[1] Earthquake occurrence probabilities that account for stress transfer and time-dependent failure depend on the product of the effective normal stress and a lab-derived dimensionless coefficient a. This coefficient describes the instantaneous dependence of fault strength on deformation rate, and determines the duration of precursory slip. Although an instantaneous rate dependence is observed for fracture, friction, crack growth, and low temperature plasticity in laboratory experiments, the physical origin of this effect during earthquake faulting is obscure. We examine this rate dependence in laboratory experiments on different rock types using a normalization scheme modified from one proposed by Tullis and Weeks [1987]. We compare the instantaneous rate dependence in rock friction with rate dependence measurements from higher temperature dislocation glide experiments. The same normalization scheme is used to compare rate dependence in friction to rock fracture and to low-temperature crack growth tests. For particular weak phyllosilicate minerals, the instantaneous friction rate dependence is consistent with dislocation glide. In intact rock failure tests, for each rock type considered, the instantaneous rate dependence is the same size as for friction, suggesting a common physical origin. During subcritical crack growth in strong quartzofeldspathic and carbonate rock where glide is not possible, the instantaneous rate dependence measured during failure or creep tests at high stress has long been thought to be due to crack growth; however, direct comparison between crack growth and friction tests shows poor agreement. The crack growth rate dependence appears to be higher than the rate dependence of friction and fracture by a factor of two to three for all rock types considered.
The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) causes chytridiomycosis, a disease implicated in amphibian declines on 5 continents. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer sets exist with which amphibians can be tested for this disease, and advances in sampling techniques allow non-invasive testing of animals. We developed filtering and PCR based quantitative methods by modifying existing PCR assays to detect Bd DNA in water and sediments, without the need for testing amphibians; we tested the methods at 4 field sites. The SYBR based assay using Boyle primers (SYBR/Boyle assay) and the Taqman based assay using Wood primers performed similarly with samples generated in the laboratory (Bd spiked filters), but the SYBR/Boyle assay detected Bd DNA in more field samples. We detected Bd DNA in water from 3 of 4 sites tested, including one pond historically negative for chytridiomycosis. Zoospore equivalents in sampled water ranged from 19 to 454 l-1 (nominal detection limit is 10 DNA copies, or about 0.06 zoospore). We did not detect DNA of Bd from sediments collected at any sites. Our filtering and amplification methods provide a new tool to investigate critical aspects of Bd in the environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao01831","issn":"01775103","usgsCitation":"Kirshtein, J.D., Anderson, C., Wood, J., Longcore, J.E., and Voytek, M.A., 2007, Quantitative PCR detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis DNA from sediments and water: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 77, no. 1, p. 11-15, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao01831.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487663,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao01831","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211484,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao01831"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91f9e4b0c8380cd8059d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirshtein, Julie D.","contributorId":26033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirshtein","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Chauncey W. 0000-0002-1016-3781 chauncey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-3781","contributorId":1151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Chauncey W.","email":"chauncey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":429898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, J.S.","contributorId":43974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Longcore, Joyce E.","contributorId":67464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"Joyce","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Voytek, Mary A.","contributorId":91943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033112,"text":"70033112 - 2007 - Evaluating nephrotoxicity of high-molecular-weight organic compounds in drinking water from lignite aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-15T20:30:44","indexId":"70033112","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2481,"text":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating nephrotoxicity of high-molecular-weight organic compounds in drinking water from lignite aquifers","docAbstract":"High-molecular-weight organic compounds such as humic acids and/or fulvic acids that are naturally mobilized from lignite beds into untreated drinking-water supplies were suggested as one possible cause of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) and cancer of the renal pelvis. A lab investigation was undertaken in order to assess the nephrotoxic potential of such organic compounds using an in vitro tissue culture model. Because of the infeasibility of exposing kidney tissue to low concentrations of organics for years in the lab, tangential flow ultrafiltration was employed to hyperconcentrate samples suitable for discerning effects in the short time frames necessitated by tissue culture systems. Effects on HK-2 kidney cells were measured using two different cell proliferation assays (MTT and alamarBlue). Results demonstrated that exposure of kidney tissue to high-molecular-weight organics produced excess cell death or proliferation depending on concentration and duration of exposure. Copyright ?? Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/15287390701551274","issn":"15287394","usgsCitation":"Bunnell, J., Tatu, C., Lerch, H., Orem, W., and Pavlovic, N., 2007, Evaluating nephrotoxicity of high-molecular-weight organic compounds in drinking water from lignite aquifers: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, v. 70, no. 24, p. 2089-2091, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390701551274.","startPage":"2089","endPage":"2091","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213528,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287390701551274"},{"id":241158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0beae4b0c8380cd5293c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunnell, J.E.","contributorId":63512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tatu, C. A.","contributorId":89942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tatu","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lerch, H.E.","contributorId":100371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lerch","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pavlovic, N.","contributorId":13912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavlovic","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70031052,"text":"70031052 - 2007 - A condensed middle Cenomanian succession in the Dakota Sandstone (Upper Cretaceous), Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, Socorro County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-12T09:48:20","indexId":"70031052","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2860,"text":"New Mexico Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A condensed middle Cenomanian succession in the Dakota Sandstone (Upper Cretaceous), Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, Socorro County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The upper part of the Dakota Sandstone exposed on the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, northern Socorro County, New Mexico, is a condensed, Upper Cretaceous, marine succession spanning the first five middle Cenomanian ammonite zones of the U.S. Western Interior. Farther north in New Mexico these five ammonite zones occur over a stratigraphic interval more than an order of magnitude thicker. The basal part of this marine sequence was deposited in Seboyeta Bay, an elongate east-west embayment into New Mexico that marked the initial transgression of the western shoreline of the Late Cretaceous seaway into New Mexico.
The primary mechanism for condensing this section was nearshore, submarine erosion, although nondeposition played a minor role. The ammonite fossils from each zone are generally fragments of internal molds that are corroded on one side, indicating submarine burial, erosion of the prefossilized steinkern, and corrosion on the sea floor. In addition, the base of the condensed succession is marked by a thin bed that contains abundant, white-weathering, spherical to cylindrical phosphate nodules, many of which contain a cylindrical axial cavity of unknown origin.
The nodules lie on the bedding surface of the highly burrowed, ridge-forming sandstone near the top of the Dakota and occur in the overlying breccia. The breccia consists of rip-up clasts of sandstone and eroded internal molds of the ammonite Conlinoceras tarrantense, the zonal index for the basal middle Cenomanian. The nodules below the breccia imply a time of erosion followed by nondeposition or sediment bypass during which the phosphatization occurred. The breccia implies a time of submarine erosion, probably storm-related.
Remarkably, this condensed succession and the basal part of the overlying Mancos Shale tongue contain one of the most complete middle Cenomanian ammonite sequences in the U.S. Western Interior. Five of the six ammonite zones that characterize the middle Cenomanian of the Western Interior are found on Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge. Only representatives of the second oldest zone are missing, although stratigraphically there is room for this zone. Fossils from each zone occur in stratigraphically separated beds; no zone overlaps with or is superimposed on another.
Maps of the western shoreline of the seaway at the beginning and end of the time represented by the condensed succession show the progression of the Late Cretaceous seaway from embayment to ocean covering most of New Mexico. These maps, combined with the resolving power of the middle Cenomanian biostratigraphic framework, indicate that the southern shoreline of Seboyeta Bay, which was only a few miles south of Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, was virtually stationary for most of this time. This ensured that the refuge was under shallow, well-oxygenated, marine waters for much of middle Cenomanian time. It also ensured that deposited sediments would be subjected periodically to erosion by nearshore waves and currents.
This report marks the first recorded occurrence in New Mexico of the following ammonite species: Acanthoceras muldoonense (zonal index), A. bellense (zonal index), Turrilites (Euturrilites) scheuchzerianus, Cunningtoniceras cf. C. cunningtoni, and Paraconlinoceras leonense. The occurrences of the zonal indices in the Dakota Sandstone on and to the south of the refuge increase not only their geographic distributions, but also the biostratigraphic resolution in the middle Cenomanian of New Mexico.
","language":"English","publisher":"New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources","issn":"0196948X","usgsCitation":"Hook, S.C., and Cobban, W., 2007, A condensed middle Cenomanian succession in the Dakota Sandstone (Upper Cretaceous), Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, Socorro County, New Mexico: New Mexico Geology, v. 29, no. 3, p. 75-96.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"96","costCenters":[{"id":207,"text":"Core Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270669,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/periodicals/nmg/backissues/home.cfml?SpecificYear=&FromYear=&ToYear=&Volume=29&Number=3&title=&author=&keywords=&NMcounty=ANY&Submit=Search"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Socorro County","otherGeospatial":"Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.0898,34.1882 ], [ -107.0898,34.422 ], [ -106.5139,34.422 ], [ -106.5139,34.1882 ], [ -107.0898,34.1882 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e395e4b0c8380cd460f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hook, Stephen C.","contributorId":175265,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hook","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cobban, William A.","contributorId":99529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobban","given":"William A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70031038,"text":"70031038 - 2007 - Integrating laboratory creep compaction data with numerical fault models: A Bayesian framework","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-27T12:24:12.666509","indexId":"70031038","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating laboratory creep compaction data with numerical fault models: A Bayesian framework","docAbstract":"[1] We developed a robust Bayesian inversion scheme to plan and analyze laboratory creep compaction experiments. We chose a simple creep law that features the main parameters of interest when trying to identify rate-controlling mechanisms from experimental data. By integrating the chosen creep law or an approximation thereof, one can use all the data, either simultaneously or in overlapping subsets, thus making more complete use of the experiment data and propagating statistical variations in the data through to the final rate constants. Despite the nonlinearity of the problem, with this technique one can retrieve accurate estimates of both the stress exponent and the activation energy, even when the porosity time series data are noisy. Whereas adding observation points and/or experiments reduces the uncertainty on all parameters, enlarging the range of temperature or effective stress significantly reduces the covariance between stress exponent and activation energy. We apply this methodology to hydrothermal creep compaction data on quartz to obtain a quantitative, semiempirical law for fault zone compaction in the interseismic period. Incorporating this law into a simple direct rupture model, we find marginal distributions of the time to failure that are robust with respect to errors in the initial fault zone porosity.
Ground motions recorded within sedimentary basins are variable over short distances. One important cause of the variability is that local soil properties are variable at all scales. Regional hazard maps developed for predicting site effects are generally derived from maps of surficial geology; however, recent studies have shown that mapped geologic units do not correlate well with the average shear-wave velocity of the upper 30 m, Vs(30). We model the horizontal variability of near-surface soil shear-wave velocity in the San Francisco Bay Area to estimate values in unsampled locations in order to account for site effects in a continuous manner. Previous geostatistical studies of soil properties have shown horizontal correlations at the scale of meters to tens of meters while the vertical correlations are on the order of centimeters. In this paper we analyze shear-wave velocity data over regional distances and find that surface shear-wave velocity is correlated at horizontal distances up to 4 km based on data from seismic cone penetration tests and the spectral analysis of surface waves. We propose a method to map site effects by using geostatistical methods based on the shear-wave velocity correlation structure within a sedimentary basin. If used in conjunction with densely spaced shear-wave velocity profiles in regions of high seismic risk, geostatistical methods can produce reliable continuous maps of site effects.
40Ar/39Ar ages on the Hat Creek Basalt (HCB) and stratigraphically related lava flows show that latest Pleistocene tholeiitic basalt with very low K2O can be dated reliably. The HCB underlies ∼ 15 ka glacial gravel and overlies four andesite and basaltic andesite lava flows that yield 40Ar/39Ar ages of 38 ± 7 ka (Cinder Butte; 1.65% K2O), 46 ± 7 ka (Sugarloaf Peak; 1.85% K2O), 67 ± 4 ka (Little Potato Butte; 1.42% K2O) and 77 ± 11 ka (Potato Butte; 1.62% K2O). Given these firm age brackets, we then dated the HCB directly. One sample (0.19% K2O) clearly failed the criteria for plateau-age interpretation, but the inverse isochron age of 26 ± 6 ka is seductively appealing. A second sample (0.17% K2O) yielded concordant plateau, integrated (total fusion), and inverse isochron ages of 26 ± 18, 30 ± 20 and 24 ± 6 ka, all within the time bracket determined by stratigraphic relations; the inverse isochron age of 24 ± 6 ka is preferred. As with all isotopically determined ages, confidence in the results is significantly enhanced when additional constraints imposed by other isotopic ages within a stratigraphic context are taken into account.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2007.02.004","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Turrin, B., Muffler, L.P., Clynne, M.A., and Champion, D.E., 2007, Robust 24 ± 6 ka 40Ar/39Ar age of a low-potassium tholeiitic basalt in the Lassen region of NE California: Quaternary Research, v. 68, no. 1, p. 96-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.02.004.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"96","endPage":"110","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Hat Creek Basalt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.4373779296875,\n 39.76210275375137\n ],\n [\n -121.4373779296875,\n 41.20758898181025\n ],\n [\n -120.00915527343749,\n 41.20758898181025\n ],\n [\n -120.00915527343749,\n 39.76210275375137\n ],\n [\n -121.4373779296875,\n 39.76210275375137\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaddce4b0c8380cd86fad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turrin, Brent D.","contributorId":89867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turrin","given":"Brent D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muffler, L.J. Patrick 0000-0001-6638-7218 pmuffler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6638-7218","contributorId":3322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muffler","given":"L.J.","email":"pmuffler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Patrick","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clynne, Michael A. 0000-0002-4220-2968 mclynne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-2968","contributorId":2032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"Michael","email":"mclynne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032053,"text":"70032053 - 2007 - Evolutionary history of the ABCB2 genomic region in teleosts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:28","indexId":"70032053","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1383,"text":"Developmental and Comparative Immunology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolutionary history of the ABCB2 genomic region in teleosts","docAbstract":"Gene duplication, silencing and translocation have all been implicated in shaping the unique genomic architecture of the teleost MH regions. Previously, we demonstrated that trout possess five unlinked regions encoding MH genes. One of these regions harbors ABCB2 which in all other vertebrate classes is found in the MHC class II region. In this study, we sequenced a BAC contig for the trout ABCB2 region. Analysis of this region revealed the presence of genes homologous to those located in the human class II (ABCB2, BRD2, ??DAA), extended class II (RGL2, PHF1, SYGP1) and class III (PBX2, Notch-L) regions. The organization and syntenic relationships of this region were then compared to similar regions in humans, Tetraodon and zebrafish to learn more about the evolutionary history of this region. Our analysis indicates that this region was generated during the teleost-specific duplication event while also providing insight about potential MH paralogous regions in teleosts. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Developmental and Comparative Immunology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2006.07.010","issn":"0145305X","usgsCitation":"Palti, Y., Rodriguez, M., Gahr, S., and Hansen, J., 2007, Evolutionary history of the ABCB2 genomic region in teleosts: Developmental and Comparative Immunology, v. 31, no. 5, p. 483-498, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2006.07.010.","startPage":"483","endPage":"498","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214749,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2006.07.010"},{"id":242499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d91e4b0c8380cd530b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palti, Y.","contributorId":105081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palti","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, M.F.","contributorId":75769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gahr, S.A.","contributorId":103889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gahr","given":"S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansen, J.D.","contributorId":107880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031015,"text":"70031015 - 2007 - Evidence for a physical linkage between galactic cosmic rays and regional climate time series","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70031015","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":661,"text":"Advances in Space Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for a physical linkage between galactic cosmic rays and regional climate time series","docAbstract":"The effects of solar variability on regional climate time series were examined using a sequence of physical connections between total solar irradiance (TSI) modulated by galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), and ocean and atmospheric patterns that affect precipitation and streamflow. The solar energy reaching the Earth's surface and its oceans is thought to be controlled through an interaction between TSI and GCRs, which are theorized to ionize the atmosphere and increase cloud formation and its resultant albedo. High (low) GCR flux may promote cloudiness (clear skies) and higher (lower) albedo at the same time that TSI is lowest (highest) in the solar cycle which in turn creates cooler (warmer) ocean temperature anomalies. These anomalies have been shown to affect atmospheric flow patterns and ultimately affect precipitation over the Midwestern United States. This investigation identified a relation among TSI and geomagnetic index aa (GI-AA), and streamflow in the Mississippi River Basin for the period 1878-2004. The GI-AA was used as a proxy for GCRs. The lag time between the solar signal and streamflow in the Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri is approximately 34 years. The current drought (1999-2007) in the Mississippi River Basin appears to be caused by a period of lower solar activity that occurred between 1963 and 1977. There appears to be a solar \"fingerprint\" that can be detected in climatic time series in other regions of the world, with each series having a unique lag time between the solar signal and the hydroclimatic response. A progression of increasing lag times can be spatially linked to the ocean conveyor belt, which may transport the solar signal over a time span of several decades. The lag times for any one region vary slightly and may be linked to the fluctuations in the velocity of the ocean conveyor belt.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Space Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2007.02.079","issn":"02731177","usgsCitation":"Perry, C.A., 2007, Evidence for a physical linkage between galactic cosmic rays and regional climate time series: Advances in Space Research, v. 40, no. 3, p. 353-364, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.02.079.","startPage":"353","endPage":"364","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211619,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.02.079"},{"id":238938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d30e4b0c8380cd52e79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, C. A.","contributorId":106149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70031010,"text":"70031010 - 2007 - Habitat classification modeling with incomplete data: Pushing the habitat envelope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:15","indexId":"70031010","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat classification modeling with incomplete data: Pushing the habitat envelope","docAbstract":"Habitat classification models (HCMs) are invaluable tools for species conservation, land-use planning, reserve design, and metapopulation assessments, particularly at broad spatial scales. However, species occurrence data are often lacking and typically limited to presence points at broad scales. This lack of absence data precludes the use of many statistical techniques for HCMs. One option is to generate pseudo-absence points so that the many available statistical modeling tools can be used. Traditional techniques generate pseudoabsence points at random across broadly defined species ranges, often failing to include biological knowledge concerning the species-habitat relationship. We incorporated biological knowledge of the species-habitat relationship into pseudo-absence points by creating habitat envelopes that constrain the region from which points were randomly selected. We define a habitat envelope as an ecological representation of a species, or species feature's (e.g., nest) observed distribution (i.e., realized niche) based on a single attribute, or the spatial intersection of multiple attributes. We created HCMs for Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus) nest habitat during the breeding season across Utah forests with extant nest presence points and ecologically based pseudo-absence points using logistic regression. Predictor variables were derived from 30-m USDA Landfire and 250-m Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) map products. These habitat-envelope-based models were then compared to null envelope models which use traditional practices for generating pseudo-absences. Models were assessed for fit and predictive capability using metrics such as kappa, thresholdindependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plots, adjusted deviance (Dadj2), and cross-validation, and were also assessed for ecological relevance. For all cases, habitat envelope-based models outperformed null envelope models and were more ecologically relevant, suggesting that incorporating biological knowledge into pseudo-absence point generation is a powerful tool for species habitat assessments. Furthermore, given some a priori knowledge of the species-habitat relationship, ecologically based pseudo-absence points can be applied to any species, ecosystem, data resolution, and spatial extent. ?? 2007 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/06-1312.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Zarnetske, P., Edwards, T., and Moisen, G.G., 2007, Habitat classification modeling with incomplete data: Pushing the habitat envelope: Ecological Applications, v. 17, no. 6, p. 1714-1726, https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1312.1.","startPage":"1714","endPage":"1726","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211537,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/06-1312.1"},{"id":238839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f03e4b0c8380cd5c9f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zarnetske, P.L.","contributorId":27257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarnetske","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, T.C. Jr. 0000-0002-0773-0909","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-0909","contributorId":76486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"T.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moisen, Gretchen G.","contributorId":15781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moisen","given":"Gretchen","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030122,"text":"70030122 - 2007 - Quasi-horizontal circulation cells in 3D seawater intrusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-16T10:29:57","indexId":"70030122","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quasi-horizontal circulation cells in 3D seawater intrusion","docAbstract":"The seawater intrusion process is characterized by the difference in freshwater and seawater density that causes freshwater to float on seawater. Many confined aquifers have a large horizontal extension with respect to thickness. In these cases, while buoyancy acts in the vertical direction, flow is confined between the upper and bottom boundaries and the effect of gravity is controlled by variations of aquifer elevation. Therefore, the effective gravity is controlled by the slope and the shape of the aquifer boundaries. Variability in the topography of the aquifer boundaries is one case where 3D analysis is necessary. In this work, density-dependent flow processes caused by 3D aquifer geometry are studied numerically and specifically, considering a lateral slope of the aquifer boundaries. Sub-horizontal circulation cells are formed in the saltwater entering the aquifer. The penetration of the saltwater can be quantified by a dimensionless buoyancy number that measures the lateral slope of the aquifer relative to freshwater flux. The penetration of the seawater intrusion wedge is controlled more by this slope than by the aquifer thickness and dispersivity. Thus, the slope must be taken into account in order to accurately evaluate seawater intrusion.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.02.017","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Abarca, E., Carrera, J., Sanchez-Vila, X., and Voss, C.I., 2007, Quasi-horizontal circulation cells in 3D seawater intrusion: Journal of Hydrology, v. 339, no. 3-4, p. 118-129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.02.017.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"129","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477026,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.scipedia.com/public/Abarca_et_al_2007b","text":"External Repository"},{"id":213020,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.02.017"},{"id":240600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"339","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9279e4b0c8380cd80894","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abarca, E.","contributorId":28077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abarca","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carrera, J.","contributorId":68536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrera","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanchez-Vila, X.","contributorId":106716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez-Vila","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":425808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032028,"text":"70032028 - 2007 - Bora event variability and the role of air-sea feedback","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:27","indexId":"70032028","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bora event variability and the role of air-sea feedback","docAbstract":"A two-way interacting high resolution numerical simulation of the Adriatic Sea using the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) and Coupled Ocean/ Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS??) was conducted to improve forecast momentum and heat flux fields, and to evaluate surface flux field differences for two consecutive bora events during February 2003. (COAMPS?? is a registered trademark of the Naval Research Laboratory.) The strength, mean positions and extensions of the bora jets, and the atmospheric conditions driving them varied considerably between the two events. Bora 1 had 62% stronger heat flux and 51% larger momentum flux than bora 2. The latter displayed much greater diurnal variability characterized by inertial oscillations and the early morning strengthening of a west Adriatic barrier jet, beneath which a stronger west Adriatic ocean current developed. Elsewhere, surface ocean current differences between the two events were directly related to differences in wind stress curl generated by the position and strength of the individual bora jets. The mean heat flux bias was reduced by 72%, and heat flux RMSE reduced by 30% on average at four instrumented over-water sites in the two-way coupled simulation relative to the uncoupled control. Largest reductions in wind stress were found in the bora jets, while the biggest reductions in heat flux were found along the north and west coasts of the Adriatic. In bora 2, SST gradients impacted the wind stress curl along the north and west coasts, and in bora 1 wind stress curl was sensitive to the Istrian front position and strength. The two-way coupled simulation produced diminished surface current speeds of ???12% over the northern Adriatic during both bora compared with a one-way coupled simulation. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2006JC003726","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Pullen, J., Doyle, J., Haack, T., Dorman, C., Signell, R.P., and Lee, C., 2007, Bora event variability and the role of air-sea feedback: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 112, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003726.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477170,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/3671","text":"External Repository"},{"id":242629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214873,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003726"}],"volume":"112","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f20fe4b0c8380cd4afb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pullen, J.","contributorId":34339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pullen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doyle, J.D.","contributorId":67917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haack, T.","contributorId":89366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dorman, C.","contributorId":25781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorman","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, C.M.","contributorId":40031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70032025,"text":"70032025 - 2007 - Earthquake likelihood model testing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T14:09:02","indexId":"70032025","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake likelihood model testing","docAbstract":"The Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models (RELM) project aims to produce and evaluate alternate models of earthquake potential (probability per unit volume, magnitude, and time) for California. Based on differing assumptions, these models are produced to test the validity of their assumptions and to explore which models should be incorporated in seismic hazard and risk evaluation. Tests based on physical and geological criteria are useful but we focus on statistical methods using future earthquake catalog data only. We envision two evaluations: a test of consistency with observed data and a comparison of all pairs of models for relative consistency. Both tests are based on the likelihood method, and both are fully prospective (i.e., the models are not adjusted to fit the test data). To be tested, each model must assign a probability to any possible event within a specified region of space, time, and magnitude. For our tests the models must use a common format: earthquake rates in specified “bins” with location, magnitude, time, and focal mechanism limits.
Seismology cannot yet deterministically predict individual earthquakes; however, it should seek the best possible models for forecasting earthquake occurrence. This paper describes the statistical rules of an experiment to examine and test earthquake forecasts. The primary purposes of the tests described below are to evaluate physical models for earthquakes, assure that source models used in seismic hazard and risk studies are consistent with earthquake data, and provide quantitative measures by which models can be assigned weights in a consensus model or be judged as suitable for particular regions.
In this paper we develop a statistical method for testing earthquake likelihood models. A companion paper (Schorlemmer and Gerstenberger 2007, this issue) discusses the actual implementation of these tests in the framework of the RELM initiative.
Statistical testing of hypotheses is a common task and a wide range of possible testing procedures exist. Jolliffe and Stephenson (2003) present different forecast verifications from atmospheric science, among them likelihood testing of probability forecasts and testing the occurrence of binary events. Testing binary events requires that for each forecasted event, the spatial, temporal and magnitude limits be given. Although major earthquakes can be considered binary events, the models within the RELM project express their forecasts on a spatial grid and in 0.1 magnitude units; thus the results are a distribution of rates over space and magnitude. These forecasts can be tested with likelihood tests.
In general, likelihood tests assume a valid null hypothesis against which a given hypothesis is tested. The outcome is either a rejection of the null hypothesis in favor of the test hypothesis or a nonrejection, meaning the test hypothesis cannot outperform the null hypothesis at a given significance level. Within RELM, there is no accepted null hypothesis and thus the likelihood test needs to be expanded to allow comparable testing of equipollent hypotheses.
To test models against one another, we require that forecasts are expressed in a standard format: the average rate of earthquake occurrence within pre-specified limits of hypocentral latitude, longitude, depth, magnitude, time period, and focal mechanisms. Focal mechanisms should either be described as the inclination of P-axis, declination of P-axis, and inclination of the T-axis, or as strike, dip, and rake angles. Schorlemmer and Gerstenberger (2007, this issue) designed classes of these parameters such that similar models will be tested against each other. These classes make the forecasts comparable between models. Additionally, we are limited to testing only what is precisely defined and consistently reported in earthquake catalogs. Therefore it is currently not possible to test such information as fault rupture length or area, asperity location, etc. Also, to account for data quality issues, we allow for location and magnitude uncertainties as well as the probability that an event is dependent on another event.
As we mentioned above, only models with comparable forecasts can be tested against each other. Our current tests are designed to examine grid-based models. This requires that any fault-based model be adapted to a grid before testing is possible. While this is a limitation of the testing, it is an inherent difficulty in any such comparative testing. Please refer to appendix B for a statistical evaluation of the application of the Poisson hypothesis to fault-based models.
The testing suite we present consists of three different tests: L-Test, N-Test, and R-Test. These tests are defined similarily to Kagan and Jackson (1995). The first two tests examine the consistency of the hypotheses with the observations while the last test compares the spatial performances of the models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.78.1.17","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Schorlemmer, D., Gerstenberger, M., Wiemer, S., Jackson, D., and Rhoades, D., 2007, Earthquake likelihood model testing: Seismological Research Letters, v. 78, no. 1, p. 17-29, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.78.1.17.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242566,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a04f5e4b0c8380cd50bb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schorlemmer, D.","contributorId":30468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schorlemmer","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerstenberger, M.C.","contributorId":51977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerstenberger","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiemer, S.","contributorId":22115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemer","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackson, D.D.","contributorId":41011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rhoades, D.A.","contributorId":45121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhoades","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032024,"text":"70032024 - 2007 - Scaling local species-habitat relations to the larger landscape with a hierarchical spatial count model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:28","indexId":"70032024","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scaling local species-habitat relations to the larger landscape with a hierarchical spatial count model","docAbstract":"Much of what is known about avian species-habitat relations has been derived from studies of birds at local scales. It is entirely unclear whether the relations observed at these scales translate to the larger landscape in a predictable linear fashion. We derived habitat models and mapped predicted abundances for three forest bird species of eastern North America using bird counts, environmental variables, and hierarchical models applied at three spatial scales. Our purpose was to understand habitat associations at multiple spatial scales and create predictive abundance maps for purposes of conservation planning at a landscape scale given the constraint that the variables used in this exercise were derived from local-level studies. Our models indicated a substantial influence of landscape context for all species, many of which were counter to reported associations at finer spatial extents. We found land cover composition provided the greatest contribution to the relative explained variance in counts for all three species; spatial structure was second in importance. No single spatial scale dominated any model, indicating that these species are responding to factors at multiple spatial scales. For purposes of conservation planning, areas of predicted high abundance should be investigated to evaluate the conservation potential of the landscape in their general vicinity. In addition, the models and spatial patterns of abundance among species suggest locations where conservation actions may benefit more than one species. ?? 2006 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landscape Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10980-006-9005-2","issn":"09212973","usgsCitation":"Thogmartin, W., and Knutson, M.G., 2007, Scaling local species-habitat relations to the larger landscape with a hierarchical spatial count model: Landscape Ecology, v. 22, no. 1, p. 61-75, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-006-9005-2.","startPage":"61","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214813,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-006-9005-2"},{"id":242565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8716e4b08c986b3162e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thogmartin, W.E. 0000-0002-2384-4279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":26392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"W.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knutson, M. G.","contributorId":55375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knutson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030123,"text":"70030123 - 2007 - Using drill cutting separates to estimate the strength of narrow shear zones at SAFOD","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-03T11:51:36.683083","indexId":"70030123","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using drill cutting separates to estimate the strength of narrow shear zones at SAFOD","docAbstract":"[1] A technique is presented for estimating frictional strength of narrow shear zones based on hand selection of drillhole cuttings separates. Tests were conducted on cuttings from the SAFOD scientific drillhole near Parkfield, California. Since cuttings are mixed with adjacent material as they travel up the drillhole, these fault-derived separates give a better representation of the frictional properties of narrow features than measurements from the bulk material alone. Cuttings from two shear zones (one an active trace of the San Andreas fault) contain a significant weight percent of clay-rich grains that exhibit deformation-induced slickensides. In addition, cuttings from the active SAF trace contain around 1% serpentine. Coefficients of friction for clay-rich and serpentine grains were 0.3–0.5 and 0.4–0.45, respectively. These values are around 0.12 lower than the friction coefficient of the corresponding bulk cuttings, providing an improved estimate of the frictional strength of the San Andreas fault.