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.67138671875,\n              54.686534234529695\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              44.902577996288876\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.67578124999999,\n              45.583289756006316\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.939453125,\n              47.57652571374621\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.2578125,\n              47.338822694822\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.19140625,\n              45.27488643704891\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.146484375,\n              44.96479793033101\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.046875,\n              43.644025847699496\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              43.51668853502906\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              42.87596410238256\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.68310546875,\n              41.65649719441145\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.14453125,\n              42.049292638686836\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.07861328125,\n              42.374778361114195\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.529296875,\n              42.601619944327965\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.24365234375,\n              43.6599240747891\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.41943359375,\n              45.058001435398275\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.60595703125,\n              45.85941212790755\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.49609375,\n              46.027481852486645\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7158203125,\n              46.164614496897094\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.95751953125,\n              46.07323062540835\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.24316406249999,\n              46.558860303117164\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.72656249999999,\n              46.558860303117164\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.90234375,\n              46.92025531537451\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41796875,\n              48.3416461723746\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.3408203125,\n              47.96050238891509\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.76904296874999,\n              48.122101028190805\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.87890625,\n              48.22467264956519\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.51611328125,\n              48.10743118848039\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.2412109375,\n              48.37084770238366\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.39501953125,\n              48.23930899024907\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.94433593749999,\n              48.61838518688487\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.44970703125,\n              48.63290858589535\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.7021484375,\n              48.748945343432936\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.833984375,\n              49.23912083246698\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.1416015625,\n              49.396675075193976\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20751953125,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.22265625000001,\n              48.99463598353405\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0908203125,\n              48.80686346108517\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.24462890625,\n              48.66194284607006\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.1787109375,\n              48.32703913063476\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.78271484375,\n              48.472921272487824\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.93652343749999,\n              48.16608541901253\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.365234375,\n              46.58906908309182\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              44.15068115978094\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.93652343749999,\n              42.69858589169842\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              41.22824901518529\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.73876953125,\n              40.43022363450862\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.03564453125,\n              39.35129035526705\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.01367187499999,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.05810546875,\n              36.12012758978146\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.95947265624999,\n              34.88593094075317\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.80566406250001,\n              34.08906131584994\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21289062499999,\n              32.2313896627376\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.22412109375,\n              32.54681317351514\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              32.713355353177555\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              32.491230287947594\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.98388671874999,\n              31.3348710339506\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.21533203125,\n              31.297327991404266\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.2373046875,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.435546875,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.9853515625,\n              30.600093873550072\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.47998046875,\n              29.592565403314087\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.20556640625,\n              28.94086176940557\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.65625,\n              29.76437737516313\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.3486328125,\n              29.84064389983441\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.49169921875,\n              29.7453016622136\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.83251953125,\n              29.267232865200878\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.30517578125,\n              28.246327971048842\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.60205078124999,\n              27.586197857692664\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.47021484375,\n              27.31321389856826\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.228515625,\n              26.52956523826758\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.2177734375,\n              26.05678288577881\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.75634765625,\n              26.03704188651584\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.44873046875,\n              25.839449402063185\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.20703125,\n              25.93828707492375\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.8994140625,\n              26.194876675795218\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.78955078125,\n              27.858503954841247\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75732421875,\n              29.420460341013133\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.2197265625,\n              28.998531814051795\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.22021484375,\n              29.05616970274342\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.91259765625,\n              30.14512718337613\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.5283203125,\n              30.183121842195515\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2978515625,\n              29.49698759653577\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.13330078125,\n              29.80251790576445\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.81494140625,\n              28.555576049185973\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.21044921875,\n              27.800209937418252\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.77099609375,\n              26.941659545381516\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.08984375,\n              25.878994400196202\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5625,\n              25.264568475331583\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.28759765625,\n              24.467150664739002\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.0458984375,\n              24.046463999666567\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6396484375,\n              24.56710835257599\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.78271484375,\n              25.34402602913433\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60693359375,\n              27.27416111737468\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.68359375,\n              30.713503990354965\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.66162109375,\n              31.50362930577303\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.81640625,\n              34.07086232376631\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.16845703124999,\n              35.263561862152095\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.498046875,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.58642578125,\n              39.90973623453719\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.3671875,\n              40.84706035607122\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.63134765625,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.0048828125,\n              42.342305278572816\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.3564453125,\n              42.89206418807337\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.2802734375,\n              44.37098696297173\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.0166015625,\n              44.69989765840318\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              44.902577996288876\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -67.2308349609375,\n              17.96305758238804\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.2198486328125,\n              17.910795834978483\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.5716552734375,\n              17.866361230891894\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.16790771484375,\n              17.90556881196468\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.85205078125,\n              17.973508079068797\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.7861328125,\n              18.04142122189195\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.50323486328125,\n              18.06231230454674\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.2587890625,\n              18.114529138838503\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.269775390625,\n              18.15629140283545\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.4400634765625,\n              18.18238775108558\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.51422119140625,\n              18.14324176648384\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.5609130859375,\n              18.40665471391907\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.64880371093749,\n              18.404048629104647\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.77789306640625,\n              18.417078658661257\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.9124755859375,\n              18.46918890441719\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.24755859375,\n              18.510865709091377\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.4837646484375,\n              18.503052080569763\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.98638916015625,\n              18.51347017266187\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.115478515625,\n              18.534304453676864\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.181396484375,\n              18.48742375381096\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.16217041015625,\n              18.432713391700858\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.2637939453125,\n              18.375379094031825\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.19238281249999,\n              18.2397859708389\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.2308349609375,\n              17.96305758238804\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a140","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeSimone, Leslie A. 0000-0003-0774-9607 ldesimon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-9607","contributorId":176711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"Leslie A.","email":"ldesimon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":301975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, Pixie A. pahamilt@usgs.gov","contributorId":1068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Pixie","email":"pahamilt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":301974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov","contributorId":488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"Robert","email":"rgilliom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":97382,"text":"ds404 - 2009 - Ground-Water Quality Data in the Upper Santa Ana Watershed Study Unit, November 2006-March 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:31","indexId":"ds404","displayToPublicDate":"2009-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"404","title":"Ground-Water Quality Data in the Upper Santa Ana Watershed Study Unit, November 2006-March 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","docAbstract":"Ground-water quality in the approximately 1,000-square-mile Upper Santa Ana Watershed study unit (USAW) was investigated from November 2006 through March 2007 as part of the Priority Basin Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001, and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB).\r\n\r\nThe Upper Santa Ana Watershed study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of raw ground-water quality within USAW, as well as a statistically consistent basis for comparing water quality throughout California. Samples were collected from 99 wells in Riverside and San Bernardino Counties. Ninety of the wells were selected using a spatially distributed, randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study unit (grid wells). Nine wells were selected to provide additional understanding of specific water-quality issues identified within the basin (understanding wells).\r\n\r\nThe ground-water samples were analyzed for a large number of organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOCs], pesticides and pesticide degradates, pharmaceutical compounds, and potential wastewater-indicator compounds), constituents of special interest (perchlorate, N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA], 1,4-dioxane, and 1,2,3-trichloropropane [1,2,3-TCP]), naturally occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements), radioactive constituents, and microbial indicators. Naturally occurring isotopes (tritium, carbon-14, and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water) and dissolved noble gases also were measured to help identify sources and ages of the sampled ground water. Dissolved gases, and isotopes of nitrogen gas and of dissolved nitrate also were measured in order to investigate the sources and occurrence of nitrate in the study unit. In total, nearly 400 constituents and water-quality indicators were investigated for this study.\r\n\r\nThis study did not attempt to evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, water typically is treated, disinfected, and (or) blended with other waters to maintain acceptable water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to treated water that is served to the consumer, not to raw ground water. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw ground water were compared with regulatory and non-regulatory health-based thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and thresholds established for aesthetic concerns (secondary maximum contaminant levels, SMCL-CA) by CDPH.\r\n\r\nVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in more than 80 percent of USAW grid wells. Most VOCs detected were at concentrations far less than thresholds established for drinking water to protect human health; however, six wells had VOC concentrations above health-based thresholds. Twenty-four of the 85 VOCs investigated were detected in the study unit;11 were detected in more than 10 percent of the wells. The VOCs detected above health-based thresholds in at least one well were dibromochloropropane (DBCP), tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), carbon tetrachloride, and 1,1-dichoroethene. \r\n\r\nPesticide compounds were detected in more than 75 percent of the grid wells. However, of the 134 different pesticide compounds investigated, 13 were detected at concentrations greater than their respective long-term method detection limits, and only 7 compounds (all herbicides or herbicide degradates) were detected in more than 10 percent of the wells. No pesticide compound was detected above its health-based threshold, although thresholds exist for fewer than half of the pesticide compounds investigat","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds404","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board; A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program","usgsCitation":"Kent, R., and Belitz, K., 2009, Ground-Water Quality Data in the Upper Santa Ana Watershed Study Unit, November 2006-March 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 404, x, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds404.","productDescription":"x, 116 p.","temporalStart":"2006-11-01","temporalEnd":"2007-03-31","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12438,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/404/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,32 ], [ -125,42 ], [ -114,42 ], [ -114,32 ], [ -125,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d568","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kent, Robert 0000-0003-4174-9467","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4174-9467","contributorId":20005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":97341,"text":"ds396 - 2009 - Ground-water quality data in the San Francisco Bay study unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-11T19:35:29.565625","indexId":"ds396","displayToPublicDate":"2009-03-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"396","title":"Ground-water quality data in the San Francisco Bay study unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","docAbstract":"<p>Ground-water quality in the approximately 620-square-mile San Francisco Bay study unit (SFBAY) was investigated from April through June 2007 as part of the Priority Basin project of the Ground-Water Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001, and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB).</p><p>The study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of raw ground-water quality, as well as a statistically consistent basis for comparing water quality throughout California. Samples in SFBAY were collected from 79 wells in San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Alameda, and Contra Costa Counties. Forty-three of the wells sampled were selected using a spatially distributed, randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study unit (grid wells). Thirty-six wells were sampled to aid in evaluation of specific water-quality issues (understanding wells).</p><p><span>The ground-water samples were analyzed for a large number of synthetic organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOC], pesticides and pesticide degradates, pharmaceutical compounds, and potential wastewater-indicator compounds), constituents of special interest (perchlorate and N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA]), naturally occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, trace elements, chloride and bromide isotopes, and uranium and strontium isotopes), radioactive constituents, and microbial indicators. Naturally occurring isotopes (tritium, carbon-14 isotopes, and stable isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, boron, and carbon), and dissolved noble gases (noble gases were analyzed in collaboration with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) also were measured to help identify the source and age of the sampled ground water.</span></p><p><br></p><p>Quality-control samples (blank samples, replicate samples, matrix spike samples) were collected for approximately one-third of the wells, and the results for these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data for the ground-water samples. Assessment of the quality-control information from the field blanks resulted in applying “V” codes to approximately 0.1 percent of the data collected for ground-water samples (meaning a constituent was detected in blanks as well as the corresponding environmental data). See the Appendix section “Quality-Control-Sample Results.”</p><p>This study did not attempt to evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, water typically is treated, disinfected, and (or) blended with other waters to maintain acceptable water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to treated water that is delivered to the consumer, not to raw ground water. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw ground water were compared with regulatory and non-regulatory health-based thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and thresholds established for aesthetic concerns (secondary maximum contaminant levels, SMCL-CA) by CDPH.</p><p>VOCs were detected in about one-half of the grid wells, while pesticides were detected in about one-fifth of the grid wells. Concentrations of all VOCs and pesticides detected in samples from all SFBAY wells were below health-based thresholds. No pharmaceutical compounds were detected in any SFBAY well. One potential wastewater-indicator compound, caffeine, was detected in one grid well in SFBAY. Concentrations of most trace elements and nutrients detected in samples from all SFBAY wells were below health-based thresholds. Exceptions include nitrate, detected above the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL-US) in 3samples; arsenic, above the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL-US) in 3 samples; cadmium, above the MCL-US in 1 sample; boron, above the CDPH notification level (NL-CA) in 2 samples; and strontium, above the USEPA lifetime health advisory level (HAL-US) in 2 samples. The radioactive constituent radon-222 was detected above the proposed MCL-US in two grid wells, but no wells had detections above the proposed alternative MCL-US. Most of the samples from all SFBAY wells had concentrations of major ions, total dissolved solids, and trace elements below the non-enforceable thresholds set for aesthetic concerns. Six or fewer samples contained chloride, sulfate, or iron at concentrations above the SMCL-CA thresholds. No microbial indicators were detected in SFBAY grid wells.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds396","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Ray, M.C., Kulongoski, J., and Belitz, K., 2009, Ground-water quality data in the San Francisco Bay study unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 396, x, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds396.","productDescription":"x, 93 p.","temporalStart":"2007-04-01","temporalEnd":"2007-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403431,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86426.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12396,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/396/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.84912109375,\n              37.3002752813443\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.28906250000001,\n              37.3002752813443\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.28906250000001,\n              38.09998264736481\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.84912109375,\n              38.09998264736481\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.84912109375,\n              37.3002752813443\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d528","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ray, Mary C.","contributorId":65945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kulongoski, Justin T. 0000-0002-3498-4154","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-4154","contributorId":94750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulongoski","given":"Justin T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":97307,"text":"ds408 - 2009 - Ground-Water Quality Data in the Santa Clara River Valley Study Unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:25","indexId":"ds408","displayToPublicDate":"2009-02-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"408","title":"Ground-Water Quality Data in the Santa Clara River Valley Study Unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","docAbstract":"Ground-water quality in the approximately 460-square-mile Santa Clara River Valley study unit (SCRV) was investigated from April to June 2007 as part of the statewide Priority Basin project of the Ground-Water Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001 and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB).\r\n\r\nThe study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of the quality of raw ground water used for public water supplies within SCRV, and to facilitate a statistically consistent basis for comparing water quality throughout California. Fifty-seven ground-water samples were collected from 53 wells in Ventura and Los Angeles Counties. Forty-two wells were selected using a randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study area (grid wells). Eleven wells (understanding wells) were selected to further evaluate water chemistry in particular parts of the study area, and four depth-dependent ground-water samples were collected from one of the eleven understanding wells to help understand the relation between water chemistry and depth.\r\n\r\nThe ground-water samples were analyzed for a large number of synthetic organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOC], pesticides and pesticide degradates, potential wastewater-indicator compounds, and pharmaceutical compounds), a constituent of special interest (perchlorate), naturally occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements), radioactive constituents, and microbial constituents. Naturally occurring isotopes (tritium, carbon-13, carbon-14 [abundance], stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water, stable isotopes of nitrogen and oxygen in nitrate, chlorine-37, and bromine-81), and dissolved noble gases also were measured to help identify the source and age of the sampled ground water.\r\n\r\nQuality-control samples (blanks or replicates, or samples for matrix spikes) were collected from approximately 26 percent of the wells, and the analyses of these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data for the ground-water samples. Assessment of the quality-control results showed that the quality of the environmental data was good, with low bias and low variability, and as a result, less than 0.1 percent of the analytes detected in ground-water samples were censored.\r\n\r\nThis study did not attempt to evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, water typically is treated, disinfected, and (or) blended with other waters to maintain acceptable water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to treated water that is delivered (or, supplied) to the consumer, not to raw ground water. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw ground water were compared with regulatory and non-regulatory thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and thresholds established for aesthetic concerns (secondary maximum contaminant levels, SMCL-CA) by CDPH.\r\n\r\nMost constituents that were detected in ground-water samples were reported at concentrations below their established health-based thresholds. VOCs, pesticides and pesticide degradates, and potential wastewater-indicator compounds were detected in about 33 percent or less of the 42 SCRV grid wells. Concentrations of all detected organic constituents were below established health-based thresholds. Perchlorate was detected in approximately 12 percent of the SCRV grid wells; all concentrations reported were below the NL-CA threshold.\r\n\r\nAdditional constituents, including major ions, trace elements, and nutrients were collected at 26 wells (16 grid wells and 10 understanding wells) of the 53 wells sampled f","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds408","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Montrella, J., and Belitz, K., 2009, Ground-Water Quality Data in the Santa Clara River Valley Study Unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 408, x, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds408.","productDescription":"x, 84 p.","temporalStart":"2007-04-01","temporalEnd":"2007-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12359,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/408/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,32 ], [ -125,42 ], [ -114,42 ], [ -114,32 ], [ -125,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d530","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Montrella, Joseph","contributorId":103760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montrella","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034884,"text":"70034884 - 2009 - Learning to wait: A laboratory investigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-07T12:27:36","indexId":"70034884","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3274,"text":"Review of Economic Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Learning to wait: A laboratory investigation","docAbstract":"<p>Human subjects decide when to sink a fixed cost C to seize an irreversible investment opportunity whose value V is governed by Brownian motion. The optimal policy is to invest when V first crosses a threshold V* = (1 + w*) C, where the wait option premium w* depends on drift, volatility, and expiration hazard parameters. Subjects in the Low w* treatment on average invest at values quite close to optimum. Subjects in the two Medium and the High w* treatments invested at values below optimum, but with the predicted ordering, and values approached the optimum by the last block of 20 periods.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-937X.2009.00543.x","issn":"00346527","usgsCitation":"Oprea, R., Friedman, D., and Anderson, S.T., 2009, Learning to wait: A laboratory investigation: Review of Economic Studies, v. 76, no. 3, p. 1103-1124, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2009.00543.x.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1103","endPage":"1124","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215734,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2009.00543.x"}],"volume":"76","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a45f2e4b0c8380cd6753c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oprea, Ryan","contributorId":54085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oprea","given":"Ryan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Daniel","contributorId":69435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Steven T. 0000-0003-3481-3424 sanderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3481-3424","contributorId":2532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Steven","email":"sanderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70033042,"text":"70033042 - 2009 - Thermal maturity and organic composition of Pennsylvanian coals and carbonaceous shales, north-central Texas: Implications for coalbed gas potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:37","indexId":"70033042","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal maturity and organic composition of Pennsylvanian coals and carbonaceous shales, north-central Texas: Implications for coalbed gas potential","docAbstract":"Thermal maturity was determined for about 120 core, cuttings, and outcrop samples to investigate the potential for coalbed gas resources in Pennsylvanian strata of north-central Texas. Shallow (< 600??m; 2000??ft) coal and carbonaceous shale cuttings samples from the Middle-Upper Pennsylvanian Strawn, Canyon, and Cisco Groups in Archer and Young Counties on the Eastern Shelf of the Midland basin (northwest and downdip from the outcrop) yielded mean random vitrinite reflectance (Ro) values between about 0.4 and 0.8%. This range of Ro values indicates rank from subbituminous C to high volatile A bituminous in the shallow subsurface, which may be sufficient for early thermogenic gas generation. Near-surface (< 100??m; 300??ft) core and outcrop samples of coal from areas of historical underground coal mining in the region yielded similar Ro values of 0.5 to 0.8%. Carbonaceous shale core samples of Lower Pennsylvanian strata (lower Atoka Group) from two deeper wells (samples from ~ 1650??m; 5400??ft) in Jack and western Wise Counties in the western part of the Fort Worth basin yielded higher Ro values of about 1.0%. Pyrolysis and petrographic data for the lower Atoka samples indicate mixed Type II/Type III organic matter, suggesting generated hydrocarbons may be both gas- and oil-prone. In all other samples, organic material is dominated by Type III organic matter (vitrinite), indicating that generated hydrocarbons should be gas-prone. Individual coal beds are thin at outcrop (< 1??m; 3.3??ft), laterally discontinuous, and moderately high in ash yield and sulfur content. A possible analog for coalbed gas potential in the Pennsylvanian section of north-central Texas occurs on the northeast Oklahoma shelf and in the Cherokee basin of southeastern Kansas, where contemporaneous gas-producing coal beds are similar in thickness, quality, and rank.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.006","issn":"01665","usgsCitation":"Hackley, P., Guevara, E., Hentz, T., and Hook, R., 2009, Thermal maturity and organic composition of Pennsylvanian coals and carbonaceous shales, north-central Texas: Implications for coalbed gas potential: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 77, no. 3-4, p. 294-309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.006.","startPage":"294","endPage":"309","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213521,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.006"},{"id":241151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb234e4b08c986b325676","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackley, P.C. 0000-0002-5957-2551","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":60756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guevara, E.H.","contributorId":89693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guevara","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hentz, T.F.","contributorId":93284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hentz","given":"T.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hook, R.W.","contributorId":61584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hook","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034885,"text":"70034885 - 2009 - Analytical modeling of gravity changes and crustal deformation at volcanoes: The Long Valley caldera, California, case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T07:39:17","indexId":"70034885","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analytical modeling of gravity changes and crustal deformation at volcanoes: The Long Valley caldera, California, case study","docAbstract":"<p><span>Joint measurements of ground deformation and micro-gravity changes are an indispensable component for any volcano monitoring strategy. A number of analytical mathematical models are available in the literature that can be used to fit geodetic data and infer source location, depth and density. Bootstrap statistical methods allow estimations of the range of the inferred parameters. Although analytical models often assume that the crust is elastic, homogenous and isotropic, they can take into account different source geometries, the influence of topography, and gravity background noise. The careful use of analytical models, together with high quality data sets, can produce valuable insights into the nature of the deformation/gravity source. Here we present a review of various modeling methods, and use the historical unrest at Long Valley caldera (California) from 1982 to 1999 to illustrate the practical application of analytical modeling and bootstrap to constrain the source of unrest. A key question is whether the unrest at Long Valley since the late 1970s can be explained without calling upon an intrusion of magma. The answer, apparently, is no. Our modeling indicates that the inflation source is a slightly tilted prolate ellipsoid (dip angle between 91° and 105°) at a depth of 6.5 to 7.9&nbsp;km beneath the caldera resurgent dome with an aspect ratio between 0.44 and 0.60, a volume change from 0.161 to 0.173&nbsp;km</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;and a density of 1241 to 2093&nbsp;kg/m</span><sup>3</sup><span>. The larger uncertainty of the density estimate reflects the higher noise of gravity measurements. These results are consistent with the intrusion of silicic magma with a significant amount of volatiles beneath the caldera resurgent dome.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.040","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Battaglia, M., and Hill, D., 2009, Analytical modeling of gravity changes and crustal deformation at volcanoes: The Long Valley caldera, California, case study: Tectonophysics, v. 471, no. 1-2, p. 45-57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.040.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"57","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215735,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.040"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Mono County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.91258239746092,\n              37.70229391925025\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.64891052246092,\n              37.70229391925025\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.64891052246092,\n              37.769629187677\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.91258239746092,\n              37.769629187677\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.91258239746092,\n              37.70229391925025\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"471","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb6ce4b0c8380cd48dbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglia, Maurizio","contributorId":32602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglia","given":"Maurizio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034954,"text":"70034954 - 2009 - Biogeochemistry at a wetland sediment-alluvial aquifer interface in a landfill leachate plume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-12T07:36:01","indexId":"70034954","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeochemistry at a wetland sediment-alluvial aquifer interface in a landfill leachate plume","docAbstract":"The biogeochemistry at the interface between sediments in a seasonally ponded wetland (slough) and an alluvial aquifer contaminated with landfill leachate was investigated to evaluate factors that can effect natural attenuation of landfill leachate contaminants in areas of groundwater/surface-water interaction. The biogeochemistry at the wetland-alluvial aquifer interface differed greatly between dry and wet conditions. During dry conditions (low water table), vertically upward discharge was focused at the center of the slough from the fringe of a landfill-derived ammonium plume in the underlying aquifer, resulting in transport of relatively low concentrations of ammonium to the slough sediments with dilution and dispersion as the primary attenuation mechanism. In contrast, during wet conditions (high water table), leachate-contaminated groundwater discharged upward near the upgradient slough bank, where ammonium concentrations in the aquifer where high. Relatively high concentrations of ammonium and other leachate constituents also were transported laterally through the slough porewater to the downgradient bank in wet conditions. Concentrations of the leachate-associated constituents chloride, ammonium, non-volatile dissolved organic carbon, alkalinity, and ferrous iron more than doubled in the slough porewater on the upgradient bank during wet conditions. Chloride, non-volatile dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and bicarbonate acted conservatively during lateral transport in the aquifer and slough porewater, whereas ammonium and potassium were strongly attenuated. Nitrogen isotope variations in ammonium and the distribution of ammonium compared to other cations indicated that sorption was the primary attenuation mechanism for ammonium during lateral transport in the aquifer and the slough porewater. Ammonium attenuation was less efficient, however, in the slough porewater than in the aquifer and possibly occurred by a different sorption mechanism. A stoichiometrically balanced increase in magnesium concentration with decreasing ammonium and potassium concentrations indicated that cation exchange was the sorption mechanism in the slough porewater. Only a partial mass balance could be determined for cations exchanged for ammonium and potassium in the aquifer, indicating that some irreversible sorption may be occurring. Although wetlands commonly are expected to decrease fluxes of contaminants in riparian environments, enhanced attenuation of the leachate contaminants in the slough sediment porewater compared to the aquifer was not observed in this study. The lack of enhanced attenuation can be attributed to the fact that the anoxic plume, comprised largely of recalcitrant DOC and reduced inorganic constituents, interacted with anoxic slough sediments and porewaters, rather than encountering a change in redox conditions that could cause transformation reactions. Nevertheless, the attenuation processes in the narrow zone of groundwater/surface-water interaction were effective in reducing ammonium concentrations by a factor of about 3 during lateral transport across the slough and by a factor of 2 to 10 before release to the surface water. Slough porewater geochemistry also indicated that the slough could be a source of sulfate in dry conditions, potentially providing a terminal electron acceptor for natural attenuation of organic compounds in the leachate plume.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.11.008","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Lorah, M., Cozzarelli, I., and Böhlke, J., 2009, Biogeochemistry at a wetland sediment-alluvial aquifer interface in a landfill leachate plume: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 105, no. 3-4, p. 99-117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.11.008.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"117","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215824,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.11.008"}],"volume":"105","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f157e4b0c8380cd4abd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorah, M.M.","contributorId":29002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"M.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cozzarelli, I.M. 0000-0002-5123-1007","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":22343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"I.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70033239,"text":"70033239 - 2009 - Changes in optical properties, chemistry, and micropore and mesopore characteristics of bituminous coal at the contact with dikes in the Illinois Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:34","indexId":"70033239","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in optical properties, chemistry, and micropore and mesopore characteristics of bituminous coal at the contact with dikes in the Illinois Basin","docAbstract":"Changes in high-volatile bituminous coal (Pennsylvanian) near contacts with two volcanic intrusions in Illinois were investigated with respect to optical properties, coal chemistry, and coal pore structure. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) increases from 0.62% to 5.03% within a distance of 5.5??m from the larger dike, and from 0.63% to 3.71% within 3.3??m from the small dike. Elemental chemistry of the coal shows distinct reductions in hydrogen and nitrogen content close to the intrusions. No trend was observed for total sulfur content, but decreases in sulfate content towards the dikes indicate thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). Contact-metamorphism has a dramatic effect on coal porosity, and microporosity in particular. Around the large dike, the micropore volume, after a slight initial increase, progressively decreases from 0.0417??cm3/g in coal situated 4.7??m from the intrusive contact to 0.0126??cm3/g at the contact. Strongly decreasing mesopore and micropore volumes in the altered zone, together with frequent cleat and fracture filling by calcite, indicate deteriorating conditions for both coalbed gas sorption and gas transmissibility. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.014","issn":"01665","usgsCitation":"Mastalerz, M., Drobniak, A., and Schimmelmann, A., 2009, Changes in optical properties, chemistry, and micropore and mesopore characteristics of bituminous coal at the contact with dikes in the Illinois Basin: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 77, no. 3-4, p. 310-319, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.014.","startPage":"310","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213398,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.014"},{"id":241021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f41ee4b0c8380cd4bb57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drobniak, A.","contributorId":11748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobniak","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schimmelmann, A.","contributorId":28348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimmelmann","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034829,"text":"70034829 - 2009 - Vulnerability of a public supply well in a karstic aquifer to contamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70034829","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vulnerability of a public supply well in a karstic aquifer to contamination","docAbstract":"To assess the vulnerability of ground water to contamination in the karstic Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA), age-dating tracers and selected anthropogenic and naturally occurring compounds were analyzed in multiple water samples from a public supply well (PSW) near Tampa, Florida. Samples also were collected from 28 monitoring wells in the UFA and the overlying surficial aquifer system (SAS) and intermediate confining unit located within the contributing recharge area to the PSW. Age tracer and geochemical data from the earlier stage of the study (2003 through 2005) were combined with new data (2006) on concentrations of sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>), tritium (<sup>3</sup>H), and helium-3, which were consistent with binary mixtures of water for the PSW dominated by young water (less than 7 years). Water samples from the SAS also indicated mostly young water (less than 7 years); however, most water samples from monitoring wells in the UFA had lower SF<sub>6</sub> and <sup>3</sup>H concentrations than the PSW and SAS, indicating mixtures containing high proportions of older water (more than 60 years). Vulnerability of the PSW to contamination was indicated by predominantly young water and elevated nitrate-N and volatile organic compound concentrations that were similar to those in the SAS. Elevated arsenic (As) concentrations (3 to 19 ??g/L) and higher As(V)/As(III) ratios in the PSW than in water from UFA monitoring wells indicate that oxic water from the SAS likely mobilizes As from pyrite in the UFA matrix. Young water found in the PSW also was present in UFA monitoring wells that tap a highly transmissive zone (43- to 53-m depth) in the UFA. ?? 2008 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00504.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Katz, B., McBride, W., Hunt, A., Crandall, C.A., Metz, P.A., Eberts, S.M., and Berndt, M.P., 2009, Vulnerability of a public supply well in a karstic aquifer to contamination: Ground Water, v. 47, no. 3, p. 438-452, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00504.x.","startPage":"438","endPage":"452","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215790,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00504.x"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc376e4b08c986b32b1bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McBride, W.S.","contributorId":100098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, A.G.","contributorId":68691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crandall, C. A.","contributorId":93943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Metz, P. A.","contributorId":68706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eberts, S. M.","contributorId":28276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Berndt, M. P.","contributorId":74761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70037065,"text":"70037065 - 2009 - Character and spatial distribution of OH/H<sub>2</sub>O on the surface of the moon seen by M<sup>3</sup> on chandrayaan-1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037065","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Character and spatial distribution of OH/H<sub>2</sub>O on the surface of the moon seen by M<sup>3</sup> on chandrayaan-1","docAbstract":"The search for water on the surface of the anhydrous Moon had remained an unfulfilled quest for 40 years. However, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M <sup>3</sup>) on Chandrayaan-1 has recently detected absorption features near 2.8 to 3.0 micrometers on the surface of the Moon. For silicate bodies, such features are typically attributed to hydroxyl- and/or water-bearing materials. On the Moon, the feature is seen as a widely distributed absorption that appears strongest at cooler high latitudes and at several fresh feldspathic craters. The general lack of correlation of this feature in sunlit M<sup>3</sup> data with neutron spectrometer hydrogen abundance data suggests that the formation and retention of hydroxyl and water are ongoing surficial processes. Hydroxyl/water production processes may feed polar cold traps and make the lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human exploration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1178658","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Pieters, C., Goswami, J., Clark, R.N., Annadurai, M., Boardman, J., Buratti, B., Combe, J.#., Dyar, M., Green, R., Head, J., Hibbitts, C., Hicks, M., Isaacson, P., Klima, R., Kramer, G., Kumar, S., Livo, E., Lundeen, S., Malaret, E., McCord, T., Mustard, J., Nettles, J., Petro, N., Runyon, C., Staid, M., Sunshine, J., Taylor, L., Tompkins, S., and Varanasi, P., 2009, Character and spatial distribution of OH/H<sub>2</sub>O on the surface of the moon seen by M<sup>3</sup> on chandrayaan-1: Science, v. 326, no. 5952, p. 568-572, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178658.","startPage":"568","endPage":"572","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217304,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1178658"}],"volume":"326","issue":"5952","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f488e4b0c8380cd4bd82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pieters, C.M.","contributorId":48733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pieters","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16929,"text":"Brown University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":459221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goswami, J.N.","contributorId":41677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goswami","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Annadurai, M.","contributorId":13467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Annadurai","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boardman, J.","contributorId":74184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boardman","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Buratti, B.","contributorId":51433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Combe, J. #NAME?","contributorId":37982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Combe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dyar, M.D.","contributorId":21286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyar","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Green, R.","contributorId":88858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Head, J.W.","contributorId":67982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hibbitts, C.","contributorId":13468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hibbitts","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Hicks, M.","contributorId":34563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hicks","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Isaacson, P.","contributorId":45549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isaacson","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Klima, R.","contributorId":37570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klima","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Kramer, G.","contributorId":32378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kramer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Kumar, S.","contributorId":89843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Livo, E.","contributorId":21381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Lundeen, S.","contributorId":94134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundeen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Malaret, E.","contributorId":84487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malaret","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"McCord, T.","contributorId":52320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCord","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Mustard, J.","contributorId":103458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mustard","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Nettles, J.","contributorId":108340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nettles","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Petro, N.","contributorId":80932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petro","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Runyon, C.","contributorId":51129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runyon","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Staid, M.","contributorId":68561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staid","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Sunshine, J.","contributorId":19812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sunshine","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Taylor, L.A.","contributorId":14160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Tompkins, S.","contributorId":51123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tompkins","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Varanasi, P.","contributorId":15863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varanasi","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29}]}}
,{"id":70037153,"text":"70037153 - 2009 - Martian mud volcanism: Terrestrial analogs and implications for formational scenarios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-05T08:37:34","indexId":"70037153","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Martian mud volcanism: Terrestrial analogs and implications for formational scenarios","docAbstract":"The geology of Mars and the stratigraphic characteristics of its uppermost crust (mega-regolith) suggest that some of the pervasively-occurring pitted cones, mounds, and flows may have formed through processes akin to terrestrial mud volcanism. A comparison of terrestrial mud volcanism suggests that equivalent Martian processes likely required discrete sedimentary depocenters, volatile-enriched strata, buried rheological instabilities, and a mechanism of destabilization to initiate subsurface flow. We outline five formational scenarios whereby Martian mud volcanism might have occurred: (A) rapid deposition of sediments, (B) volcano-induced destabilization, (C) tectonic shortening, (D) long-term, load-induced subsidence, and (E) seismic shaking. We describe locations within and around the Martian northern plains that broadly fit the geological context of these scenarios and which contain mud volcano-like landforms. We compare terrestrial and Martian satellite images and examine the geological settings of mud volcano provinces on Earth in order to describe potential target areas for piercement structures on Mars. Our comparisons help to evaluate not only the role of water as a functional component of geological processes on Mars but also how Martian mud volcanoes could provide samples of otherwise inaccessible strata, some of which could contain astrobiological evidence.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.02.006","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Skinner, J., and Mazzini, A., 2009, Martian mud volcanism: Terrestrial analogs and implications for formational scenarios: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 26, no. 9, p. 1866-1878, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.02.006.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1866","endPage":"1878","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"26","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5231e4b0c8380cd6c225","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skinner, James A. 0000-0002-3644-7010 jskinner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3644-7010","contributorId":3187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"James A.","email":"jskinner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mazzini, A.","contributorId":27293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazzini","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70037339,"text":"70037339 - 2009 - Dike intrusions into bituminous coal, Illinois Basin: H, C, N, O isotopic responses to rapid and brief heating","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:08","indexId":"70037339","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dike intrusions into bituminous coal, Illinois Basin: H, C, N, O isotopic responses to rapid and brief heating","docAbstract":"Unlike long-term heating in subsiding sedimentary basins, the near-instantaneous thermal maturation of sedimentary organic matter near magmatic intrusions is comparable to artificial thermal maturation in the laboratory in terms of short duration and limited extent. This study investigates chemical and H, C, N, O isotopic changes in high volatile bituminous coal near two Illinois dike contacts and compares observed patterns and trends with data from other published studies and from artificial maturation experiments. Our study pioneers in quantifying isotopically exchangeable hydrogen and measuring the D/H (i.e., <sup>2</sup>H/<sup>1</sup>H) ratio of isotopically non-exchangeable organic hydrogen in kerogen near magmatic contacts. Thermal stress in coal caused a reduction of isotopically exchangeable hydrogen in kerogen from 5% to 6% in unaltered coal to 2-3% at contacts, mostly due to elimination of functional groups (e.g., {single bond}OH, {single bond}COOH, {single bond}NH<sub>2</sub>). In contrast to all previously published data on D/H in thermally matured organic matter, the more mature kerogen near the two dike contacts is D-depleted, which is attributed to (i) thermal elimination of D-enriched functional groups, and (ii) thermal drying of hydrologically isolated coal prior to the onset of cracking reactions, thereby precluding D-transfer from relatively D-enriched water into kerogen. Maxima in organic nitrogen concentration and in the atomic N/C ratio of kerogen at a distance of ???2.5 to ???3.5 m from the thicker dike indicate that reactive N-compounds had been pyrolytically liberated at high temperature closer to the contact, migrated through the coal seam, and recombined with coal kerogen in a zone of lower temperature. The same principle extends to organic carbon, because a strong ??<sup>13</sup>C<sub>kerogen</sub> vs. ??<sup>15</sup>N<sub>kerogen</sub> correlation across 5.5 m of coal adjacent to the thicker dike indicates that coal was functioning as a flow-through reactor along a dynamic thermal gradient facilitating back-reactions between mobile pyrolysis products from the hot zone as they encounter less hot kerogen. Vein and cell filling carbonate is most abundant in highest rank coals where carbonate ??<sup>13</sup>C<sub>VPDB</sub> and ??<sup>18</sup>O<sub>VSMOW</sub> values are consistent with thermal generation of <sup>13</sup>C-depleted and <sup>18</sup>O-enriched CO<sub>2</sub> from decarboxylation and pyrolysis of organic matter. Lower background concentrations of <sup>13</sup>C-enriched carbonate in thermally unaffected coal may be linked to <sup>13</sup>C-enrichment in residual CO<sub>2</sub> in the process of CO<sub>2</sub> reduction via microbial methanogenesis. Our compilation and comparison of available organic H, C, N isotopic findings on magmatic intrusions result in re-assessments of majors factors influencing isotopic shifts in kerogen during magmatic heating. (i) Thermally induced shifts in organic ??D values of kerogen are primarily driven by the availability of water or steam. Hydrologic isolation (e.g., near Illinois dikes) results in organic D-depletion in kerogen, whereas more common hydrologic connectivity results in organic D-enrichment. (ii) Shifts in kerogen (or coal) ??<sup>13</sup>C and ??<sup>15</sup>N values are typically small and may follow sinusoidal patterns over short distances from magmatic contacts. Laterally limited sampling strategies may thus result in misleading and non-representative data. (iii) Fluid transport of chemically active, mobile carbon and nitrogen species and recombination reactions with kerogen result in isotopic changes in kerogen that are unrelated to the original, autochthonous part of kerogen. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2009.07.027","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Schimmelmann, A., Mastalerz, M., Gao, L., Sauer, P., and Topalov, K., 2009, Dike intrusions into bituminous coal, Illinois Basin: H, C, N, O isotopic responses to rapid and brief heating: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, no. 20, p. 6264-6281, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.07.027.","startPage":"6264","endPage":"6281","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217175,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.07.027"},{"id":245096,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a019de4b0c8380cd4fc8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schimmelmann, A.","contributorId":28348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimmelmann","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gao, L.","contributorId":63651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gao","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sauer, P.E.","contributorId":76335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Topalov, K.","contributorId":82562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topalov","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70035729,"text":"70035729 - 2009 - Improved constraints on the estimated size and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from the 2004-2008 history of dome growth and deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:52","indexId":"70035729","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved constraints on the estimated size and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from the 2004-2008 history of dome growth and deformation","docAbstract":"The history of dome growth and geodetic deflation during the 2004-2008 Mount St. Helens eruption can be fit to theoretical curves with parameters such as reservoir volume, bubble content, initial overpressure, and magma rheology, here assumed to be Newtonian viscous, with or without a solid plug in the conduit center. Data from 2004-2008 are consistent with eruption from a 10-25 km<sup>3</sup> reservoir containing 0.5-2% bubbles, an initial overpressure of 10-20 MPa, and no significant, sustained recharge. During the eruption we used curve fits to project the eruption's final duration and volume. Early projections predicted a final volume only about half of the actual value; but projections increased with each measurement, implying a temporal increase in reservoir volume or compressibility. A simple interpretation is that early effusion was driven by a 5-10 km<sup>3</sup>, integrated core of fluid magma. This core expanded with time through creep of semi-solid magma and host rock. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009GL039863","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L., Lisowski, M., Roeloffs, E., and Beeler, N., 2009, Improved constraints on the estimated size and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from the 2004-2008 history of dome growth and deformation: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039863.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476316,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039863","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216249,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039863"},{"id":244110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3953e4b0c8380cd618a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, L.G.","contributorId":80313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roeloffs, E.","contributorId":21680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beeler, N.","contributorId":69753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034749,"text":"70034749 - 2009 - Stable isotope and petrologic evidence for open-system degassing during the climactic and pre-climactic eruptions of Mt. Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-22T09:01:56","indexId":"70034749","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope and petrologic evidence for open-system degassing during the climactic and pre-climactic eruptions of Mt. Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>Evaluation of the extent of volatile element recycling in convergent margin volcanism requires delineating likely source(s) of magmatic volatiles through stable isotopic characterization of sulfur, hydrogen and oxygen in erupted tephra with appropriate assessment of modification by degassing. The climactic eruption of Mt. Mazama ejected approximately 50&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of rhyodacitic magma into the atmosphere and resulted in formation of a 10-km diameter caldera now occupied by Crater Lake, Oregon (lat. 43°N, long. 122°W). Isotopic compositions of whole-rocks, matrix glasses and minerals from Mt. Mazama climactic, pre-climactic and postcaldera tephra were determined to identify the likely source(s) of H<sub>2</sub>O and S. Integration of stable isotopic data with petrologic data from melt inclusions has allowed for estimation of pre-eruptive dissolved volatile concentrations and placed constraints on the extent, conditions and style of degassing.</p><p>Sulfur isotope analyses of climactic rhyodacitic whole rocks yield δ<sup>34</sup>S values of 2.8–14.8‰ with corresponding matrix glass values of 2.4–13.2‰. δ<sup>34</sup>S tends to increase with stratigraphic height through climactic eruptive units, consistent with open-system degassing. Dissolved sulfur concentrations in melt inclusions (MIs) from pre-climactic and climactic rhyodacitic pumices varies from 80 to 330&nbsp;ppm, with highest concentrations in inclusions with 4.8–5.2&nbsp;wt% H<sub>2</sub>O (by FTIR). Up to 50% of the initial S may have been lost through pre-eruptive degassing at depths of 4–5&nbsp;km. Ion microprobe analyses of pyrrhotite in climactic rhyodacitic tephra and andesitic scoria indicate a range in δ<sup>34</sup>S from −0.4‰ to 5.8‰ and from −0.1‰ to 3.5‰, respectively. Initial δ<sup>34</sup>S values of rhyodacitic and andesitic magmas were likely near the mantle value of 0‰. Hydrogen isotope (δD) and total H<sub>2</sub>O analyses of rhyodacitic obsidian (and vitrophyre) from the climactic fall deposit yielded values οf −103 to −53‰ and 0.23–1.74&nbsp;wt%, respectively. Values of δD and wt% H<sub>2</sub>O of obsidian decrease towards the top of the fall deposit. Samples with depleted δD, and mantle δ<sup>18</sup>O values, have elevated δ<sup>34</sup>S values consistent with open-system degassing. These results imply that more mantle-derived sulfur is degassed to the Earth’s atmosphere/hydrosphere through convergent margin volcanism than previously attributed. Magmatic degassing can modify initial isotopic compositions of sulfur by &gt;14‰ (to δ<sup>34</sup>S values of 14‰ or more here) and hydrogen isotopic compositions by 90‰ (to δD values of −127‰ in this case).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.019","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Mandeville, C., Webster, J., Tappen, C., Taylor, B., Timbal, A., Sasaki, A., Hauri, E., and Bacon, C., 2009, Stable isotope and petrologic evidence for open-system degassing during the climactic and pre-climactic eruptions of Mt. Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, no. 10, p. 2978-3012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.019.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"2978","endPage":"3012","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake, Mt. Mazama","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.21397399902344,\n              42.894076403348976\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.00111389160155,\n              42.894076403348976\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.00111389160155,\n              42.987571901931226\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.21397399902344,\n              42.987571901931226\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.21397399902344,\n              42.894076403348976\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b966ce4b08c986b31b4cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mandeville, C.W.","contributorId":44005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandeville","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webster, J.D.","contributorId":16582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tappen, C.","contributorId":105937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappen","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, B.E.","contributorId":23262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Timbal, A.","contributorId":69808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timbal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sasaki, A.","contributorId":96504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sasaki","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hauri, E.","contributorId":11029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauri","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":447390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70037099,"text":"70037099 - 2009 - Investigation of thallium fluxes from subaerial volcanism-Implications for the present and past mass balance of thallium in the oceans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T12:16:30.34332","indexId":"70037099","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigation of thallium fluxes from subaerial volcanism-Implications for the present and past mass balance of thallium in the oceans","docAbstract":"<p>A suite of 34 volcanic gas condensates and particulates from Kilauea (Hawaii), Mt. Etna and Vulcano (Italy), Mt. Merapi (Indonesia), White Island and Mt. Nguaruhoe (New Zealand) were analysed for both Tl isotope compositions and Tl/Pb ratios. When considered together with published Tl–Pb abundance data, the measurements provide globally representative best estimates of Tl/Pb&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.46&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.25 and ε<sup>205</sup>Tl&nbsp;=&nbsp;−1.7&nbsp;±&nbsp;2.0 for the emissions of subaerial volcanism to the atmosphere and oceans (ε<sup>205</sup>Tl is the deviation of the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>205</sup>Tl/<sup>203</sup>Tl isotope ratio from NIST SRM 997 isotope standard in parts per 10,000). Compared to igneous rocks of the crust and mantle, volcanic gases were found to have (i) Tl/Pb ratios that are typically about an order of magnitude higher, and (ii) significantly more variable Tl isotope compositions but a mean ε<sup>205</sup>Tl value that is indistinguishable from estimates for the Earth’s mantle and continental crust. The first observation can be explained by the more volatile nature of Tl compared to Pb during the production of volcanic gases, whilst the second reflects the contrasting and approximately balanced isotope fractionation effects that are generated by partial evaporation of Tl during magma degassing and partial Tl condensation as a result of the cooling and differentiation of volcanic gases.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2009.07.014","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Baker, R., Rehkamper, M., Hinkley, T.K., Nielsen, S., and Toutain, J., 2009, Investigation of thallium fluxes from subaerial volcanism-Implications for the present and past mass balance of thallium in the oceans: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, no. 20, p. 6340-6359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.07.014.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"6340","endPage":"6359","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245242,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e98e4b0c8380cd63ecd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, R.G.A.","contributorId":39617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rehkamper, M.","contributorId":21731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rehkamper","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nielsen, S.G.","contributorId":49171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Toutain, J.P.","contributorId":72621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toutain","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034151,"text":"70034151 - 2009 - Effects of megascale eruptions on Earth and Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:45","indexId":"70034151","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of megascale eruptions on Earth and Mars","docAbstract":"Volcanic features are common on geologically active earthlike planets. Megascale or \"super\" eruptions involving &gt;1000 Gt of magma have occurred on both Earth and Mars in the geologically recent past, introducing prodigious volumes of ash and volcanic gases into the atmosphere. Here we discuss felsic (explosive) and mafi c (flood lava) supereruptions and their potential atmospheric and environmental effects on both planets. On Earth, felsic supereruptions recur on average about every 100-200,000 years and our present knowledge of the 73.5 ka Toba eruption implies that such events can have the potential to be catastrophic to human civilization. A future eruption of this type may require an unprecedented response from humankind to assure the continuation of civilization as we know it. Mafi c supereruptions have resulted in atmospheric injection of volcanic gases (especially SO<sub>2</sub>) and may have played a part in punctuating the history of life on Earth. The contrast between the more sustained effects of flood basalt eruptions (decades to centuries) and the near-instantaneous effects of large impacts (months to years) is worthy of more detailed study than has been completed to date. Products of mafi c supereruptions, signifi cantly larger than known from the geologic record on Earth, are well preserved on Mars. The volatile emissions from these eruptions most likely had global dispersal, but the effects may not have been outside what Mars endures even in the absence of volcanic eruptions. This is testament to the extreme variability of the current Martian atmosphere: situations that would be considered catastrophic on Earth are the norm on Mars. ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.453(04)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Thordarson, T., Rampino, M., Keszthelyi, L.P., and Self, S., 2009, Effects of megascale eruptions on Earth and Mars: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 453, p. 37-53, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.453(04).","startPage":"37","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216723,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.453(04)"}],"issue":"453","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a075be4b0c8380cd51664","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thordarson, T.","contributorId":94501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thordarson","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rampino, M.","contributorId":72618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rampino","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keszthelyi, L. P.","contributorId":9291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Self, S.","contributorId":101821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Self","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032336,"text":"70032336 - 2009 - Fractionation of the platinum-group elments and Re during crystallization of basalt in Kilauea Iki Lava Lake, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70032336","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fractionation of the platinum-group elments and Re during crystallization of basalt in Kilauea Iki Lava Lake, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Kilauea Iki lava lake formed during the 1959 summit eruption of Kilauea Volcano, then crystallized and differentiated over a period of 35??years. It offers an opportunity to evaluate the fractionation behavior of trace elements in a uniquely well-documented basaltic system. A suite of 14 core samples recovered from 1967 to 1981 has been analyzed for 5 platinum-group elements (PGE: Ir, Os, Ru, Pt, Pd), plus Re. These samples have MgO ranging from 2.4 to 26.9??wt.%, with temperatures prior to quench ranging from 1140????C to ambient (110????C). Five eruption samples were also analyzed. Osmium and Ru concentrations vary by nearly four orders of magnitude (0.0006-1.40??ppb for Os and 0.0006-2.01??ppb for Ru) and are positively correlated with MgO content. These elements behaved compatibly during crystallization, mostly likely being concentrated in trace phases (alloy or sulfide) present in olivine phenocrysts or included chromite. Iridium also correlates positively with MgO, although less strongly than Os and Ru. The somewhat poorer correlation for Ir, compared with Os and Ru, may reflect variable loss of Ir as volatile IrF6 in some of the most magnesian samples. Rhenium is negatively correlated with MgO, behaving as an incompatible trace element. Its behavior in the lava lake is complicated by apparent volatile loss of Re, as suggested by a decrease in Re concentration with time of quenching for lake samples vs. eruption samples. Platinum and Pd concentrations are negatively, albeit weakly, correlated with MgO, so these elements were modestly incompatible during crystallization of the major silicate phases. Palladium contents peaked before precipitation of immiscible sulfide liquid, however, and decline sharply in the most differentiated samples. In contrast, Pt appears to have been unaffected by sulfide precipitation. Microprobe data confirm that Pd entered the sulfide liquid before Re, and that Pt is not strongly chalcophile in this system. Occasional high Pt values in both eruption and lava lake samples suggest the presence of unevenly distributed, unidentified Pt-rich trace phases in some Kilauea Iki materials. Estimated mineral (olivine + chromite)/melt D values for Os, Ir, Ru and Pt for equilibrium crystallization for samples from ~ 7 to 27??wt.% MgO are 26, 8.2, 19 and 0.55, respectively. These Os, Ir and Ru estimates are somewhat higher than previous estimates for similar systems. If fractional crystallization is instead assumed, D values are much more similar. Results confirm many prior observations in other mafic systems that olivine (together with included phases) has a major effect on absolute and relative abundances of Re and the PGE. The relatively linear correlations between these elements and MgO potentially permit accurate estimation of the concentrations of these elements in the primary melts of comparable systems, especially in instances where the MgO content of the primary melt is well constrained. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.12.022","issn":"00092","usgsCitation":"Pitcher, L., Helz, R., Walker, R., and Piccoli, P., 2009, Fractionation of the platinum-group elments and Re during crystallization of basalt in Kilauea Iki Lava Lake, Hawaii: Chemical Geology, v. 260, no. 3-4, p. 196-210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.12.022.","startPage":"196","endPage":"210","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215042,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.12.022"},{"id":242811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"260","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13ade4b0c8380cd54733","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitcher, L.","contributorId":49625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitcher","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piccoli, P.","contributorId":13054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piccoli","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032784,"text":"70032784 - 2009 - A mass balance mercury budget for a mine-dominated lake: Clear Lake, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-20T11:08:34","indexId":"70032784","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A mass balance mercury budget for a mine-dominated lake: Clear Lake, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine (SBMM), active intermittently from 1873–1957 and now a USEPA Superfund site, was previously estimated to have contributed at least 100 metric tons (10</span><sup>5</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>kg) of mercury (Hg) into the Clear Lake aquatic ecosystem. We have confirmed this minimum estimate. To better quantify the contribution of the mine in relation to other sources of Hg loading into Clear Lake and provide data that might help reduce that loading, we analyzed<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Inputs</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Outputs</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>of Hg to Clear Lake and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Storage</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>of Hg in lakebed sediments using a mass balance approach. We evaluated<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Inputs</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>from (1) wet and dry atmospheric deposition from both global/regional and local sources, (2) watershed tributaries, (3) groundwater inflows, (4) lakebed springs and (5) the mine.<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Outputs</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>were quantified from (1) efflux (volatilization) of Hg from the lake surface to the atmosphere, (2) municipal and agricultural water diversions, (3) losses from out-flowing drainage of Cache Creek that feeds into the California Central Valley and (4) biotic Hg removal by humans and wildlife.<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Storage</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>estimates include (1) sediment burial from historic and prehistoric periods (over the past 150–3,000 years) from sediment cores to ca. 2.5m depth dated using dichloro diphenyl dichloroethane (DDD),<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>210</sup><span>Pb and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>14</sup><span>C and (2) recent Hg deposition in surficial sediments. Surficial sediments collected in October 2003 (11 years after mine site remediation) indicate no reduction (but a possible increase) in sediment Hg concentrations over that time and suggest that remediation has not significantly reduced overall Hg loading to the lake. Currently, the mine is believed to contribute ca. 322–331 kg of Hg annually to Clear Lake, which represents ca. 86–99% of the total Hg loading to the lake. We estimate that natural sedimentation would cover the existing contaminated sediments within ca. 150–300 years.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11270-008-9757-1","issn":"00496","usgsCitation":"Suchanek, T., Cooke, J., Keller, K., Jorgensen, S., Richerson, P., Eagles-Smith, C.A., Harner, E., and Adam, D., 2009, A mass balance mercury budget for a mine-dominated lake: Clear Lake, California: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 196, no. 1-4, p. 51-73, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9757-1.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213620,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9757-1"}],"volume":"196","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-08-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2e9e4b0c8380cd45d18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suchanek, T.H.","contributorId":20682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suchanek","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooke, J.","contributorId":6447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooke","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keller, K.","contributorId":25322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jorgensen, S.","contributorId":67301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Richerson, P.J.","contributorId":100619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richerson","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eagles-Smith, Collin A. 0000-0003-1329-5285 ceagles-smith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1329-5285","contributorId":505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eagles-Smith","given":"Collin","email":"ceagles-smith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Harner, E.J.","contributorId":16230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harner","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Adam, D.P.","contributorId":14815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70035822,"text":"70035822 - 2009 - Nitrogen losses from dairy manure estimated through nitrogen mass balance and chemical markers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:49","indexId":"70035822","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen losses from dairy manure estimated through nitrogen mass balance and chemical markers","docAbstract":"Ammonia is an important air and water pollutant, but the spatial variation in its concentrations presents technical difficulties in accurate determination of ammonia emissions from animal feeding operations. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between ammonia volatilization and ??<sup>15</sup>N of dairy manure and the feasibility of estimating ammonia losses from a dairy facility using chemical markers. In Exp. 1, the N/P ratio in manure decreased by 30% in 14 d as cumulative ammonia losses increased exponentially. Delta <sup>15</sup>N of manure increased throughout the course of the experiment and ??<sup>15</sup>N of emitted ammonia increased (p &lt; 0.001) quadratically from -31??? to -15 ???. The relationship between cumulative ammonia losses and ??<sup>15</sup>N of manure was highly significant (p &lt; 0.001; r<sup>2</sup> = 0.76). In Exp. 2, using a mass balance approach, approximately half of the N excreted by dairy cows (Bos taurus) could not be accounted for in 24 h. Using N/P and N/K ratios in fresh and 24-h manure, an estimated 0.55 and 0.34 (respectively) of the N excreted with feces and urine could not be accounted for. This study demonstrated that chemical markers (P, K) can be successfully used to estimate ammonia losses from cattle manure. The relationship between manure ??<sup>15</sup>N and cumulative ammonia loss may also be useful for estimating ammonia losses. Although promising, the latter approach needs to be further studied and verified in various experimental conditions and in the field. Copyright ?? 2009 by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2134/jeq2009.0057","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Hristov, A.N., Zaman, S., Vander Pol, M., Ndegwa, P., Campbell, L., and Silva, S., 2009, Nitrogen losses from dairy manure estimated through nitrogen mass balance and chemical markers: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 38, no. 6, p. 2438-2448, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0057.","startPage":"2438","endPage":"2448","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216140,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0057"},{"id":243988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66ebe4b0c8380cd73086","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hristov, Alexander N.","contributorId":81334,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hristov","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zaman, S.","contributorId":47195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaman","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vander Pol, M.","contributorId":91328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vander Pol","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ndegwa, P.","contributorId":105554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ndegwa","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Campbell, L.","contributorId":76914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Silva, S.","contributorId":68518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70032593,"text":"70032593 - 2009 - Mercury isotopic composition of hydrothermal systems in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-29T10:43:04","indexId":"70032593","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury isotopic composition of hydrothermal systems in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift","docAbstract":"To characterize mercury (Hg) isotopes and isotopic fractionation in hydrothermal systems we analyzed fluid and precipitate samples from hot springs in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and vent chimney samples from the Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift. These samples provide an initial indication of the variability in Hg isotopic composition among marine and continental hydrothermal systems that are controlled predominantly by mantle-derived magmas. Fluid samples from Ojo Caliente hot spring in Yellowstone range in &delta;<sup>202</sup>Hg from - 1.02&permil; to 0.58&permil; (&plusmn; 0.11&permil;, 2SD) and solid precipitate samples from Guaymas Basin range in &delta;<sup>202</sup>Hg from - 0.37&permil; to - 0.01&permil; (&plusmn; 0.14&permil;, 2SD). Fluid samples from Ojo Caliente display mass-dependent fractionation (MDF) of Hg from the vent (&delta;<sup>202</sup>Hg = 0.10&permil; &plusmn; 0.11&permil;, 2SD) to the end of the outflow channel (&delta<sup>202</sup>Hg = 0.58&permil; &plusmn; 0.11&permil;, 2SD) in conjunction with a decrease in Hg concentration from 46.6pg/g to 20.0pg/g. Although a small amount of Hg is lost from the fluids due to co-precipitation with siliceous sinter, we infer that the majority of the observed MDF and Hg loss from waters in Ojo Caliente is due to volatilization of Hg<sup>0</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> to Hg<sup>0</sup><sub>(g)</sub> and the preferential loss of Hg with a lower &delta;<sup>202</sup>Hg value to the atmosphere. A small amount of mass-independent fractionation (MIF) was observed in all samples from Ojo Caliente (&Delta;<sup>199</sup>Hg = 0.13&permil; &plusmn;1 0.06&permil;, 2SD) but no significant MIF was measured in the sea-floor rift samples from Guaymas Basin. This study demonstrates that several different hydrothermal processes fractionate Hg isotopes and that Hg isotopes may be used to better understand these processes.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.032","issn":"00128","usgsCitation":"Sherman, L., Blum, J., Nordstrom, D.K., McCleskey, R.B., Barkay, T., and Vetriani, C., 2009, Mercury isotopic composition of hydrothermal systems in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 279, no. 1-2, p. 86-96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.032.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":435,"text":"National Research Program - Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.7337760925293,\n              44.40447671189411\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.71188926696777,\n              44.40447671189411\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.71188926696777,\n              44.42004966190147\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.7337760925293,\n              44.42004966190147\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.7337760925293,\n              44.40447671189411\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"279","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5420e4b0c8380cd6ceb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherman, L.S.","contributorId":36765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherman","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blum, J.D.","contributorId":30829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":436975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barkay, T.","contributorId":57617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barkay","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vetriani, C.","contributorId":20166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vetriani","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70035759,"text":"70035759 - 2009 - Mobility of icy sand packs, with application to Martian permafrost","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035759","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mobility of icy sand packs, with application to Martian permafrost","docAbstract":"[1] The physical state of water on Mars has fundamental ramifications for both climatology and astrobiology. The widespread presence of \"softened\" Martian landforms (such as impact craters) can be attributed to viscous creep of subsurface ground ice. We present laboratory experiments designed to determine the minimum amount of ice necessary to mobilize topography within Martian permafrost. Our results show that the jammed-to-mobile transition of icy sand packs neither occurs at fixed ice content nor is dependent on temperature or stress, but instead correlates strongly with the maximum dry packing density of the sand component. Viscosity also changes rapidly near the mobility transition. The results suggest a potentially lower minimum volatile inventory for the impact-pulverized megaregolith of Mars. Furthermore, the long-term preservation of partially relaxed craters implies that the ice content of Martian permafrost has remained close to that at the mobility transition throughout Martian history. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009GL040392","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Durham, W., Pathare, A., Stern, L., and Lenferink, H., 2009, Mobility of icy sand packs, with application to Martian permafrost: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040392.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216168,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040392"},{"id":244017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b92e4b0c8380cd6f64f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durham, W.B.","contributorId":72135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durham","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pathare, A.V.","contributorId":77765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pathare","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stern, L.A.","contributorId":38293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lenferink, H.J.","contributorId":17067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenferink","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70036655,"text":"70036655 - 2009 - Geomorphic controls on mercury accumulation in soils from a historically mined watershed, Central California Coast Range, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-30T08:35:09","indexId":"70036655","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic controls on mercury accumulation in soils from a historically mined watershed, Central California Coast Range, USA","docAbstract":"Historic Hg mining in the Cache Creek watershed in the Central California Coast Range has contributed to the downstream transport of Hg to the San Francisco Bay-Delta. Different aspects of Hg mobilization in soils, including pedogenesis, fluvial redistribution of sediment, volatilization and eolian transport were considered. The greatest soil concentrations (&gt;30 mg Hg kg<sup>-1</sup>) in Cache Creek are associated with mineralized serpentinite, the host rock for Hg deposits. Upland soils with non-mineralized serpentine and sedimentary parent material also had elevated concentrations (0.9-3.7 mg Hg kg<sup>-1</sup>) relative to the average concentration in the region and throughout the conterminous United States (0.06 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>). Erosion of soil and destabilized rock and mobilization of tailings and calcines into surrounding streams have contributed to Hg-rich alluvial soil forming in wetlands and floodplains. The concentration of Hg in floodplain sediment shows sediment dispersion from low-order catchments (5.6-9.6 mg Hg kg<sup>-1</sup> in Sulphur Creek; 0.5-61 mg Hg kg<sup>-1</sup> in Davis Creek) to Cache Creek (0.1-0.4 mg Hg kg<sup>-1</sup>). These sediments, deposited onto the floodplain during high-flow storm events, yield elevated Hg concentrations (0.2-55 mg Hg kg<sup>-1</sup>) in alluvial soils in upland watersheds. Alluvial soils within the Cache Creek watershed accumulate Hg from upstream mining areas, with concentrations between 0.06 and 0.22 mg Hg kg<sup>-1</sup> measured in soils ~90 km downstream from Hg mining areas. Alluvial soils have accumulated Hg released through historic mining activities, remobilizing this Hg to streams as the soils erode.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.020","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Holloway, J., Goldhaber, M., and Morrison, J., 2009, Geomorphic controls on mercury accumulation in soils from a historically mined watershed, Central California Coast Range, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1538-1548, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.020.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1538","endPage":"1548","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":217788,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.020"},{"id":245757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2786e4b0c8380cd5997e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holloway, J.M. 0000-0003-3603-7668","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-7668","contributorId":103041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morrison, J.M.","contributorId":9063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70036861,"text":"70036861 - 2009 - Uplift and magma intrusion at Long Valley caldera from InSAR and gravity measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-25T10:41:32","indexId":"70036861","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uplift and magma intrusion at Long Valley caldera from InSAR and gravity measurements","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Long Valley caldera (California) formed ~760,000 yr ago following the massive eruption of the Bishop Tuff. Postcaldera volcanism in the Long Valley volcanic field includes lava domes as young as 650 yr. The recent geological unrest is characterized by uplift of the resurgent dome in the central section of the caldera (75 cm in the past 33 yr) and earthquake activity followed by periods of relative quiescence. Since the spring of 1998, the caldera has been in a state of low activity. The cause of unrest is still debated, and hypotheses range from hybrid sources (e.g., magma with a high percentage of volatiles) to hydrothermal fluid intrusion. Here, we present observations of surface deformation in the Long Valley region based on differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR), leveling, global positioning system (GPS), two-color electronic distance meter (EDM), and microgravity data. Thanks to the joint application of InSAR and microgravity data, we are able to unambiguously determine that magma is the cause of unrest.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G25318A.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Tizzani, P., Battaglia, M., Zeni, G., Atzori, S., Berardino, P., and Lanari, R., 2009, Uplift and magma intrusion at Long Valley caldera from InSAR and gravity measurements: Geology, v. 37, no. 1, p. 63-66, https://doi.org/10.1130/G25318A.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217686,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G25318A.1"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.12063598632811,\n              37.505368263398104\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.12063598632811,\n              37.9447389942697\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.60290527343749,\n              37.9447389942697\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.60290527343749,\n              37.505368263398104\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.12063598632811,\n              37.505368263398104\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd25e4b08c986b328ee6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tizzani, Pietro","contributorId":106729,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tizzani","given":"Pietro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Battaglia, Maurizio","contributorId":32602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglia","given":"Maurizio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zeni, Giovanni","contributorId":69824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zeni","given":"Giovanni","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Atzori, Simone","contributorId":36784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atzori","given":"Simone","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Berardino, Paolo","contributorId":71805,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Berardino","given":"Paolo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lanari, Riccardo","contributorId":40448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lanari","given":"Riccardo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
]}