The emerging subdiscipline of hydrogeophysics is underdeveloped in undergraduate curricula relative to its importance in professional engineering/environmental practice. In 2001, the Bucknell Department of Geology initiated efforts to refocus an undergraduate geophysics course on near-surface geophysical methods for hydrologic, environmental, and engineering problems. In addition to offering students practical experience, treatment of hydrogeophysics provides important pedagogical opportunities. Field-based hydrogeophysics labs challenge students to integrate concepts from other geology courses, as well as from physics, math, and chemistry.
We faced two challenges in revising our geophysics course: (1) access to wells for field exercises on borehole geophysics; and (2) the costs of acquiring and maintaining equipment. We pursued two strategies to solve these problems. First, we established an on-campus well field, which serves as a field laboratory for downhole and cross-hole experiments. Second, we incorporated field demonstrations and lectures by professional geoscientists, including alumni, into our courses. By adding field exercises to our syllabi and promoting undergraduate research, we are building a cutting-edge dataset that includes televiewer and standard wellbore logging, cross-hole tomography, and hydraulic-test data. Student-led analysis of these data has already provided valuable insights into the control of fractures on aquifer properties, and these observations are being combined with outcrop studies to place our results in a more regional context.
The Great Basin is a province of high average heat flow (approximately 90 mW m-2), with higher values characteristic of some areas and relatively low heat flow (<60 mW m-2) characteristic of an area in south-central Nevada known as the Eureka Low. There is hydrologic and thermal evidence that the Eureka Low results from a relatively shallow, hydrologically controlled heat sink associated with interbasin water flow in the Paleozoic carbonate aquifers. Evaluating this hypothesis and investigating the thermal state of the Eureka Low at depth is a high priority for the US Geological Survey as it prepares a new national geothermal resource assessment. Part of this investigation is focused on Railroad Valley, the site of the largest petroleum reservoirs in Nevada and one of the few locations within the Eureka Low with a known geothermal system. Temperature and thermal conductivity data have been acquired from wells in Railroad Valley in order to determine heat flow in the basin. The results reveal a complex interaction of cooling due to shallow ground-water flow, relatively low (49 to 76 mW m -2) conductive heat flow at depth in most of the basin, and high (up to 234 mW m-2) heat flow associated with the 125°C geothermal system that encompasses the Bacon Flat and Grant Canyon oil fields. The presence of the Railroad Valley geothermal resource within the Eureka Low may be reflect the absence of deep ground-water flow sweeping heat out of the basin. If true, this suggests that other areas in the carbonate aquifer province may contain deep geothermal resources that are masked by ground-water flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, California","usgsCitation":"Williams, C.F., and Sass, J.H., 2006, Heat flow in Railroad Valley, Nevada and implications for geothermal resources in the south-central Great Basin: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 30, p. 111-116.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"116","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368309,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368308,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1025017"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Railroad Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.97167968750001,\n 38.33734763569314\n ],\n [\n -114.90600585937499,\n 38.33734763569314\n ],\n [\n -114.90600585937499,\n 39.342794408952365\n ],\n [\n -115.97167968750001,\n 39.342794408952365\n ],\n [\n -115.97167968750001,\n 38.33734763569314\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Colin F. 0000-0003-2196-5496 colin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-5496","contributorId":274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Colin","email":"colin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sass, John H.","contributorId":69596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70205874,"text":"70205874 - 2006 - Ecological consequences of changing hydrological conditions in wetland forests of coastal Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T18:51:20","indexId":"70205874","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-08T18:42:28","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"title":"Ecological consequences of changing hydrological conditions in wetland forests of coastal Louisiana","docAbstract":"Large-scale and localized alterations of processes affecting deltaic coastal wetlands have caused the complete loss of some coastal wetland forests and reduced the productivity and vigor of many areas in coastal Louisiana. This loss and degradation threatens ecosystem functions and the services they provide. This paper summarizes ecological relationships controlled by hydrological processes in coastal wetland forests of the Mississippi River delta and presents two case studies that illustrate the complexity of assessing hydrological control on swamp forest establishment and growth. Productivity of overstory trees has been affected by these changes, but the first case study illustrates that the relationship between flooding and growth may be site-specific. An important effect of increased flooding has been to reduce regeneration of swamp forest trees. The second case study is an outline of the kind of hydrological analysis required to assess probability of regeneration success.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Environment and Water Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"Water Resources Publications","usgsCitation":"Keim, R., Chambers, J.L., Hughes, M., J. Andrew Nyman, Miller, C.A., Amos, B.J., Conner, W., Day, J., Faulkner, S., Gardiner, E.S., King, S.L., McLeod, K., and Shaffer, G., 2006, Ecological consequences of changing hydrological conditions in wetland forests of coastal Louisiana, chap. of Coastal Environment and Water Quality, p. 383-395.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"395","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368141,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368140,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/25325"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 29.104176683949984\n ],\n [\n -89.549560546875,\n 29.104176683949984\n ],\n [\n -89.549560546875,\n 30.95876857077987\n ],\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 30.95876857077987\n ],\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 29.104176683949984\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keim, Richard F.","contributorId":21858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keim","given":"Richard F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chambers, J. 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Such maps can be conveniently used to generate derivative maps for manifold special purposes such as mineral-resource assessment, metallogenic studies, tectonic studies, and environmental research. This report is part of a series of integrated geologic map databases that cover the entire United States. Three national-scale geologic maps that portray most or all of the United States already exist; for the conterminous U.S., King and Beikman (1974a,b) compiled a map at a scale of 1:2,500,000, Beikman (1980) compiled a map for Alaska at 1:2,500,000 scale, and for the entire U.S., Reed and others (2005a,b) compiled a map at a scale of 1:5,000,000. A digital version of the King and Beikman map was published by Schruben and others (1994). Reed and Bush (2004) produced a digital version of the Reed and others (2005a) map for the conterminous U.S. The present series of maps is intended to provide the next step in increased detail. State geologic maps that range in scale from 1:100,000 to 1:1,000,000 are available for most of the country, and digital versions of these state maps are the basis of this product. The digital geologic maps presented here are in a standardized format as ARC/INFO export files and as ArcView shape files. Data tables that relate the map units to detailed lithologic and age information accompany these GIS files. The map is delivered as a set 1:250,000-scale quadrangle files. To the best of our ability, these quadrangle files are edge-matched with respect to geology. When the maps are merged, the combined attribute tables can be used directly with the merged maps to make derivative maps.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061303","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, Preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the United States: Digital data for the reconnaissance bedrock geologic map for the northern Alaska peninsula area, southwest Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1303, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061303.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":398760,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_77847.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8656,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1303/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"350000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"northern Alaska Peninsula area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -151.3333,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -151.3333,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -159,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -159,\n 59\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db69720c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79200,"text":"ofr20061290 - 2006 - Preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the United States: Digital data for the geology of southeast Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T20:58:07.385234","indexId":"ofr20061290","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1290","title":"Preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the United States: Digital data for the geology of southeast Alaska","docAbstract":"The growth in the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has highlighted the need for digital geologic maps that have been attributed with information about age and lithology. Such maps can be conveniently used to generate derivative maps for manifold special purposes such as mineral-resource assessment, metallogenic studies, tectonic studies, and environmental research. This report is part of a series of integrated geologic map databases that cover the entire United States. Three national-scale geologic maps that portray most or all of the United States already exist; for the conterminous U.S., King and Beikman (1974a,b) compiled a map at a scale of 1:2,500,000, Beikman (1980) compiled a map for Alaska at 1:2,500,000 scale, and for the entire U.S., Reed and others (2005a,b) compiled a map at a scale of 1:5,000,000. A digital version of the King and Beikman map was published by Schruben and others (1994). Reed and Bush (2004) produced a digital version of the Reed and others (2005a) map for the conterminous U.S. The present series of maps is intended to provide the next step in increased detail. State geologic maps that range in scale from 1:100,000 to 1:1,000,000 are available for most of the country, and digital versions of these state maps are the basis of this product. The digital geologic maps presented here are in a standardized format as ARC/INFO export files and as ArcView shape files. Data tables that relate the map units to detailed lithologic and age information accompany these GIS files. The map is delivered as a set of 1:250,000-scale quadrangle files. To the best of our ability, these quadrangle files are edge-matched with respect to geology. When the maps are merged, the combined attribute tables can be used directly with the merged maps to make derivative maps.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061290","usgsCitation":"Gehrels, G.E., and Berg, H., 2006, Preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the United States: Digital data for the geology of southeast Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1290, HTML Document; Readme, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061290.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Readme","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407887,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_77845.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8652,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1290/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8653,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1290/SE_readme.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":190914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -137.7,\n 54.6\n ],\n [\n -129.9,\n 54.6\n ],\n [\n -129.9,\n 59.6\n ],\n [\n -137.7,\n 59.6\n ],\n [\n -137.7,\n 54.6\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db67312a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gehrels, George E.","contributorId":59795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gehrels","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berg, Henry C.","contributorId":73176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"Henry C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79201,"text":"ofr20061292 - 2006 - Preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the United States: Digital data for the reconnaissance geologic map of the lower Yukon River region, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T20:59:47.139575","indexId":"ofr20061292","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1292","title":"Preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the United States: Digital data for the reconnaissance geologic map of the lower Yukon River region, Alaska","docAbstract":"The growth in the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has highlighted the need for digital geologic maps that have been attributed with information about age and lithology. Such maps can be conveniently used to generate derivative maps for manifold special purposes such as mineral-resource assessment, metallogenic studies, tectonic studies, and environmental research. This report is part of a series of integrated geologic map databases that cover the entire United States. Three national-scale geologic maps that portray most or all of the United States already exist; for the conterminous U.S., King and Beikman (1974a,b) compiled a map at a scale of 1:2,500,000, Beikman (1980) compiled a map for Alaska at 1:2,500,000 scale, and for the entire U.S., Reed and others (2005a,b) compiled a map at a scale of 1:5,000,000. A digital version of the King and Beikman map was published by Schruben and others (1994). Reed and Bush (2004) produced a digital version of the Reed and others (2005a) map for the conterminous U.S. The present series of maps is intended to provide the next step in increased detail. State geologic maps that range in scale from 1:100,000 to 1:1,000,000 are available for most of the country, and digital versions of these state maps are the basis of this product. The digital geologic maps presented here are in a standardized format as ARC/INFO export files and as ArcView shape files. Data tables that relate the map units to detailed lithologic and age information accompany these GIS files. The map is delivered as a set 1:250,000-scale quadrangle files. To the best of our ability, these quadrangle files are edge-matched with respect to geology. When the maps are merged, the combined attribute tables can be used directly with the merged maps to make derivative maps.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061292","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, Preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the United States: Digital data for the reconnaissance geologic map of the lower Yukon River region, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1292, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061292.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8654,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1292/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":398752,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_77846.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":190745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"lower Yukon River region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.25,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -159,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -159,\n 63.75\n ],\n [\n -166.25,\n 63.75\n ],\n [\n -166.25,\n 61\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673263","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79215,"text":"sir20065163 - 2006 - Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends (BEST) Program: Environmental contaminants, health indicators, and reproductive biomarkers in fish from the Colorado River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-03T12:49:04","indexId":"sir20065163","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5163","title":"Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends (BEST) Program: Environmental contaminants, health indicators, and reproductive biomarkers in fish from the Colorado River basin","docAbstract":"Seven fish species were collected from 14 sites on rivers in the Colorado River Basin (CDRB) from August to October 2003. Spatial trends in the concentrations of accumulative contaminants were documented and contaminant effects on the fish were assessed. Sites were located on the mainstem of the Colorado River and on the Yampa, Green, Gunnison, San Juan, and Gila Rivers. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio), black bass (Micropterus sp.), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were the targeted species. Fish were field-examined for external and internal anomalies, selected organs were weighed to compute somatic indices, and tissue and fluid samples were preserved for fish health and reproductive biomarker analyses. Composite samples of whole fish, grouped by species and gender, from each site were analyzed for organochlorine and elemental contaminants using performance-based and instrumental methods. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-like activity (TCDD-EQ) was measured using the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell bioassay. Selenium (Se) and mercury (Hg) concentrations were elevated throughout the CDRB, and pesticides concentrations were greatest in fish from agricultural areas in the Lower Colorado River and Gila River. Selenium concentrations exceeded toxicity thresholds for fish (>1.0 ?g/g ww) at all sites except from the Gila River at Hayden, Arizona. Mercury concentrations were elevated (>0.1 ?g/g ww) in fish from the Yampa River at Lay, Colorado; the Green River at Ouray National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Utah and San Rafael, Utah; the San Juan River at Hogback Diversion, New Mexico; and the Colorado River at Gold Bar Canyon, Utah, Needles, California, and Imperial Dam, Arizona. Concentrations of p,p'-DDE were relatively high in fish from Arlington, Arizona (>1.0 ?g/g ww) and Phoenix, Arizona (>0.5 ?g/g ww). Concentrations of other banned pesticides including toxaphene, total chlordanes, and dieldrin were also greatest at these two sites but did not exceed toxicity thresholds. Current-use or unlisted pesticides such as dacthal, endosulfan, '-HCH, and methoxychlor were also greatest in fish from Gila River. Total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; >0.11 ?g/g ww) and TCDD-EQs (>5 pg/g ww) exceeded wildlife guidelines in fish from the Gila River at Phoenix, Arizona. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was also relatively high in carp from the Gila River at Phoenix, Arizona and in bass from the Green River at Ouray NWR, Utah. Altered biomarkers were noted in fish throughout the CDRB. Fish from some stations responded to chronic contaminant exposure as indicated by fish health and reproductive biomarker results. Multiple fish health indicators including altered body and organ weights and high health assessment index scores may be associated with elevated Se concentrations in fish from the Colorado River at Loma, Colorado and Needles, California. Although grossly visible external or internal lesions were found on most fish from some sites, histopathological analysis determined many of these to be inflammatory responses associated with parasites. Edema, exophthalmos, and cataracts were noted in fish from sites with elevated Se concentrations. Reproductive biomarkers including gonad development and maturation, vitellogenin concentrations, and steroid hormone concentrations were anomalous in fish from the Gila River at Hayden and Phoenix, Arizona. In addition, intersex fish were found at seven of 14 sites. The intersex condition was identified in smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu), largemouth bass (M. salmoides), channel catfish, and carp and may indicate exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds. Seven of ten male smallmouth bass from the Yampa River at Lay, Colorado were intersex. Male carp, bass, and channel catfish with low concentrations of vitellogenin were common in the CDRB. Comparatively high vitellogenin concentrations (>0.2 mg/mL) were measured in male fish from the Green River at Ouray NWR, Utah and the Colorado River at Im","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065163","usgsCitation":"Hinck, J.E., Blazer, V., Denslow, N., Gross, T.S., Echols, K.R., Davis, A.P., May, T.W., Orazio, C.E., Coyle, J.J., and Tillitt, D.E., 2006, Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends (BEST) Program: Environmental contaminants, health indicators, and reproductive biomarkers in fish from the Colorado River basin (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5163, 132 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065163.","productDescription":"132 p.","numberOfPages":"132","costCenters":[{"id":137,"text":"Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends Program","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5163.jpg"},{"id":8669,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5163/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db622fd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinck, Jo Ellen 0000-0002-4912-5766","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4912-5766","contributorId":38507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinck","given":"Jo","email":"","middleInitial":"Ellen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blazer, Vicki 0000-0001-6647-9614 vblazer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"Vicki","email":"vblazer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denslow, Nancy D.","contributorId":72831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denslow","given":"Nancy D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gross, Timothy S.","contributorId":45381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Echols, Kathy R. 0000-0003-2631-9143 kechols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-9143","contributorId":2799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Echols","given":"Kathy","email":"kechols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Davis, Anne P.","contributorId":82001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"May, Tom W.","contributorId":34599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Tom","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Orazio, Carl E. 0000-0002-2532-9668 corazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2532-9668","contributorId":1366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orazio","given":"Carl","email":"corazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Coyle, James J.","contributorId":56741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coyle","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":79216,"text":"ofr20061153 - 2006 - Invasive species and climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:06","indexId":"ofr20061153","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1153","title":"Invasive species and climate change","docAbstract":"Invasive species challenge managers in their work of conserving and managing natural areas and are one of the most serious problems these managers face. Because invasive species are likely to spread in response to changes in climate, managers may need to change their approaches to invasive species management accordingly.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061153","usgsCitation":"Middleton, B.A., 2006, Invasive species and climate change (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1153, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061153.","productDescription":"5 p.","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8670,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1153/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49bde4b07f02db5d0885","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Middleton, Beth A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":2029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Beth","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79211,"text":"sir20065236 - 2006 - An update of the distribution of selected radiochemical and chemical constituents in perched ground water, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, Emphasis 1999-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:24","indexId":"sir20065236","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5236","title":"An update of the distribution of selected radiochemical and chemical constituents in perched ground water, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, Emphasis 1999-2001","docAbstract":"Radiochemical and chemical wastes generated at facilities at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) were discharged since 1952 to infiltration ponds at the Reactor Technology Complex (RTC) (known as the Test Reactor Area [TRA] until 2005), and the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC) and buried at the Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC). Disposal of wastewater to infiltration ponds and infiltration of surface water at waste burial sites resulted in formation of perched ground water in basalts and in sedimentary interbeds above the Snake River Plain aquifer. Perched ground water is an integral part of the pathway for waste-constituent migration to the aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, maintains ground-water monitoring networks at the INL to determine hydrologic trends, and to monitor the movement of radiochemical and chemical constituents in wastewater discharged from facilities to both perched ground water and the aquifer. This report presents an analysis of water-quality and water-level data collected from wells completed in perched ground water at the INL during 1999-2001, and summarizes historical disposal data and water-level-and water-quality trends.\r\n\r\nAt the RTC, tritium, strontium-90, cesium-137, dissolved chromium, chloride, sodium, and sulfate were monitored in shallow and deep perched ground water. In shallow perched ground water, no tritium was detected above the reporting level. In deep perched ground water, tritium concentrations generally decreased or varied randomly during 1999-2001. During October 2001, tritium concentrations ranged from less than the reporting level to 39.4?1.4 picocuries per milliliter (pCi/mL). Reportable concentrations of tritium during July-October 2001 were smaller than the reported concentrations measured during July-December 1998. Tritium concentrations in water from wells at the RTC were likely affected by: well's distance from the radioactive-waste infiltration ponds (commonly referred to as the warm-waste ponds); water depth below the ponds; the amount of tritium discharged to radioactive-waste infiltration ponds in the past; discontinued use of radioactive-waste infiltration ponds; radioactive decay; and dilution from disposal of nonradioactive water.\r\n\r\nDuring 1999-2001, the strontium-90 concentrations in two wells completed in shallow perched water near the RTC exceeded the reporting level. Strontium-90 concentrations in water from wells completed in deep perched ground water at the RTC varied randomly with time. During October 2001, concentrations in water from five wells exceeded the reporting level and ranged from 2.8?0.7 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) in well USGS 63 to 83.8?2.1 pCi/L in well USGS 54. No reportable concentrations of cesium-137, chromium-51, or cobalt-60 were present in water samples from any of the shallow or deep wells at the RTC during 1999-2001.\r\n\r\nDissolved chromium was not detected in shallow perched ground water at the RTC during 1999-2001. Concentrations of dissolved chromium during July-October 2001 in deep perched ground water near the RTC ranged from 10 micrograms per liter (?g/L) in well USGS 61 to 82 ?g/L in well USGS 55. The largest concentrations were in water from wells north and west of the radioactive-waste infiltration ponds. During July-October 2001, dissolved sodium concentrations ranged from 7 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in well USGS 78 to 20 mg/L in all wells except well USGS 68 (413 mg/L). Dissolved chloride concentrations in shallow perched ground water ranged from 10 mg/L in wells CWP 1, 3, and 4 to 53 mg/L in well TRA A 13 during 1999-2001. Dissolved chloride concentrations in deep perched ground water ranged from 5 mg/L in well USGS 78 to 91 mg/L in well USGS 73. The maximum dissolved sulfate concentration in shallow perched ground water was 419 mg/L in well CWP 1 during July 2000. Concentrations of dissolved sulfate in water from wells USGS 54, 60","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065236","usgsCitation":"Davis, L.C., 2006, An update of the distribution of selected radiochemical and chemical constituents in perched ground water, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, Emphasis 1999-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5236, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065236.","productDescription":"58 p.","numberOfPages":"58","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1999-01-01","temporalEnd":"2001-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8664,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5236/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a858d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Linda C. lcdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Linda","email":"lcdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79199,"text":"sir20065207 - 2006 - Evaluation of baseline ground-water conditions in the Mosteiros, Ribeira Paul, and Ribeira Fajã Basins, Republic of Cape Verde, West Africa, 2005-06","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T19:56:39","indexId":"sir20065207","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5207","title":"Evaluation of baseline ground-water conditions in the Mosteiros, Ribeira Paul, and Ribeira Fajã Basins, Republic of Cape Verde, West Africa, 2005-06","docAbstract":"This report documents current (2005-06) baseline ground-water conditions in three basins within the West African Republic of Cape Verde (Mosteiros on Fogo, Ribeira Paul on Santo Antão, and Ribeira Fajã on São Nicolau) based on existing data and additional data collected during this study. Ground-water conditions (indicators) include ground-water levels, ground-water recharge altitude, ground-water discharge amounts, ground-water age (residence time), and ground-water quality. These indicators are needed to evaluate (1) long-term changes in ground-water resources or water quality caused by planned ground-water development associated with agricultural projects in these basins, and (2) the feasibility of artificial recharge as a mitigation strategy to offset the potentially declining water levels associated with increased ground-water development.
Ground-water levels in all three basins vary from less than a few meters to more than 170 meters below land surface. Continuous recorder and electric tape measurements at three monitoring wells (one per basin) showed variations between August 2005 and June 2006 of as much as 1.8 meters. Few historical water-level data were available for the Mosteiros or Ribeira Paul Basins. Historical records from Ribeira Fajã indicate very large ground-water declines during the 1980s and early 1990s, associated with dewatering of the Galleria Fajã tunnel. More-recent data indicate that ground-water levels in Ribeira Fajã have reached a new equilibrium, remaining fairly constant since the late 1990s.
Because of the scarcity of observation wells within each basin, water-level data were combined with other techniques to evaluate ground-water conditions. These techniques include the quantification of ground-water discharge (well withdrawals, spring discharge, seepage to springs, and gallery drainage), field water-quality measurements, and the use of environmental tracers to evaluate sources of aquifer recharge, flow paths, and ground-water residence times.
In the Mosteiros Basin, measured well and spring discharge is about 220,000 cubic meters per year. For the Ribeira Paul Basin, measured well discharge, spring discharge, and ground-water seepage to springs is about 1,600,000 cubic meters per year. Ribeira Fajã Basin is the driest of the three basins with a precipitation rate of about half that of the other two basins. The only measurable ground-water discharge from this basin is from Galleria Fajã, estimated to be about 150,000 cubic meters per year. Measured discharge for all three basins does not include submarine outflow or agricultural/phreatophyte consumptive use (Paul Basin, only) and is assumed to be less than total ground-water discharge.
Ground-water ages indicate that recharge to wells and springs occurred from more than 50 years ago at some locations to within the past decade at other sites. Ground water in Paul is younger than that in the other two basins, indicating that recharge generally occurred within the past 50 years. Ground water at all the dateable sites using tritium/helium in both the Mosteiros and Ribeira Fajã Basins show that recharge occurred more than 50 years before the sampling dates. Ground-water tritium/helium age dating was not possible at some sites in Mosteiros and Ribeira Fajã Basins because of the presence of helium in the aquifer derived from the mantle or aquifer matrix. However, this helium was useful for accurate age dating of the unaffected ground-water sites.
Dissolved gases indicate that most ground-water recharge occurs at mid and high altitudes within all three basins; calculated recharge altitudes ranged from 700 to more than 2,000 meters. In the Mosteiros and Ribeira Fajã Basins, recharge altitudes are much higher than the wells and springs. This suggests that it may take many years for artificial recharge to result in a beneficial impact on the aquifer in areas where the agricultural projects are implemented. Recharge altitudes in Paul Basin also were generally higher than their respective ground-water discharge sampling sites except for one spring, Seladinha. This spring, in combination with generally younger ground-water ages in Paul, indicates the existence of some short flow paths where artificial recharge may possibly enhance available water resources within a few years.
The salinity of wells and springs is generally low in the Ribeira Paul and Ribeira Fajã Basins, but somewhat higher in Mosteiros Basin. Specific-conductance measurements of wells and springs in Ribeira Paul and Ribeira Fajã ranged from about 200 to 700 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. Although the Monte Vermelho spring in Mosteiros Basin also has very low salinity (200 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius), water from the wells along the coastal plain has specific-conductance measurements of as much as 16,000 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. These higher values indicate some brackish water intrusion. Additional ground-water development of the Mosteiros coastal plain may exacerbate this situation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065207","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Millenium Challenge Corporation, Millenium Challenge Account, and Instituto Nacional de Gestão dos Recursos Hídricos","usgsCitation":"Heilweil, V.M., Earle, J.D., Cederberg, J.R., Messer, M.M., Jorgensen, B.E., Verstraeten, I.M., Moura, M.A., Querido, A., , S., and Osorio, T., 2006, Evaluation of baseline ground-water conditions in the Mosteiros, Ribeira Paul, and Ribeira Fajã Basins, Republic of Cape Verde, West Africa, 2005-06: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5207, viii, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065207.","productDescription":"viii, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"53","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334775,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5207/PDF/SIR2006_5207.pdf"},{"id":8651,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5207/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Cape Verde","otherGeospatial":"Mosteiros basin, Ribeira Fajã basin, Ribeira Paul basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -26.323242187499996,\n 14.061988097202269\n ],\n [\n -26.323242187499996,\n 17.936928637549443\n ],\n [\n -21.676025390625,\n 17.936928637549443\n ],\n [\n -21.676025390625,\n 14.061988097202269\n ],\n [\n -26.323242187499996,\n 14.061988097202269\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62574e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heilweil, Victor M. heilweil@usgs.gov","contributorId":837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heilweil","given":"Victor","email":"heilweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Earle, John D.","contributorId":34537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earle","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cederberg, Jay R. 0000-0001-6649-7353 cederber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6649-7353","contributorId":964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederberg","given":"Jay","email":"cederber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Messer, Mickey M.","contributorId":8956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Messer","given":"Mickey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jorgensen, Brent E.","contributorId":22446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Verstraeten, Ingrid M. imverstr@usgs.gov","contributorId":3630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstraeten","given":"Ingrid","email":"imverstr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5066,"text":"Office of the Director USGS","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moura, Miguel A.","contributorId":104586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moura","given":"Miguel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Querido, Arrigo","contributorId":101761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Querido","given":"Arrigo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":" Spencer","contributorId":55924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"given":"Spencer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Osorio, Tatiana","contributorId":50986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osorio","given":"Tatiana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ]}