Eurycea salamander taxa comprise 12 known species that inhabit springs and caves in south-central Texas. Many of these are threatened or endangered species, and some are found only at one location. A number of the neotenic salamanders might be at risk from habitat loss associated with declines in ground-water levels. Eurycea salamander habitats are associated with three aquifers in south-central Texas: (1) the Edwards-Trinity (Plateau) aquifer, (2) the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) aquifer, and (3) the Trinity aquifer. The Edwards (Balcones fault zone) aquifer is commonly separated into three segments: from southwest to northeast, the San Antonio segment, the Barton Springs segment, and the northern segment. The Trinity aquifer south of the Colorado River can be divided into three permeable zones, the upper, middle, and lower zone. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, developed this report (geodatabase) to aggregate the spatial data necessary to assess the potential effects of ground-water declines on known Eurycea habitat locations in south-central Texas. The geodatabase provides information about spring habitats, spring flow, cave habitats, aquifers, and projected water levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds243","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Heitmuller, F.T., and Reece, B.D., 2006, Spatial data for Eurycea salamander habitats associated With three aquifers in south-central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 243, Project Summary: 3 p.; Geodatabase, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds243.","productDescription":"Project Summary: 3 p.; Geodatabase","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9302,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2007/243/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc0f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heitmuller, Franklin T.","contributorId":67476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heitmuller","given":"Franklin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reece, Brian D. bdreece@usgs.gov","contributorId":2129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reece","given":"Brian","email":"bdreece@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79664,"text":"sir20065061 - 2006 - Modeling the Effects of Fire Frequency and Severity on Forests in the Northwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:10","indexId":"sir20065061","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5061","title":"Modeling the Effects of Fire Frequency and Severity on Forests in the Northwestern United States","docAbstract":"This study used a model of forest dynamics (FORCLIM) and actual forest survey data to demonstrate the effects of various fire regimes on different forest types in the Pacific Northwest. We examined forests in eight ecoregions ranging from wet coastal forests dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii and other tall conifers to dry interior forests dominated by Pinus ponderosa. Fire effects simulated as elevated mortality of trees based on their species and size did alter forest structure and species composition. Low frequency fires characteristic of wetter forests (return interval >200 yr) had minor effects on composition. When fires were severe, they tended to reduce total basal area with little regard to species differences. High frequency fires characteristic of drier forests (return interval <30 yr) had major effects on species composition and on total basal area. Typically, they caused substantial reductions in total basal area and shifts in dominance toward highly fire tolerant species. With the addition of fire, simulated basal areas averaged across ecoregions were reduced to levels approximating observed basal areas.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065061","usgsCitation":"Busing, R.T., and Solomon, A.M., 2006, Modeling the Effects of Fire Frequency and Severity on Forests in the Northwestern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5061, iv, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065061.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9300,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5061/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6997df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busing, Richard T.","contributorId":13303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busing","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, Allen M.","contributorId":20394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solomon","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79657,"text":"ofr20061394 - 2006 - Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and Vicinity, Florida, May 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:07","indexId":"ofr20061394","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1394","title":"Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and Vicinity, Florida, May 2006","docAbstract":"Introduction: This map depicts the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity for May 2006. Potentiometric contours are based on water-level measurements collected at 599 wells during the period May 14-31, near the end of the dry season. Some contours are inferred from previous potentiometric-surface maps with larger well networks. The potentiometric surface of the carbonate Upper Floridan aquifer responds mainly to rainfall, and more locally, to ground-water withdrawals and springflow. Potentiometric-surface highs generally correspond to topographic highs where the aquifer is recharged. Springs and areas of diffuse upward leakage naturally discharge water from the aquifer and are most prevalent along the St. Johns River. Areas of discharge are reflected by depressions in the potentiometric surface. Ground-water withdrawals locally have lowered the potentiometric surface. Ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer generally flows from potentiometric highs to potentiometric lows in a direction perpendicular to the contours. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061394","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the\r\nSt. Johns River Water Management District\r\nSouth Florida Water Management District\r\nSouthwest Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Kinnaman, S.L., 2006, Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and Vicinity, Florida, May 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1394, map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061394.","productDescription":"map","temporalStart":"2006-05-14","temporalEnd":"2006-05-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9293,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1394/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db68326e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinnaman, Sandra L. 0000-0003-0271-6187 kinnaman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-6187","contributorId":1757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinnaman","given":"Sandra","email":"kinnaman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79658,"text":"sir20065134 - 2006 - Pore-Water Quality in the Clay-Silt Confining Units of the Lower Miocene Kirkwood Formation and Hypothetical Effects on Water Quality in the Atlantic City 800-Foot Sand, Northeastern Cape May County, New Jersey, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:21","indexId":"sir20065134","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5134","title":"Pore-Water Quality in the Clay-Silt Confining Units of the Lower Miocene Kirkwood Formation and Hypothetical Effects on Water Quality in the Atlantic City 800-Foot Sand, Northeastern Cape May County, New Jersey, 2001","docAbstract":"Pore water was extracted from clay-silt core samples collected from a borehole at Ocean View, west of Sea Isle City, in northeastern Cape May County, New Jersey. The borehole intersects the lower Miocene Kirkwood Formation, which includes a thick sand and gravel unit between two clay-silt units. The sand and gravel unit forms a major confined aquifer in the region, known as the Atlantic City 800-foot sand, the major source of potable water along the Atlantic Coast of southern New Jersey. The pore water from the core is of interest because the borehole intersects the aquifer in an area where the ground water is sodium-rich and sulfidic. Locally in the aquifer in central and southern Cape May County, sodium concentrations are near the New Jersey secondary drinking-water standard of 50 mg/L (milligrams per liter), and typically are greater than 30 mg/L, but chloride and sulfate do not approach their respective secondary drinking-water standards except in southernmost Cape May County. Pore waters from the confining units are suspected to be a source of sodium, sulfur, and chloride to the aquifer. Constituent concentrations in filtered pore-water samples were determined using the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analytical technique to facilitate the determination of low-level concentrations of many trace constituents.\r\n\r\nCalcium-sodium-sulfate-bicarbonate, calcium-chloride-sulfate, calcium-sulfate, and sodium-sulfate-chloride-bicarbonate type waters characterize samples from the deepest part of the confining unit directly overlying the aquifer (termed the 'lower' confining unit). A sodium-chloride-sulfate type water is dominant in the composite confining unit below the aquifer. Sodium, chloride, and sulfate became increasingly dominant with depth. Pore water from the deepest sample recovered (1,390 ft (feet) below land surface) was brackish, with concentrations of sodium, chloride, and sulfate of 5,930, 8,400, and 5,070 mg/L, respectively. Pore-water samples from 900 ft or less below land surface, although mineralized, were fresh, not brackish. Sodium concentrations ranged from 51.3 to 513 mg/L, with the maximum concentration found at 882 ft below land surface in the composite confining unit below the aquifer. Chloride concentrations ranged from 46.4 to 757 mg/L, with the maximum concentration found at 596 ft below land surface in the 'lower' confining unit, and were higher than those in pore water from the same units at Atlantic City, N.J. Concentrations of chloride in the composite confining unit below the aquifer were consistently greater than 250 mg/L, indicating that the confining unit can be a source of chloride at depth. Of the major anions, sulfate was the constituent whose concentration varied most, ranging from 42 to 799 mg/L. The maximum concentration was found at 406 ft below land surface, in the upper part of the confining unit overlying the aquifer and the Rio Grande water-bearing zone (termed the 'upper' confining unit). Sulfide was not detected in any pore-water sample despite the presence of abundant quantities of sulfate and sulfide in the aquifer. The absence of sulfide in the pore waters is consistent with the hypothesis that sulfate is reduced in the aquifer. The presence of arsenic, at concentrations ranging from 0.0062 to 0.0374 mg/L, is consistent with the absence of sulfide and the possible presence of iron in the pore water.\r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065134","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Szabo, Z., Keller, E.A., and Defawe, R.M., 2006, Pore-Water Quality in the Clay-Silt Confining Units of the Lower Miocene Kirkwood Formation and Hypothetical Effects on Water Quality in the Atlantic City 800-Foot Sand, Northeastern Cape May County, New Jersey, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5134, vi, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065134.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"32","temporalStart":"2001-01-01","temporalEnd":"2001-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9295,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5134/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.9,38.8 ], [ -74.9,39.3 ], [ -73.5,39.3 ], [ -73.5,38.8 ], [ -74.9,38.8 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685883","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keller, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":96359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Defawe, Rose M.","contributorId":106208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Defawe","given":"Rose","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79659,"text":"sir20065096 - 2006 - Flood of July 12-13, 2004, Burlington and Camden Counties, South-Central New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:19","indexId":"sir20065096","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5096","title":"Flood of July 12-13, 2004, Burlington and Camden Counties, South-Central New Jersey","docAbstract":"Intense rainfall inundated south-central New Jersey on July 12-13, 2004, causing major flooding with heavy property, road, and bridge damage in Burlington and Camden Counties. Forty-five dams were topped or damaged, or failed completely. The affected areas were in the Rancocas Creek, Cooper River, and Pennsauken Creek Basins.\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) documented peak stream elevations and flows at 56 selected sites within the affected area. With rainfall totals averaging more than 6 inches throughout the three basins, peak-of-record flood elevations and streamflows occurred at all but one USGS stream gage, where the previous record was tied. Flood-frequency recurrence-intervals ranged from 30 to greater than 100 years and maximum streamflow per square mile ranged from 13.9 to 263 cubic feet per second per square mile (ft3/s/mi2).\r\n\r\nPeak streamflow at USGS stream gages surrounding the affected basins are associated with considerably lower recurrence intervals and demonstrate the limited extent of the flood. A high tide of about 1 foot above monthly mean high tide did not contribute to high-water conditions. Low ground-water levels prior to the rainfall helped to mitigate flooding in the affected basins. Compared with historical floods in the Rancocas Creek Basin during 1938-40, the July 2004 flood had greater streamflow, but lower stream elevations.\r\n\r\nProperty damage from the event was estimated at $50 million. Governor James E. McGreevy declared a State of Emergency in Burlington and Camden Counties on July 13, 2004. After assessment of the damage by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), President George W. Bush declared Burlington and Camden Counties disaster areas on July 16, 2004.\r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20065096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Protz, A.R., and Reed, T., 2006, Flood of July 12-13, 2004, Burlington and Camden Counties, South-Central New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5096, vi, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065096.","productDescription":"vi, 74 p.","numberOfPages":"80","temporalStart":"2004-07-12","temporalEnd":"2004-07-13","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9296,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5096/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75,39.4 ], [ -75,40.3 ], [ -73.6,40.3 ], [ -73.6,39.4 ], [ -75,39.4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eeb9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Protz, Amy R.","contributorId":18464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Protz","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, Timothy J. 0000-0002-9943-4081","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9943-4081","contributorId":67990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76931,"text":"sir20065044 - 2006 - Factors Affecting Firm Yield and the Estimation of Firm Yield for Selected Streamflow-Dominated Drinking-Water-Supply Reservoirs in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:13","indexId":"sir20065044","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5044","title":"Factors Affecting Firm Yield and the Estimation of Firm Yield for Selected Streamflow-Dominated Drinking-Water-Supply Reservoirs in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Factors affecting reservoir firm yield, as determined by application of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection's Firm Yield Estimator (FYE) model, were evaluated, modified, and tested on 46 streamflow-dominated reservoirs representing 15 Massachusetts drinking-water supplies. The model uses a mass-balance approach to determine the maximum average daily withdrawal rate that can be sustained during a period of record that includes the 1960s drought-of-record. \r\n\r\nThe FYE methodology to estimate streamflow to the reservoir at an ungaged site was tested by simulating streamflow at two streamflow-gaging stations in Massachusetts and comparing the simulated streamflow to the observed streamflow. In general, the FYE-simulated flows agreed well with observed flows. There were substantial deviations from the measured values for extreme high and low flows. A sensitivity analysis determined that the model's streamflow estimates are most sensitive to input values for average annual precipitation, reservoir drainage area, and the soil-retention number-a term that describes the amount of precipitation retained by the soil in the basin.\r\n\r\nThe FYE model currently provides the option of using a 1,000-year synthetic record constructed by randomly sampling 2-year blocks of concurrent streamflow and precipitation records 500 times; however, the synthetic record has the potential to generate records of precipitation and streamflow that do not reflect the worst historical drought in Massachusetts. For reservoirs that do not have periods of drawdown greater than 2 years, the bootstrap does not offer any additional information about the firm yield of a reservoir than the historical record does. For some reservoirs, the use of a synthetic record to determine firm yield resulted in as much as a 30-percent difference between firm-yield values from one simulation to the next. Furthermore, the assumption that the synthetic traces of streamflow are statistically equivalent to the historical record is not valid.\r\n\r\nFor multiple-reservoir systems, the firm-yield estimate was dependent on the reservoir system's configuration. The firm yield of a system is sensitive to how the water is transferred from one reservoir to another, the capacity of the connection between the reservoirs, and how seasonal variations in demand are represented in the FYE model.\r\n\r\nFirm yields for 25 (14 single-reservoir systems and 11 multiple-reservoir systems) reservoir systems were determined by using the historical records of streamflow and precipitation. Current water-use data indicate that, on average, 20 of the 25 reservoir systems in the study were operating below their estimated firm yield; during months with peak demands, withdrawals exceeded the firm yield for 8 reservoir systems.\r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065044","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Waldron, M.C., and Archfield, S.A., 2006, Factors Affecting Firm Yield and the Estimation of Firm Yield for Selected Streamflow-Dominated Drinking-Water-Supply Reservoirs in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5044, vi, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065044.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p.","numberOfPages":"45","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9297,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5044/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe054","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waldron, Marcus C. mwaldron@usgs.gov","contributorId":1867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldron","given":"Marcus","email":"mwaldron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Archfield, Stacey A. 0000-0002-9011-3871 sarch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-3871","contributorId":1874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archfield","given":"Stacey","email":"sarch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79644,"text":"ofr20061363 - 2006 - The Interface Between Theory and Data in Structural Equation Models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:08","indexId":"ofr20061363","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1363","title":"The Interface Between Theory and Data in Structural Equation Models","docAbstract":"Structural equation modeling (SEM) holds the promise of providing natural scientists the capacity to evaluate complex multivariate hypotheses about ecological systems. Building on its predecessors, path analysis and factor analysis, SEM allows for the incorporation of both observed and unobserved (latent) variables into theoretically based probabilistic models. In this paper we discuss the interface between theory and data in SEM and the use of an additional variable type, the composite, for representing general concepts. In simple terms, composite variables specify the influences of collections of other variables and can be helpful in modeling general relationships of the sort commonly of interest to ecologists. While long recognized as a potentially important element of SEM, composite variables have received very limited use, in part because of a lack of theoretical consideration, but also because of difficulties that arise in parameter estimation when using conventional solution procedures. In this paper we present a framework for discussing composites and demonstrate how the use of partially reduced form models can help to overcome some of the parameter estimation and evaluation problems associated with models containing composites. Diagnostic procedures for evaluating the most appropriate and effective use of composites are illustrated with an example from the ecological literature. It is argued that an ability to incorporate composite variables into structural equation models may be particularly valuable in the study of natural systems, where concepts are frequently multifaceted and the influences of suites of variables are often of interest.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061363","usgsCitation":"Grace, J.B., and Bollen, K.A., 2006, The Interface Between Theory and Data in Structural Equation Models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1363, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061363.","productDescription":"33 p.","numberOfPages":"33","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9281,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1363/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67be7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bollen, Kenneth A.","contributorId":93989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollen","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79651,"text":"sir20065272 - 2006 - Surface-Water Quality and Nutrient Loads in the Nepaug Reservoir Watershed, Northwestern Connecticut, 1999-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"sir20065272","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5272","title":"Surface-Water Quality and Nutrient Loads in the Nepaug Reservoir Watershed, Northwestern Connecticut, 1999-2001","docAbstract":"Water quality was characterized at three tributary watersheds to the Nepaug Reservoir-Nepaug River, Phelps Brook, and Clear Brook-from October 1998 through September 2001 to document existing water-quality conditions and evaluate potential future effects of the removal of sand and gravel from areas of the watershed. Some removal operations may include removal of vegetation and top soil and steepening of slopes. Routine water samples collected monthly in all three watersheds were analyzed for nutrients, organic carbon, major ions, and fecal indicator bacteria. Results of the analyses indicate that, in general, the water quality in all three tributary watersheds is good and meets standards established for drinking-water supplies for nitrate, but does not always meet contact-recreation standards for bacteria. Median concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon were highest in the routine monthly samples from Phelps Brook and lowest from Clear Brook. Samples also were collected during selected storms to examine changes in concentrations of nutrients during periods of high streamflow. The maximum values measured for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon were in storm samples from Clear Brook.\r\n\r\nThe Nepaug River watershed delivered the largest loads of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon to the reservoir. Yields of nutrients and organic carbon differed significantly from year to year and among the three watersheds. Yields of total nitrogen and total organic carbon were largest from Phelps Brook and smallest from Clear Brook. The yields of total phosphorus were largest from Nepaug River and smallest from Phelps Brook. In comparison to other watersheds in Connecticut, annual loads and yields from the three streams were lower than those of developed urban areas and comparable to those of other rural and forested basins. Delivery of nutrients and organic carbon to the reservoir took place mostly during the spring with the exception of those constituents delivered during Tropical Storm Floyd, a large fall storm.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065272","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Metropolitan District Commission","usgsCitation":"Morrison, J., and Colombo, M.J., 2006, Surface-Water Quality and Nutrient Loads in the Nepaug Reservoir Watershed, Northwestern Connecticut, 1999-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5272, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065272.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1998-10-01","temporalEnd":"2001-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190881,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9289,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5272/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae6e4b07f02db68b2b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrison, Jonathan 0000-0002-1756-4609 jmorriso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1756-4609","contributorId":2274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmorriso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colombo, Michael J. mjcolomb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colombo","given":"Michael","email":"mjcolomb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79645,"text":"ofr20061307 - 2006 - Bioindicators from Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) Sampled from the Imperial Valley in Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:15","indexId":"ofr20061307","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1307","title":"Bioindicators from Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) Sampled from the Imperial Valley in Southern California","docAbstract":"The Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge (SSNWR) is located 64 km north of the Mexican border at the southern end of the Salton Sea in California's Imperial Valley. Freshwater ponds and managed habitats at the SSNWR, Calipatria, Calif. are supplied with Colorado River water that carries compounds from upstream sources. Components include municipal and industrial discharges, agricultural drainage, and sewage plant inputs. Aquatic animals in these ecosystems are continuously exposed to multiple constituents, several of which have been demonstrated to be associated with hormonal disturbances. We investigated possible endocrine impacts to fish in the Imperial Valley, Calif., by addressing the null hypothesis that aquatic species in impacted sites did not exhibit evidence of endocrine disruption as compared with those from nonimpacted sites. The results presented are intended to provide managers with science-based information and interpretations about the condition of the animals in their ecosystems for the minimization of potential adverse effects to trust fish and wildlife resources and for the maximization of available water resources.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061307","usgsCitation":"Jenkins, J.A., and Draugelis-Dale, R.O., 2006, Bioindicators from Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) Sampled from the Imperial Valley in Southern California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1307, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061307.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9282,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1307/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db6236a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenkins, Jill A. 0000-0002-5087-0894 jenkinsj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5087-0894","contributorId":2710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Jill","email":"jenkinsj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Draugelis-Dale, Rassa O. 0000-0001-8532-3287 daler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8532-3287","contributorId":20422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draugelis-Dale","given":"Rassa","email":"daler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79650,"text":"fs20063119 - 2006 - Pesticides in Ground Water of the Maryland Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T13:02:53.880004","indexId":"fs20063119","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3119","title":"Pesticides in Ground Water of the Maryland Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"Selected pesticides are detectable at low levels (generally less than 0.1 microgram per liter) in unconfined ground water in many parts of the Maryland Coastal Plain. Samples were recently collected (2001-04) from 47 wells in the Coastal Plain and analyzed for selected pesticides and degradate compounds (products of pesticide degradation). Most pesticide degradation occurs in the soil zone before infiltration to the water table, and degradates of selected pesticides were commonly detected in ground water, often at higher concentrations than their respective parent compounds. Pesticides and their degradates often occur in ground water in mixtures of multiple compounds, reflecting similar patterns in usage. All measured concentrations in ground water were below established standards for drinking water, and nearly all were below other health-based guidelines. Although drinking-water standards and guidelines are typically much higher than observed concentrations in ground water, they do not exist for many detected compounds (particularly degradates), or for mixtures of multiple compounds.\r\n\r\nThe distribution of observed pesticide compounds reflects known usage patterns, as well as chemical properties and environmental factors that affect the fate and transport of these compounds in the environment. Many commonly used pesticides, such as glyphosate, pendimethalin, and 2,4-D were not detected in ground water, likely because they were sorbed onto organic matter or degraded in the soil zone. Others that are more soluble and (or) persistent, like atrazine, metolachlor, and several of their degradates, were commonly detected in ground water where they have been used. Atrazine, for example, an herbicide used primarily on corn, was most commonly detected in ground water on the Eastern Shore (where agriculture is common), particularly where soils are well drained. Conversely, dieldrin, an insecticide previously used heavily for termite control, was detected only on the Western Shore, where urban land is more common. Use of dieldrin was suspended in 1987, but this compound is relatively persistent in the environment, and several decades are typically required for ground water to move completely through the surficial aquifer. U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey USGS Fact Sheet FS 2006-3119 2006 Location of the Maryland Coastal Plain.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20063119","usgsCitation":"Denver, J., and Ator, S.W., 2006, Pesticides in Ground Water of the Maryland Coastal Plain: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3119, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063119.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9288,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://md.water.usgs.gov/publications/fs-2006-3119/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125149,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3119.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa712","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denver, Judith M. jmdenver@usgs.gov","contributorId":780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denver","given":"Judith M.","email":"jmdenver@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":375,"text":"Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ator, Scott W. 0000-0002-9186-4837 swator@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9186-4837","contributorId":781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ator","given":"Scott","email":"swator@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":375,"text":"Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79655,"text":"ofr20061241 - 2006 - The World Coal Quality Inventory: South America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T19:41:15","indexId":"ofr20061241","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1241","title":"The World Coal Quality Inventory: South America","docAbstract":"Executive Summary-Introduction:\r\n\r\nThe concepts of a global environment and economy are strongly and irrevocably linked to global energy issues. Worldwide coal production and international coal trade are projected to increase during the next several decades in an international energy mix that is still strongly dependent on fossil fuels. Therefore, worldwide coal use will play an increasingly visible role in global environmental, economic, and energy forums.\r\n\r\nPolicy makers require information on coal, including coal quality data, to make informed decisions regarding domestic coal resource allocation, import needs and export opportunities, foreign policy objectives, technology transfer policies, foreign investment prospects, environmental and health assessments, and byproduct use and disposal issues. The development of a worldwide, reliable, coal quality database would help ensure the most economically and environmentally efficient global use of coal. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with many agencies and scientists from the world's coal producing countries, originally undertook a project to obtain representative samples of coal from most of the world's producing coal provinces during a limited period of time (roughly 1998-2005), which is called the World Coal Quality Inventory (WoCQI). The multitude of producing coal mines, coal occurrences, or limited accessibility to sites in some countries can preclude collecting more than a single sample from a mine. In some areas, a single sample may represent an entire coal mining region or basin. Despite these limitations in sampling and uneven distribution of sample collection, the analytical results can still provide a general overview of world coal quality. The USGS intends to present the WoCQI data in reports and, when possible, in Geographic Information System (GIS) products that cover important coal bearing and producing regions.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061241","usgsCitation":"Tewalt, S.J., Bragg, L.J., and Finkelman, R.B., 2006, The World Coal Quality Inventory: South America: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1241, iii, 245 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061241.","productDescription":"iii, 245 p.","numberOfPages":"248","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9291,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1241/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4c4f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Karlsen, Alex W.","contributorId":78789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlsen","given":"Alex W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747056,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Tewalt, Susan J. stewalt@usgs.gov","contributorId":64270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewalt","given":"Susan","email":"stewalt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":259,"text":"Energy Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bragg, Linda J.","contributorId":103717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bragg","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finkelman, Robert B.","contributorId":85951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79654,"text":"ofr20051187 - 2006 - Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:09","indexId":"ofr20051187","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1187","title":"Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument","docAbstract":"Executive Summary\r\n\r\nThis report summarizes the results of the first comprehensive biological inventory of Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument (NM) in western New Mexico. This project was part of a larger effort to inventory plants and vertebrates in eight National Park Service units in Arizona and New Mexico. Our surveys address many of the objectives that were set forth in the monument's natural resource management plan almost 20 years ago, but until this effort, those goals were never accomplished.\r\n\r\nFrom 2001 to 2003 we surveyed for vascular plants and vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) at Gila Cliff Dwellings NM to document presence of species within the boundaries of the monument. For all taxonomic groups that we studied, we collected 'incidental' sightings on U.S. Forest Service lands adjacent to the monument, and in a few cases we did formal surveys on those lands. Because we used repeatable study designs and standardized field techniques, these inventories can serve as the first step in a biological monitoring program for Gila Cliff Dwellings NM and surrounding lands.\r\n\r\nWe recorded 552 species at Gila Cliff Dwellings NM and the surrounding lands (Table 1). We found no non-native species of reptiles, birds, or mammals, one non-native amphibian (American bullfrog), and 33 non-native plants. Particularly on lands adjacent to the monument we found that the American bullfrog was very abundant, which is a cause for significant management concern. Species of non-native plants that are of management concern include red brome, bufflegrass, and cheatgrass.\r\n\r\nFor a park unit of its size and geographic location, we found the plant and vertebrate communities to be fairly diverse; for each taxonomic group we found representative species from a wide range of taxonomic orders and/or families. The monument's geographic location, with influences from the Rocky Mountain, Chihuahuan Desert, and Madrean ecological provinces, plays an important role in determining the species richness at the monument. Also important is the wide range of conditions at the site. The diversity of plants results from a wide variety of soil types and aspects (from the cool, moist Cliff Dweller Canyon to dry mesa slopes) and an abundance of water from the West Fork of the Gila River. In turn, the vertebrate communities respond to this diversity of vegetation, topography, and microsites. For example, for each taxonomic group we found species that were only associated with a single community type, most often the riparian areas along the West and Middle forks of the Gila River.\r\n\r\nWe found cause for significant concern with regard to loss of species in the last few decades. One species of amphibian (Chiricahua leopard frog) is certainly extirpated from the area. Three other species of amphibians (Mexican spadefoot, Woodhouse's toad, and red-spotted toad), reported as being 'common' in the area in 1971, were not found during our surveys. In addition, we did not find three species of rodents that were found in 1965: silky pocket mouse, Ord's kangaroo rat, and southern grasshopper mouse. The monument's aquatic vertebrate component, in particular, may be at a critical juncture whereby other species, such as gartersnakes, may be poised for extirpation. Declining abundance of native fish species has been demonstrated from long-term monitoring of these communities along the Middle Fork of the Gila River.\r\n\r\nThis report includes lists of species recorded by us or species likely to be recorded with additional survey effort. It also includes management implications from our work - how the monument staff might better maintain or enhance the unique biological resources of the monument. This study is the first step in a long-term process of compiling information on the biological resources of the monument and its surrounding areas. We recommend additional inventory and monitoring studies and identify components of our effort that could be improved upon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051187","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Powell, B., Albrecht, E.W., Halvorson, W., Schmidt, C., Docherty, K., and Anning, P., 2006, Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1187, xiv, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051187.","productDescription":"xiv, 84 p.","numberOfPages":"98","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10285,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1187/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db60283f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, Brian F.","contributorId":25644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Brian F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albrecht, Eric W.","contributorId":8568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albrecht","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halvorson, William L.","contributorId":97194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halvorson","given":"William L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, Cecilia A.","contributorId":25645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Cecilia A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Docherty, Kathleen","contributorId":100488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"Kathleen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anning, Pamela","contributorId":45789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anning","given":"Pamela","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":79639,"text":"ds119 - 2006 - Archive of digital boomer seismic reflection data collected during USGS field activity 04SGI01 in the Withlacoochee River of West-Central Florida, March 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T15:08:41","indexId":"ds119","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"119","title":"Archive of digital boomer seismic reflection data collected during USGS field activity 04SGI01 in the Withlacoochee River of West-Central Florida, March 2004","docAbstract":"In March of 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a geophysical survey in the Withlacoochee River of west-central Florida. This report serves as an archive of unprocessed digital boomer seismic reflection data, trackline maps, navigation files, GIS information, Field Activity Collection System (FACS) logs, observer's logbook, and FGDC metadata. Filtered and gained digital images of the seismic profiles are also provided. Refer to the Acronyms page for expansion of all acronyms and abbreviations used in this report.
\nThe archived trace data are in standard Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) SEG-Y format (Barry and others, 1975) and may be downloaded and processed with commercial or public domain software such as Seismic Unix (SU). Example SU processing scripts and USGS software for viewing the SEG-Y files (Zihlman, 1992) are also provided.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds119","isbn":"9780607985979","usgsCitation":"Calderon, K., Dadisman, S.V., Yobbi, D.K., McBride, W., Flocks, J.G., and Wiese, D.S., 2006, Archive of digital boomer seismic reflection data collected during USGS field activity 04SGI01 in the Withlacoochee River of West-Central Florida, March 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 119, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds119.","productDescription":"HTML Document","temporalStart":"2004-03-01","temporalEnd":"2004-03-05","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds119.PNG"},{"id":9272,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2007/119/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Withlacoochee River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.4574,28.5193 ], [ -82.4574,29.0433 ], [ -82.1684,29.0433 ], [ -82.1684,28.5193 ], [ -82.4574,28.5193 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679d86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calderon, Karynna","contributorId":92739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calderon","given":"Karynna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dadisman, Shawn V. sdadisman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dadisman","given":"Shawn","email":"sdadisman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yobbi, Dann K.","contributorId":15247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"Dann","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McBride, W. Scott","contributorId":15293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"W. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flocks, James G. 0000-0002-6177-7433 jflocks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-7433","contributorId":816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flocks","given":"James","email":"jflocks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wiese, Dana S. dwiese@usgs.gov","contributorId":2476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiese","given":"Dana","email":"dwiese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":79640,"text":"ds203 - 2006 - Archive of digital boomer seismic reflection data collected during USGS Cruise 97CCT01 offshore of central South Carolina, June 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T14:54:36","indexId":"ds203","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"203","title":"Archive of digital boomer seismic reflection data collected during USGS Cruise 97CCT01 offshore of central South Carolina, June 1997","docAbstract":"In June of 1997, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Coastal Carolina University, conducted a geophysical survey of the shallow geologic framework of the continental shelf offshore of central South Carolina from the Isle of Palms to Bull Island. This report serves as an archive of unprocessed digital boomer seismic reflection data, trackline maps, navigation files, GIS information, observers' logbooks, Field Activity Collection System (FACS) logs, and formal FGDC metadata. Filtered and gained digital images of the seismic profiles are also provided.
\nThe archived trace data are in standard Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) SEG-Y format (Barry and others, 1975) and may be downloaded and processed with commercial or public domain software such as Seismic Unix (SU). Example SU processing scripts and USGS software for viewing the SEG-Y files (Zihlman, 1992) are also provided.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds203","usgsCitation":"Calderon, K., Dadisman, S.V., Kindinger, J.L., Flocks, J.G., Harris, M., and Thompson, P.R., 2006, Archive of digital boomer seismic reflection data collected during USGS Cruise 97CCT01 offshore of central South Carolina, June 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 203, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds203.","productDescription":"HTML Document","temporalStart":"2006-06-01","temporalEnd":"2006-06-04","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds203.PNG"},{"id":9274,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/203/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.8141,32.7353 ], [ -79.8141,32.8897 ], [ -79.5589,32.8897 ], [ -79.5589,32.7353 ], [ -79.8141,32.7353 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679e1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calderon, Karynna","contributorId":92739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calderon","given":"Karynna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dadisman, Shawn V. sdadisman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dadisman","given":"Shawn","email":"sdadisman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kindinger, Jack L. jkindinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"Jack","email":"jkindinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flocks, James G. 0000-0002-6177-7433 jflocks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-7433","contributorId":816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flocks","given":"James","email":"jflocks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harris, M. Scott","contributorId":7795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"M. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thompson, Philip R. prthompson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Philip","email":"prthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":79643,"text":"ds181 - 2006 - Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado, Oil Shale Geodatabase","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:40","indexId":"ds181","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"181","title":"Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado, Oil Shale Geodatabase","docAbstract":"This geodatabase is a digital reproduction of three legacy USGS oil shale publications--MF-958 (Pitman and Johnson, 1978), MF-1069 (Pitman, 1979), and OC-132 (Pitman and others, 1990). The database consists of 106 feature classes in three feature datasets organized by publication. Each dataset contains isopach contours, isoresource contours, isoresource polygons, and corehole and drillhole locations with resource values for 12 kerogen-rich (R) and kerogen-lean (L) oil shale zones in the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado. The uppermost zones, Mahogany and R-6, also contain detailed structure files. The zones in descending order are: Mahogany, R-6, L-5, R-5, L-4, R-4, L-3, R-3, L-2, R-2, L-1, and R-1.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ds181","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado, Oil Shale Geodatabase: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 181, geodatabase, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds181.","productDescription":"geodatabase","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9280,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/181/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.7751,39.3737 ], [ -108.7751,40.1736 ], [ -107.8817,40.1736 ], [ -107.8817,39.3737 ], [ -108.7751,39.3737 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685906","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79637,"text":"sir20065273 - 2006 - Water Quality, Hydrology, and Response to Changes in Phosphorus Loading of Nagawicka Lake, a Calcareous Lake in Waukesha County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:30:38","indexId":"sir20065273","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5273","title":"Water Quality, Hydrology, and Response to Changes in Phosphorus Loading of Nagawicka Lake, a Calcareous Lake in Waukesha County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Nagawicka Lake is a 986-acre, usually mesotrophic, calcareous lake in southeastern Wisconsin. Because of concern over potential water-quality degradation of the lake associated with further development in its watershed, a study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey from 2002 to 2006 to describe the water quality and hydrology of the lake; quantify sources of phosphorus, including those associated with urban development; and determine the effects of past and future changes in phosphorus loading on the water quality of the lake. All major water and phosphorus sources were measured directly, and minor sources were estimated to construct detailed water and phosphorus budgets for the lake. The Bark River, near-lake surface inflow, precipitation, and ground water contributed 74, 8, 12, and 6 percent of the inflow, respectively. Water leaves the lake primarily through the Bark River outlet (88 percent) or by evaporation (11 percent). The water quality of Nagawicka Lake has improved dramatically since 1980 as a result of decreasing the historical loading of phosphorus to the lake. Total input of phosphorus to the lake was about 3,000 pounds in monitoring year (MY) 2003 and 6,700 pounds in MY 2004. The largest source of phosphorus entering the lake was the Bark River, which delivered about 56 percent of the total phosphorus input, compared with about 74 percent of the total water input. The next largest contributions were from the urbanized near-lake drainage area, which disproportionately accounted for 37 percent of the total phosphorus input but only about 5 percent of the total water input.\r\n\r\nSimulations with water-quality models within the Wisconsin Lakes Modeling Suite (WiLMS) indicated the response of Nagawicka Lake to 10 phosphorus-loading scenarios. These scenarios included historical (1970s) and current (base) years (MY 2003-04) for which lake water quality and loading were known, six scenarios with percentage increases or decreases in phosphorus loading from controllable sources relative to the base years 2003-04, and two scenarios corresponding to specific management actions. Because of the lake's calcareous character, the average simulated summer concentration of total phosphorus for Nagawicka Lake was about 2 times that measured in the lake. The models likely over-predict because they do not account for coprecipitation of phosphorus and dissolved organic matter with calcite, negligible release of phosphorus from the deep sediments, and external phosphorus loading with abnormally high amounts of nonavailable phosphorus. After adjusting the simulated results for the overestimation of the models, a 50-percent reduction in phosphorus loading resulted in an average predicted phosphorus concentration of 0.008 milligrams per liter (mg/L) (a decrease of 46 percent). With a 50-percent increase in phosphorus loading, the average predicted concentration was 0.020 mg/L (an increase of 45 percent). With the changes in land use under the assumed future full development conditions, the average summer total phosphorus concentration should remain similar to that measured in MY 2003-04 (approximately 0.014 mg/L). However, if stormwater and nonpoint controls are added to achieve a 50-percent reduction in loading from the urbanized near-lake drainage area, the average summer total phosphorus concentration should decrease from the present conditions (MY 2003-04) to 0.011 mg/L. Slightly more than a 25-percent reduction in phosphorus loading from that measured in MY 2003-04 would be required for the lake to be classified as oligotrophic.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20065273","collaboration":"In cooperation with the City of Delafield","usgsCitation":"Garn, H.S., Robertson, D.M., Rose, W., Goddard, G.L., and Horwatich, J.A., 2006, Water Quality, Hydrology, and Response to Changes in Phosphorus Loading of Nagawicka Lake, a Calcareous Lake in Waukesha County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5273, viii, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065273.","productDescription":"viii, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"49","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9268,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5273/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd35c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garn, Herbert S. hsgarn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garn","given":"Herbert","email":"hsgarn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, William J. wjrose@usgs.gov","contributorId":2182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William J.","email":"wjrose@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goddard, Gerald L.","contributorId":35721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":676,"text":"Wisconsin Water Resource Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Horwatich, Judy A. 0000-0003-0582-0836 jahorwat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0582-0836","contributorId":1388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horwatich","given":"Judy","email":"jahorwat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":79633,"text":"fs20063149 - 2006 - Garnet--An Essential Industrial Mineral and January's Birthstone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:10","indexId":"fs20063149","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3149","title":"Garnet--An Essential Industrial Mineral and January's Birthstone","docAbstract":"Garnet is one of the most common minerals in the world. Occurring in almost any color, it is most widely known for its beauty as a gem stone. Because of its hardness and other properties, garnet is also an essential industrial mineral used in abrasive products, non-slip surfaces, and filtration. To help manage our Nation's resources of such essential minerals, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides crucial data and scientific information to industry, policymakers, and the public. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20063149","usgsCitation":"Evans, J.G., Moyle, P.R., Frank, D.G., and Olson, D.W., 2006, Garnet--An Essential Industrial Mineral and January's Birthstone (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3149, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063149.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3149.jpg"},{"id":9263,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3149/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b138e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, James G. jevans@usgs.gov","contributorId":2396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"James","email":"jevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moyle, Phillip R.","contributorId":100898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyle","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frank, David G. dfrank@usgs.gov","contributorId":3274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"David","email":"dfrank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Olson, Donald W. dolson@usgs.gov","contributorId":526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Donald","email":"dolson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79628,"text":"ofr20061351 - 2006 - Proceedings of the 4th New World Luminescence Dating and Dosimetry Workshop, Denver, Colorado, May 31 June 2, 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T19:22:46","indexId":"ofr20061351","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1351","title":"Proceedings of the 4th New World Luminescence Dating and Dosimetry Workshop, Denver, Colorado, May 31 June 2, 2006","docAbstract":"Introduction: \r\n\r\nOptically stimulated luminescence (OSL) is one of a class of measurements known as stimulated phenomena. Such phenomena may be stimulated thermally or optically and the reader is referred to works by Aitken (1998) and Botter-Jensen and others (2003) for more detail. In recent years OSL has become a popular procedure for the determination of environmental radiation doses absorbed by archeological and geological materials in an attempt to date these materials. The first OSL measurements on quartz and feldspar were made using an argon ion-laser (Huntley et al., 1985). However, the development of cheaper stimulation systems based first on filtered lamps and then on light- emitting diodes (LEDs) (Spooner, et al., 1990; Botter-Jensen, and others, 1999) has led to a massive expansion in OSL dating applications. The abstracts in this volume represent presentations from a workshop held in May-June 2006, at the Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado, in which OSL methodologies and applications were summarized and integrated to provide a current synthesis of the OSL science being applied throughout North America.\r\n\r\nThe workshop, sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team and North Dakota State University, was open to all scientists interested in OSL dating techniques and radiation dosimetry. Participants included thirty-six research scientists and students in geology, archaeology, and physics from the U.S. Geological Survey, Los Alamos National Labs, Kentucky Geological Survey, eight universities in the United States, one university in Canada, one university in India, and Riso National Labs of Denmark.\r\n\r\nThe workshop included two keynote speakers: Dr. Ashok Singhvi (Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India) spoke on 'Some Unexplored Methodological Aspects and Some New Applications of Luminescence Dating,' while Dr. Jim Feathers (University of Seattle, WA) spoke on OSL Dating of Sediments From Paleoindian Sites in Brazil. The workshop encouraged everyone to interact more to develop a broader perspective on the types of research and the problems encountered when reporting OSL ages. This meeting follows the first North American Luminescence Dating Workshop held in Tulsa, OK, by Oklahoma State University (2001), in Albuquerque, NM, by Los Alamos National Labs (2002), and in Halifax, Nova Scotia, by Dalhousie University (2004, with a name change to New World Luminescence Dating Workshop). These workshops were interspersed with the international meetings on luminescence that were held in Reno, NV, (2002), and Cologne, Germany; (2005).\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061351","usgsCitation":"2006, Proceedings of the 4th New World Luminescence Dating and Dosimetry Workshop, Denver, Colorado, May 31 June 2, 2006 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1351, v, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061351.","productDescription":"v, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-05-31","temporalEnd":"2006-06-02","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":195777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9257,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1351/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db6604ef","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wise, Richard A.","contributorId":84857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"Richard A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749938,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79630,"text":"sir20065265 - 2006 - Sedimentation in Goose Pasture Tarn, 1965-2005, Breckenridge, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:20","indexId":"sir20065265","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5265","title":"Sedimentation in Goose Pasture Tarn, 1965-2005, Breckenridge, Colorado","docAbstract":"Goose Pasture Tarn, a 771-acre-foot reservoir in Summit County, Colorado, is the principal domestic water-storage facility for the Town of Breckenridge and collects runoff from approximately 42 square miles of the upper Blue River watershed. In the 40 years since the reservoir was constructed, deltaic deposits have accumulated at the mouths of two perennial streams that provide most of the inflow and sediment to the reservoir. The Blue River is a low-gradient braided channel and transports gravel- to silt-size sediment. Indiana Creek is a steep-gradient channel that transports boulder- to silt-size sediment. Both deltas are composed predominantly of gravel, sand, and silt, but silt has been deposited throughout the reservoir. In 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Town of Breckenridge, began a study to determine the volume of accumulated sediment in Goose Pasture Tarn, the long-term sedimentation rate for the reservoir, and the particle-size and chemical characteristics of the sediment.\r\n\r\nExposed delta deposits occupied 0.91 acre and had an estimated volume of 0.6 acre-foot in 2005. Aerial photographic analysis indicated both the Blue River and Indiana Creek deltas grew rapidly during time intervals that included larger-than-average annual flood peaks on the Blue River. Sediment-transport relations could not be developed for the Blue River or Indiana Creek because of minimal streamflow and infrequently observed sediment transport during the study; however, suspended-sediment loads ranged from 0.02 to 1.60 tons per day in the Blue River and from 0.06 to 1.55 tons per day in Indiana Creek. Bedload as a percentage of total load ranged from 9 to 27 percent. \r\n\r\nNew reservoir stage-area and stage-capacity relations were developed from bathymetric and topographic surveys of the reservoir bed. The original 1965 reservoir bed topography and the accumulated sediment thickness were estimated from a seismic survey and manual probing. The surface area of Goose Pasture Tarn in 2005 was 66.4 acres, and the reservoir capacity was 771.1 acre-feet at a full-pool elevation of 9,886.4 feet. The 1965 surface area was 67.1 acres, and the reservoir capacity was 818.0 acre-feet, indicating that the reservoir surface area has decreased by 0.7 acre, or about 1.1 percent, and the reservoir capacity has decreased by 46.9 acre-feet, or about 5.7 percent over a 40-year period. \r\n\r\nSediment thickness determined with seismic profiling ranged from 0 to 4.0 feet and averaged 0.7 foot, with lesser thicknesses in the deeper parts of the reservoir and greater thicknesses near the deltas. Probe-determined sediment thickness ranged from 1.0 to 4.4 feet and averaged 2.8 feet near the Blue River delta and ranged from 0.3 to 6.0 feet and averaged 3.6 feet near the Indiana Creek delta. Approximately 47.5 acre-feet of sediment has accumulated in Goose Pasture Tarn and in the Blue River and Indiana Creek deltas, or an average of 1.19 acre-feet per year.\r\n\r\nSediment cores from several locations in the reservoir showed stratification, which is indicative of different depositional dates or mechanisms. Metal and trace-constituent levels from the cores were compared with three standards. Silver, cadmium, europium, lead, and zinc were present in greater concentrations than Southern Rocky Mountain background levels in four sediment cores, and cadmium, lead, and zinc levels also were equal to or exceeded the Threshold Effect Concentration standards. Lead exceeded the Probable Effect Concentration standard in silt from the Blue River delta and deep water near the north shore. Tin was present in greater concentrations than Southern Rocky Mountain background levels in deep water near the east shore, and chromium and copper levels were equal to or exceeded the Threshold Effect Concentration standards in these cores.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065265","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Breckenridge, Colorado","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.G., Char, S.J., Linhart, S.M., Stephens, V.C., and O’Neill, G.B., 2006, Sedimentation in Goose Pasture Tarn, 1965-2005, Breckenridge, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5265, iv, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065265.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p.","numberOfPages":"49","temporalStart":"1965-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5265.jpg"},{"id":9259,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5265/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbc94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Char, Stephen J. sjchar@usgs.gov","contributorId":3982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Char","given":"Stephen","email":"sjchar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Linhart, Samuel M.","contributorId":10498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linhart","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stephens, V. Cory","contributorId":50239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"Cory","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Neill, Gregory B.","contributorId":104994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":79623,"text":"sim2949 - 2006 - Bathymetric contour maps of lakes surveyed in Iowa in 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-29T14:30:07","indexId":"sim2949","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2949","title":"Bathymetric contour maps of lakes surveyed in Iowa in 2004","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, conducted bathymetric surveys on six lakes in Iowa during 2004 (Lake Darling, Littlefield Lake, Lake Minnewashta, Nine Eagles Lake, Prairie Rose Lake, and Upper Gar Lake). The surveys were conducted to provide the Iowa Department of Natural Resources with information for the development of total maximum daily load limits, particularly for estimating sediment load and deposition rates. The bathymetric surveys can provide a baseline for future work on sediment loads and deposition rates for these lakes. Two of the lakes surveyed in 2004, Lake Minnewashta and Upper Gar Lake, are natural lakes. The other four lakes are manmade lakes with fixed spillways.
\nBathymetric data were collected using a boat-mounted, differential global positioning system, echo depth-sounding equipment, and computer software. Data were processed with commercial hydrographic software and exported into a geographic information system for mapping and calculating area and volume. Lake volume estimates ranged from 83,924,000 cubic feet (1,930 acre-feet) at Lake Darling to 5,967,000 cubic feet (140 acre-feet) at Upper Gar Lake. Surface area estimates ranged from 10,660,000 square feet (240 acres) at Lake Darling to 1,557,000 square feet (36 acres) at Upper Gar Lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim2949","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Linhart, S., and Lund, K.D., 2006, Bathymetric contour maps of lakes surveyed in Iowa in 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2949, 6 plates; metadata files, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2949.","productDescription":"6 plates; metadata files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9250,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2949/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110704,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80660.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"80660"},{"id":110705,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80661.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"80661"},{"id":110706,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80662.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"80662"},{"id":110707,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80663.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"80663"},{"id":110708,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80664.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"80664"},{"id":110709,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Mike","contributorId":61073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linhart","given":"S. Mike","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lund, Kris D. kdlund@usgs.gov","contributorId":1958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"Kris","email":"kdlund@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79626,"text":"ds198 - 2006 - Ground-water-quality data for a treated-wastewater plume undergoing natural restoration, Ashumet Valley, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T11:49:24","indexId":"ds198","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"198","title":"Ground-water-quality data for a treated-wastewater plume undergoing natural restoration, Ashumet Valley, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"A plume of contaminated ground water extends from former disposal beds at the Massachusetts Military Reservation wastewater-treatment plant toward Ashumet Pond, and farther southward toward coastal ponds and Vineyard Sound, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Treated sewage-derived wastewater was discharged to the rapid-infiltration beds for nearly 60 years before the disposal site was moved to a different location in December 1995.\r\n\r\nWater-quality samples were collected periodically from monitoring wells and multilevel samplers during and after the disposal period to characterize the nature and extent of the contaminated ground water and to observe the water-quality changes after the wastewater disposal ceased. Data are presented here for water samples collected from 1994 through 2004 from 16 wells (at 2 locations) and 14 multilevel samplers (at 9 locations) along a longitudinal transect that extends through one of the disposal beds. Data collected from the treated-wastewater plume are presented in tabular format. These data include field parameters; concentrations of cations, anions, nitrate, ammonium, and organic and inorganic carbon species; and ultraviolet/visible absorbance. The natural restoration of the sand and gravel aquifer after removal of the nearly 60-year-long treated-wastewater source, along with interpretations of the water quality in the treated-wastewater plume on Cape Cod, have been documented in several published reports that are listed in the references.\r\n\r\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds198","usgsCitation":"Savoie, J., Smith, R.L., Kent, D.B., Hess, K.M., LeBlanc, D.R., and Barber, L.B., 2006, Ground-water-quality data for a treated-wastewater plume undergoing natural restoration, Ashumet Valley, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 198, CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds198.","productDescription":"CD-ROM","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1994-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9255,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/198/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts ","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.697021484375,\n 41.63186741069748\n ],\n [\n -69.927978515625,\n 41.63186741069748\n ],\n [\n -69.927978515625,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -70.697021484375,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -70.697021484375,\n 41.63186741069748\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69857f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savoie, Jennifer G.","contributorId":52218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoie","given":"Jennifer G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kent, Douglas B. 0000-0003-3758-8322 dbkent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3758-8322","contributorId":1871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Douglas","email":"dbkent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hess, Kathryn M.","contributorId":49012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barber, Larry B. 0000-0002-0561-0831 lbbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-0831","contributorId":921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Larry","email":"lbbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":69855,"text":"pp1674 - 2006 - Mapping ground water in three dimensions: An analysis of airborne geophysical surveys of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, Cochise County, southeastern Arizona","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":31197,"text":"ofr2000517 - 2001 - Mapping groundwater in three dimensions: An analysis of the airborne geophysical surveys of the upper San Pedro River basin, Cochise County, southeastern Arizona with an interpretation of where the groundwater lies","indexId":"ofr2000517","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Mapping groundwater in three dimensions: An analysis of the airborne geophysical surveys of the upper San Pedro River basin, Cochise County, southeastern Arizona with an interpretation of where the groundwater lies"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":69855,"text":"pp1674 - 2006 - Mapping ground water in three dimensions: An analysis of airborne geophysical surveys of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, Cochise County, southeastern Arizona","indexId":"pp1674","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"title":"Mapping ground water in three dimensions: An analysis of airborne geophysical surveys of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, Cochise County, southeastern Arizona"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-17T22:04:50.388843","indexId":"pp1674","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1674","title":"Mapping ground water in three dimensions: An analysis of airborne geophysical surveys of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, Cochise County, southeastern Arizona","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the results of two airborne geophysical surveys conducted in the upper San Pedro Valley of southeastern Arizona in 1997 and 1999. The combined surveys cover about 1,000 square kilometers and extend from the Huachuca Mountains on the west to the Mule Mountains and Tombstone Hills on the east and from north of the Babocomari River to near the Mexican border on the south. The surveys included the acquisition of high-resolution magnetic data, which were used to map depth to the crystalline basement rocks underlying the sediments filling the basin. The magnetic inversion results show a complex basement morphology, with sediment thickness in the center of the valley ranging from ~237 meters beneath the city of Sierra Vista to ~1,500 meters beneath Huachuca City and the Palominas area near the Mexican border. The surveys also included acquisition of 60-channel time-domain electromagnetic (EM) data. Extensive quality analyses of these data, including inversion to conductivity vs. depth (conductivity-depth-transform or CDT) profiles and comparisons with electrical well logs, show that the electrical conductor mapped represents the subsurface water-bearing sediments throughout most of the basin.\r\n\r\nIn a few places (notably the mouth of Huachuca Canyon), the reported water table lies above where the electrical conductor places it. These exceptions appear to be due to a combination of outdated water-table information, significant horizontal displacement between the wells and the CDT profiles, and a subtle calibration issue with the CDT algorithm apparent only in areas of highly resistive (very dry) overburden. These occasional disparities appear in less than 5 percent of the surveyed area. Observations show, however, that wells drilled in the thick unsaturated zone along the Huachuca Mountain front eventually intersect water, at which point the water rapidly rises high into the unsaturated zone within the wellbore. This rising of water in a wellbore implies some sort of confinement below the thick unsaturated zone, a confinement that is not identified in the available literature. Occasional disparities notwithstanding, maps of the electrical conductor derived from the airborne EM system provide a synoptic view of the presence of water underlying the upper San Pedro Valley, including its three-dimensional distribution. The EM data even show faults previously only inferred from geologic mapping.\r\n\r\nThe magnetic and electromagnetic data together appear to show the thickness of the sediments, the water in the saturated sediments down to a maximum of about 400 meters depth, and even places where the main ground-water body is not in direct contact with the San Pedro River. However, the geophysical data cannot reveal anything directly about hydraulic conductivity or ground-water flow. Estimating these characteristics requires new hydraulic modeling based in part on this report.\r\n\r\nOne concern to reviewers of this report is the effect that clays may have on the electrical conductor mapped with the airborne geophysical system. Although the water in the basin is unusually conductive, averaging 338 microsiemens per centimeter, reasoning cited below suggests that the contribution of clays to the overall conductivity would be relatively small. Basic principles of sedimentary geology suggest that silts and clays should dominate the center of the basin, while sands and gravels would tend to dominate the margins. Although clay content may increase the amplitude of the observed electrical conductors somewhat, it will not affect the depths to the conductor derived from depth inversions. Further, fine-grained sediments generally have higher porosity and tend to lie toward a basin center, a fact in general agreement with the observed geophysical data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1674","isbn":"1411309014","usgsCitation":"Wynn, J., 2006, Mapping ground water in three dimensions: An analysis of airborne geophysical surveys of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, Cochise County, southeastern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1674, Report: v, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 26.34 inches and 25.00 x 24.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1674.","productDescription":"Report: v, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 26.34 inches and 25.00 x 24.00 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1997-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":9341,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/2006/1674/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":188776,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110715,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80831.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"80831"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Cochise County","otherGeospatial":"Upper San Pedro River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.4580522692127,\n 31.74663535853425\n ],\n [\n -110.4580522692127,\n 31.34199014408115\n ],\n [\n -109.85346594086583,\n 31.34199014408115\n ],\n [\n -109.85346594086583,\n 31.74663535853425\n ],\n [\n -110.4580522692127,\n 31.74663535853425\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0be4b07f02db69e1f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wynn, Jeff 0000-0002-8102-3882 jwynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8102-3882","contributorId":2803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeff","email":"jwynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79622,"text":"ofr20061260A - 2006 - Surficial Geologic Map of the Clinton-Concord-Grafton-Medfield 12-Quadrangle Area in East Central Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:13","indexId":"ofr20061260A","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1260","chapter":"A","title":"Surficial Geologic Map of the Clinton-Concord-Grafton-Medfield 12-Quadrangle Area in East Central Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The surficial geologic map shows the distribution of nonlithified earth materials at land surface in an area of twelve 7.5-minute quadrangles (total 660 square miles) in east-central Massachusetts. The geologic map differentiates surficial materials of Quaternary age on the basis of their lithologic characteristics (grain size, sedimentary structures, mineral and rock-particle composition), constructional geomorphic features, stratigraphic relationships, and age. Surficial earth materials significantly affect human use of the land, and an accurate description of their distribution is particularly important for water resources, construction aggregate resources, earth-surface hazards assessments, and land-use decisions. This compilation of surficial geologic materials is an interim product that defines the areas of exposed bedrock, and the boundaries between glacial till, glacial stratified deposits, and overlying postglacial deposits. This work is part of a comprehensive study to produce a statewide digital map of the surficial geology at a 1:24,000-scale level of accuracy. This report includes explanatory text (PDF), a regional map at 1:50,000 scale (PDF), quadrangle maps at 1:24,000 scale (12 PDF files), GIS data layers (ArcGIS shapefiles), scanned topographic base maps (TIF), metadata for the GIS layers, and a readme.txt file.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061260A","isbn":"1411312538","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Office of the State Geologist and Executive Office of Environmental Affairs ","usgsCitation":"Stone, J.R., and Stone, B.D., 2006, Surficial Geologic Map of the Clinton-Concord-Grafton-Medfield 12-Quadrangle Area in East Central Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1260, iii, 12 p.; maps; GIS data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061260A.","productDescription":"iii, 12 p.; maps; GIS data","numberOfPages":"15","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110703,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80659.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"80659"},{"id":191001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9249,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1260/A/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689630","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stone, Janet Radway jrstone@usgs.gov","contributorId":1695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Janet","email":"jrstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Radway","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79619,"text":"ofr20061391 - 2006 - Gravity and Aeromagnetic Gradients within the Yukon-Tanana Upland, Black Mountain Tectonic Zone, Big Delta Quadrangle, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:11","indexId":"ofr20061391","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1391","title":"Gravity and Aeromagnetic Gradients within the Yukon-Tanana Upland, Black Mountain Tectonic Zone, Big Delta Quadrangle, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"The Yukon-Tanana Upland is a complex composite assemblage of variably metamorphosed crystalline rocks with strong North American affinities. At the broadest scale, the Upland has a relatively neutral magnetic character. More detailed examination, however, reveals a fundamental northeast-southwest-trending magnetic gradient, representing a 20-nT step (as measured at a flight height of 300 m) with higher values to the northwest, that extends from the Denali fault to the Tintina fault and bisects the Upland. This newly recognized geophysical gradient is parallel to, but about 100 km east of, the Shaw Creek fault. The Shaw Creek fault is mapped as a major left-lateral, strike-slip fault, but does not coincide with a geophysical boundary. \r\n\r\nA gravity gradient coincides loosely with the southwestern half of the magnetic gradient. This gravity gradient is the eastern boundary of a 30-mGal residual gravity high that occupies much of the western and central portions of the Big Delta quadrangle. The adjacent lower gravity values to the east correlate, at least in part, with mapped post-metamorphic granitic rocks. \r\n\r\nGround-based gravity and physical property measurements were made in the southeastern- most section of the Big Delta quadrangle in 2004 to investigate these geophysical features. Preliminary geophysical models suggest that the magnetic boundary is deeper and more fundamental than the gravity boundary. The two geophysical boundaries coincide in and around the Tibbs Creek region, an area of interest to mineral exploration. A newly mapped tectonic zone (the Black Mountain tectonic zone of O'Neill and others, 2005) correlates with the coincident geophysical boundaries. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061391","usgsCitation":"Saltus, R.W., and Day, W.C., 2006, Gravity and Aeromagnetic Gradients within the Yukon-Tanana Upland, Black Mountain Tectonic Zone, Big Delta Quadrangle, east-central Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1391, poster, 72 by 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061391.","productDescription":"poster, 72 by 36 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9245,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1391/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68876d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saltus, R. W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day, W. C.","contributorId":6876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79615,"text":"sir20065226 - 2006 - Estimates of Shear Stress and Measurements of Water Levels in the Lower Fox River near Green Bay, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:17","indexId":"sir20065226","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5226","title":"Estimates of Shear Stress and Measurements of Water Levels in the Lower Fox River near Green Bay, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Turbulent shear stress in the boundary layer of a natural river system largely controls the deposition and resuspension of sediment, as well as the longevity and effectiveness of granular-material caps used to cover and isolate contaminated sediments. This report documents measurements and calculations made in order to estimate shear stress and shear velocity on the Lower Fox River, Wisconsin.\r\n\r\nVelocity profiles were generated using an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) mounted on a moored vessel. This method of data collection yielded 158 velocity profiles on the Lower Fox River between June 2003 and November 2004. Of these profiles, 109 were classified as valid and were used to estimate the bottom shear stress and velocity using log-profile and turbulent kinetic energy methods. Estimated shear stress ranged from 0.09 to 10.8 dynes per centimeter squared. Estimated coefficients of friction ranged from 0.001 to 0.025. \r\n\r\nThis report describes both the field and data-analysis methods used to estimate shear-stress parameters for the Lower Fox River. Summaries of the estimated values for bottom shear stress, shear velocity, and coefficient of friction are presented. Confidence intervals about the shear-stress estimates are provided. \r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065226","collaboration":"In cooperation with the University of Wisconsin?Milwaukee","usgsCitation":"Westenbroek, S.M., 2006, Estimates of Shear Stress and Measurements of Water Levels in the Lower Fox River near Green Bay, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5226, viii, 182 p. (appedix seperate file online), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065226.","productDescription":"viii, 182 p. (appedix seperate file online)","numberOfPages":"190","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9238,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5226/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fccbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Westenbroek, Stephen M. 0000-0002-6284-8643 smwesten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6284-8643","contributorId":2210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westenbroek","given":"Stephen","email":"smwesten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}