Ground-water quality in the approximately 620-square-mile San Francisco Bay study unit (SFBAY) was investigated from April through June 2007 as part of the Priority Basin project of the Ground-Water Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001, and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB).
The study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of raw ground-water quality, as well as a statistically consistent basis for comparing water quality throughout California. Samples in SFBAY were collected from 79 wells in San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Alameda, and Contra Costa Counties. Forty-three of the wells sampled were selected using a spatially distributed, randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study unit (grid wells). Thirty-six wells were sampled to aid in evaluation of specific water-quality issues (understanding wells).
The ground-water samples were analyzed for a large number of synthetic organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOC], pesticides and pesticide degradates, pharmaceutical compounds, and potential wastewater-indicator compounds), constituents of special interest (perchlorate and N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA]), naturally occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, trace elements, chloride and bromide isotopes, and uranium and strontium isotopes), radioactive constituents, and microbial indicators. Naturally occurring isotopes (tritium, carbon-14 isotopes, and stable isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, boron, and carbon), and dissolved noble gases (noble gases were analyzed in collaboration with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) also were measured to help identify the source and age of the sampled ground water.
Quality-control samples (blank samples, replicate samples, matrix spike samples) were collected for approximately one-third of the wells, and the results for these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data for the ground-water samples. Assessment of the quality-control information from the field blanks resulted in applying “V” codes to approximately 0.1 percent of the data collected for ground-water samples (meaning a constituent was detected in blanks as well as the corresponding environmental data). See the Appendix section “Quality-Control-Sample Results.”
This study did not attempt to evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, water typically is treated, disinfected, and (or) blended with other waters to maintain acceptable water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to treated water that is delivered to the consumer, not to raw ground water. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw ground water were compared with regulatory and non-regulatory health-based thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and thresholds established for aesthetic concerns (secondary maximum contaminant levels, SMCL-CA) by CDPH.
VOCs were detected in about one-half of the grid wells, while pesticides were detected in about one-fifth of the grid wells. Concentrations of all VOCs and pesticides detected in samples from all SFBAY wells were below health-based thresholds. No pharmaceutical compounds were detected in any SFBAY well. One potential wastewater-indicator compound, caffeine, was detected in one grid well in SFBAY. Concentrations of most trace elements and nutrients detected in samples from all SFBAY wells were below health-based thresholds. Exceptions include nitrate, detected above the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL-US) in 3samples; arsenic, above the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL-US) in 3 samples; cadmium, above the MCL-US in 1 sample; boron, above the CDPH notification level (NL-CA) in 2 samples; and strontium, above the USEPA lifetime health advisory level (HAL-US) in 2 samples. The radioactive constituent radon-222 was detected above the proposed MCL-US in two grid wells, but no wells had detections above the proposed alternative MCL-US. Most of the samples from all SFBAY wells had concentrations of major ions, total dissolved solids, and trace elements below the non-enforceable thresholds set for aesthetic concerns. Six or fewer samples contained chloride, sulfate, or iron at concentrations above the SMCL-CA thresholds. No microbial indicators were detected in SFBAY grid wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds396","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Ray, M.C., Kulongoski, J., and Belitz, K., 2009, Ground-water quality data in the San Francisco Bay study unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 396, x, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds396.","productDescription":"x, 93 p.","temporalStart":"2007-04-01","temporalEnd":"2007-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403431,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86426.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12396,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/396/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -121.28906250000001,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -121.28906250000001,\n 38.09998264736481\n ],\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 38.09998264736481\n ],\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 37.3002752813443\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d528","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ray, Mary C.","contributorId":65945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kulongoski, Justin T. 0000-0002-3498-4154","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-4154","contributorId":94750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulongoski","given":"Justin T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97307,"text":"ds408 - 2009 - Ground-Water Quality Data in the Santa Clara River Valley Study Unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:25","indexId":"ds408","displayToPublicDate":"2009-02-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"408","title":"Ground-Water Quality Data in the Santa Clara River Valley Study Unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","docAbstract":"Ground-water quality in the approximately 460-square-mile Santa Clara River Valley study unit (SCRV) was investigated from April to June 2007 as part of the statewide Priority Basin project of the Ground-Water Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001 and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB).\r\n\r\nThe study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of the quality of raw ground water used for public water supplies within SCRV, and to facilitate a statistically consistent basis for comparing water quality throughout California. Fifty-seven ground-water samples were collected from 53 wells in Ventura and Los Angeles Counties. Forty-two wells were selected using a randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study area (grid wells). Eleven wells (understanding wells) were selected to further evaluate water chemistry in particular parts of the study area, and four depth-dependent ground-water samples were collected from one of the eleven understanding wells to help understand the relation between water chemistry and depth.\r\n\r\nThe ground-water samples were analyzed for a large number of synthetic organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOC], pesticides and pesticide degradates, potential wastewater-indicator compounds, and pharmaceutical compounds), a constituent of special interest (perchlorate), naturally occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements), radioactive constituents, and microbial constituents. Naturally occurring isotopes (tritium, carbon-13, carbon-14 [abundance], stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water, stable isotopes of nitrogen and oxygen in nitrate, chlorine-37, and bromine-81), and dissolved noble gases also were measured to help identify the source and age of the sampled ground water.\r\n\r\nQuality-control samples (blanks or replicates, or samples for matrix spikes) were collected from approximately 26 percent of the wells, and the analyses of these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data for the ground-water samples. Assessment of the quality-control results showed that the quality of the environmental data was good, with low bias and low variability, and as a result, less than 0.1 percent of the analytes detected in ground-water samples were censored.\r\n\r\nThis study did not attempt to evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, water typically is treated, disinfected, and (or) blended with other waters to maintain acceptable water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to treated water that is delivered (or, supplied) to the consumer, not to raw ground water. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw ground water were compared with regulatory and non-regulatory thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and thresholds established for aesthetic concerns (secondary maximum contaminant levels, SMCL-CA) by CDPH.\r\n\r\nMost constituents that were detected in ground-water samples were reported at concentrations below their established health-based thresholds. VOCs, pesticides and pesticide degradates, and potential wastewater-indicator compounds were detected in about 33 percent or less of the 42 SCRV grid wells. Concentrations of all detected organic constituents were below established health-based thresholds. Perchlorate was detected in approximately 12 percent of the SCRV grid wells; all concentrations reported were below the NL-CA threshold.\r\n\r\nAdditional constituents, including major ions, trace elements, and nutrients were collected at 26 wells (16 grid wells and 10 understanding wells) of the 53 wells sampled f","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds408","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Montrella, J., and Belitz, K., 2009, Ground-Water Quality Data in the Santa Clara River Valley Study Unit, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 408, x, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds408.","productDescription":"x, 84 p.","temporalStart":"2007-04-01","temporalEnd":"2007-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12359,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/408/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,32 ], [ -125,42 ], [ -114,42 ], [ -114,32 ], [ -125,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d530","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Montrella, Joseph","contributorId":103760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montrella","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033042,"text":"70033042 - 2009 - Thermal maturity and organic composition of Pennsylvanian coals and carbonaceous shales, north-central Texas: Implications for coalbed gas potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:37","indexId":"70033042","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal maturity and organic composition of Pennsylvanian coals and carbonaceous shales, north-central Texas: Implications for coalbed gas potential","docAbstract":"Thermal maturity was determined for about 120 core, cuttings, and outcrop samples to investigate the potential for coalbed gas resources in Pennsylvanian strata of north-central Texas. Shallow (< 600??m; 2000??ft) coal and carbonaceous shale cuttings samples from the Middle-Upper Pennsylvanian Strawn, Canyon, and Cisco Groups in Archer and Young Counties on the Eastern Shelf of the Midland basin (northwest and downdip from the outcrop) yielded mean random vitrinite reflectance (Ro) values between about 0.4 and 0.8%. This range of Ro values indicates rank from subbituminous C to high volatile A bituminous in the shallow subsurface, which may be sufficient for early thermogenic gas generation. Near-surface (< 100??m; 300??ft) core and outcrop samples of coal from areas of historical underground coal mining in the region yielded similar Ro values of 0.5 to 0.8%. Carbonaceous shale core samples of Lower Pennsylvanian strata (lower Atoka Group) from two deeper wells (samples from ~ 1650??m; 5400??ft) in Jack and western Wise Counties in the western part of the Fort Worth basin yielded higher Ro values of about 1.0%. Pyrolysis and petrographic data for the lower Atoka samples indicate mixed Type II/Type III organic matter, suggesting generated hydrocarbons may be both gas- and oil-prone. In all other samples, organic material is dominated by Type III organic matter (vitrinite), indicating that generated hydrocarbons should be gas-prone. Individual coal beds are thin at outcrop (< 1??m; 3.3??ft), laterally discontinuous, and moderately high in ash yield and sulfur content. A possible analog for coalbed gas potential in the Pennsylvanian section of north-central Texas occurs on the northeast Oklahoma shelf and in the Cherokee basin of southeastern Kansas, where contemporaneous gas-producing coal beds are similar in thickness, quality, and rank.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.006","issn":"01665","usgsCitation":"Hackley, P., Guevara, E., Hentz, T., and Hook, R., 2009, Thermal maturity and organic composition of Pennsylvanian coals and carbonaceous shales, north-central Texas: Implications for coalbed gas potential: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 77, no. 3-4, p. 294-309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.006.","startPage":"294","endPage":"309","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213521,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.006"},{"id":241151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb234e4b08c986b325676","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackley, P.C. 0000-0002-5957-2551","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":60756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guevara, E.H.","contributorId":89693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guevara","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hentz, T.F.","contributorId":93284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hentz","given":"T.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hook, R.W.","contributorId":61584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hook","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70034829,"text":"70034829 - 2009 - Vulnerability of a public supply well in a karstic aquifer to contamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70034829","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vulnerability of a public supply well in a karstic aquifer to contamination","docAbstract":"To assess the vulnerability of ground water to contamination in the karstic Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA), age-dating tracers and selected anthropogenic and naturally occurring compounds were analyzed in multiple water samples from a public supply well (PSW) near Tampa, Florida. Samples also were collected from 28 monitoring wells in the UFA and the overlying surficial aquifer system (SAS) and intermediate confining unit located within the contributing recharge area to the PSW. Age tracer and geochemical data from the earlier stage of the study (2003 through 2005) were combined with new data (2006) on concentrations of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), tritium (3H), and helium-3, which were consistent with binary mixtures of water for the PSW dominated by young water (less than 7 years). Water samples from the SAS also indicated mostly young water (less than 7 years); however, most water samples from monitoring wells in the UFA had lower SF6 and 3H concentrations than the PSW and SAS, indicating mixtures containing high proportions of older water (more than 60 years). Vulnerability of the PSW to contamination was indicated by predominantly young water and elevated nitrate-N and volatile organic compound concentrations that were similar to those in the SAS. Elevated arsenic (As) concentrations (3 to 19 ??g/L) and higher As(V)/As(III) ratios in the PSW than in water from UFA monitoring wells indicate that oxic water from the SAS likely mobilizes As from pyrite in the UFA matrix. Young water found in the PSW also was present in UFA monitoring wells that tap a highly transmissive zone (43- to 53-m depth) in the UFA. ?? 2008 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00504.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Katz, B., McBride, W., Hunt, A., Crandall, C.A., Metz, P.A., Eberts, S.M., and Berndt, M.P., 2009, Vulnerability of a public supply well in a karstic aquifer to contamination: Ground Water, v. 47, no. 3, p. 438-452, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00504.x.","startPage":"438","endPage":"452","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215790,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00504.x"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc376e4b08c986b32b1bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McBride, W.S.","contributorId":100098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, A.G.","contributorId":68691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crandall, C. A.","contributorId":93943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Metz, P. A.","contributorId":68706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eberts, S. M.","contributorId":28276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Berndt, M. P.","contributorId":74761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70037065,"text":"70037065 - 2009 - Character and spatial distribution of OH/H2O on the surface of the moon seen by M3 on chandrayaan-1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037065","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Character and spatial distribution of OH/H2O on the surface of the moon seen by M3 on chandrayaan-1","docAbstract":"The search for water on the surface of the anhydrous Moon had remained an unfulfilled quest for 40 years. However, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M 3) on Chandrayaan-1 has recently detected absorption features near 2.8 to 3.0 micrometers on the surface of the Moon. For silicate bodies, such features are typically attributed to hydroxyl- and/or water-bearing materials. On the Moon, the feature is seen as a widely distributed absorption that appears strongest at cooler high latitudes and at several fresh feldspathic craters. The general lack of correlation of this feature in sunlit M3 data with neutron spectrometer hydrogen abundance data suggests that the formation and retention of hydroxyl and water are ongoing surficial processes. Hydroxyl/water production processes may feed polar cold traps and make the lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human exploration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1178658","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Pieters, C., Goswami, J., Clark, R.N., Annadurai, M., Boardman, J., Buratti, B., Combe, J.#., Dyar, M., Green, R., Head, J., Hibbitts, C., Hicks, M., Isaacson, P., Klima, R., Kramer, G., Kumar, S., Livo, E., Lundeen, S., Malaret, E., McCord, T., Mustard, J., Nettles, J., Petro, N., Runyon, C., Staid, M., Sunshine, J., Taylor, L., Tompkins, S., and Varanasi, P., 2009, Character and spatial distribution of OH/H2O on the surface of the moon seen by M3 on chandrayaan-1: Science, v. 326, no. 5952, p. 568-572, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178658.","startPage":"568","endPage":"572","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217304,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1178658"}],"volume":"326","issue":"5952","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f488e4b0c8380cd4bd82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pieters, C.M.","contributorId":48733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pieters","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16929,"text":"Brown University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":459221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goswami, J.N.","contributorId":41677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goswami","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Annadurai, M.","contributorId":13467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Annadurai","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boardman, J.","contributorId":74184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boardman","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Buratti, B.","contributorId":51433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Combe, J. #NAME?","contributorId":37982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Combe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dyar, M.D.","contributorId":21286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyar","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Green, R.","contributorId":88858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Head, J.W.","contributorId":67982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hibbitts, C.","contributorId":13468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hibbitts","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Hicks, M.","contributorId":34563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hicks","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Isaacson, P.","contributorId":45549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isaacson","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Klima, R.","contributorId":37570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klima","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Kramer, G.","contributorId":32378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kramer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Kumar, S.","contributorId":89843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Livo, E.","contributorId":21381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Lundeen, S.","contributorId":94134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundeen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Malaret, E.","contributorId":84487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malaret","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"McCord, T.","contributorId":52320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCord","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Mustard, J.","contributorId":103458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mustard","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Nettles, J.","contributorId":108340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nettles","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Petro, N.","contributorId":80932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petro","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Runyon, C.","contributorId":51129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runyon","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Staid, M.","contributorId":68561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staid","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Sunshine, J.","contributorId":19812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sunshine","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Taylor, L.A.","contributorId":14160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Tompkins, S.","contributorId":51123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tompkins","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Varanasi, P.","contributorId":15863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varanasi","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29}]}} ,{"id":70037099,"text":"70037099 - 2009 - Investigation of thallium fluxes from subaerial volcanism-Implications for the present and past mass balance of thallium in the oceans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T12:16:30.34332","indexId":"70037099","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigation of thallium fluxes from subaerial volcanism-Implications for the present and past mass balance of thallium in the oceans","docAbstract":"A suite of 34 volcanic gas condensates and particulates from Kilauea (Hawaii), Mt. Etna and Vulcano (Italy), Mt. Merapi (Indonesia), White Island and Mt. Nguaruhoe (New Zealand) were analysed for both Tl isotope compositions and Tl/Pb ratios. When considered together with published Tl–Pb abundance data, the measurements provide globally representative best estimates of Tl/Pb = 0.46 ± 0.25 and ε205Tl = −1.7 ± 2.0 for the emissions of subaerial volcanism to the atmosphere and oceans (ε205Tl is the deviation of the 205Tl/203Tl isotope ratio from NIST SRM 997 isotope standard in parts per 10,000). Compared to igneous rocks of the crust and mantle, volcanic gases were found to have (i) Tl/Pb ratios that are typically about an order of magnitude higher, and (ii) significantly more variable Tl isotope compositions but a mean ε205Tl value that is indistinguishable from estimates for the Earth’s mantle and continental crust. The first observation can be explained by the more volatile nature of Tl compared to Pb during the production of volcanic gases, whilst the second reflects the contrasting and approximately balanced isotope fractionation effects that are generated by partial evaporation of Tl during magma degassing and partial Tl condensation as a result of the cooling and differentiation of volcanic gases.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2009.07.014","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Baker, R., Rehkamper, M., Hinkley, T.K., Nielsen, S., and Toutain, J., 2009, Investigation of thallium fluxes from subaerial volcanism-Implications for the present and past mass balance of thallium in the oceans: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, no. 20, p. 6340-6359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.07.014.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"6340","endPage":"6359","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245242,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e98e4b0c8380cd63ecd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, R.G.A.","contributorId":39617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rehkamper, M.","contributorId":21731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rehkamper","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nielsen, S.G.","contributorId":49171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Toutain, J.P.","contributorId":72621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toutain","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70037366,"text":"70037366 - 2009 - Organic geochemistry of resins from modern Agathis australis and Eocene resins from New Zealand: Diagenetic and taxonomic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037366","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic geochemistry of resins from modern Agathis australis and Eocene resins from New Zealand: Diagenetic and taxonomic implications","docAbstract":"A maturation series of resins and fossil resins from New Zealand, ranging in age from Modern to Eocene and ranging from uncoalified to high volatile C bituminous coal, were analyzed by elemental, pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC), Fourier Transform infrared (FTir), and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) techniques. For comparison, four resin samples from the Latrobe Valley, Australia, were analyzed. All of the resins and fossil resins of this study show very high H/C atomic ratios, and are characterized by dominant peaks in the 10-60??ppm range of solid-state 13C NMR spectra and prominent bands in the aliphatic stretching region (2800-3000??cm- 1) of FTir spectra, all indicating a highly aliphatic molecular structure. The 13C NMR and FTir data indicate a diterpenoid structure for these resins. There is an abrupt loss of oxygen that occurs at the Lignite A/Subbituminous C stage, which is attributed to a dramatic loss of carboxyl (COOH) from the diterpenoid molecule. This is a new finding in the diagenesis of resins. This important loss in oxygenated functional groups is attributed to a maturation change. Also, there is a progressive loss of exomethylene (CH2) groups with increasing degree of maturation, as shown by both 13C NMR and FTir data. This change has been noted by previous investigators. Exomethylene is absent in the fossil resins from the Eocene high volatile C bituminous coals. This progressive loss is characteristic of Class I resinites. FTir data indicate that the oxygenated functional groups are strong in all the resin samples except the fossil resin from high volatile C bituminous coal. This important change in oxygenated functional groups is attributed to maturation changes. The 13C NMR and FTir data indicate there are minor changes in the Agathis australis resin from the living tree and soil, which suggests that alteration of A. australis resins begins shortly after deposition in the soil for as little as 1000??years. The Morwell and Yallourn fossil resins from brown coal (lignite B) Australia do not have some of the FTir characteristics of the New Zealand resins, which most likely indicates they have a different plant source because different degrees of oxidation and weathering and changes due to fires (i.e., charring) can be ruled out. Our results have implications for studies of the maturation, provenance, and botanical sources of fossil resins and resinites in Eocene and Miocene coals and sediments of New Zealand and Australia. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2009.07.015","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Lyons, P., Mastalerz, M., and Orem, W., 2009, Organic geochemistry of resins from modern Agathis australis and Eocene resins from New Zealand: Diagenetic and taxonomic implications: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 80, no. 1, p. 51-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2009.07.015.","startPage":"51","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217122,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2009.07.015"},{"id":245039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6fbfe4b0c8380cd75c3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyons, P.C.","contributorId":87285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70034884,"text":"70034884 - 2009 - Learning to wait: A laboratory investigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-07T12:27:36","indexId":"70034884","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3274,"text":"Review of Economic Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Learning to wait: A laboratory investigation","docAbstract":"Human subjects decide when to sink a fixed cost C to seize an irreversible investment opportunity whose value V is governed by Brownian motion. The optimal policy is to invest when V first crosses a threshold V* = (1 + w*) C, where the wait option premium w* depends on drift, volatility, and expiration hazard parameters. Subjects in the Low w* treatment on average invest at values quite close to optimum. Subjects in the two Medium and the High w* treatments invested at values below optimum, but with the predicted ordering, and values approached the optimum by the last block of 20 periods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-937X.2009.00543.x","issn":"00346527","usgsCitation":"Oprea, R., Friedman, D., and Anderson, S.T., 2009, Learning to wait: A laboratory investigation: Review of Economic Studies, v. 76, no. 3, p. 1103-1124, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2009.00543.x.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1103","endPage":"1124","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215734,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2009.00543.x"}],"volume":"76","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a45f2e4b0c8380cd6753c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oprea, Ryan","contributorId":54085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oprea","given":"Ryan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Daniel","contributorId":69435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Steven T. 0000-0003-3481-3424 sanderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3481-3424","contributorId":2532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Steven","email":"sanderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70034749,"text":"70034749 - 2009 - Stable isotope and petrologic evidence for open-system degassing during the climactic and pre-climactic eruptions of Mt. Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-22T09:01:56","indexId":"70034749","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope and petrologic evidence for open-system degassing during the climactic and pre-climactic eruptions of Mt. Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"Evaluation of the extent of volatile element recycling in convergent margin volcanism requires delineating likely source(s) of magmatic volatiles through stable isotopic characterization of sulfur, hydrogen and oxygen in erupted tephra with appropriate assessment of modification by degassing. The climactic eruption of Mt. Mazama ejected approximately 50 km3 of rhyodacitic magma into the atmosphere and resulted in formation of a 10-km diameter caldera now occupied by Crater Lake, Oregon (lat. 43°N, long. 122°W). Isotopic compositions of whole-rocks, matrix glasses and minerals from Mt. Mazama climactic, pre-climactic and postcaldera tephra were determined to identify the likely source(s) of H2O and S. Integration of stable isotopic data with petrologic data from melt inclusions has allowed for estimation of pre-eruptive dissolved volatile concentrations and placed constraints on the extent, conditions and style of degassing.
Sulfur isotope analyses of climactic rhyodacitic whole rocks yield δ34S values of 2.8–14.8‰ with corresponding matrix glass values of 2.4–13.2‰. δ34S tends to increase with stratigraphic height through climactic eruptive units, consistent with open-system degassing. Dissolved sulfur concentrations in melt inclusions (MIs) from pre-climactic and climactic rhyodacitic pumices varies from 80 to 330 ppm, with highest concentrations in inclusions with 4.8–5.2 wt% H2O (by FTIR). Up to 50% of the initial S may have been lost through pre-eruptive degassing at depths of 4–5 km. Ion microprobe analyses of pyrrhotite in climactic rhyodacitic tephra and andesitic scoria indicate a range in δ34S from −0.4‰ to 5.8‰ and from −0.1‰ to 3.5‰, respectively. Initial δ34S values of rhyodacitic and andesitic magmas were likely near the mantle value of 0‰. Hydrogen isotope (δD) and total H2O analyses of rhyodacitic obsidian (and vitrophyre) from the climactic fall deposit yielded values οf −103 to −53‰ and 0.23–1.74 wt%, respectively. Values of δD and wt% H2O of obsidian decrease towards the top of the fall deposit. Samples with depleted δD, and mantle δ18O values, have elevated δ34S values consistent with open-system degassing. These results imply that more mantle-derived sulfur is degassed to the Earth’s atmosphere/hydrosphere through convergent margin volcanism than previously attributed. Magmatic degassing can modify initial isotopic compositions of sulfur by >14‰ (to δ34S values of 14‰ or more here) and hydrogen isotopic compositions by 90‰ (to δD values of −127‰ in this case).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.019","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Mandeville, C., Webster, J., Tappen, C., Taylor, B., Timbal, A., Sasaki, A., Hauri, E., and Bacon, C., 2009, Stable isotope and petrologic evidence for open-system degassing during the climactic and pre-climactic eruptions of Mt. Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, no. 10, p. 2978-3012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.019.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"2978","endPage":"3012","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake, Mt. Mazama","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.21397399902344,\n 42.894076403348976\n ],\n [\n -122.00111389160155,\n 42.894076403348976\n ],\n [\n -122.00111389160155,\n 42.987571901931226\n ],\n [\n -122.21397399902344,\n 42.987571901931226\n ],\n [\n -122.21397399902344,\n 42.894076403348976\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b966ce4b08c986b31b4cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mandeville, C.W.","contributorId":44005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandeville","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webster, J.D.","contributorId":16582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tappen, C.","contributorId":105937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappen","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, B.E.","contributorId":23262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Timbal, A.","contributorId":69808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timbal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sasaki, A.","contributorId":96504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sasaki","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hauri, E.","contributorId":11029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauri","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":447390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70032593,"text":"70032593 - 2009 - Mercury isotopic composition of hydrothermal systems in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-29T10:43:04","indexId":"70032593","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury isotopic composition of hydrothermal systems in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift","docAbstract":"To characterize mercury (Hg) isotopes and isotopic fractionation in hydrothermal systems we analyzed fluid and precipitate samples from hot springs in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and vent chimney samples from the Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift. These samples provide an initial indication of the variability in Hg isotopic composition among marine and continental hydrothermal systems that are controlled predominantly by mantle-derived magmas. Fluid samples from Ojo Caliente hot spring in Yellowstone range in δ202Hg from - 1.02‰ to 0.58‰ (± 0.11‰, 2SD) and solid precipitate samples from Guaymas Basin range in δ202Hg from - 0.37‰ to - 0.01‰ (± 0.14‰, 2SD). Fluid samples from Ojo Caliente display mass-dependent fractionation (MDF) of Hg from the vent (δ202Hg = 0.10‰ ± 0.11‰, 2SD) to the end of the outflow channel (&delta202Hg = 0.58‰ ± 0.11‰, 2SD) in conjunction with a decrease in Hg concentration from 46.6pg/g to 20.0pg/g. Although a small amount of Hg is lost from the fluids due to co-precipitation with siliceous sinter, we infer that the majority of the observed MDF and Hg loss from waters in Ojo Caliente is due to volatilization of Hg0(aq) to Hg0(g) and the preferential loss of Hg with a lower δ202Hg value to the atmosphere. A small amount of mass-independent fractionation (MIF) was observed in all samples from Ojo Caliente (Δ199Hg = 0.13‰ ±1 0.06‰, 2SD) but no significant MIF was measured in the sea-floor rift samples from Guaymas Basin. This study demonstrates that several different hydrothermal processes fractionate Hg isotopes and that Hg isotopes may be used to better understand these processes.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.032","issn":"00128","usgsCitation":"Sherman, L., Blum, J., Nordstrom, D.K., McCleskey, R.B., Barkay, T., and Vetriani, C., 2009, Mercury isotopic composition of hydrothermal systems in the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and Guaymas Basin sea-floor rift: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 279, no. 1-2, p. 86-96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.032.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":435,"text":"National Research Program - Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.7337760925293,\n 44.40447671189411\n ],\n [\n -110.71188926696777,\n 44.40447671189411\n ],\n [\n -110.71188926696777,\n 44.42004966190147\n ],\n [\n -110.7337760925293,\n 44.42004966190147\n ],\n [\n -110.7337760925293,\n 44.40447671189411\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"279","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5420e4b0c8380cd6ceb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherman, L.S.","contributorId":36765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherman","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blum, J.D.","contributorId":30829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":436975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barkay, T.","contributorId":57617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barkay","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vetriani, C.","contributorId":20166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vetriani","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70035822,"text":"70035822 - 2009 - Nitrogen losses from dairy manure estimated through nitrogen mass balance and chemical markers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:49","indexId":"70035822","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen losses from dairy manure estimated through nitrogen mass balance and chemical markers","docAbstract":"Ammonia is an important air and water pollutant, but the spatial variation in its concentrations presents technical difficulties in accurate determination of ammonia emissions from animal feeding operations. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between ammonia volatilization and ??15N of dairy manure and the feasibility of estimating ammonia losses from a dairy facility using chemical markers. In Exp. 1, the N/P ratio in manure decreased by 30% in 14 d as cumulative ammonia losses increased exponentially. Delta 15N of manure increased throughout the course of the experiment and ??15N of emitted ammonia increased (p < 0.001) quadratically from -31??? to -15 ???. The relationship between cumulative ammonia losses and ??15N of manure was highly significant (p < 0.001; r2 = 0.76). In Exp. 2, using a mass balance approach, approximately half of the N excreted by dairy cows (Bos taurus) could not be accounted for in 24 h. Using N/P and N/K ratios in fresh and 24-h manure, an estimated 0.55 and 0.34 (respectively) of the N excreted with feces and urine could not be accounted for. This study demonstrated that chemical markers (P, K) can be successfully used to estimate ammonia losses from cattle manure. The relationship between manure ??15N and cumulative ammonia loss may also be useful for estimating ammonia losses. Although promising, the latter approach needs to be further studied and verified in various experimental conditions and in the field. Copyright ?? 2009 by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2134/jeq2009.0057","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Hristov, A.N., Zaman, S., Vander Pol, M., Ndegwa, P., Campbell, L., and Silva, S., 2009, Nitrogen losses from dairy manure estimated through nitrogen mass balance and chemical markers: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 38, no. 6, p. 2438-2448, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0057.","startPage":"2438","endPage":"2448","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216140,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0057"},{"id":243988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66ebe4b0c8380cd73086","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hristov, Alexander N.","contributorId":81334,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hristov","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zaman, S.","contributorId":47195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaman","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vander Pol, M.","contributorId":91328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vander Pol","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ndegwa, P.","contributorId":105554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ndegwa","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Campbell, L.","contributorId":76914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Silva, S.","contributorId":68518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70034954,"text":"70034954 - 2009 - Biogeochemistry at a wetland sediment-alluvial aquifer interface in a landfill leachate plume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-12T07:36:01","indexId":"70034954","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeochemistry at a wetland sediment-alluvial aquifer interface in a landfill leachate plume","docAbstract":"The biogeochemistry at the interface between sediments in a seasonally ponded wetland (slough) and an alluvial aquifer contaminated with landfill leachate was investigated to evaluate factors that can effect natural attenuation of landfill leachate contaminants in areas of groundwater/surface-water interaction. The biogeochemistry at the wetland-alluvial aquifer interface differed greatly between dry and wet conditions. During dry conditions (low water table), vertically upward discharge was focused at the center of the slough from the fringe of a landfill-derived ammonium plume in the underlying aquifer, resulting in transport of relatively low concentrations of ammonium to the slough sediments with dilution and dispersion as the primary attenuation mechanism. In contrast, during wet conditions (high water table), leachate-contaminated groundwater discharged upward near the upgradient slough bank, where ammonium concentrations in the aquifer where high. Relatively high concentrations of ammonium and other leachate constituents also were transported laterally through the slough porewater to the downgradient bank in wet conditions. Concentrations of the leachate-associated constituents chloride, ammonium, non-volatile dissolved organic carbon, alkalinity, and ferrous iron more than doubled in the slough porewater on the upgradient bank during wet conditions. Chloride, non-volatile dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and bicarbonate acted conservatively during lateral transport in the aquifer and slough porewater, whereas ammonium and potassium were strongly attenuated. Nitrogen isotope variations in ammonium and the distribution of ammonium compared to other cations indicated that sorption was the primary attenuation mechanism for ammonium during lateral transport in the aquifer and the slough porewater. Ammonium attenuation was less efficient, however, in the slough porewater than in the aquifer and possibly occurred by a different sorption mechanism. A stoichiometrically balanced increase in magnesium concentration with decreasing ammonium and potassium concentrations indicated that cation exchange was the sorption mechanism in the slough porewater. Only a partial mass balance could be determined for cations exchanged for ammonium and potassium in the aquifer, indicating that some irreversible sorption may be occurring. Although wetlands commonly are expected to decrease fluxes of contaminants in riparian environments, enhanced attenuation of the leachate contaminants in the slough sediment porewater compared to the aquifer was not observed in this study. The lack of enhanced attenuation can be attributed to the fact that the anoxic plume, comprised largely of recalcitrant DOC and reduced inorganic constituents, interacted with anoxic slough sediments and porewaters, rather than encountering a change in redox conditions that could cause transformation reactions. Nevertheless, the attenuation processes in the narrow zone of groundwater/surface-water interaction were effective in reducing ammonium concentrations by a factor of about 3 during lateral transport across the slough and by a factor of 2 to 10 before release to the surface water. Slough porewater geochemistry also indicated that the slough could be a source of sulfate in dry conditions, potentially providing a terminal electron acceptor for natural attenuation of organic compounds in the leachate plume.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.11.008","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Lorah, M., Cozzarelli, I., and Böhlke, J., 2009, Biogeochemistry at a wetland sediment-alluvial aquifer interface in a landfill leachate plume: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 105, no. 3-4, p. 99-117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.11.008.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"117","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215824,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.11.008"}],"volume":"105","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f157e4b0c8380cd4abd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorah, M.M.","contributorId":29002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"M.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cozzarelli, I.M. 0000-0002-5123-1007","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":22343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"I.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036913,"text":"70036913 - 2009 - Effects of coal storage in air on physical and chemical properties of coal and on gas adsorption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036913","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of coal storage in air on physical and chemical properties of coal and on gas adsorption","docAbstract":"This paper investigates changes in the high-volatile bituminous Lower Block Coal Member from Indiana owing to moisture availability and oxidation in air at ambient pressure and temperature over storage time. Specifically, it investigates changes in chemistry, in surface area, and pore structure, as well as changes in methane and carbon dioxide adsorption capacities. Our results document that the methane adsorption capacity increased by 40%, whereas CO2 adsorption capacity increased by 18% during a 13-month time period. These changes in adsorption are accompanied by changes in chemistry and surface area of the coal. The observed changes in adsorption capacity indicate that special care must be taken when collecting samples and preserving coals until adsorption characteristics are measured in the laboratory. High-pressure isotherms from partially dried coal samples would likely cause overestimation of gas adsorption capacities, lead to a miscalculation of coal-bed methane prospects, and provide deceptively optimistic prognoses for recovery of coal-bed methane or capture of anthropogenic CO2. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2009.07.001","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Mastalerz, M., Solano-Acosta, W., Schimmelmann, A., and Drobniak, A., 2009, Effects of coal storage in air on physical and chemical properties of coal and on gas adsorption: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 79, no. 4, p. 167-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2009.07.001.","startPage":"167","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217577,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2009.07.001"}],"volume":"79","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06b4e4b0c8380cd513a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solano-Acosta, W.","contributorId":29212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solano-Acosta","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schimmelmann, A.","contributorId":28348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimmelmann","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drobniak, A.","contributorId":11748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobniak","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033239,"text":"70033239 - 2009 - Changes in optical properties, chemistry, and micropore and mesopore characteristics of bituminous coal at the contact with dikes in the Illinois Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:34","indexId":"70033239","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in optical properties, chemistry, and micropore and mesopore characteristics of bituminous coal at the contact with dikes in the Illinois Basin","docAbstract":"Changes in high-volatile bituminous coal (Pennsylvanian) near contacts with two volcanic intrusions in Illinois were investigated with respect to optical properties, coal chemistry, and coal pore structure. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) increases from 0.62% to 5.03% within a distance of 5.5??m from the larger dike, and from 0.63% to 3.71% within 3.3??m from the small dike. Elemental chemistry of the coal shows distinct reductions in hydrogen and nitrogen content close to the intrusions. No trend was observed for total sulfur content, but decreases in sulfate content towards the dikes indicate thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). Contact-metamorphism has a dramatic effect on coal porosity, and microporosity in particular. Around the large dike, the micropore volume, after a slight initial increase, progressively decreases from 0.0417??cm3/g in coal situated 4.7??m from the intrusive contact to 0.0126??cm3/g at the contact. Strongly decreasing mesopore and micropore volumes in the altered zone, together with frequent cleat and fracture filling by calcite, indicate deteriorating conditions for both coalbed gas sorption and gas transmissibility. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.014","issn":"01665","usgsCitation":"Mastalerz, M., Drobniak, A., and Schimmelmann, A., 2009, Changes in optical properties, chemistry, and micropore and mesopore characteristics of bituminous coal at the contact with dikes in the Illinois Basin: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 77, no. 3-4, p. 310-319, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.014.","startPage":"310","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213398,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.014"},{"id":241021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f41ee4b0c8380cd4bb57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drobniak, A.","contributorId":11748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobniak","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schimmelmann, A.","contributorId":28348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimmelmann","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032336,"text":"70032336 - 2009 - Fractionation of the platinum-group elments and Re during crystallization of basalt in Kilauea Iki Lava Lake, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70032336","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fractionation of the platinum-group elments and Re during crystallization of basalt in Kilauea Iki Lava Lake, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Kilauea Iki lava lake formed during the 1959 summit eruption of Kilauea Volcano, then crystallized and differentiated over a period of 35??years. It offers an opportunity to evaluate the fractionation behavior of trace elements in a uniquely well-documented basaltic system. A suite of 14 core samples recovered from 1967 to 1981 has been analyzed for 5 platinum-group elements (PGE: Ir, Os, Ru, Pt, Pd), plus Re. These samples have MgO ranging from 2.4 to 26.9??wt.%, with temperatures prior to quench ranging from 1140????C to ambient (110????C). Five eruption samples were also analyzed. Osmium and Ru concentrations vary by nearly four orders of magnitude (0.0006-1.40??ppb for Os and 0.0006-2.01??ppb for Ru) and are positively correlated with MgO content. These elements behaved compatibly during crystallization, mostly likely being concentrated in trace phases (alloy or sulfide) present in olivine phenocrysts or included chromite. Iridium also correlates positively with MgO, although less strongly than Os and Ru. The somewhat poorer correlation for Ir, compared with Os and Ru, may reflect variable loss of Ir as volatile IrF6 in some of the most magnesian samples. Rhenium is negatively correlated with MgO, behaving as an incompatible trace element. Its behavior in the lava lake is complicated by apparent volatile loss of Re, as suggested by a decrease in Re concentration with time of quenching for lake samples vs. eruption samples. Platinum and Pd concentrations are negatively, albeit weakly, correlated with MgO, so these elements were modestly incompatible during crystallization of the major silicate phases. Palladium contents peaked before precipitation of immiscible sulfide liquid, however, and decline sharply in the most differentiated samples. In contrast, Pt appears to have been unaffected by sulfide precipitation. Microprobe data confirm that Pd entered the sulfide liquid before Re, and that Pt is not strongly chalcophile in this system. Occasional high Pt values in both eruption and lava lake samples suggest the presence of unevenly distributed, unidentified Pt-rich trace phases in some Kilauea Iki materials. Estimated mineral (olivine + chromite)/melt D values for Os, Ir, Ru and Pt for equilibrium crystallization for samples from ~ 7 to 27??wt.% MgO are 26, 8.2, 19 and 0.55, respectively. These Os, Ir and Ru estimates are somewhat higher than previous estimates for similar systems. If fractional crystallization is instead assumed, D values are much more similar. Results confirm many prior observations in other mafic systems that olivine (together with included phases) has a major effect on absolute and relative abundances of Re and the PGE. The relatively linear correlations between these elements and MgO potentially permit accurate estimation of the concentrations of these elements in the primary melts of comparable systems, especially in instances where the MgO content of the primary melt is well constrained. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.12.022","issn":"00092","usgsCitation":"Pitcher, L., Helz, R., Walker, R., and Piccoli, P., 2009, Fractionation of the platinum-group elments and Re during crystallization of basalt in Kilauea Iki Lava Lake, Hawaii: Chemical Geology, v. 260, no. 3-4, p. 196-210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.12.022.","startPage":"196","endPage":"210","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215042,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.12.022"},{"id":242811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"260","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13ade4b0c8380cd54733","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitcher, L.","contributorId":49625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitcher","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piccoli, P.","contributorId":13054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piccoli","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70034885,"text":"70034885 - 2009 - Analytical modeling of gravity changes and crustal deformation at volcanoes: The Long Valley caldera, California, case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T07:39:17","indexId":"70034885","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analytical modeling of gravity changes and crustal deformation at volcanoes: The Long Valley caldera, California, case study","docAbstract":"Joint measurements of ground deformation and micro-gravity changes are an indispensable component for any volcano monitoring strategy. A number of analytical mathematical models are available in the literature that can be used to fit geodetic data and infer source location, depth and density. Bootstrap statistical methods allow estimations of the range of the inferred parameters. Although analytical models often assume that the crust is elastic, homogenous and isotropic, they can take into account different source geometries, the influence of topography, and gravity background noise. The careful use of analytical models, together with high quality data sets, can produce valuable insights into the nature of the deformation/gravity source. Here we present a review of various modeling methods, and use the historical unrest at Long Valley caldera (California) from 1982 to 1999 to illustrate the practical application of analytical modeling and bootstrap to constrain the source of unrest. A key question is whether the unrest at Long Valley since the late 1970s can be explained without calling upon an intrusion of magma. The answer, apparently, is no. Our modeling indicates that the inflation source is a slightly tilted prolate ellipsoid (dip angle between 91° and 105°) at a depth of 6.5 to 7.9 km beneath the caldera resurgent dome with an aspect ratio between 0.44 and 0.60, a volume change from 0.161 to 0.173 km3 and a density of 1241 to 2093 kg/m3. The larger uncertainty of the density estimate reflects the higher noise of gravity measurements. These results are consistent with the intrusion of silicic magma with a significant amount of volatiles beneath the caldera resurgent dome.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.040","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Battaglia, M., and Hill, D., 2009, Analytical modeling of gravity changes and crustal deformation at volcanoes: The Long Valley caldera, California, case study: Tectonophysics, v. 471, no. 1-2, p. 45-57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.040.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"57","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215735,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.040"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Mono County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.91258239746092,\n 37.70229391925025\n ],\n [\n -118.64891052246092,\n 37.70229391925025\n ],\n [\n -118.64891052246092,\n 37.769629187677\n ],\n [\n -118.91258239746092,\n 37.769629187677\n ],\n [\n -118.91258239746092,\n 37.70229391925025\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"471","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb6ce4b0c8380cd48dbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglia, Maurizio","contributorId":32602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglia","given":"Maurizio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035729,"text":"70035729 - 2009 - Improved constraints on the estimated size and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from the 2004-2008 history of dome growth and deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:52","indexId":"70035729","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved constraints on the estimated size and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from the 2004-2008 history of dome growth and deformation","docAbstract":"The history of dome growth and geodetic deflation during the 2004-2008 Mount St. Helens eruption can be fit to theoretical curves with parameters such as reservoir volume, bubble content, initial overpressure, and magma rheology, here assumed to be Newtonian viscous, with or without a solid plug in the conduit center. Data from 2004-2008 are consistent with eruption from a 10-25 km3 reservoir containing 0.5-2% bubbles, an initial overpressure of 10-20 MPa, and no significant, sustained recharge. During the eruption we used curve fits to project the eruption's final duration and volume. Early projections predicted a final volume only about half of the actual value; but projections increased with each measurement, implying a temporal increase in reservoir volume or compressibility. A simple interpretation is that early effusion was driven by a 5-10 km3, integrated core of fluid magma. This core expanded with time through creep of semi-solid magma and host rock. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009GL039863","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L., Lisowski, M., Roeloffs, E., and Beeler, N., 2009, Improved constraints on the estimated size and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from the 2004-2008 history of dome growth and deformation: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039863.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476316,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039863","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216249,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039863"},{"id":244110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3953e4b0c8380cd618a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, L.G.","contributorId":80313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roeloffs, E.","contributorId":21680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beeler, N.","contributorId":69753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036028,"text":"70036028 - 2009 - Volatile selenium flux from the great Salt Lake, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:05","indexId":"70036028","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatile selenium flux from the great Salt Lake, Utah","docAbstract":"The removal mechanisms that govern Se concentrations in the Great Salt Lake are unknown despite this terminal lake being an avian habitat of hemispheric importance. However, the volatilization flux of Se from the Great Salt Lake has not been previously measured due to challenges of analysis in this hypersaline environment This paper presents results from recent field studies examining the spatial distribution of dissolved volatile Se (areally and with depth) in the south arm (main body) of the Great Salt Lake. The analyses involved collection of dissolved volatile Se in a cryofocusing trap system via sparging with helium. The cryotrapped volatile Se was digested with nitric acid and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results show concentrations of dissolved volatile Se that increase with depth in the shallow brine, suggesting that phytoplankton in the open waters and bioherms in shallow sites (<4 m in depth) may be responsible for volatile Se production. Volatile Se flux to the atmosphere was determined using mass transport models corrected to simulate the highly saline environment of the south arm of the Great Salt Lake. The estimated annual flux of volatile Se was 1455 kg/year within a range from 560 to 3780 kg Se/year for the 95% confidence interval and from 970 to 2180 kg Se/year within the 68% confidence interval. ?? 2009 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es801638w","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Diaz, X., Johnson, W., Oliver, W., and Naftz, D.L., 2009, Volatile selenium flux from the great Salt Lake, Utah: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 43, no. 1, p. 53-59, https://doi.org/10.1021/es801638w.","startPage":"53","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218181,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es801638w"},{"id":246167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2cae4b08c986b32ad78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diaz, X.","contributorId":87380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, W.P.","contributorId":43315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oliver, W.A.","contributorId":60890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70034264,"text":"70034264 - 2009 - Halogen degassing during ascent and eruption of water-poor basaltic magma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-25T12:21:50","indexId":"70034264","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Halogen degassing during ascent and eruption of water-poor basaltic magma","docAbstract":"A study of volcanic gas composition and matrix glass volatile concentrations has allowed a model for halogen degassing to be formulated for K??lauea Volcano, Hawai'i. Volcanic gases emitted during 2004-2005 were characterised by a molar SO2/HCl of 10-64, with a mean of 33; and a molar HF/HCl of 0-5, with a mean of 1.0 (from approximately 2500 measurements). The HF/HCl ratio was more variable than the SO2/HCl ratio, and the two correlate weakly. Variations in ratio took place over rapid timescales (seconds). Matrix glasses of Pele's tears erupted in 2006 have a mean S, Cl and F content of 67, 85 and 173??ppm respectively, but are associated with a large range in S/F. A model is developed that describes the open system degassing of halogens from parental magmas, using the glass data from this study, previously published results and parameterisation of sulphur degassing from previous work. The results illustrate that halogen degassing takes place at pressures of < 1??MPa, equivalent to < ~ 35??m in the conduit. Fluid-melt partition coefficients for Cl and F are low (< 1.5); F only degasses appreciably at < 0.1??MPa above atmospheric pressure, virtually at the top of the magma column. This model reproduces the volcanic gas data and other observations of volcanic activity well and is consistent with other studies of halogen degassing from basaltic magmas. The model suggests that variation in volcanic gas halogen ratios is caused by exsolution and gas-melt separation at low pressures in the conduit. There is no evidence that either diffusive fractionation or near-vent chemical reactions involving halogens is important in the system, although these processes cannot be ruled out. The fluxes of HCl and HF from K??lauea during 2004-5 were ~ 25 and 12??t/d respectively. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.09.022","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Edmonds, M., Gerlach, T., and Herd, R.A., 2009, Halogen degassing during ascent and eruption of water-poor basaltic magma: Chemical Geology, v. 263, no. 1-4, p. 122-130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.09.022.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-012286","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244746,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216850,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.09.022"}],"volume":"263","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f5ce4b0c8380cd5cd15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edmonds, M.","contributorId":43547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmonds","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herd, Richard A.","contributorId":95663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herd","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032784,"text":"70032784 - 2009 - A mass balance mercury budget for a mine-dominated lake: Clear Lake, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-20T11:08:34","indexId":"70032784","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A mass balance mercury budget for a mine-dominated lake: Clear Lake, California","docAbstract":"The Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine (SBMM), active intermittently from 1873–1957 and now a USEPA Superfund site, was previously estimated to have contributed at least 100 metric tons (105 kg) of mercury (Hg) into the Clear Lake aquatic ecosystem. We have confirmed this minimum estimate. To better quantify the contribution of the mine in relation to other sources of Hg loading into Clear Lake and provide data that might help reduce that loading, we analyzed Inputs and Outputs of Hg to Clear Lake and Storage of Hg in lakebed sediments using a mass balance approach. We evaluated Inputs from (1) wet and dry atmospheric deposition from both global/regional and local sources, (2) watershed tributaries, (3) groundwater inflows, (4) lakebed springs and (5) the mine. Outputs were quantified from (1) efflux (volatilization) of Hg from the lake surface to the atmosphere, (2) municipal and agricultural water diversions, (3) losses from out-flowing drainage of Cache Creek that feeds into the California Central Valley and (4) biotic Hg removal by humans and wildlife. Storage estimates include (1) sediment burial from historic and prehistoric periods (over the past 150–3,000 years) from sediment cores to ca. 2.5m depth dated using dichloro diphenyl dichloroethane (DDD), 210Pb and 14C and (2) recent Hg deposition in surficial sediments. Surficial sediments collected in October 2003 (11 years after mine site remediation) indicate no reduction (but a possible increase) in sediment Hg concentrations over that time and suggest that remediation has not significantly reduced overall Hg loading to the lake. Currently, the mine is believed to contribute ca. 322–331 kg of Hg annually to Clear Lake, which represents ca. 86–99% of the total Hg loading to the lake. We estimate that natural sedimentation would cover the existing contaminated sediments within ca. 150–300 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11270-008-9757-1","issn":"00496","usgsCitation":"Suchanek, T., Cooke, J., Keller, K., Jorgensen, S., Richerson, P., Eagles-Smith, C.A., Harner, E., and Adam, D., 2009, A mass balance mercury budget for a mine-dominated lake: Clear Lake, California: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 196, no. 1-4, p. 51-73, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9757-1.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213620,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9757-1"}],"volume":"196","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-08-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2e9e4b0c8380cd45d18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suchanek, T.H.","contributorId":20682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suchanek","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooke, J.","contributorId":6447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooke","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keller, K.","contributorId":25322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jorgensen, S.","contributorId":67301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Richerson, P.J.","contributorId":100619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richerson","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eagles-Smith, Collin A. 0000-0003-1329-5285 ceagles-smith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1329-5285","contributorId":505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eagles-Smith","given":"Collin","email":"ceagles-smith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Harner, E.J.","contributorId":16230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harner","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Adam, D.P.","contributorId":14815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70037153,"text":"70037153 - 2009 - Martian mud volcanism: Terrestrial analogs and implications for formational scenarios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-05T08:37:34","indexId":"70037153","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Martian mud volcanism: Terrestrial analogs and implications for formational scenarios","docAbstract":"The geology of Mars and the stratigraphic characteristics of its uppermost crust (mega-regolith) suggest that some of the pervasively-occurring pitted cones, mounds, and flows may have formed through processes akin to terrestrial mud volcanism. A comparison of terrestrial mud volcanism suggests that equivalent Martian processes likely required discrete sedimentary depocenters, volatile-enriched strata, buried rheological instabilities, and a mechanism of destabilization to initiate subsurface flow. We outline five formational scenarios whereby Martian mud volcanism might have occurred: (A) rapid deposition of sediments, (B) volcano-induced destabilization, (C) tectonic shortening, (D) long-term, load-induced subsidence, and (E) seismic shaking. We describe locations within and around the Martian northern plains that broadly fit the geological context of these scenarios and which contain mud volcano-like landforms. We compare terrestrial and Martian satellite images and examine the geological settings of mud volcano provinces on Earth in order to describe potential target areas for piercement structures on Mars. Our comparisons help to evaluate not only the role of water as a functional component of geological processes on Mars but also how Martian mud volcanoes could provide samples of otherwise inaccessible strata, some of which could contain astrobiological evidence.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.02.006","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Skinner, J., and Mazzini, A., 2009, Martian mud volcanism: Terrestrial analogs and implications for formational scenarios: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 26, no. 9, p. 1866-1878, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.02.006.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1866","endPage":"1878","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"26","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5231e4b0c8380cd6c225","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skinner, James A. 0000-0002-3644-7010 jskinner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3644-7010","contributorId":3187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"James A.","email":"jskinner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mazzini, A.","contributorId":27293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazzini","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032594,"text":"70032594 - 2009 - Selenium mass balance in the Great Salt Lake, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:22","indexId":"70032594","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selenium mass balance in the Great Salt Lake, Utah","docAbstract":"A mass balance for Se in the south arm of the Great Salt Lake was developed for September 2006 to August 2007 of monitoring for Se loads and removal flows. The combined removal flows (sedimentation and volatilization) totaled to a geometric mean value of 2079??kg Se/yr, with the estimated low value being 1255??kg Se/yr, and an estimated high value of 3143??kg Se/yr at the 68% confidence level. The total (particulates + dissolved) loads (via runoff) were about 1560??kg Se/yr, for which the error is expected to be ?? 15% for the measured loads. Comparison of volatilization to sedimentation flux demonstrates that volatilization rather than sedimentation is likely the major mechanism of selenium removal from the Great Salt Lake. The measured loss flows balance (within the range of uncertainties), and possibly surpass, the measured annual loads. Concentration histories were modeled using a simple mass balance, which indicated that no significant change in Se concentration was expected during the period of study. Surprisingly, the measured total Se concentration increased during the period of the study, indicating that the removal processes operate at their low estimated rates, and/or there are unmeasured selenium loads entering the lake. The selenium concentration trajectories were compared to those of other trace metals to assess the significance of selenium concentration trends. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.029","issn":"00489","usgsCitation":"Diaz, X., Johnson, W., and Naftz, D.L., 2009, Selenium mass balance in the Great Salt Lake, Utah: Science of the Total Environment, v. 407, no. 7, p. 2333-2341, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.029.","startPage":"2333","endPage":"2341","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213891,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.029"}],"volume":"407","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8cfbe4b08c986b3181f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diaz, X.","contributorId":87380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, W.P.","contributorId":43315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70034151,"text":"70034151 - 2009 - Effects of megascale eruptions on Earth and Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:45","indexId":"70034151","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of megascale eruptions on Earth and Mars","docAbstract":"Volcanic features are common on geologically active earthlike planets. Megascale or \"super\" eruptions involving >1000 Gt of magma have occurred on both Earth and Mars in the geologically recent past, introducing prodigious volumes of ash and volcanic gases into the atmosphere. Here we discuss felsic (explosive) and mafi c (flood lava) supereruptions and their potential atmospheric and environmental effects on both planets. On Earth, felsic supereruptions recur on average about every 100-200,000 years and our present knowledge of the 73.5 ka Toba eruption implies that such events can have the potential to be catastrophic to human civilization. A future eruption of this type may require an unprecedented response from humankind to assure the continuation of civilization as we know it. Mafi c supereruptions have resulted in atmospheric injection of volcanic gases (especially SO2) and may have played a part in punctuating the history of life on Earth. The contrast between the more sustained effects of flood basalt eruptions (decades to centuries) and the near-instantaneous effects of large impacts (months to years) is worthy of more detailed study than has been completed to date. Products of mafi c supereruptions, signifi cantly larger than known from the geologic record on Earth, are well preserved on Mars. The volatile emissions from these eruptions most likely had global dispersal, but the effects may not have been outside what Mars endures even in the absence of volcanic eruptions. This is testament to the extreme variability of the current Martian atmosphere: situations that would be considered catastrophic on Earth are the norm on Mars. ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.453(04)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Thordarson, T., Rampino, M., Keszthelyi, L.P., and Self, S., 2009, Effects of megascale eruptions on Earth and Mars: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 453, p. 37-53, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.453(04).","startPage":"37","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216723,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.453(04)"}],"issue":"453","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a075be4b0c8380cd51664","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thordarson, T.","contributorId":94501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thordarson","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rampino, M.","contributorId":72618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rampino","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keszthelyi, L. P.","contributorId":9291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Self, S.","contributorId":101821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Self","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70034266,"text":"70034266 - 2009 - Assigning land use to supply wells for the statistical characterization of regional groundwater quality: Correlating urban land use and VOC occurrence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T08:47:04","indexId":"70034266","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assigning land use to supply wells for the statistical characterization of regional groundwater quality: Correlating urban land use and VOC occurrence","docAbstract":"Many national and regional groundwater studies have correlated land use \"near\" a well, often using a 500 m radius circle, with water quality. However, the use of a 500 m circle may seem counterintuitive given that contributing areas are expected to extend up-gradient from wells, and not be circular in shape. The objective of this study was to evaluate if a 500 m circle is adequate for assigning land use to a well for the statistical correlation between urban land use and the occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Land use and VOC data came from 277 supply wells in four study areas in California. Land use was computed using ten different-sized circles and wedges (250 m to 10 km in radius), and three different-sized \"searchlights\" (1-2 km in length). We define these shapes as contributing area surrogates (CASs), recognizing that a simple shape is at best a surrogate for the actual contributing area. The presence or absence of correlation between land use and the occurrence of VOCs was evaluated using Kendall's tau (??). Values of ?? were within 10% of one another for wedges and circles ranging in size from 500 m to 2 km, with correlations remaining statistically significant (p < 0.05) for all CAS sizes and shapes, suggesting that a 500 m circular CAS is adequate for assigning land use to a well. Additional evaluation indicated that urban land use is autocorrelated at distances ranging from 8 to 36 km. Thus, urban land use in a 500 m CAS is likely to be predictive of urban land use in the actual contributing area.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.056","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Johnson, T., and Belitz, K., 2009, Assigning land use to supply wells for the statistical characterization of regional groundwater quality: Correlating urban land use and VOC occurrence: Journal of Hydrology, v. 370, no. 1-4, p. 100-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.056.","startPage":"100","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216882,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.056"}],"volume":"370","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee8be4b0c8380cd49dea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, T.D.","contributorId":32744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, K. 0000-0003-4481-2345","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":10164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036483,"text":"70036483 - 2009 - Did the Middlesboro, Kentucky, bolide impact event influence coal rank?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:03","indexId":"70036483","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Did the Middlesboro, Kentucky, bolide impact event influence coal rank?","docAbstract":"The Middlesboro Basin, southeastern Kentucky, occurs on the Cumberland Overthrust Sheet and includes a ca. 5.5-km diameter impact structure. The Lower and Middle Pennsylvanian coal-bearing strata are faulted, with some evidence for shock metamorphism. The event post-dated the latest-Pennsylvanian-early-Permian thrusting and was likely prior to late-Mesozoic entrenchment of drainages. The impact of a 0.5-km meteor traveling at ca. 60,000??km/h would release about 1??EJ, the approximate equivalent of the instantaneous combustion of 30??Mt of coal. The coal rank, while increased slightly above the regional level, still is within the upper portion of the high volatile A bituminous rank range. This helps to constrain the depth of burial at the time of the impact. The coal would have had to have been at a depth of a few kilometers to have avoided a more substantial rank increase. In addition, it is possible that some of the coal rank increase might be attributable to movements along the cross-cutting Rocky Face fault, unrelated to the impact. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2009.05.003","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Hower, J., Greb, S., Kuehn, K., and Eble, C., 2009, Did the Middlesboro, Kentucky, bolide impact event influence coal rank?: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 79, no. 3, p. 92-96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2009.05.003.","startPage":"92","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218291,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2009.05.003"}],"volume":"79","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00b8e4b0c8380cd4f899","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greb, S.F.","contributorId":48294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greb","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuehn, K.W.","contributorId":99811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuehn","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}