Following a massive wreck of guillemots (Uria aalge) in late winter and spring of 1993, we monitored the deposition and subsequent disappearance of 398 beachcast guillemot carcasses on two beaches in Resurrection Bay, Alaska, during a 100 day period. Deposition of carcasses declined logarithmically with time after the original event. Since fresh carcasses were more likely to be removed between counts than older carcasses, persistence rates increased logarithmically over time. Scavenging appeared to be the primary cause of carcass removal, followed by burial in beach debris and sand. Along-shore transport was negligible. We present an equation which estimates the number of carcasses deposited at time zero from beach surveys conducted some time later, using non-linear persistence rates that are a function of time. We use deposition rates to model the accumulation of beached carcasses, accounting for further deposition subsequent to the original event. Finally, we present a general method for extrapolating from a single count the number of carcasses cumulatively deposited on surveyed beaches, and discuss how our results can be used to assess the magnitude of mass seabird mortality events from beach surveys.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-326X(95)00072-U","usgsCitation":"van Pelt, T.I., and Piatt, J.F., 1995, Deposition and persistence of beachcast seabird carcasses: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 30, no. 12, p. 794-802, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(95)00072-U.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"794","endPage":"802","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337074,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Resurrection Bay","volume":"30","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12663e4b014cc3a3d3529","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Pelt, Thomas I.","contributorId":13392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Pelt","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":681305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184363,"text":"70184363 - 1995 - Detection of sea otters in boat-based surveys of Prince William Sound, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T10:02:54","indexId":"70184363","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of sea otters in boat-based surveys of Prince William Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"Boat-based surveys have been commonly used to monitor sea otter populations, but there has been little quantitative work to evaluate detection biases that may affect these surveys. We used ground-based observers to investigate sea otter detection probabilities in a boat-based survey of Prince William Sound, Alaska. We estimated that 30% of the otters present on surveyed transects were not detected by boat crews. Approximately half (53%) of the undetected otters were missed because the otters left the transects, apparently in response to the approaching boat. Unbiased estimates of detection probabilities will be required for obtaining unbiased population estimates from boat-based surveys of sea otters. Therefore, boat-based surveys should include methods to estimate sea otter detection probabilities under the conditions specific to each survey. Unbiased estimation of detection probabilities with ground-based observers requires either that the ground crews detect all of the otters in observed subunits, or that there are no errors in determining which crews saw each detected otter. Ground-based observer methods may be appropriate in areas where nearly all of the sea otter habitat is potentially visible from ground-based vantage points.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.1995.tb00274.x","usgsCitation":"Udevitz, M.S., Bodkin, J.L., and Costa, D.P., 1995, Detection of sea otters in boat-based surveys of Prince William Sound, Alaska: Marine Mammal Science, v. 11, no. 1, p. 59-71, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1995.tb00274.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"71","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337015,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12663e4b014cc3a3d352b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Costa, Daniel P.","contributorId":141212,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Costa","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185276,"text":"70185276 - 1995 - Clinical and clinical laboratory correlates in sea otters dying unexpectedly in rehabilitation centers following the Exxon Valdez oil spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T16:46:13","indexId":"70185276","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3680,"text":"Veterinary Clinical Pathology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clinical and clinical laboratory correlates in sea otters dying unexpectedly in rehabilitation centers following the Exxon Valdez oil spill","docAbstract":"Following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 347 oiled sea otters (Enhydra lutris) were treated in rehabilitation centers. Of these, 116 died, 94 within 10 days of presentation. Clinical records of 21 otters dying during the first 10 days of rehabilitation were reviewed to define the laboratory abnormalities and clinical syndromes associated with these unexpected deaths. The most common terminal syndrome was shock characterized by hypothermia, lethargy, and often hemorrhagic diarrhea. In heavily and moderately oiled otters, shock developed within 48 hours of initial presentation, whereas in lightly oiled otters shock generally occurred during the second week of captivity. Accompanying laboratory abnormalities included leukopenia with increased numbers of immature neutrophils (degenerative left shift), lymphopenia, anemia, azotemia (primarily prerenal), hyperkalemia, hypoproteinemia/hypoalbuminemia, elevations of serum transaminases, and hypoglycemia. Shock associated with hemorrhagic diarrhea probably occurred either as a direct primary effect of oiling or as an indirect effect secondary to confinement and handling in the rehabilitation centers. Lightly oiled otters were less likely to die from shock than were heavily oiled otters (22% vs. 72%, respectively). Heavily oiled otters developed shock more rapidly and had greater numbers of laboratory abnormalities, suggesting that exposure to oil was an important contributing factor.
","language":"English","publisher":"SAGE Journals","doi":"10.1177/030098589503200402","usgsCitation":"Rebar, A., Lipscomb, T., Harris, R., and Ballachey, B.E., 1995, Clinical and clinical laboratory correlates in sea otters dying unexpectedly in rehabilitation centers following the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Veterinary Clinical Pathology, v. 32, no. 4, p. 346-350, https://doi.org/10.1177/030098589503200402.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"346","endPage":"350","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337815,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ccf5a0e4b0849ce97f0d0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rebar, A.H.","contributorId":40150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebar","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lipscomb, T.P.","contributorId":174540,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lipscomb","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harris, R.K.","contributorId":189492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185510,"text":"70185510 - 1995 - Salmon escapement estimates into the Togiak River using sonar, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 1987, 1988, and 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T09:26:30","indexId":"70185510","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5329,"text":"USFWS Alaska Fisheries Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"31","title":"Salmon escapement estimates into the Togiak River using sonar, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 1987, 1988, and 1990","docAbstract":"We began a three year study in 1987 to test the feasibility of using sonar in the Togiak River to estimate salmon escapements. Current methods rely on periodic aerial surveys and a counting tower at river kilometer 97. Escapement estimates are not available until 10 to 14 days after the salmon enter the river. Water depth and turbidity preclude relocating the tower to the lower river and affect the reliability of aerial surveys. To determine whether an alternative method could be developed to improve the timeliness and accuracy of current escapement monitoring, Bendix sonar units were operated during 1987, 1988, and 1990. Two sonar stations were set up opposite each other at river kilometer 30 and were operated 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Catches from gill nets with 12, 14, and 20 cm stretch mesh, a beach seine, and visual observations were used to estimate species composition. Length and sex data were collected from salmon caught in the nets to assess sampling bias.
In 1987, sonar was used to select optimal sites and enumerate coho salmon. In 1988 and 1990, the sites identified in 1987 were used to estimate the escapement of five salmon species. Sockeye salmon escapement was estimated at 512,581 and 589,321, chinook at 7,698 and 15,098, chum at 246,144 and 134,958, coho at 78,588 and 28,290, and pink at 96,167 and 131,484. Sonar estimates of sockeye salmon were two to three times the Alaska Department of Fish and Game's escapement estimate based on aerial surveys and tower counts. The source of error was probably a combination of over-estimating the total number of targets counted by the sonar and by incorrectly estimating species composition.
Total salmon escapement estimates using sonar may be feasible but several more years of development are needed. Because of the overlapped salmon run timing, estimating species composition appears the most difficult aspect of using sonar for management. Possible improvements include using a larger beach seine or selecting gill net mesh sizes evenly spaced between 10 and 20 cm stretch mesh.
Salmon counts at river kilometer 30 would reduce the lag time between salmon river entry and the escapement estimate to 2-5 days. Any further decrease in lag time, however, would require moving the sonar operations downriver into less desirable braided portions of the river.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"King Salmon, AK","usgsCitation":"Irving, D.B., Finn, J.E., and Larson, J.P., 1995, Salmon escapement estimates into the Togiak River using sonar, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 1987, 1988, and 1990: USFWS Alaska Fisheries Technical Report 31, v, 55 p.","productDescription":"v, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"61","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338141,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338140,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fws.gov/alaska/fisheries/fieldoffice/anchorage/field/pdf/reports/Togiak%20River%20Sonar%201987-1990%20TR%2031.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Togiak National Wildlife Refuge","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3ce4b0236b68f98eee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irving, David B.","contributorId":189720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Irving","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, James E.","contributorId":11157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, James P.","contributorId":189721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184287,"text":"70184287 - 1995 - Survival of juvenile black brant during brood rearing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T17:40:18","indexId":"70184287","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of juvenile black brant during brood rearing","docAbstract":"Survival of young is an important and poorly understood component of waterfowl productivity. We estimated survival of black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) goslings during summers 1987-89 on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, to determine timing and magnitude of gosling mortality and to compare methods of estimating gosling survival. Eighty-two percent of radio-tagged adult females (n = 61) fledged ≥1 gosling (brood success). We estimated survival of goslings within broods by 3 methods: (1) changes in mean brood size through time, (2) observation of goslings associated with marked adults, and (3) age ratios of brant captured in banding drives. Estimates of gosling survival within successful broods averaged 81% and ranged from 66 to 92%. Combining brood success and gosling survival within successful broods yielded estimates of overall gosling survival that averaged 68%, ranging from 79% in 1987 to 56% in 1989. Eighty-two percent of gosling mortality occurred in the first 15 days. Estimates of survival on the basis of age ratios of birds captured in banding drives are biased low. Our estimates of average gosling survival are higher than reported for other species of geese.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802451","usgsCitation":"Flint, P.L., Sedinger, J.S., and Pollock, K.H., 1995, Survival of juvenile black brant during brood rearing: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 59, no. 3, p. 455-463, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802451.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"455","endPage":"463","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336907,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, Kenneth H.","contributorId":8590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184278,"text":"70184278 - 1995 - Effects of harness-attached transmitters on premigration and reproduction of Brant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T17:05:49","indexId":"70184278","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of harness-attached transmitters on premigration and reproduction of Brant","docAbstract":"Radio transmitters are an important tool in waterfowl ecology studies, but little is known about their effects on free-ranging geese. We attached transmitters to female brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) to investigate migration schedules at a fall staging area, return rates to nesting grounds, and nesting rates of returning females in subsequent breeding seasons. Radio-tagged females (n = 62) carried either 35-g back-mounted transmitters attached with ribbon harnesses, or 26- or 32-g back-mounted transmitters affixed with plastic-coated wire harnesses (Dwyer 1972). Arrival and departure schedules at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska, did not differ (P > 0.05) between radio-tagged females and the entire population in 1987-89. Color-banded females with transmitters returned to the breeding colony in subsequent nesting seasons (1988-92) at a lower (P ≤ 0.003) rate (≤4%) than color-banded females without transmitters (57-83%). The 1 returning color-banded female with a transmitter did not breed, while an average 90% of the returning color-banded females without transmitters nested in subsequent breeding seasons (P = 0.005). Back-mounted, harness-attached transmitters may bias data in studies of waterfowl behavior, productivity, and survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809113","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., and Flint, P.L., 1995, Effects of harness-attached transmitters on premigration and reproduction of Brant: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 59, no. 1, p. 39-46, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809113.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"46","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336903,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Izembek Lagoon","volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184276,"text":"70184276 - 1995 - Evaluating growth of the Porcupine Caribou Herd using a stochastic model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T17:19:49","indexId":"70184276","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating growth of the Porcupine Caribou Herd using a stochastic model","docAbstract":"Estimates of the relative effects of demographic parameters on population rates of change, and of the level of natural variation in these parameters, are necessary to address potential effects of perturbations on populations. We used a stochastic model, based on survival and reproduction estimates of the Porcupine Caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) Herd (PCH), during 1983-89 and 1989-92 to obtain distributions of potential population rates of change (r). The distribution of r produced by 1,000 trajectories of our simulation model (1983-89, r̄ = 0.013; 1989-92, r̄ = 0.003) encompassed the rate of increase calculated from an independent series of photo-survey data over the same years (1983-89, r = 0.048; 1989-92, r = -0.035). Changes in adult female survival had the largest effect on r, followed by changes in calf survival. We hypothesized that petroleum development on calving grounds, or changes in calving and post-calving habitats due to global climate change, would affect model input parameters. A decline in annual adult female survival from 0.871 to 0.847, or a decline in annual calf survival from 0.518 to 0.472, would be sufficient to cause a declining population, if all other input estimates remained the same. We then used these lower survival rates, in conjunction with our estimated amount of among-year variation, to determine a range of resulting population trajectories. Stochastic models can be used to better understand dynamics of populations, optimize sampling investment, and evaluate potential effects of various factors on population growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808939","usgsCitation":"Walsh, N.E., Griffith, B., and McCabe, T.R., 1995, Evaluating growth of the Porcupine Caribou Herd using a stochastic model: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 59, no. 2, p. 262-272, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808939.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"262","endPage":"272","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Noreen E.","contributorId":107441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walsh","given":"Noreen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffith, Brad 0000-0001-8698-6859","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8698-6859","contributorId":82571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"Brad","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":108,"text":"Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCabe, Thomas R.","contributorId":91255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1012861,"text":"1012861 - 1995 - Pattern of shoreline spawning by sockeye salmon in a glacially turbid lake: Evidence for subpopulation differentiation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-03T16:42:04.828228","indexId":"1012861","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pattern of shoreline spawning by sockeye salmon in a glacially turbid lake: Evidence for subpopulation differentiation","docAbstract":"Alaskan sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka typically spawn in lake tributaries during summer (early run) and along clear‐water lake shorelines and outlet rivers during fall (late run). Production at the glacially turbid Tustumena Lake and its outlet, the Kasilof River (south‐central Alaska), was thought to be limited to a single run of sockeye salmon that spawned in the lakeˈs clear‐water tributaries. However. up to 40% of the returning sockeye salmon enumerated by sonar as they entered the lake could not be accounted for during lake tributary surveys, which suggested either substantial counting errors or that a large number of fish spawned in the lake itself. Lake shoreline spawning had not been documented in a glacially turbid system. We determined the distribution and pattern of sockeye salmon spawning in the Tustumena Lake system from 1989 to 1991 based on fish collected and radiotagged in the Kasilof River. Spawning areas and times were determined for 324 of 413 sockeye salmon tracked upstream into the lake after release. Of these, 224 fish spawned in tributaries by mid‐August and 100 spawned along shoreline areas of the lake during late August. In an additional effort, a distinct late run was discovered that spawned in the Kasilof River at the end of September. Between tributary and shoreline spawners, run and spawning time distributions were significantly different. The number of shoreline spawners was relatively stable and independent of annual escapement levels during the study, which suggests that the shoreline spawning component is distinct and not surplus production from an undifferentiated run. Since Tustumena Lake has been fully deglaciated for only about 2,000 years and is still significantly influenced by glacier meltwater, this diversification of spawning populations is probably a relatively recent and ongoing event.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0001:POSSBS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Burger, C.V., Finn, J., and Holland-Bartels, L., 1995, Pattern of shoreline spawning by sockeye salmon in a glacially turbid lake: Evidence for subpopulation differentiation: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 124, no. 1, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0001:POSSBS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129684,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kasilof River, Tustumena Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.33438010935132,\n 60.395134369485106\n ],\n [\n -151.33438010935132,\n 60.23541437408804\n ],\n [\n -151.1349812366858,\n 60.23541437408804\n ],\n [\n -151.1349812366858,\n 60.395134369485106\n ],\n [\n -151.33438010935132,\n 60.395134369485106\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"124","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6886c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burger, C. V.","contributorId":58219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burger","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, J.E.","contributorId":8795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holland-Bartels, L.","contributorId":11556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland-Bartels","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180937,"text":"70180937 - 1995 - Using effort information with change-in-ratio data for population estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-06T12:12:51.332352","indexId":"70180937","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using effort information with change-in-ratio data for population estimation","docAbstract":"Most change-in-ratio (CIR) methods for estimating fish and wildlife population sizes have been based only on assumptions about how encounter probabilities vary among population subclasses. When information on sampling effort is available, it is also possible to derive CIR estimators based on assumptions about how encounter probabilities vary over time. This paper presents a generalization of previous CIR models that allows explicit consideration of a range of assumptions about the variation of encounter probabilities among subclasses and over time. Explicit estimators are derived under this model for specific sets of assumptions about the encounter probabilities. Numerical methods are presented for obtaining estimators under the full range of possible assumptions. Likelihood ratio tests for these assumptions are described. Emphasis is on obtaining estimators based on assumptions about variation of encounter probabilities over time.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Biometric Society","doi":"10.2307/2532935","usgsCitation":"Udevitz, M.S., and Pollock, K.H., 1995, Using effort information with change-in-ratio data for population estimation: Biometrics, v. 51, no. 2, p. 471-481, https://doi.org/10.2307/2532935.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"481","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335068,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c4fe4b0efcedb74110f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollock, Kenneth H.","contributorId":8590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182069,"text":"70182069 - 1995 - Use of implanted satellite transmitters to locate Spectacled Eiders at-sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T10:49:57","indexId":"70182069","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of implanted satellite transmitters to locate Spectacled Eiders at-sea","docAbstract":"Population estimates of Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD), Alaska, suggest that by 1992 the number of birds on this major nesting area had declined to 1,721 pairs, 4% of that estimated in the 1970s (Stehn st al 1993). Consequently, Spectacled Eiders were listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. As nesting habitats for this species are believed to have changed little over the past 100 years, hypotheses concerning the cause of this decline include factors away from nesting areas. The non-nesting distribution of this eider is unknown, but birds are believed to molt and winter in the Bering and Chukchi seas (Dau and Kistchinski 1977). Systematic aerial surveys to locate areas where birds concentrate are expensive because of the vast area to be surveyed and dangerous because of restricted daylight and extreme weather conditions. Surveys from ships along the ice margin in the Bering Sea failed to locate concentrations of birds (Irving et al 1968, Everett et al 1989). We initiated a study to determine if at-sea areas used by Spectacled Eiders could be identified using satellite telemetry.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1369006","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.R., Douglas, D.C., and Mulcahy, D.M., 1995, Use of implanted satellite transmitters to locate Spectacled Eiders at-sea: The Condor, v. 97, no. 1, p. 276-278, https://doi.org/10.2307/1369006.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"276","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CWYQGU","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Alaska Science Center Data Sheets from Intracoelomic Transmitter Implant and Liver Biopsy Surgeries in Birds, 1993-2012"},{"id":335653,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -175.18798828125,\n 59.19843857520702\n ],\n [\n -159.5654296875,\n 59.19843857520702\n ],\n [\n -159.5654296875,\n 66.39915999849539\n ],\n [\n -175.18798828125,\n 66.39915999849539\n ],\n [\n -175.18798828125,\n 59.19843857520702\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a57709e4b057081a24ee98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70181820,"text":"70181820 - 1995 - Critical thermal maxima of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry under field and laboratory acclimation regimes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T14:27:58","indexId":"70181820","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Critical thermal maxima of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry under field and laboratory acclimation regimes","docAbstract":"Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from three populations in Washington State were captured in the field and tested for critical thermal maximum (CTM). Tolerances varied among the populations (mean CTMs were 28.21, 29.13, and 29.23 °C) and exceeded published data from some laboratory tests. The population from a relatively cool stream had a lower CTM than the two populations from warmer streams. However, after the salmon had been in the laboratory for 3 months under constant, common temperature regimes, the CTMs no longer differed, indicating that the population-specific differences resulted from different acclimation regimes rather than from genetic adaptation.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z95-117","usgsCitation":"Konecki, J.T., Woody, C.A., and Quinn, T.P., 1995, Critical thermal maxima of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry under field and laboratory acclimation regimes: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 73, no. 5, p. 993-996, https://doi.org/10.1139/z95-117.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"993","endPage":"996","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335378,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","volume":"73","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42548e4b0c825128ad4c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konecki, John T.","contributorId":181581,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Konecki","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woody, Carol Ann","contributorId":172548,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woody","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quinn, Thomas P.","contributorId":167272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quinn","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":24671,"text":"School of Aquatic and Fsiery Sciences, UW, Box 355020, Seattle, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":668713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180715,"text":"70180715 - 1995 - Water over the bridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T15:17:14","indexId":"70180715","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":743,"text":"American Scientist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water over the bridge","docAbstract":"The March-April issue of American Scientist contains a commentary by Julia K. Parrish and P. Dee Boersma (Macroscope, \"Muddy Waters\") that purports to \"assess the validity of the claims made concerning seabird mortality as a result of the [Exxon Valdez oil] spill.\" Parrish and Boersma would have us believe that estimates of seabird mortality made in 1990 by myself and colleagues were exaggerated and that later upward revisions of those estimates were unwarranted. Their assessment, however, is seriously flawed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., 1995, Water over the bridge: American Scientist, v. 83, no. 5, p. 396-398.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"396","endPage":"398","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334510,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5891b0b9e4b072a7ac12993c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180859,"text":"70180859 - 1995 - Movements of a polar bear from northern Alaska to northern Greenland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T15:53:35","indexId":"70180859","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movements of a polar bear from northern Alaska to northern Greenland","docAbstract":"Using satellite telemetry, we monitored the movements of an adult female polar bear (Ursus maritimus) as she traveled from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coast to northern Greenland. She is the first polar bear known to depart the Beaufort Sea region for an extended period, and the first polar bear known to move between Alaska and Greenland. This bear traveled for four months across the polar basin and came within 2 degrees of the North Pole. During the first year following her capture, she traveled 5256 km. Evidence to suggest her use of maternity dens in northern Alaska and in northern Greenland demonstrates the potential for genetic exchange between two widely separate populations of polar bears. The long life spans of polar bears and the rarity of their long-range movements means the significance of interpopulation movement can be assessed after long-term monitoring of individuals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","publisherLocation":"Calgary, AB","doi":"10.14430/arctic1257","usgsCitation":"Durner, G.M., and Amstrup, S.C., 1995, Movements of a polar bear from northern Alaska to northern Greenland: Arctic, v. 48, no. 4, p. 338-341, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1257.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"338","endPage":"341","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1257","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334786,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Denmark, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Ocean, Greenland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.875,\n 70.19999407534661\n ],\n [\n -145.01953124999997,\n 69.90011762668541\n ],\n [\n -143.4375,\n 73.02259157147301\n ],\n [\n -142.3828125,\n 76.18499546094715\n ],\n [\n -138.515625,\n 79.56054626376367\n ],\n [\n -134.296875,\n 81.0386170391625\n ],\n [\n -124.1015625,\n 83.15311098437887\n ],\n [\n -118.125,\n 83.63810565804015\n ],\n [\n -107.57812499999999,\n 83.9422719152186\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 84.12497319391095\n ],\n [\n -85.078125,\n 84.19650681922975\n ],\n [\n -74.53125,\n 84.05256097843035\n ],\n [\n -65.0390625,\n 83.4803661137381\n ],\n [\n -57.30468749999999,\n 82.72096436126803\n ],\n [\n -62.57812500000001,\n 81.87364125482827\n ],\n [\n -65.0390625,\n 81.2550322990594\n ],\n [\n -67.1484375,\n 80.35699541661764\n ],\n [\n -67.5,\n 79.68718415450823\n ],\n [\n -60.8203125,\n 79.4323707591471\n ],\n [\n -53.4375,\n 80.81689088640861\n ],\n [\n -48.515625,\n 82.07002819448267\n ],\n [\n -42.890625,\n 83.27770503961696\n ],\n [\n -42.5390625,\n 84.33698037639608\n ],\n [\n -43.9453125,\n 84.86578186731522\n ],\n [\n -48.515625,\n 85.0511287798066\n ],\n [\n -60.8203125,\n 85.1709701284095\n ],\n [\n -74.1796875,\n 84.73838712095339\n ],\n [\n -85.78125,\n 84.67351256610525\n ],\n [\n -93.1640625,\n 84.64077681014602\n ],\n [\n -107.22656249999999,\n 84.37156598282918\n ],\n [\n -118.828125,\n 84.12497319391095\n ],\n [\n -126.5625,\n 83.599030708362\n ],\n [\n -138.1640625,\n 81.36128726057069\n ],\n [\n -143.08593749999997,\n 79.4323707591471\n ],\n [\n -147.65625,\n 76.01609366420995\n ],\n [\n -149.765625,\n 73.42842364106816\n ],\n [\n -151.875,\n 70.19999407534661\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589847aae4b0efcedb7072df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70181823,"text":"70181823 - 1995 - Nesting success of ducks on the central Yukon Flats, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T14:31:02","indexId":"70181823","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nesting success of ducks on the central Yukon Flats, Alaska","docAbstract":"Nesting success was studied at Canvasback Lake and Mallard Lake on the Yukon Flats in interior Alaska in 1989–1991. Simple estimates of nesting success were computed using two techniques that assume a constant daily survival rate (DSR). Maximum-likelihood estimates of nesting success for all ducks, assuming constant DSR, ranged among years and sites from near zero to 12%. However, DSRs were not constant but increased with nest age and initiation date (R2 = 0.42, P = 0.0001). Nesting success was near zero for nests initiated 1–10 May and increased to 100% for nests initiated after 30 June. Therefore, species nesting in early to mid season, such as Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Northern Pintail (A. acuta), and Northern Shoveler (A. clypeata), had lower success than later nesting species such as Green-winged Teal (A. crecca) and Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis). In 1990 and 1991, combined nesting success of all species, allowing for variation in DSR with nest initiation date and age of nest, was 12.50%.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z95-030","usgsCitation":"Grand, J.B., 1995, Nesting success of ducks on the central Yukon Flats, Alaska: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 73, no. 2, p. 260-265, https://doi.org/10.1139/z95-030.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"265","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335379,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon Flats","volume":"73","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42548e4b0c825128ad4c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grand, J. Barry 0000-0002-3576-4567 barry_grand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-4567","contributorId":579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.","email":"barry_grand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70181825,"text":"70181825 - 1995 - Reproduction, preweaning survival, and survival of adult sea otters at Kodiak Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T14:56:10","indexId":"70181825","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproduction, preweaning survival, and survival of adult sea otters at Kodiak Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"Radiotelemetry methods were used to examine the demographic characteristics of sea otters inhabiting the leading edge of an expanding population on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Fifteen male and 30 female sea otters were instrumented and followed from 1986 to 1990. Twenty-one percent of females were sexually mature (had pupped) at age 2, 57% by age 3, 88% by age 4, and 100% by age 5. Fifteen females produced 26 pups, an overall reproduction rate of 94% for mature females. The reproduction rate was 17, 45, 66, and 100% for 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds, respectively. Eighty-five percent of observed pups survived to weaning (120 days), and the percentage of pups weaned ranged from 34% for pups of 2-year-olds to 100% for pups of 5-year-olds. At least three of four known pup losses occurred within a month of parturition. The mean pup dependency period for weaned pups was 153 days and the mean gestation period was 218 days. No synchrony in pupping activity was observed. Mean annual survival of adults was high. Estimates of survival ranged from 89 to 96% for females and 86 to 91% for males. Human harvest was the primary source of known mortality of adults. Our estimates of reproductive rates and survival of adults are at the high end of those reported for sea otters, but preweaning survival stands out as being particularly high. Abundant food resources and the availability of protected water presumably contributed to the high reproductive success observed in this recently established sea otter population.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z95-138","usgsCitation":"Monson, D., and DeGange, A.R., 1995, Reproduction, preweaning survival, and survival of adult sea otters at Kodiak Island, Alaska: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 73, p. 1161-1169, https://doi.org/10.1139/z95-138.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1161","endPage":"1169","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335381,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak Island","volume":"73","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42547e4b0c825128ad4c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":668718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeGange, Anthony R. tdegange@usgs.gov","contributorId":139765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGange","given":"Anthony","email":"tdegange@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":668719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180329,"text":"70180329 - 1995 - Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T11:52:17","indexId":"70180329","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":810,"text":"Annual Review of Fish Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in North America","docAbstract":"The first detections of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in North America were in Washington State from adult coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook (O. tshawytscha) salmon in 1988. Subsequently, VHSV was isolated from adult coho salmon returning to hatcheries in the Pacific Northwest in 1989, 1991 and 1994. These isolates represented a strain of VHSV that was genetically different from European VHSV as determined by DNA sequence analysis and T1 ribonuclease fingerprinting. The North American strain of VHSV was also isolated from skin lesions of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) taken from Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska in 1990, 1991 and 1993. In 1993 and 1994, the virus was isolated from Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) in Alaskan waters of PWS, Kodiak Island, Auke Bay and Port Frederick. During 1993 and 1994 the herring fishery in PWS failed from a probable complex of environmental stressors but VHSV isolates were associated with hemorrhages of the skin and fins in fish that returned to spawn. Also in 1993 and 1994, VHSV was isolated from apparently healthy stocks of herring in British Columbia, Canada and Puget Sound, Washington. Thus, the North American strain of VHSV is enzootic in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean among Pacific herring stocks with Pacific cod serving as a secondary reservoir. Although the North American strain of the virus appears to be moderately pathogenic for herring, causing occasional self-limiting epizootics, it was shown to be relatively avirulent for several species of salmonids. Pacific herring are common prey for cod and salmon and were most probably the source of the VHSV isolates from the adult salmon returning to spawn in rivers or at hatcheries in Washington State. Compelling circumstances involving the European isolates of VHSV suggest that this strain of the virus also is enzootic among marine fish in the Atlantic Oean. The highly pathogenic nature of the European strain of VHSV for salmonid fish may be the result of the exposure of rainbow trout (O. mykiss), an introduced species, in a stressful environment of intensive culture and the high rate of mutation inherent in all rhabdoviruses. Consequently, we recommend that efforts be made to eradicate the North American strain of VHSV when detected in live salmonids to reduce the possibility of its evolution into a more virulent salmonid virus.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(95)00002-X","usgsCitation":"Meyers, T.R., and Winton, J.R., 1995, Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in North America: Annual Review of Fish Diseases, v. 5, p. 3-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8030(95)00002-X.","productDescription":"22 p. ","startPage":"3","endPage":"24","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334158,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6aa7e4b08c8121c90960","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyers, Theodore R.","contributorId":173262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyers","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":27204,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":661243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winton, James R. 0000-0002-3505-5509 jwinton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":1944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"James","email":"jwinton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":661244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182071,"text":"70182071 - 1995 - Metabolizability and partitioning of energy and protein in green plants by yearling lesser snow geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T16:52:49","indexId":"70182071","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metabolizability and partitioning of energy and protein in green plants by yearling lesser snow geese","docAbstract":"We measured apparent metabolizability of organic matter, gross energy, nitrogen and cell wall constituents of pelleted alfalfa by Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens. We also used simultaneous measurements of energy expenditure and apparent metabolizable energy intake to estimate heat increment of feeding and net energy for production and maintenance. Apparent metabolizability of energy was 46% as a result of substantial retention of dietary cellulose (45%). Mean slope of the relationship between energy expenditure and apparent metabolizable energy intake, which estimates heat increment at feeding, was 0.33. One minus the slope, 0.67, was our estimate of the proportion of apparent metabolizable energy available for maintenance and production. Resting metabolic rate at zero apparent metabolizable energy intake ranged from 361 kJ· kg-1· day-1 to 432 kJ· kg-1· day-1, while apparent metabolizable energy intake required for energy balance ranged from 455 kJ· kg-1· day-1 to 871 kJ· kg-1· day-1. Lesser Snow Geese (>2 kg mass) were more efficient at retaining dietary energy but possibly lost more of this energy as heat than smaller Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans)(∼1 kg mass), suggesting a possible relationship between body size and processing of energy in herbivorous birds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1368989","usgsCitation":"Sedinger, J.S., White, R.G., and Hupp, J.W., 1995, Metabolizability and partitioning of energy and protein in green plants by yearling lesser snow geese: The Condor, v. 97, no. 1, p. 116-122, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368989.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"116","endPage":"122","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335654,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Northwest Territories","otherGeospatial":"Anderson River, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Beaufort Sea coastal plain","volume":"97","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a57708e4b057081a24ee95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Robert G.","contributorId":181759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182068,"text":"70182068 - 1995 - Variation in brood behavior of Black Brant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T16:58:33","indexId":"70182068","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in brood behavior of Black Brant","docAbstract":"We studied behavior of broods of Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) during five summers between 1987 and 1993, a period in which the local breeding population increased >3-fold. Goslings spent more time foraging than adults of either sex, while adult males spent more time alert and less time foraging than adult females. Percentage of time spent alert was positively correlated with brood size for adult males but not adult females. Foraging time for all age and sex classes increased with date following hatch within years. Foraging time increased and time spent alert decreased between 1987 and 1993 for both adult males and adult females. The trend in foraging behavior for adults is consistent with an hypothesis of declining food availability at higher brood densities and declining alert behavior by adults has implications for prefledging survival of young.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1368988","usgsCitation":"Sedinger, J.S., Eichholz, M., and Flint, P.L., 1995, Variation in brood behavior of Black Brant: The Condor, v. 97, no. 1, p. 107-115, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368988.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"115","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335651,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Tutakote River, Kashunuk River, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"97","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a57709e4b057081a24ee9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eichholz, Michael W.","contributorId":130963,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eichholz","given":"Michael W.","affiliations":[{"id":7180,"text":"Coop Wildlife Res Lab, Ctr for Ecology, S IL Univ Carbondale, IL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180928,"text":"70180928 - 1995 - Landscape change and its effects on the wintering range of a lesser snow goose Chen caerulescens caerulescens population: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-08T12:19:06","indexId":"70180928","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape change and its effects on the wintering range of a lesser snow goose Chen caerulescens caerulescens population: A review","docAbstract":"The Texas coast has experienced considerable urban, industrial, and agricultural growth during the 20th Century. The region provides important wintering habitat to many avian species, including lesser snow geese Chen caerulescens caerulescens. This paper draws the biological and ecological fields into an historical perspective by examining available literature on the development of the upper Texas coast and range changes of lesser snow geese. Historically, lesser snow geese wintered in the coastal marshes, but expanded their range into the adjacent prairies in the mid-1900s. Winter range expansion was negatively affected by urban and industrial encroachment in the coastal marshes and positively influenced by agricultural development in the prairies, which increased dramatically during World War II. The lesser snow goose population flourished alongside some human-induced landscape alterations. However, projected declines in agriculture and increased urbanization of prairie and coastal marsh habitats may result in significant negative effects on the lesser snow goose population.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0006-3207(94)00044-Q","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.G., and Slack, R.D., 1995, Landscape change and its effects on the wintering range of a lesser snow goose Chen caerulescens caerulescens population: A review: Biological Conservation, v. 71, no. 2, p. 179-185, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)00044-Q.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"185","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334975,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.1630859375,\n 28.188243641850313\n ],\n [\n -97.1630859375,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -93.768310546875,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -93.768310546875,\n 28.188243641850313\n ],\n [\n -97.1630859375,\n 28.188243641850313\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"71","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c4fe4b0efcedb741112","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Donna G.","contributorId":29965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, R. Douglas","contributorId":179131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Slack","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[{"id":6747,"text":"Texas A&M University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":69551,"text":"gp1014 - 1995 - Merged aeromagnetic map of interior Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:12","indexId":"gp1014","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1014","title":"Merged aeromagnetic map of interior Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gp1014","isbn":"0607868678","usgsCitation":"Meyer, J.F., and Saltus, R.W., 1995, Merged aeromagnetic map of interior Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 1014, 4 maps on two sheets : col. ; 132 x 78 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gp1014.","productDescription":"4 maps on two sheets : col. ; 132 x 78 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":105372,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5959.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5959"},{"id":189996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -159,61 ], [ -159,66 ], [ -144,66 ], [ -144,61 ], [ -159,61 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624e79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, John F.","contributorId":32616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saltus, Richard W. saltus@usgs.gov","contributorId":777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"Richard","email":"saltus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54365,"text":"wdrAK941 - 1995 - Water Resources Data, Alaska, Water Year 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:57","indexId":"wdrAK941","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"AK-94-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Alaska, Water Year 1994","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrAK941","usgsCitation":"Bigelow, B.B., Bailey, B.J., Hiner, M., Schelleken, M., and Linn, K., 1995, Water Resources Data, Alaska, Water Year 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report AK-94-1, 322 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrAK941.","productDescription":"322 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc668","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bigelow, B. B.","contributorId":76317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bigelow","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, B. J.","contributorId":82721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hiner, M.M.","contributorId":28659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiner","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schelleken, M.F.","contributorId":40671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schelleken","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Linn, K.R.","contributorId":7351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linn","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":46219,"text":"ofr95669 - 1995 - Maps showing isotopic composition of methane in seawater of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-12T17:13:37.224106","indexId":"ofr95669","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-669","title":"Maps showing isotopic composition of methane in seawater of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, 1994","docAbstract":"We are engaged in a five-year study to test the hypothesis that methane from decomposing gas hydrates may contribute methane to the atmosphere. The release of methane, a \"greenhouse\" gas, can enhance global warming and be a factor in global climate change.
As part of the study we have measured the methane concentration in the water column of the Beaufort Sea shelf out to water depths of 90 meters from 1992-1995. In 1994 the carbon isotopic composition of methane in seawater of the Beaufort Sea shelf from Cape Halkett to Mikkelsen Bay (total water depths from 3 to 56 m) was measured by gas chromatography-isotope-ratio mass spectrometry in an effort to define the source of methane. Concentrations of methane in water samples used for isotopic analysis ranged from 5.4 to 275 nM.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95669","usgsCitation":"Lorenson, T., Kvenvolden, K.A., Barnes, P.W., Popp, B.N., Sansone, F.J., Rust, T.M., Lilley, M.D., and Olson, E.J., 1995, Maps showing isotopic composition of methane in seawater of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-669, 1 Plate: 46.03 x 18.14 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95669.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 46.03 x 18.14 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170936,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0669/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":418007,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0669/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -164.98341209265246,\n 73.12341743650333\n ],\n [\n -164.98341209265246,\n 69.79275307001117\n ],\n [\n -134.67408984393316,\n 69.79275307001117\n ],\n [\n -134.67408984393316,\n 73.12341743650333\n ],\n [\n -164.98341209265246,\n 73.12341743650333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ab45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorenson, Thomas D.","contributorId":177573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lorenson","given":"Thomas D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":232856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, Peter W.","contributorId":6042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Popp, Brian N.","contributorId":49027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Popp","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sansone, Frank J.","contributorId":39440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sansone","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rust, Terri M.","contributorId":82777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rust","given":"Terri","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lilley, Marvin D.","contributorId":45377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilley","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Olson, Eric J.","contributorId":103346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":53962,"text":"bsr6 - 1995 - Botanical reconnaissance of the Tuxedni Wilderness Area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T19:40:17","indexId":"bsr6","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"Botanical reconnaissance of the Tuxedni Wilderness Area, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Talbot, S., Talbot, S.L., and Welsh, S.L., 1995, Botanical reconnaissance of the Tuxedni Wilderness Area, Alaska: Biological Science Report 6, iv, 41 p. : ill., map ; 28 cm.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p. : ill., map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602944","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Talbot, Stephen S.","contributorId":73266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Stephen S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra Looman 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":131088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Looman","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welsh, Stanley L.","contributorId":89210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welsh","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6630,"text":"fs17095 - 1995 - 1:2,000,000-scale digital line graph data on CD-ROM","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T11:20:15","indexId":"fs17095","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"170-95","title":"1:2,000,000-scale digital line graph data on CD-ROM","docAbstract":"Updated U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph (DLG) data collected at a scale of 1:2,000,000 are now available on two compact discs-read only memory (CD-ROM). Each CD-ROM contains digital cartographic data for 49 States and the District of Columbia. The U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and Alaska will be ready within the next year.
\nThese DLG data were originally collected from maps published in 1970. Extensive revisions have been made and no data source more than 5 years old was used in this update.
\nIn addition, text files containing information such as place names and population have been added for the first time. The records in these text files can be related to corresponding features in the DLG data files.
\nMetadata that comply with the Federal Geographic Data Committee Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata are included for each category of DLG data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs17095","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995, 1:2,000,000-scale digital line graph data on CD-ROM: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 170-95, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs17095.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":225,"text":"Earth Science Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":140872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs17095.jpg"},{"id":285419,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0170-95/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 144.616667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,13.233333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd491ae4b0b290850eee46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4520,"text":"cir1127 - 1995 - 1995 annual report on Alaska's mineral resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T16:15:38","indexId":"cir1127","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1127","title":"1995 annual report on Alaska's mineral resources","docAbstract":"Section 1011 of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) of 1980, as amended, requires that \"On or before October 1, 1982, and annually thereafter, the President shall transmit to the Congress all pertinent public information relating to minerals in Alaska gathered by the United States Geological Surveys, United States Bureau of Mines, and any other Federal agency.\" This report has been prepared in response to that requirement.
This circular is the fourteenth in the series of annual mineral reports mandated by the ANILCA. The report provides information about current Alaskan mineral projects and events during 1994; the emphasis is on Federal activity. The report addresses both onshore and offshore areas of Alaska.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM), and Minerals Management Service (MMS) are the principal Federal agencies that publish information about energy and mineral resources in Alaska. Their reports and data form the basis for decisions by other Federal agencies regarding land use, access, environmental impacts, and mining claim evaluation. The time required for sample analysis, data synthesis, and publication is lengthy; as a result, scientific reports are generally issued a year or more after initial sample and data collection. Other sources of information for this report include additional Federal and State publications, trade and professional journals, presentations at public meetings and hearings, and press releases. Information is provided for two broad categories of minerals: energy resources and nonfuel-mineral resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1127","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management, the Minerals Management Service, the National Park Service, the U.S. Bureau of Mines, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Forest Service, and the Department of Energy, as mandated by Section 1011 of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, Public Law 96-487, of December 2, 1980","usgsCitation":"1995, 1995 annual report on Alaska's mineral resources: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1127, x, 67p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1127.","productDescription":"x, 67p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31578,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/1127/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.41 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":117547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/1127/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4917e4b0b290850eee0f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schneider, Jill L. jschnidr@usgs.gov","contributorId":4322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Jill","email":"jschnidr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":708947,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}