Mariner 9 pictures indicate that the surface of Mars has been shaped by impact, volcanic, tectonic, erosional and depositional activity. The moonlike cratered terrain, identified as the dominant surface unit from the Mariner 6 and 7 flyby data, has proven to be less typical of Mars than previously believed, although extensive in the mid- and high-latitude regions of the southern hemisphere. Martian craters are highly modified but their size-frequency distribution and morphology suggest that most were formed by impact. Circular basins encompassed by rugged terrain and filled with smooth plains material are recognized. These structures, like the craters, are more modified than corresponding features on the Moon and they exercise a less dominant influence on the regional geology. Smooth plains with few visible craters fill the large basins and the floors of larger craters; they also occupy large parts of the northern hemisphere where the plains lap against higher landforms. The middle northern latitudes of Mars from 90 to 150† longitude contain at least four large shield volcanoes each of which is about twice as massive as the largest on Earth. Steep-sided domes with summit craters and large, fresh-appearing volcanic craters with smooth rims are also present in this region. Multiple flow structures, ridges with lobate flanks, chain craters, and sinuous rilles occur in all regions, suggesting widespread volcanism. Evidence for tectonic activity postdating formation of the cratered terrain and some of the plains units is abundant in the equatorial area from 0 to 120° longitude.Some regions exhibit a complex semiradial array of graben that suggest doming and stretching of the surface. Others contain intensity faulted terrain with broader, deeper graben separated by a complex mosaic of flat-topped blocks. An east-west-trending canyon system about 100–200 km wide and about 2500 km long extends through the Coprates-Eos region. The canyons have gullied walls indicative of extensive headward erosion since their initial formation. Regionally depressed areas called chaotic terrain consist of intricately broken and jumbled blocks and appear to result from breaking up and slumping of older geologic units. Compressional features have not been identified in any of the pictures analyzed to data. Plumose light and dark surface markings can be explained by eolian transport. Mariner 9 has thus revealed that Mars is a complex planet with its own distinctive geologic history and that it is less primitive than the Moon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(72)90003-6","usgsCitation":"McCauley, J., Carr, M.H., Cutts, J., Hartmann, W., Masursky, H., Milton, D., Sharp, R., and Wilhelm, D.E., 1972, Preliminary mariner 9 report on the geology of Mars: Icarus, v. 17, no. 2, p. 289-327, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(72)90003-6.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"327","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":374436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCauley, John F.","contributorId":54973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCauley","given":"John F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":788342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cutts, J.A.","contributorId":56790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cutts","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hartmann, W.K.","contributorId":96002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartmann","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Masursky, Harold","contributorId":94304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Milton, D.J.","contributorId":44121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sharp, R.P.","contributorId":6993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wilhelm, Don E.","contributorId":68334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilhelm","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":1381,"text":"wsp1999G - 1972 - Ground-water outflow from Chino Basin, Upper Santa Ana Valley, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T19:16:07.213168","indexId":"wsp1999G","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1999","chapter":"G","title":"Ground-water outflow from Chino Basin, Upper Santa Ana Valley, southern California","docAbstract":"Ground-water outflow from Chino basin was calculated ,by a direct method using the equation Q = PIA, in which Q is the quantity of ground-water outflow, P is the average coefficient of permeability of the sediments through which the flow occurs, I is the average hydraulic gradient, and A is the cross-sectional area of the sediments through which the flow occurs. The period selected for the calculation was 1930-66. \r\n\r\nPermeability of the water-bearing sediments was calculated from aquifer test data and from computations involving specific-capacity data from 200 wells in the outflow area. Permeability ranged from less than 100 to more than 5,000 gallons per day per square foot. \r\n\r\nThe annual hydraulic gradient was derived from contour maps of average water levels in wells for each water year for the period 1930-66. \r\n\r\nThe cross-sectional area used to calculate ground-water outflow from Chino basin extends southwestward from Pedley Hills to Puente Hills. The area of the outflow section is the saturated thickness of permeable materials measured along the line of section. Part of the lower boundary is the interface between the alluvium and the underlying basement complex, and part is a change in permeability within sedimentary rocks. Geological methods were combined with geophysical methods to determine the cross-sectional area of the water-bearing sediments. Gravity and seismic traverses, drill-hole logs, and data from a more than 600 drill holes, including eight test holes drilled as a part of this investigation, were used to delineate the size and the shape of the outflow area. For the period of calculation, 1930-66, the total area of the outflow section varied from about 16 to 22 million square feet. The fluctuation in total area is caused by changes in the altitude of the water table. \r\n\r\nAnnual ground-water outflow from Chino basin calculated by the direct method for the period 1930-66 ranged from 38,000 acre-feet in the 1941 water year to 9,400 acre-feet in the 1966 water year.\r\n\r\nTwo indirect methods of calculating ground-water outflow were studied as a part of this project: the chemical method and the water-budget method. The chemical method was found to be unsatisfactory. Although the ground-water discharge into the Santa Ana River from Chino basin is quite different in chemical composition from the discharge from Temescal basin, there is no known way to quantitatively separate the total discharge with respect to source. In the water-budget method direct runoff and evapotranspiration were reevaluated, and the ground-water outflow from Temescal basin was calculated by the same direct method employed for Chino basin. Annual ground-water outflow from Temescal basin calculated by the direct method for the period 1930-66 ranged from 11,000 acre-feet in the 1940 and 1945 water years to 3,000 acre-feet in the 1965 water year. Annual ground-water outflow from Chino basin computed by the water-budget method for the period 1933-63 ranged from 45,000 acre-feet in the 1941 water year to 10,000 acre-feet in the 1963 water year.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1999G","usgsCitation":"French, J.J., 1972, Ground-water outflow from Chino Basin, Upper Santa Ana Valley, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1999, Report: iv, 28 p.; 1 Plate: 37.00 x 20.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1999G.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 28 p.; 1 Plate: 37.00 x 20.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414721,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25354.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":26484,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26483,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999g/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137352,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999g/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Chino basin, Upper Santa Ana Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.75,\n 34.033\n ],\n [\n -117.75,\n 33.816\n ],\n [\n -117.417,\n 33.816\n ],\n [\n -117.417,\n 34.033\n ],\n [\n -117.75,\n 34.033\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db5455d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"French, James J.","contributorId":103651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"French","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010130,"text":"70010130 - 1972 - The martian atmosphere: Mariner 9 television experiment progress report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T01:19:15.028627","indexId":"70010130","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The martian atmosphere: Mariner 9 television experiment progress report","docAbstract":"Atmospheric phenomena appearing in the Mariner 9 television pictures are discussed in detail. The surface of the planet was heavily obscured by a global dust storm during the first month in orbit. Brightness data during this period can be fitted by a semi-infinite scattering and absorbing atmosphere model with a single-scattering albedo in the range 0.70–0.85. This low value suggests that the mean radius of the particles responsible for the obscuration was at least 10 μm. By the end of the second month, this dust storm had largely dissipated, leaving a residual optical depth ∼0.1. Much of the region north of 45°N was covered by variable clouds comprising the north polar hood. The cloud structures revealed extensive systems of lee waves generated by west-to-east flow over irregular terrain. Extensive cloud systems in this region resembled baroclinic wave cyclones. Clouds were also observed over several of the large calderas; these clouds are believed to contain water ice. Several localized dust storms were seen after the global dust storm cleared. These dust clouds appeared to be intensely convective. The convective nature of these storms and the stirring of large dust particles to great heights can be explained by vertical velocities generated by the absorption of solar radiation by the dusty atmosphere.
Techniques are presented for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods on Arkansas streams. Modern topographic maps now available and computer techniques facilitate in making a comprehensive analysis in which physical and climactic characteristics of river basins are related to flood characteristics at gaging stations. Equations derived from the analysis make it possible to estimate the magnitude of future floods with recurrence intervals of as much as 50 years on gaged and ungaged streams that have drainage areas of 0.1-3,000 square miles. An estimate of the future flood potential can be used to locate and design flood-control structures, establish flood-insurance rates, and devise flood-zoning plans.
Appendixes in the report contain data on flood characteristics of gaged drainage basins, a summary of climatic and topographic characteristics of drainage basins, peak stages and discharges for gaging stations that have 5 or more years of record, and peak-flow data for outstanding floods at miscellaneous sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arkansas Geological Commission","publisherLocation":"Little Rock, Arkansas","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Arkansas Geological Commission and Arkansas State Highway Commission","usgsCitation":"Patterson, J.L., 1971, Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency characteristics through 1968: Arkansas Geological Commission Water Resources Circular 11, viii, 21, A-26, B-199 p.","productDescription":"viii, 21, A-26, B-199 p.","numberOfPages":"258","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276047,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047418.PNG"},{"id":276042,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.geology.ar.gov/pdf/Water%20Resources%20Circular%2011_v.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.6179,33.0041 ], [ -94.6179,36.4997 ], [ -89.6448,36.4997 ], [ -89.6448,33.0041 ], [ -94.6179,33.0041 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c961e4b009d47a4c2377","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patterson, James L.","contributorId":17593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68426,"text":"ha414 - 1971 - Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70203695,"text":"70203695 - 1969 - Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico","indexId":"70203695","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68426,"text":"ha414 - 1971 - Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico","indexId":"ha414","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T20:13:09.553174","indexId":"ha414","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"414","title":"Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"This report is a compilation of data pertaining to floods in Rios Guayanilla and Yauco and is based principally upon information obtained from residents in the study area. This information is a useful tool in making land-use and development decisions.
The Guayanilla and Yauco basins lie in the southwestern part of Puerto Rico. The streams flow southward from the rugged Cordillera Central and empty into Bahia de Guayanilla. The lower basins are devoted principally to the production of sugarcane and are subject to destructive floods. Details pertaining to basin features, flood frequency, flood profiles, and inundated areas are discussed by individual basins. All elevations given are in meters above mean sea level.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha414","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Department of Public Works","usgsCitation":"Fields, F.K., 1971, Floods in the Guayanilla-Yauco area, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 414, 1 Plate: 43.57 x 36.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha414.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 43.57 x 36.94 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":89951,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/414/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":429364,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15798.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186613,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/414/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"20000","datum":"Mean Sea Level","country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Guayanilla-Yauco area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.875,\n 17.93333333\n ],\n [\n -66.75,\n 17.93333333\n ],\n [\n -66.75,\n 18.05833333\n ],\n [\n -66.875,\n 18.05833333\n ],\n [\n -66.875,\n 17.93333333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e116f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fields, Fred K.","contributorId":69981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fields","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2571,"text":"wsp1999J - 1971 - The water quality of Sam Rayburn Reservoir, eastern Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T11:34:02","indexId":"wsp1999J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1999","chapter":"J","title":"The water quality of Sam Rayburn Reservoir, eastern Texas","docAbstract":"Inflow of wastes to the Angelina River has caused some local deterioration of the quality of water downstream from Lufkin. However, the volume of flow in the Angelina River has been adequate to prevent serious deterioration of the quality of water in Sam Rayburn Reservoir.
\nFrom March 1965 to September 1968, the time-weighted concentration of dissolved solids in water released from Sam Rayburn Reservoir averaged about 120 mg/l (milligrams per liter). The average dissolved-solids content of water in the reservoir during 13 surveys ranged from about 100 to 145 mg/l.
\nThe dissolved-oxygen content of water in the reservoir varied seasonally and was intimately related 'to the pattern of thermal stratification. During 10 reservoir surveys, the depth-integrated concentration of dissolved oxygen at deep sites in the downstream half of the reservoir averaged more than 5 mg/l. The concentration of dissolved oxygen usually was much greater during periods of winter circulation than during periods of summer stagnation. About 2 river miles upstream from Sam Rayburn Dam, the depth-integrated dissolved-oxygen concentration ranged from 1.2 mg/l (16-percent saturation) on June 30, 1965., to 10.9 mg/1 (91-percent saturation) on February 4, 1966. During periods of summer stagnation, water below depths of 25-35 feet usually contained less than 2.5 mg/l dissolved oxygen and often contained less than 1.0 mg/l.
\nThe dissolved-oxygen content of water usually was less in the upstream half of the reservoir than in the downstream half. During 10 reservoir surveys, the depth-integrated concentration of dissolved oxygen about 41.5 miles upstream from Sam Rayburn Dam averaged 4.2 mg/l. Part of the dissolved-oxygen deficit (difference between saturated concentration and actual concentration) resulted from the inflow of wastes; however, data for tributary arms of the reservoir indicate that part of the dissolved-oxygen deficit resulted from the decomposition of naturally occurring organic debris in the water and in the area inundated by the reservoir.
\nConcentrations of iron and manganese in the water varied seasonally and were related to the dissolved-oxygen content of the water. The concentrations of iron and manganese throughout the reservoir were much smaller during periods of winter circulation than during periods of summer stagnation. During each of three reservoir surveys in February, the concentrations of iron and manganese near Sam Rayburn Dam were less than 0.40 and 0.25 mg/l, respectively. However, on October 6, 1965, the iron content of water ranged from less than 1 mg/l at depths less than 30 feet to as much at 14 mg/l at greater depths. Similarly, on September 9, 1966, the concentration of manganese near the dam ranged from less than 0.5 mg/l at depths less than 10 feet to as much as 6.9 mg/l at greater depths.
\nAlthough storage of water in Sam Rayburn Reservoir has resulted in a decrease in variations of dissolved solids and principal chemical constituents in the Angelina River downstream from the reservoir, it has resulted in significant seasonal variations in ,the concentrations of dissolved oxygen, iron, and manganese at downstream sites.
\nResults of periodic surveys indicate that dissolved-oxygen concentrations at three sites in the 19-mile reach of the Angelina River downstream from Sam Rayburn Dam were low in late summer and early fall after periods of summer stagnation in the reservoir. Moreover, the amount of reaeration that occurred in the reach was insignificant. During periods when the dissolved-oxygen deficiency was large, the concentrations of iron and manganese at each of the three sites increased greatly.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1999J","usgsCitation":"Rawson, J., and Lansford, M.W., 1971, The water quality of Sam Rayburn Reservoir, eastern Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1999, iv, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1999J.","productDescription":"iv, 67 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28842,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999j/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999j/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b2ee4b07f02db6b3f33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rawson, Jack","contributorId":18345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rawson","given":"Jack","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lansford, Myra W.","contributorId":70242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lansford","given":"Myra","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":48109,"text":"ofr7324 - 1971 - Field and office instructions in stream gauging for the Hydrological Survey of Zambia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T16:01:17","indexId":"ofr7324","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-24","title":"Field and office instructions in stream gauging for the Hydrological Survey of Zambia","docAbstract":"The importance of water to the basic needs of man is self- evident and needs no particular emphasis. The importance of water to a developing economy cannot be overemphasized.
A few decades ago, hydrology was a division of hydraulic engineering and was a tool for project survey, plan, and design. Today hydrology still remains an important part of planning and management of water use projects, but it is imperative that surface and ground-water basic data networks be designed and operated from the standpoint of both present and future water needs. Water problems are ever increasing and ever changing and preparation for the future water demands of Zambia requires knowledge of the hydrology of the country instead of the examination of piecemeal samples for each water use project.
The hydrologic survey of Zambia needs to be under the guidance of competent and imaginative hydrologists solidly trained in all elements of basic data collection and analysis and not in the hands of water project planners. Hydrology is a science which requires the highest order of teamwork and the hydrologist will need the help and advice of many employees within the organization to operate the network, provide adequate research, and examine the water needs of the country. It must be thoroughly understood that communication is essential between the hydrological survey and water project planners from both the government and private sectors.
It is very important to define the aims and duties of the Hydrological Branch of the Water Affairs Department in a clear cut \"Statement of Policy\". Personal copies of the statement should be made available to all professional employees and technicians. The reasons for the existence of the Branch may be self-apparent to heads of the organization, but to all other employees the reasons may be vague and unknown. Every member of the technical and administrative staff would benefit by an understanding of the purpose of his work. Nebulous ideas of the function of a hydrological survey of Zambia serve little purpose to the employee making the plans or those who execute them. A dissemination and free flow of ideas in all directions is necessary in any scientific and creative organization.
The primary functions of the Hydrological Branch of the Water Affairs Department of Zambia are twofold:
Possibly some function regarding water law is also conceivable, although attachment of a law enforcement function to water-resource investigations might weaken the position of the Branch as an unbiased scientific organization.
As the collection of basic streamflow data is a primary function of the Branch the following instructions for the collection, analysis and computation of streamflow records have been written.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7324","usgsCitation":"Bidwell, L.E., 1971, Field and office instructions in stream gauging for the Hydrological Survey of Zambia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-24, x, 189 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7324.","productDescription":"x, 189 p.","numberOfPages":"277","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0024/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":340684,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Zambia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[32.75938,-9.2306],[33.23139,-9.67672],[33.48569,-10.52556],[33.31531,-10.79655],[33.11429,-11.6072],[33.30642,-12.43578],[32.99176,-12.78387],[32.68817,-13.71286],[33.21402,-13.97186],[30.17948,-14.7961],[30.27426,-15.50779],[29.51683,-15.64468],[28.94746,-16.04305],[28.82587,-16.38975],[28.46791,-16.4684],[27.59824,-17.29083],[27.04443,-17.93803],[26.70677,-17.96123],[26.38194,-17.84604],[25.26423,-17.73654],[25.08444,-17.66182],[25.07695,-17.57882],[24.68235,-17.35341],[24.03386,-17.29584],[23.21505,-17.52312],[22.56248,-16.89845],[21.88784,-16.08031],[21.93389,-12.89844],[24.01614,-12.91105],[23.93092,-12.56585],[24.07991,-12.1913],[23.90415,-11.72228],[24.01789,-11.2373],[23.91222,-10.92683],[24.25716,-10.95199],[24.31452,-11.26283],[24.78317,-11.23869],[25.41812,-11.33094],[25.75231,-11.78497],[26.55309,-11.92444],[27.16442,-11.60875],[27.3888,-12.13275],[28.15511,-12.27248],[28.52356,-12.6986],[28.93429,-13.24896],[29.69961,-13.25723],[29.616,-12.17889],[29.34155,-12.36074],[28.64242,-11.97157],[28.37225,-11.79365],[28.49607,-10.78988],[28.67368,-9.60592],[28.44987,-9.16492],[28.73487,-8.52656],[29.00291,-8.40703],[30.34609,-8.23826],[30.74002,-8.34001],[31.15775,-8.59458],[31.55635,-8.76205],[32.19186,-8.93036],[32.75938,-9.2306]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Zambia\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5afd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bidwell, L. E.","contributorId":100029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bidwell","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47945,"text":"ofr71177 - 1971 - Hydrologic data for Horseshoe Lake, Arkansas and vicinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr71177","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-177","title":"Hydrologic data for Horseshoe Lake, Arkansas and vicinity","docAbstract":"During the summer and fall, seepage and evaporation losses from Horseshoe Lake, an oxbow or an 'old river' lake adjacent to the Mississippi River, exceed inflow to the lake, and seasonal declines of 2.5-3.0 feet in the lake level are common. In exceptionally dry years, the minimum lake level has been as much as 4 feet below the normal seasonal low. These low levels severely affect the recreational uses of the lake. \r\n\r\nSeepage and evaporation rates at Horseshoe Lake were determined from hydrologic and meteorologic data. Analysis of these data indicates that the direction of seepage is out of the lake except for a period of about 2 months in the spring, when the stage of the Mississippi River is high. \r\n\r\nThe lake can be maintained at a constant level by supplementing the inflow to the lake with surface or ground water. Contributions to the lake from local drainage can be increased, but this water contains undesirable amounts of pesticides, herbicides, and plant nutrients, and the flow is insufficient to eliminate seasonal declines in the lake level. Water from r the Mississippi River can be used to maintain a given lake level, but the bacteriological quality of water from the river makes this an undesirable source of supplemental water. Water from the Quaternary alluvium contains troublesome amounts of iron, but it probably is free of pesticides, herbicides, and coliform bacteria which are commonly found in surface water. \r\n\r\nAn electric-analog model was used to determine the rate at which inflow to the lake must be supplemented to maintain various lake levels. During this investigation, the lake could have been maintained very near the normal spring level by supplementing the inflow at a maximum rate of 10,600 gallons per minute. The analog model was also used to determine the effects of pumping wells on seepage. With the exception of wells near the southeast end of the lake, wells located within one-half mile of the lake would obtain more than 50 percent of their yield from the lake after pumping for 90 days.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr71177","usgsCitation":"Lamonds, A.G., 1971, Hydrologic data for Horseshoe Lake, Arkansas and vicinity: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-177, 36 p. ill. ; 28 cm. + 7 maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71177.","productDescription":"36 p. ill. ; 28 cm. + 7 maps","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84730,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84731,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84732,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84733,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84734,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84735,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84736,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84737,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84738,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84739,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84740,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84741,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84742,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84743,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0177/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db6831a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamonds, A. G.","contributorId":8450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamonds","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24378,"text":"ofr72318 - 1971 - Low-flow study of streams in Albany County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T08:38:05","indexId":"ofr72318","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-318","title":"Low-flow study of streams in Albany County, New York","docAbstract":"In 1967, the city of Albany and the U.S. Geological Survey began an enlarged cooperative program to evaluate the surface-water resources of the county. This interim report presents an analysis of the low-flow data that the program has obtained to 1970.
As part of this program, personnel of the Geological Survey made two series of base-flow measurements or no-flow observations of many streams on August 19 and September 25, 1970. These measurements and the corresponding runoff values expressed as cubic feet per second per square mile of drainage area are listed in table 1. At many sites, where additional measurements had previously been made, an estimate of the frequency of occurrence of certain low flows has also been tabulated. In addition to discharge measurements, water samples for chemical analysis were collected on August 19.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","doi":"10.3133/ofr72318","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with City of Albany","usgsCitation":"Robison, F.L., 1971, Low-flow study of streams in Albany County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-318, iii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72318.","productDescription":"iii, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr72318.jpg"},{"id":359002,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0318/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Albany County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.264863,42.407127 ], [ -74.264863,42.822577 ], [ -73.677883,42.822577 ], [ -73.677883,42.407127 ], [ -74.264863,42.407127 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6487d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robison, F. Luman","contributorId":103264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robison","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"Luman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24647,"text":"ofr72365 - 1971 - Relation of drainage problems to high ground-water levels, Coconut Grove area, Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-21T10:37:14","indexId":"ofr72365","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-365","title":"Relation of drainage problems to high ground-water levels, Coconut Grove area, Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Purpose and Scope
\nIn 1969, hydrologic data-collection sites were established in and around the Coconut Grove area for the purpose of measuring directly the relationship between rainfall, runoff, ground-water levels, the level of water in Kawainui Swamp and the canals, and tidal fluctuations. The primary objective was to identify the causes of the occurrence and persistence of flooding and to gain data on which to base recommendations for remedial action.
\nThe scope of the study included establishing and operating flow and stage-recording gages on the Swamp, Kawainui Canal, and the inner canal; periodic and repeated measurements of ground-water level in test borings throughout the residential area; collection and analysis of soil and construction borings made for engineering purposes; the assembly and analysis of all available data relating surface and subsurface flow conditions, and the development of conclusions as to the causes and means to alleviate the flooding. This report summarizes the information collected from October 1969 to June 1971, includes analysis of the data, and discusses the probable causes of flooding.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Honolulu, Hawaii","doi":"10.3133/ofr72365","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Public Works, City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii","usgsCitation":"Swain, L., and Huxel, C., 1971, Relation of drainage problems to high ground-water levels, Coconut Grove area, Oahu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-365, iii, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72365.","productDescription":"iii, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287458,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287457,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0365/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"O'ahu","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -157.769571,21.379744 ], [ -157.769571,21.430626 ], [ -157.710658,21.430626 ], [ -157.710658,21.379744 ], [ -157.769571,21.379744 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c2bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, L.A.","contributorId":11249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huxel, C.J. Jr.","contributorId":95514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huxel","given":"C.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23293,"text":"ofr72157 - 1971 - Hydrologic analysis of Mojave River Basin, California, using electric analog model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:03","indexId":"ofr72157","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-157","title":"Hydrologic analysis of Mojave River Basin, California, using electric analog model","docAbstract":"The water needs of the Mojave River basin will increase because of population and industrial growth. The Mojave Water Agency is responsible for providing sufficient water of good quality for the full economic development of the area. The U.S. Geological Survey suggested an electric analog model of the basin as a predictive tool to aid management. \r\n\r\nAbout 1,375 square miles of the alluvial basin was simulated by a passive resistor-capacitor network. The Mojave River, the main source of recharge, was simulated by subdividing the river into 13 reaches, depending on intermittent or perennial flow and on phreatophytes. The water loss to the aquifer was based on records at five gaging stations. The aquifer system depends on river recharge to maintain the water table as most of the ground-water pumping and development is adjacent to the river. \r\n\r\nThe accuracy and reliability of the model was assessed by comparing the water-level changes computed by the model for the period 1930-63 with the changes determined from field data for the same period.\r\n\r\nThe model was used to predict the effects on the physical system by determining basin-wide water-level changes from 1930-2000 under different pumping rates and extremes in flow of the Mojave River. Future pumping was based on the 1960-63 rate, on an increase of 20 percent from this rate, and on population projections to 2000 in the Barstow area. For future predictions, the Mojave River was modeled as average flow based on 1931-65 records and also as high flow, 1937-46, and low flow, 1947-65. \r\n\r\nOther model runs included water-level change 1930-63 assuming aquifer depletion only and no recharge, effects of a well field pumping 10,000 acre-feet in 4 months north of Victorville and southeast of Yermo, and effects of importing 10,000, 35,000, and 50,800 acre-feet of water per year from the California Water Project into the Mojave River for conveyance downstream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S.G.S.,","doi":"10.3133/ofr72157","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hardt, W.F., 1971, Hydrologic analysis of Mojave River Basin, California, using electric analog model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-157, 84 p. :ill., charts, graphs, map [folded in pocket] ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72157.","productDescription":"84 p. :ill., charts, graphs, map [folded in pocket] ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0157/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52579,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0157/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52580,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0157/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52581,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0157/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52582,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0157/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52583,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0157/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684229","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardt, W. F.","contributorId":12455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardt","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2717,"text":"wsp1869G - 1971 - Techniques and equipment required for precise stream gaging in tide-affected fresh-water reaches of the Sacramento River, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"wsp1869G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1869","chapter":"G","title":"Techniques and equipment required for precise stream gaging in tide-affected fresh-water reaches of the Sacramento River, California","docAbstract":"Current-meter measurements of high accuracy will be required for calibration of an acoustic flow-metering system proposed for installation in the Sacramento River at Chipps Island in California. This report presents an analysis of the problem of making continuous accurate current-meter measurements in this channel where the flow regime is changing constantly in response to tidal action. Gaging-system requirements are delineated, and a brief description is given of the several applicable techniques that have been developed by others. None of these techniques provides the accuracies required for the flowmeter calibration. A new system is described--one which has been assembled and tested in prototype and which will provide the matrix of data needed for accurate continuous current-meter measurements. \r\n\r\nAnalysis of a large quantity of data on the velocity distribution in the channel of the Sacramento River at Chipps Island shows that adequate definition of the velocity can be made during the dominant flow periods--that is, at times other than slack-water periods--by use of current meters suspended at elevations 0.2 and 0.8 of the depth below the water surface. However, additional velocity surveys will be necessary to determine whether or not small systematic corrections need be applied during periods of rapidly changing flow. \r\n\r\nIn the proposed system all gaged parameters, including velocities, depths, position in the stream, and related times, are monitored continuously as a boat moves across the river on the selected cross section. Data are recorded photographically and transferred later onto punchcards for computer processing. \r\n\r\nComputer programs have been written to permit computation of instantaneous discharges at any selected time interval throughout the period of the current meter measurement program. It is anticipated that current-meter traverses will be made at intervals of about one-half hour over periods of several days. Capability of performance for protracted periods was, consequently, one of the important elements in system design. \r\n\r\nAnalysis of error sources in the proposed system indicates that errors in individual computed discharges can be kept smaller than 1.5 percent if the expected precision in all measured parameters is maintained.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1869G","usgsCitation":"Smith, W., 1971, Techniques and equipment required for precise stream gaging in tide-affected fresh-water reaches of the Sacramento River, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1869, vi, 46 p. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1869G.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1869g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29101,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1869g/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29102,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1869g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a321","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Winchell","contributorId":20311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Winchell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4017,"text":"cir643 - 1971 - Reconnaissance of selected minor elements in surface waters of the United States, October 1970","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-16T16:17:21","indexId":"cir643","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"643","title":"Reconnaissance of selected minor elements in surface waters of the United States, October 1970","docAbstract":"A nationwide reconnaissance of selected minor elements in water resources of the 50 States and Puerto Rico was made by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife during autumn, 1970. Initiated in response to the growing need for data on minor elements in water, including toxic metals, the synoptic survey provides an up-to-date baseline of such data largely for dry-weather flows of streams that are sources of municipal and industrial water for the Nation's metropolitan areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir643","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","usgsCitation":"Durum, W.H., Hem, J.D., and Heidel, S.G., 1971, Reconnaissance of selected minor elements in surface waters of the United States, October 1970: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 643, vi, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir643.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science 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States\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b05c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durum, W. H.","contributorId":78311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durum","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hem, John David","contributorId":42577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heidel, Sumner Griggs","contributorId":97082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heidel","given":"Sumner","email":"","middleInitial":"Griggs","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2641,"text":"wsp1869F - 1971 - Analysis of current-meter data at Columbia River gaging stations, Washington and Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"wsp1869F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1869","chapter":"F","title":"Analysis of current-meter data at Columbia River gaging stations, Washington and Oregon","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey developed equipment to measure stream velocity simultaneously with 10 current meters arranged in a vertical and to measure velocity closer to the streambed than attainable with conventional equipment. \r\n\r\nWith the 10 current meters, synchronous velocities were recorded for a period of 66 minutes at 10 different depths in one vertical of one gaging-station cross section. In addition, with a current meter installed on a special bracket to allow measurements to 0.5 foot above streambed, data were obtained at two to four verticals in four gaging-station cross sections. \r\n\r\nThe mean velocity determined for the 66-minute period of record was 3.30 fps (feet per second). The graphic record of velocity was analyzed on a minute-by-minute basis. It was noted that the shape of the vertical velocity curves (plot of horizontal flow velocities measured in a vertical) changed from one minute to the next, but the change seemed to be random. Velocities obtained at different depths in the, profile fluctuated significantly, with the 1-minute velocities obtained at 0.05 depth (5 percent of total depths measured from the surface at indicated vertical) showing the smallest range--0.66 fps--and those at 0.55 depth the largest range--l.22 fps. \r\n\r\nThe standard deviation, expressed in feet per second, of the velocity at each point in the vertical tended to increase with depth--from 0.16 fps at 0.05 depth to a maximum of 0.24 fps at 0.75 depth. The standard deviation, expressed as a percentage of the mean velocity, ranged from about 4 percent near the surface to 11 percent at 0.95 depth. In spite of the fluctuation in mean velocity that occurred during the 66 minutes and observation period of 4 minutes yields a mean velocity that differs from the 66-minute mean by less than one-half of a percent. \r\n\r\nDetermining the mean velocity by averaging the 10-point observations of the 66minute run proved to be as accurate as by plotting the vertical velocity curvy (from the averaged 10 points) and then integrating the depth-velocity profile. In comparing the velocity obtained by integrating the depth-velocity profile with the 10-point mean velocity for other field data, collected beyond that obtained during the 66-minute run, the difference ranged from -1.3 to +1.7 percent and averaged -0.2 percent. Extension of the curve below the 0.95 depth by use of a power function proved to be fairly accurate (when compared with actual measurements within this reach made with the special current-meter bracket). However, the extension did not improve significantly the accuracy of the integrated-curve mean velocity. \r\n\r\nBoth the one- and two-point methods were found to agree with the 10-point velocity. In computing mean river velocity, values determined by the two-point method ranged from -1.4 to +1.6 percent when compared with the base integrated-curve mean river velocity. The one-point method yielded results that ranged from -1.9 to +4.4 percent and averaged 40.1 percent. \r\n\r\nIn determining river flow by use of the midsection and mean-section methods, the mean-section method uniformly yields lower flows for the same dart.. The range in difference is from -0.2 percent to -1.6 percent, with an average difference of -0.6 percent.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.; [for sale by the Supt. of Docs.],","doi":"10.3133/wsp1869F","usgsCitation":"Savini, J., and Bodhaine, G., 1971, Analysis of current-meter data at Columbia River gaging stations, Washington and Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1869, iv, 59 p. :illus., map. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1869F.","productDescription":"iv, 59 p. :illus., map. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1869f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28960,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1869f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6805cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savini, John","contributorId":67491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savini","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodhaine, G. L.","contributorId":26671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodhaine","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":15295,"text":"ofr71222 - 1971 - Selected fluvial monazite deposits in the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:47","indexId":"ofr71222","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-222","title":"Selected fluvial monazite deposits in the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"Farther southwest in Georgia, around Griffin and Zebullon, along streams tributary to the Flint River in the monazite belt the flood plains are generally small and discontinuous, and only about 1 percent of the sediment is gravel. The area between Griffin, Zebullon, and the Flint River is underlain by biotite schist and biotite gneiss into which biotite granite has been intruded. Only along one stream, Flat Creek, which drains monazite-bearing granite near Zetella, Ga., are the tenors in monazite even moderately high, but a combination of thick, clayey overburden and discontinuous flood plains make the stream unsuitable for placer mining. Elsewhere in the Flint River area the heavy-mineral concentrates contain less than 1 percent monazite. \r\n\r\nThe southwesternmost area in which reconnaissance of the monazite belt was conducted includes a groups of southwest-flowing tributaries to the Chattahoochee River north of Pine Mountain and near La Grange, Ga. A combination of three characteristics of the alluvium make the area unfavorable for mining: (1) the upper half of the sedimentary sequence is clay and silt, (2) there is scant gravel, and (3) much of the sand is fine grained. Monazite is associated with the Snelson Granite, schists, and gneisses north of the Towaliga fault, but even in this area the tenor of most riffle sediments is only 0.1 to 0.5 pound of monazite per cubic yard, and the average tenor of the alluvium is about 0.2 pound per cubic Yard. Rocks south of the Towaliga fault contain scant monazite. The monazite-bearing area in the drainage basin of the Chattahoochee River has no monazite placers.\r\n\r\nEvidence from the areas on the Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers shows that streams in western Georgia are a much poorer source of monazite than streams farther to the northeast in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. Also, the northeastern part of the belt in the drainage basins of the Yadkin and Dan Rivers is a poorer source for monazite than the area between the Savannah and Catawba Rivers, S.C.-N.C. \r\n\r\nMonazite-bearing crystalline rocks in the western belt contain about 0.06 pound of monazite per cubic yard. Residual soil derived from the crystalline rocks contains about 0.3 to 0.4 pound of monazite per cubic yard, and colluvial sediments formed by sheet-wash from saprolite, residual soil, and, rarely, old stream deposits, have an average of 3.1 pounds of monazite to the cubic yard. The data on the tenors of residual and colluvial deposits are far less comprehensive than those an the quantity of monazite in the crystalline rocks, but the tenors are probably of the correct order of magnitude. Neither the crystalline rocks nor the residual soils are ores of monazite. Because the colluvial deposits are thin and have patch distribution they could not be mined independently, but some colluvium could be stripped from the adjoining hills in conjunction with the mining of alluvial deposits in the valleys. \r\n\r\nIt is most unlikely that alluvial monazite placers have formed in the trunk streams leading southeastward out of the monazite belt. Churn drilling on the Broad and North Tyger Rivers, South Carolina, at the east edge of the belt has shown that the bulk of the alluvium is fine-grained sediment that contains 0.2 to 0.4 pound of monazite per cubic yard--tenors that represent no considerable enrichment over those in the crystalline rocks and residual soils. The probable persistence of predominantly fine-grained alluvium downstream to the Coastal Plain and the certain dilution of monazite-bearing concentrates by the inflow of monazite-free suites of heavy minerals between the belt and the fall line suggest that the trunk streams east of the belt are the least favorable sources for alluvial monazite in the Piedmont?","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr71222","usgsCitation":"Overstreet, W.C., White, A.M., Theobald, P., and Caldwell, D.W., 1971, Selected fluvial monazite deposits in the southeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-222, iv, 108 leaves :4 folded maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71222.","productDescription":"iv, 108 leaves :4 folded maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44219,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44220,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44221,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44222,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44223,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa31c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Overstreet, William C.","contributorId":73586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overstreet","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, A. M.","contributorId":86778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Theobald, P. K.","contributorId":45293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theobald","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caldwell, D. W.","contributorId":27461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":3829,"text":"cir642 - 1971 - Streamflow, sediment-transport, and water-temperature characteristics of the three small watersheds in the Alsea River basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-29T21:12:54.994564","indexId":"cir642","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"642","title":"Streamflow, sediment-transport, and water-temperature characteristics of the three small watersheds in the Alsea River basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"Data collected during the prelogging period 1959-65 indicate an average annual runoff for Needle Branch and Deer and Flynn Creeks of 74.2, 75.1, and 77.7 inches, respectively. The measured precipitation at Flynn Creek of 92.9 inches was 5 inches less than at either Needle Branch or Deer Creek. Unit flood runoff during the prelogging period was found to be lowest on Flynn Creek and highest on Needle Branch. On Needle Branch, there appear to be two distinct low-flow patterns, one for a saturated and one for an unsaturated soil condition. The average annual sediment yield was highest on Flynn Creek, 321 tons per square mile, and lowest on Needle Branch, 166 tons per square mile. Maximum water temperatures were 62°F on Flynn Creek and 61°F on Needle Branch and Deer Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir642","usgsCitation":"Harris, D.D., and Williams, R.C., 1971, Streamflow, sediment-transport, and water-temperature characteristics of the three small watersheds in the Alsea River basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 642, v, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir642.","productDescription":"v, 21 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":30900,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1971/0642/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":409822,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23957.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1971/0642/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Alsea River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.833,\n 44.572\n ],\n [\n -123.833,\n 44.528\n ],\n [\n -123.9,\n 44.528\n ],\n [\n -123.9,\n 44.572\n ],\n [\n -123.833,\n 44.572\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4cc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, David Dell","contributorId":24338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"Dell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Robert Charles","contributorId":35306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49230,"text":"ofr71275 - 1971 - Appraisal of streamflow in Tualatin River basin, Washington County, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-08T09:11:55","indexId":"ofr71275","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-275","title":"Appraisal of streamflow in Tualatin River basin, Washington County, Oregon","docAbstract":"This report describes the within-year time distribution of streamflow; the magnitude and frequency of annual minimum, mean, and maximum flows; and the within-year storage required to sustain selected flows in the Tualatin River basin. The report does not include an appraisal of instantaneous peak discharges in the basin.
\nData were derived by statistical methods and are adequate for general water-development planning. A duration hydrograph provides a general description of the within-year time distribution of streamflow. Generalized equations based on a sample of gaged flows are presented for estimating magnitude and frequency of flows at ungaged sites. Generalized storage relations are included for estimating storage requirements at gaged and ungaged sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/ofr71275","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Washington County","usgsCitation":"Swift, C.H., 1971, Appraisal of streamflow in Tualatin River basin, Washington County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-275, Report: iii, 38 p.; Plate: 28.95 x 23.67 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71275.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 38 p.; Plate: 28.95 x 23.67 inches","numberOfPages":"47","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176185,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr71275.jpg"},{"id":324865,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0275/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":324866,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0275/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Tualatin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-122.9293,45.7213],[-122.9307,45.6352],[-122.9085,45.6352],[-122.908,45.621],[-122.8878,45.6204],[-122.8873,45.6063],[-122.8678,45.6062],[-122.8679,45.5924],[-122.8458,45.5919],[-122.846,45.5787],[-122.8264,45.5785],[-122.826,45.5648],[-122.8044,45.5634],[-122.8053,45.5492],[-122.7851,45.5486],[-122.7846,45.534],[-122.7631,45.5339],[-122.7639,45.5192],[-122.7431,45.5191],[-122.744,45.4318],[-122.7427,45.3322],[-122.8023,45.3325],[-122.8034,45.3453],[-122.8462,45.3455],[-122.8472,45.3176],[-122.8673,45.3172],[-122.9101,45.3165],[-122.9098,45.3457],[-122.9715,45.346],[-122.9713,45.3602],[-122.9921,45.3607],[-122.992,45.3758],[-123.0154,45.3763],[-123.0152,45.3881],[-123.0353,45.3887],[-123.0353,45.4038],[-123.1158,45.4045],[-123.1158,45.4201],[-123.1352,45.4197],[-123.1364,45.4338],[-123.2793,45.4337],[-123.3008,45.4342],[-123.3209,45.4342],[-123.3417,45.4342],[-123.3625,45.4343],[-123.4223,45.4339],[-123.4658,45.4339],[-123.4859,45.4334],[-123.486,45.4494],[-123.4665,45.4498],[-123.4659,45.4645],[-123.4652,45.4933],[-123.445,45.4938],[-123.4442,45.5194],[-123.4247,45.5198],[-123.4234,45.5349],[-123.4033,45.5354],[-123.4026,45.5495],[-123.3623,45.5499],[-123.3615,45.5783],[-123.3186,45.5792],[-123.3185,45.5929],[-123.3022,45.5928],[-123.3022,45.6075],[-123.3413,45.6071],[-123.3413,45.6222],[-123.3816,45.6218],[-123.381,45.6369],[-123.4247,45.6383],[-123.4253,45.652],[-123.4455,45.6525],[-123.4454,45.6653],[-123.4663,45.6657],[-123.4662,45.6785],[-123.4852,45.6795],[-123.4856,45.6882],[-123.4859,45.6946],[-123.4858,45.7088],[-123.3619,45.7096],[-123.3617,45.7805],[-123.237,45.7799],[-123.1136,45.7801],[-123.094,45.7795],[-123.0744,45.7799],[-123.0528,45.7794],[-123.0345,45.7793],[-123.0347,45.7655],[-123.0342,45.7518],[-123.0107,45.7518],[-122.9924,45.7517],[-122.9918,45.7361],[-122.9716,45.7365],[-122.9292,45.7364],[-122.9293,45.7213]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Washington\",\"state\":\"OR\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a34a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swift, C. H. III","contributorId":43624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"C.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47967,"text":"ofr71234 - 1971 - Effects of roadway and pond construction on sediment yield near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-21T10:58:14","indexId":"ofr71234","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-234","title":"Effects of roadway and pond construction on sediment yield near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"This report shows the effects that the construction of half a mile of one-lane roadway during June, July, and August 1970 and construction of a 5-acre pond during August and September 1970, had on sediment concentrations and sediment discharge of a stream draining an area of 0.76 square mile. The effects of the construction are shown by comparing the data collected from the affected basin with data collected from a similar adjacent basin, unaffected by construction.
During the pond construction, base-flow sediment concentrations increased from the expected 6 mg/1 (milligrams per liter) to an average of 35 mg/l. Sediment discharge during June through December 1970 attributable to the construction was 55 tons, two-thirds of the amount normally expected during a year.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Harrisburg, PA","doi":"10.3133/ofr71234","usgsCitation":"Reed, L.A., 1971, Effects of roadway and pond construction on sediment yield near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-234, iii, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71234.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":170091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330312,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0234/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Harrisburg","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.99785232543945,\n 40.28725188869884\n ],\n [\n -76.99785232543945,\n 40.315726511613626\n ],\n [\n -76.94609642028809,\n 40.315726511613626\n ],\n [\n -76.94609642028809,\n 40.28725188869884\n ],\n [\n -76.99785232543945,\n 40.28725188869884\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611982","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Lloyd A.","contributorId":79861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70190971,"text":"70190971 - 1971 - Periodic water- and air-temperature records for Utah streams, 1966-70","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-19T14:28:41","indexId":"70190971","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5498,"text":"Utah Basic-Data Release","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"22","title":"Periodic water- and air-temperature records for Utah streams, 1966-70","docAbstract":"Since 1967, all Geological Survey hydrographers have been instructed to observe and record the water and air temperatures at times when water-discharge measurements were being made at stream-gaging stations in Utah. The frequency of these observations generally varies from I to 5 weeks, depending upon the magnitude of the stream flow.
This report summarizes the periodic water and air temperatures that have been recorded in Utah since that effort began. This information may be of value to individuals or agencies concerned with thermal pollution of streams, or with enforcement of water-quality standards.
A compilation of all daily water-temperature records recorded for streams in Utah by the U. S. Geological Survey during the period 1944-68 is contained in Utah Basic-Data Release No. 19.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights Salt Lake City, Utah","usgsCitation":"Whitaker, G., 1971, Periodic water- and air-temperature records for Utah streams, 1966-70: Utah Basic-Data Release 22, xi, 423 p.","productDescription":"xi, 423 p.","numberOfPages":"436","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345887,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345886,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/docview.exe?Folder=TP21-1-430&Title=Basic+Data+Report+22"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59c22cb6e4b091459a61b74f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitaker, G.L.","contributorId":36983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitaker","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":710792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047882,"text":"70047882 - 1970 - Statistical summaries of New Jersey streamflow records","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":56018,"text":"ofr70195 - 1970 - Statistical summaries of New Jersey streamflow record","indexId":"ofr70195","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Statistical summaries of New Jersey streamflow record"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047882,"text":"70047882 - 1970 - Statistical summaries of New Jersey streamflow records","indexId":"70047882","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Statistical summaries of New Jersey streamflow records"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T18:27:49","indexId":"70047882","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T15:55:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":149,"text":"New Jersey Division of Water Policy and Supply Water Resources Circular","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"23","title":"Statistical summaries of New Jersey streamflow records","docAbstract":"In 1961 the U.S. Geological Survey prepared a report which was published by the State of New Jersey as Water Resources Circular 6, \"New Jersey Streamflow Records analyzed with Electronic Computer\" by Miller and McCall. Basic discharge data for periods of record through 1958 were analyzed for 59 stream-gaging stations in New Jersey and flow-duration, low-flow, and high-flow tables were presented.
The purpose of the current report is to update and expand Circular 6 by presenting, with a few meaningful statistics and tables, the bulk of the information that may be obtained from the mass of streamflow records available. The records for 79 of approximately 110 stream-gaging stations presently or previously operated in New Jersey, plus records for three stations in Pennsylvania, and one in New York are presented in summarized form. In addition to inclusing a great number of stations in this report, more years of record and more tables are listed for each station. A description of the station, three arrangements of data summarizing the daily flow records and one table listing statistics of the monthly mean flows are provided. No data representing instantaneous extreme flows are given. Plotting positions for the three types of curves describing the characteristics of daily discharge are listed for each station. Statistical parameters are also presented so that alternate curves may be drawn.
All stations included in this report have 5 or more years of record. The data presented herein are based on observed flow past the gaging station. For any station where the observed flow is affected by regulation or diversion, a \"Remarks\" paragraph, explaining the possible effect on the data, is included in the station description.
Since any streamflow record is a sample in time, the data derived from these records can provide only a guide to expected future flows. For this reason the flow records are analyzed by statistical techniques, and the magnitude of sampling errors should be recognized.
These analyzed data will be useful to a large number of municipal, state, and federal agencies, industries, utilities, engineers, and hydrologists concerned with the availability, conservation, control, and use of surface waters. The tabulated data and curves illustrated herein can be used to select sites for water supplies, to determine flood or drought storage requirements, and to appraise the adequacy of flows for dilution of wastes or generation of power. The statistical values presented herein can be used in computer programs available in many universities, Federal and State agencies, and engineering firms for a broad spectrum of research and other studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","publisherLocation":"Trenton, NJ","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the State of New Jersey, Deptartment of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Policy and Supply","usgsCitation":"Laskowski, S.L., 1970, Statistical summaries of New Jersey streamflow records: New Jersey Division of Water Policy and Supply Water Resources Circular 23, iii, 264 p.","productDescription":"iii, 264 p.","numberOfPages":"271","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290107,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290106,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047882/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.9024,38.9286 ], [ -73.9024,41.3574 ], [ -75.5598,41.3574 ], [ -75.5598,38.9286 ], [ -73.9024,38.9286 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"521f1bede4b0f8bf2b07617b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laskowski, Stanley L.","contributorId":85827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laskowski","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54138,"text":"ofr7010 - 1970 - A proposed streamflow data program for Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:39:13","indexId":"ofr7010","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-10","title":"A proposed streamflow data program for Ohio","docAbstract":"A streamflow data program is proposed for Ohio which consists of both data collection and data analysis. The program is proposed after a study which (1) established long-term objectives and goals for streamflow information, (2) examined and analyzed available data to determine its adequacy for meeting the established goals, and (3) considered alternate methods and data requirements for providing information to meet unfulfilled goals.
The program is designed to provide data (1) for current use, (2) for planning and design, (3) for definition of long-term trends, and (4) on the characteristics of stream environment. At present 141 gaging stations provide adequate data for current use. Multiple- regression relations have been defined that accurately estimate many flow characteristics needed for planning and design on natural-flow streams. A systems approach is required to define flow characteristics of regulated streams. A network of 13 existing gages is proposed for indefinite operation to define long-term flow trends, and additional data collection is proposed on the characteristics of stream environment. Studies of available data and of data to become available are suggested.
The proposed program may be modified in the future to reflect the degree of information that becomes available from new and improved data analyses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7010","usgsCitation":"Anttila, P.W., 1970, A proposed streamflow data program for Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-10, Report: iv, 62 p.; 2 Figures: 17.79 x 19.50 inches and 16.86 x 18.89 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7010.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 62 p.; 2 Figures: 17.79 x 19.50 inches and 16.86 x 18.89 inches","numberOfPages":"68","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174092,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333372,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0010/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":333373,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0010/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9acb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anttila, Peter W.","contributorId":27423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anttila","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1843,"text":"wsp1473 - 1970 - Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T12:58:39","indexId":"wsp1473","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1473","title":"Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","docAbstract":"The chemical composition of natural water is derived from many different sources of solutes, including gases and aerosols from the atmosphere, weathering and erosion of rocks and soil, solution or precipitation reactions occurring below the land surface, and cultural effects resulting from activities of man. Some of the processes of solution or precipitation of minerals can be closely evaluated by means of principles of chemical equilibrium including the law of mass action and the Nernst equation. Other processes are irreversible and require consideration of reaction mechanisms and rates. The chemical composition of the crustal rocks of the earth and the composition of the ocean and the atmosphere are significant in evaluating sources of solutes in natural fresh water.
\nThe ways in which solutes are taken up or precipitated and the amounts present in solution are influenced by many environmental factors, especially climate, structure and position: of rock strata, and biochemical effects associated with life cycles of plants and animals, both microscopic and macroscopic. Taken all together and in application with the further influence of the general circulation of all water in the hydrologic cycle, the chemical principles and environmental factors form a basis for the developing science of natural-water chemistry.
\nFundamental data used in the determination of water quality are obtained by the chemical analysis of water samples in the laboratory or onsite sensing of chemical properties in the field. Sampling is complicated by changes in composition of moving water and the effects of particulate suspended material. Most of the constituents determined are reported in gravimetric units, usually milligrams per liter or milliequivalents per liter.
\nMore than 60 constituents and properties are included in water analyses frequently enough to provide a basis for consideration of the sources from which each is generally derived, most probable forms of elements and ions in solution, solubility controls, expected concentration ranges and other chemical factors. Concentrations of elements that are commonly present in amounts less than a few tens of micrograms per liter cannot always be easily explained, but present information suggests many are controlled by solubility of hydroxide or carbonate or by sorption on solid particles.
\nChemical analyses may be grouped and statistically evaluated by averages, frequency distributions, or ion correlations to summarize large volumes of data. Graphing of analyses or of groups of analyses aids in showing chemical relationships among waters, probable sources of solutes, areal water-quality regimen, and water-resources evaluation. Graphs may show water type based on chemical composition, relationships among ions, or groups of ions in individual waters or many waters considered simultaneously. The relationships of water quality to hydrologic parameters, such as stream discharge rate or ground-water flow patterns, can be shown by mathematical equations, graphs, and maps.
\nAbout 75 water analyses selected from the literature are tabulated to illustrate the relationships described, and some of these, along with many others that are not tabulated, are also utilized in demonstrating graphing and mapping techniques.
\nRelationships of water composition to source rock type are illustrated by graphs of some of the tabulated analyses. Activities of man may modify water composition extensively through direct effects of pollution and indirect results of water development, such as intrusion of sea water in ground-water aquifiers.
\nWater-quality standards for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use have been published by various agencies. Irrigation project requirements for water quality are particularly intricate.
\nFundamental knowledge of processes that control natural water composition is required for rational management of water quality.
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\"}}]}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e1d4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knutilla, R. L.","contributorId":65451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutilla","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1049,"text":"wsp1899C - 1970 - Sediment transport by streams in the Palouse River basin, Washington and Idaho, July 1961-June 1965","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-15T22:12:36.12682","indexId":"wsp1899C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1899","chapter":"C","title":"Sediment transport by streams in the Palouse River basin, Washington and Idaho, July 1961-June 1965","docAbstract":"The Palouse River basin covers about 3,300 square miles in southeastern Washington and northwestern Idaho. The eastern part of the basin is composed of steptoes and foothills which are generally above an altitude of 2,600 feet; the central part is of moderate local relief and is mantled chiefly by thick loess deposits; and the western part is characterized by low relief and scabland topography and is underlain mostly by basalt. \r\n\r\nPrecipitation increases eastward across the study area. It ranges annually from 12 to 18 inches in the western part and from 14 to 23 inches in the central part, and it exceeds 40 inches in the eastern part. \r\n\r\nSurface runoff from the basin for the 4-year period of study (July 1961-June 1965) averaged 408,000 acre-feet per year, compared with 445,200 acre-feet per year for the 27-year period of record. The eastern part of the basin contributed about 55 percent of the total, whereas the central and western parts contributed 37 percent and 8 percent, respectively. Most sediment transport from the Palouse River basin and the highest sediment concentrations in streams occurred in the winter. Of the several storms during the study period, those of February 3-9, 1963, December 22-27, 1964, and January 27-February 4, 1965, accounted for 81 percent of the total 4-year suspended-sediment load; the storm of February 3-9, 1963, accounted for nearly one-half the total load. The discharge-weighted mean concentration of suspended sediment carried in the Palouse River past Hooper during the study period was 2,970 milligrams per liter. \r\n\r\nThe average annual sediment discharge of the Palouse River at its mouth was about 1,580,000 tons per year, and the estimated average annual sediment yield was 480 tons per square mile. The yield ranged from 5 tons per square mile from the western part of the basin to 2,100 tons per square mile from the central part. The high yield from the central part is attributed to a scarcity of vegetal cover, to the fine-grained loess soils, and to rapid runoff during winter storms. Sediment yield from the eastern part of the basin ranged from 460 to more than 1,000 tons per square mile.\r\n\r\nDuring high flow, silt particles make up the largest part of the suspended-sediment load, whereas during low flow, clay particles represent the greatest part. On the average, the suspended sediment transported by the Palouse River past Hooper contained 3 percent sand, 68 percent silt, and 29 percent clay. Unmeasured sediment discharge was estimated to have been 5 percent of the total sediment discharge. \r\n\r\nData collected during the 4-year period of study show that sediment loads were higher than those recorded by V. G. Kaiser during the longer period 1939-65. Whereas Kaiser's study showed an average annual soil loss of 9.6 million tons, the average annual loss during the recent study was 14.2 million tons. \r\n\r\nThe factor that has had the greatest effect on the increase of sediment yields is land use. Lands once covered and protected by natural vegetation have been extensively, cultivated, and much of the soil has become susceptible to erosion, particularly in areas mantled by loessal soils.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1899C","usgsCitation":"Boucher, P.R., 1970, Sediment transport by streams in the Palouse River basin, Washington and Idaho, July 1961-June 1965: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1899, Report: iv, 37 p.; 1 Plate: 26.50 × 24.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1899C.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 37 p.; 1 Plate: 26.50 × 24.50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110035,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25118.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25118"},{"id":137923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25713,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25714,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Palouse River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.508,\n 47.483\n ],\n [\n -118.322,\n 47.483\n ],\n [\n -118.322,\n 46.517\n ],\n [\n -116.508,\n 46.517\n ],\n [\n -116.508,\n 47.483\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e9e4b07f02db5e94ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boucher, P. R.","contributorId":108088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boucher","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1101,"text":"wsp1870A - 1970 - Floods of December 1966 in southwestern Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-04T14:58:45","indexId":"wsp1870A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1870","chapter":"A","title":"Floods of December 1966 in southwestern Utah","docAbstract":"Severe floods occurred in parts of southwestern Utah on December 5-6, 1966, as a result of precipitation of about 1 inch to more than 12 inches during December 3-6. The flood on the Virgin River was the greatest since the first settlers arrived in 1860.
The peak discharge of the Virgin River at Virgin, Utah, was 22,830 cubic feet per second on December 6; this exceeded the previous maximum discharge of 13,500 cubic feet per second on March 3, 1938, and September 17, 1961, and probably has a recurrence interval of 100 years. At eight other gage sites in the flood area, the peak discharge in December 1966 was the highest of record; the recurrence intervals of some of the peak discharges may be 100 years. The flood peaks were generally of short duration and most streams receded to near base flow within 24 hours.
The dissolved-solids content was significantly lower in the Virgin River at Virgin than at St. George, about 25 miles downstream; the water was of the calcium sulfate type at both sites. Data for the Santa Clara River above Winsor Dam and the Santa Clara River near Santa Clara show a significant increase in dissolved solids between the two sites. The water above Winsor Dam was of the calcium bicarbonate type, and the water near Santa Clara was of the calcium bicarbonate sulfate type.
The suspended-sediment discharge, during the period December 5-8, 1966, at Santa Clara River above Winsor Dam, near Santa Clara was about foyer times greater than all the suspended-sediment discharge during the preceding 3 years ; the suspended-sediment discharge of the Virgin River at Virgin was greater during the 4-day period than during any one of the preceding 3 years.
Nearly all the flood damage in the area occurred in the Virgin River basin. According to the Soil Conservation Service, total damage in the Dixie Soil Conservation District in Washington County was about $835,000; 60 percent of the damage was caused by floodwater and 40 percent by deposited sediment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1870A","usgsCitation":"Butler, E., and Mundorff, J.C., 1970, Floods of December 1966 in southwestern Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1870, Report: iv, 40 p.; 2 Plates: 35.50 in. x 22.11 in. and 19.50 in. x 18.05 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1870A.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 40 p.; 2 Plates: 35.50 in. x 22.11 in. and 19.50 in. x 18.05 in.","numberOfPages":"45","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":25835,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1870a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1870a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25834,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1870a/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map showing location and size of radar echoes in parts of Nevada, Arizona, and Utah during December 3-6 1966"},{"id":25833,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1870a/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map of southwestern Utah showing stream-gaging and water-quality sampling sites, geology, vegetation, and precipitation at selected sites during period December 3-7, 1966"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b26e4b07f02db6b001c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, Elmer","contributorId":33301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"Elmer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mundorff, J. C.","contributorId":63374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mundorff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}