This chapter describes the background and design of the Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools Prototype Project, or LANDFIRE Prototype Project, which was a sub-regional, proof-of-concept effort designed to develop methods and applications for providing the high-resolution data (30-m pixel) needed to support wildland fire management and to implement the National Fire Plan and Healthy Forests Restoration Act. In addition, this chapter provides synopses of the many interrelated procedures necessary for development of the 24 LANDFIRE Prototype products (see table 1 and appendix 2-A). Throughout this chapter, direction is provided for where, in this report and elsewhere, additional detailed information is available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The LANDFIRE Prototype Project: Nationally consistent and locally relevant geospatial data for wildland fire management General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-175","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"USDA Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Keane, R.E., Zhu, Z., and Menakis, J.P., 2006, An overview of the LANDFIRE Prototype Project: General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-175, 39 p.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"43","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462617,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keane, Robert E.","contributorId":73930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keane","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Menakis, James P.","contributorId":344955,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Menakis","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70259378,"text":"70259378 - 2006 - Executive summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-04T16:49:12.095325","indexId":"70259378","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-01T11:40:41","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"RMRS-GTR-175","chapter":"1","title":"Executive summary","docAbstract":"Geospatial data describing wildland fuel and current as well as historical vegetation conditions are essential for planning, implementing, and monitoring projects supported by the National Fire Plan and the Healthy Forests Restoration Act. Scientifically credible, consistent, and standardized spatial data allow fire and land managers to accurately identify the amount and locations of lands or communities with hazardous fuel build-up or extreme departure from historical conditions. These data also facilitate the prioritization of ecosystem restoration and hazardous fuel reduction treatments to protect ecosystems, property, and people. Moreover, these data may be used during specific wildland fire incidents to maximize firefighter safety, pre-position resources, and evaluate fire behavior under a variety of weather conditions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The LANDFIRE Prototype Project: Nationally consistent and locally relevant geospatial data for wildland fire management General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-175","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"USDA Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Rollins, M.G., Keane, R.E., and Zhu, Z., 2006, Executive summary: General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-175, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"4","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462615,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/24641","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rollins, Matthew G.","contributorId":54695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rollins","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keane, Robert E.","contributorId":73930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keane","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70259377,"text":"70259377 - 2006 - Perspectives on LANDFIRE Prototype Project accuracy assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-04T16:38:38.716829","indexId":"70259377","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-01T11:30:27","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"RMRS-GTR-175","chapter":"13","title":"Perspectives on LANDFIRE Prototype Project accuracy assessment","docAbstract":"The purpose of this chapter is to provide a general overview of the many aspects of accuracy assessment pertinent to the Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools Prototype Project (LANDFIRE Prototype Project). The LANDFIRE Prototype formed a large and complex research and development project with many broad-scale data sets and products developed throughout its various stages. The scope of the project was defined as mapping and modeling vegetation, wildland fuel, and fire regime characteristics (Rollins and others, Ch. 2). Because of the breadth of the investigation, it is important to base our expectations for accuracy on a clear understanding of the intricacies, interdependencies, and scope of mapping and modeling LANDFIRE products. Our goals in this chapter are to: 1) provide relevant background information regarding accuracies and what was realistically achievable in the LANDFIRE Prototype, 2) provide background regarding our strategies for LANDFIRE National, 3) describe our actual LANDFIRE Prototype accuracy results in broad terms, and 4) provide recommendations for the national implementation of LANDFIRE. This chapter is not intended to provide an exhaustive list and description of all of the various accuracy-related issues and conclusions resulting from the LANDFIRE Prototype (for specific details, the reader will be referred to the appropriate chapters). Rather, this chapter is intended to be broad in scope and to place the many accuracy components within the context of the LANDFIRE Prototype and LANDFIRE National projects. Please note that Lunetta and Lyon (2004) provide an in-depth discussion of the current state of accuracy assessment within the science community.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The LANDFIRE Prototype Project: Nationally consistent and locally relevant geospatial data for wildland fire management General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-175","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"USDA Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Vogelmann, J., Zhu, Z., Kost, J.R., Tolk, B.L., and Ohlen, D.O., 2006, Perspectives on LANDFIRE Prototype Project accuracy assessment: General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-175, 15 p.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"411","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462613,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/24708","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462614,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vogelmann, James 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":192352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Zhiliang 0000-0002-6860-6936 zzhu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6936","contributorId":150078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhiliang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kost, Jay R. jkost@usgs.gov","contributorId":3931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kost","given":"Jay","email":"jkost@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":915089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tolk, Brian L. 0000-0002-9060-0266 tolk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9060-0266","contributorId":2992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tolk","given":"Brian","email":"tolk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ohlen, Donald O. ohlen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlen","given":"Donald","email":"ohlen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":915091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70258918,"text":"70258918 - 2006 - Mapping existing vegetation composition and structure for the LANDFIRE Prototype Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-04T18:04:02.029348","indexId":"70258918","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-01T11:02:53","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"RMRS-GTR-175","chapter":"8","title":"Mapping existing vegetation composition and structure for the LANDFIRE Prototype Project","docAbstract":"The Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools Prototype Project, or LANDFIRE Prototype Project, required the mapping of existing vegetation composition (cover type) and structural stages at a 30-m spatial resolution to provide baseline vegetation data for the development of wildland fuel maps and for comparison to simulated historical vegetation reference conditions to develop indices of ecological departure. For the LANDFIRE Prototype Project, research was conducted to develop a vegetation mapping methodology that could meet the following general requirements:
Cover types (species composition) must be characterized at a scale suitable for subsequent mapping of wildland fuel and fire regime condition class (FRCC). The vegetation map unit classification used for mapping cover types must be based on existing national systems, such as the United States National Vegetation Classification System (NVCS; Grossman and others 1998). The alliance (a community with multiple dominant species) or association (a community with a single dominant species) levels of this standard must provide a clearly defined list of map units that can be used as a basis for mapping vegetation classes that are both scaleable and representative of suitable units for modeling historical fire regimes (see Long and others, Ch. 6 for details on the LANDFIRE vegetation map units).
The mapping of existing vegetation structure must be based on the relative composition of forest, shrub, and herbaceous canopy cover and average forest, shrub, and herbaceous canopy height. Although structural stages are discrete map units describing unique combinations of canopy cover and canopy height by life form, mapping individual canopy cover and height variables as continuous variables is desired to provide additional information for mapping and modeling vegetation and flexibility for setting threshold values.
The transfer of LANDFIRE data to users is the most important aspect of the Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools Project (LANDFIRE Prototype Project). The creation of an accurate, consistent, nationwide data set provides the foundation for a successful project. The final step is to make the data readily available to the user community. User capabilities and needs vary widely. Many users require LANDFIRE data to solve day-to-day wildfire management problems such as planning fuel treatments or managing active wildfires. Others use LANDFIRE data to gather information over large geographic areas for strategic planning and analyses. The diversity of users and the variety of applications of LANDFIRE data present an interesting challenge: to develop a data dissemination system that is comprehensive, user-friendly, and flexible. The system must be functional across many levels of technology, ranging from powerful computing capability to support national-scale strategic planning to field-level tactical wildfire operations support. The system must be sustainable, dependable, affordable, and adaptable to various levels of and changes in technology.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The LANDFIRE Prototype Project: Nationally consistent and locally relevant geospatial data for wildland fire management General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-175","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"USDA Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Eidenshink, J.C., 2006, Dissemination of LANDFIRE Prototype Project data: General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-175, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"413","endPage":"416","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":434850,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":434842,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/24709","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eidenshink, Jeffery C. eidenshink@usgs.gov","contributorId":1352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eidenshink","given":"Jeffery","email":"eidenshink@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":913327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70259125,"text":"70259125 - 2006 - Range condition as input to water quality monitoring in the northern Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-27T15:50:41.864023","indexId":"70259125","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-01T10:41:59","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Range condition as input to water quality monitoring in the northern Plains","docAbstract":"Federal Clean Water Act requires that states develop Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for water bodies. Once the state has developed an inventory of TMDLs, it is required to provide public notice of the report and have it approved by the Environmental Protection Agency. The South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is using the USDA’s annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Model to determine what land use changes are required to meet TMDL goals (South Dakota DENR, 2006). Of the approximately 450 parameters required for running the model, several are related to the condition of range and pasture sites and their respective management practices. Range condition is highly correlated with the nature of runoff occurring in a site. In addition to assisting the DENR, USGS is interested in improving its overall ability to monitor Northern Plains range condition with particular emphasis on the seven state study area (Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming) being addressed by the Drought Monitoring, Carbon Cycle Research, Phenological Trends and other projects. It is understood than no one project can develop tools that adequately characterize the dynamics of the region’s rangelands, but by developing a suite of tools brought together from a number of projects there exists the opportunity to provide state, regional, and tribal land managers with the ability to address their particular needs.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prospecting for geospatial information integration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"ASPRS 2006 Annual Conference","conferenceDate":"May 1-5, 2006","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Wood, E.C., Wylie, B.K., Brown, J.F., Meyer, D.J., Maxwell, S., and Reed, B.C., 2006, Range condition as input to water quality monitoring in the northern Plains, in Prospecting for geospatial information integration, Reno, NV, May 1-5, 2006, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462341,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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The microscope slides bearing the holotypes have been lost, eliminating the possibility of designating lectotypes and necessitating, instead, the designation of neotype specimens to stabilize the nomenclature of the species, which are biostratigraphically significant. The species for which neotypes are designated are Momipites wyomingensis, Momipites waltmanensis, Momipites ventifluminis, Momipites actinus, Momipites anellus, Momipites leffingwellii, Caryapollenites prodromus, Caryapollenites imparalis, Caryapollenites inelegans, and Caryapollenites wodehousei.
The collection of papers that follows continues the series of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) investigative reports in Alaska under the broad umbrella of the geologic sciences. This series represents new and sometimes-preliminary findings that are of interest to Earth scientists in academia, government, and industry; to land and resource managers; and to the general public. The reports presented in Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska cover a broad spectrum of topics from various parts of the State, serving to emphasize the diversity of USGS efforts to meet the Nation’s needs for Earth-science information in Alaska. This professional paper is one of a series of “online only” versions of Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, reflecting the current trend toward disseminating research results on the World Wide Web with rapid posting of completed reports.
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Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":648233,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galloway, John P. jgallway@usgs.gov","contributorId":3345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"John","email":"jgallway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":648234,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184341,"text":"70184341 - 2006 - Denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes: A synthesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-01T16:16:52","indexId":"70184341","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes: A synthesis","docAbstract":"Denitrification is a critical process regulating the removal of bioavailable nitrogen (N) from natural and human-altered systems. While it has been extensively studied in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems, there has been limited communication among denitrification scientists working in these individual systems. Here, we compare rates of denitrification and controlling factors across a range of ecosystem types. We suggest that terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems in which denitrification occurs can be organized along a continuum ranging from (1) those in which nitrification and denitrification are tightly coupled in space and time to (2) those in which nitrate production and denitrification are relatively decoupled.
In aquatic ecosystems, N inputs influence denitrification rates whereas hydrology and geomorphology influence the proportion of N inputs that are denitrified. Relationships between denitrification and water residence time and N load are remarkably similar across lakes, river reaches, estuaries, and continental shelves.
Spatially distributed global models of denitrification suggest that continental shelf sediments account for the largest portion (44%) of total global denitrification, followed by terrestrial soils (22%) and oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZs; 14%). Freshwater systems (groundwater, lakes, rivers) account for about 20% and estuaries 1% of total global denitrification. Denitrification of land-based N sources is distributed somewhat differently. Within watersheds, the amount of land-based N denitrified is generally highest in terrestrial soils, with progressively smaller amounts denitrified in groundwater, rivers, lakes and reservoirs, and estuaries. A number of regional exceptions to this general trend of decreasing denitrification in a downstream direction exist, including significant denitrification in continental shelves of N from terrestrial sources. Though terrestrial soils and groundwater are responsible for much denitrification at the watershed scale, per-area denitrification rates in soils and groundwater (kg N·km−2·yr−1) are, on average, approximately one-tenth the per-area rates of denitrification in lakes, rivers, estuaries, continental shelves, or OMZs. A number of potential approaches to increase denitrification on the landscape, and thus decrease N export to sensitive coastal systems exist. However, these have not generally been widely tested for their effectiveness at scales required to significantly reduce N export at the whole watershed scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2064:DALAWA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Seitzinger, S., Harrison, J., Böhlke, J., Bouwman, A., Lowrance, R., Peterson, B., Tobias, C., and Van Drecht, G., 2006, Denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes: A synthesis: Ecological Applications, v. 16, no. 6, p. 2064-2090, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2064:DALAWA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"27 p. ","startPage":"2064","endPage":"2090","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/4707","text":"External Repository"},{"id":336966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58bfd4fbe4b014cc3a3ba507","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seitzinger, S.","contributorId":187618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seitzinger","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, J. A.","contributorId":73434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bouwman, A.F.","contributorId":182430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bouwman","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lowrance, R.","contributorId":6198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowrance","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Peterson, B.","contributorId":95412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tobias, C.","contributorId":101435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tobias","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Van Drecht, G.","contributorId":187617,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Drecht","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70184349,"text":"70184349 - 2006 - Environmental controls on denitrifying communities and denitrification rates: Insights from molecular methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T07:50:00","indexId":"70184349","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Environmental controls on denitrifying communities and denitrification rates: Insights from molecular methods","docAbstract":"The advent of molecular techniques has improved our understanding of the microbial communities responsible for denitrification and is beginning to address their role in controlling denitrification processes. There is a large diversity of bacteria, archaea, and fungi capable of denitrification, and their community composition is structured by long-term environmental drivers. The range of temperature and moisture conditions, substrate availability, competition, and disturbances have long-lasting legacies on denitrifier community structure. These communities may differ in physiology, environmental tolerances to pH and O2, growth rate, and enzyme kinetics. Although factors such as O2, pH, C availability, and NO3− pools affect instantaneous rates, these drivers act through the biotic community. This review summarizes the results of molecular investigations of denitrifier communities in natural environments and provides a framework for developing future research for addressing connections between denitrifier community structure and function.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2143:ECODCA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wallenstein, M.D., Myrold, D.D., Firestone, M., and Voytek, M., 2006, Environmental controls on denitrifying communities and denitrification rates: Insights from molecular methods: Ecological Applications, v. 16, no. 6, p. 2143-2152, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2143:ECODCA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"2143","endPage":"2152","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336984,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58bfd4fae4b014cc3a3ba502","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallenstein, Matthew D.","contributorId":16334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallenstein","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myrold, David D.","contributorId":73114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myrold","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Firestone, Mary","contributorId":187631,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Firestone","given":"Mary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Voytek, Mary","contributorId":13117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"Mary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185644,"text":"70185644 - 2006 - Methods for measuring denitrification: Diverse approaches to a difficult problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-01T16:11:44","indexId":"70185644","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for measuring denitrification: Diverse approaches to a difficult problem","docAbstract":"Denitrification, the reduction of the nitrogen (N) oxides, nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−), to the gases nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and dinitrogen (N2), is important to primary production, water quality, and the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere at ecosystem, landscape, regional, and global scales. Unfortunately, this process is very difficult to measure, and existing methods are problematic for different reasons in different places at different times. In this paper, we review the major approaches that have been taken to measure denitrification in terrestrial and aquatic environments and discuss the strengths, weaknesses, and future prospects for the different methods. Methodological approaches covered include (1) acetylene-based methods, (2) 15N tracers, (3) direct N2 quantification, (4) N2:Ar ratio quantification, (5) mass balance approaches, (6) stoichiometric approaches, (7) methods based on stable isotopes, (8) in situ gradients with atmospheric environmental tracers, and (9) molecular approaches. Our review makes it clear that the prospects for improved quantification of denitrification vary greatly in different environments and at different scales. While current methodology allows for the production of accurate estimates of denitrification at scales relevant to water and air quality and ecosystem fertility questions in some systems (e.g., aquatic sediments, well-defined aquifers), methodology for other systems, especially upland terrestrial areas, still needs development. Comparison of mass balance and stoichiometric approaches that constrain estimates of denitrification at large scales with point measurements (made using multiple methods), in multiple systems, is likely to propel more improvement in denitrification methods over the next few years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2091:MFMDDA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Groffman, P., Altabet, M.A., Böhlke, J., Butterbach-Bahl, K., David, M.B., Firestone, M.K., Giblin, A.E., Kana, T.M., Nielsen, L.P., and Voytek, M.A., 2006, Methods for measuring denitrification: Diverse approaches to a difficult problem: Ecological Applications, v. 16, no. 6, p. 2091-2122, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2091:MFMDDA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"32 p. ","startPage":"2091","endPage":"2122","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/1425","text":"External Repository"},{"id":338344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da251ae4b0543bf7fda7fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groffman, Peter M","contributorId":168873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Groffman","given":"Peter M","affiliations":[{"id":25372,"text":"Senior Research Scientist, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":686193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Altabet, Mary A.","contributorId":189828,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Altabet","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus","contributorId":189829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butterbach-Bahl","given":"Klaus","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"David, Mary B.","contributorId":189830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"David","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Firestone, Mary K.","contributorId":189831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Firestone","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Giblin, Anne E.","contributorId":103966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giblin","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kana, Todd M.","contributorId":189832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kana","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Nielsen, Lars Peter","contributorId":189833,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Lars","email":"","middleInitial":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Voytek, Mary A.","contributorId":91943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70176689,"text":"70176689 - 2006 - Conceptual ecological model for management of breeding shrubland birds in the Mid-Atlantic Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-28T11:13:48","indexId":"70176689","displayToPublicDate":"2006-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NER/NRTR--2006/043","title":"Conceptual ecological model for management of breeding shrubland birds in the Mid-Atlantic Region","docAbstract":"While grassland birds have become the focus of increased conservation activities, the status of birds occupying shrubland habitats has received relatively little attention (Hunter et al. 2001). Yet, in eastern North America, shrubland birds exhibited consistent population declines during the past 40 years, based on data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (Pardieck and Sauer 2001). These population declines primarily reflect large-scale changes in land use patterns during the previous century (Lorimer 2001). Large areas of marginal farmland were abandoned and underwent secondary succession during the first half of the twentieth century, producing abundant successional habitats favored by shrubland birds. As these habitats matured, combined with strict fire-suppression policies (Hunter et al. 2001), shrublands succeeded into mature forests, and shrubland bird communities were replaced by woodland birds (Irland 1982; Askins 1993). For example, while nearly 29% of New England forests were classified as sapling stage in 1950, only 8% remained at that stage in the 1980s (Askins 1993). The trend towards forest maturation and loss of shrubland habitats continues, yet concerted conservation activities have not been directed to benefit declining shrubland bird populations.
The National Park Service (NPS) could contribute to shrubland bird conservation in the Mid- Atlantic Region. The NPS maintains a number of historic sites and former battlefields managed for their cultural significance but also support wildlife populations. Many of these “cultural parks” maintain open landscapes, recreating land use patterns existing at the times of the historical events. While these open landscapes are frequently managed grasslands, some parks also support successional habitats that could be managed to benefit shrubland birds.
In 2005, the NPS initiated a project exploring the potential of “cultural parks” to support significant breeding grassland and shrubland bird communities. This project involved parks within three NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program (I&M) networks, Mid-Atlantic, National Capital, and Eastern Rivers and Mountains. Five parks were selected for the initial focus of this study, all of which maintain open landscapes for interpreting historic events. Most parks were selected because they contain the most extensive grassland habitats within their networks, although some also support shrubby successional habitats. The five parks included in this study are Antietam National Battlefield, Fort Necessity National Battlefield, Gettysburg National Battlefield, Manassas National Battlefield, and Monocacy National Battlefield.
This conceptual ecological model is one product of this project. The information presented below allows NPS network coordinators to understand which factors should be considered when making decisions concerning shrubland management within their networks. This model provides park resource managers with information on shrubland ecology in the Mid-Atlantic Region, the ecological requirements of shrubland birds likely to occur in their parks, and management issues influencing whether significant breeding populations can occupy shrublands created and maintained in the parks. Resource managers can then make informed decisions concerning their ability to create and maintain shrubland habitats. The emphasis of this conceptual model is restricted to management of breeding shrubland birds. Additional species occur during migration and winter, and habitat requirements of shrubland birds during nonbreeding seasons may differ from those described for the breeding season.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","usgsCitation":"Peterjohn, B.G., 2006, Conceptual ecological model for management of breeding shrubland birds in the Mid-Atlantic Region: Technical Report NPS/NER/NRTR--2006/043, vii, 61 p.","productDescription":"vii, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"74","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":329064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/150917","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ed5314e4b090825011d515","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterjohn, Bruce G. bpeterjohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":4493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"Bruce","email":"bpeterjohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":649846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207877,"text":"70207877 - 2006 - Bottom instrumented tripods: History, applications, and impacts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-16T12:48:38","indexId":"70207877","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-30T12:39:45","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Bottom instrumented tripods: History, applications, and impacts","docAbstract":"Instrumented bottom tripods have provided important data on sediment transport processes on continental shelves and in estuaries for four decades. Since the initial deployment in a tidal channel in Puget Sound, WA, in 1965 numerous tripods have been constructed to investigate bottom boundary layer and sediment dynamics worldwide. Tripod data have led to new understanding of near-bottom wave and current flows in the coastal ocean, and have been crucial to the development of shelf circulation and sediment transport models. Calculations of bottom stress, bottom roughness, and sediment flux that resulted directly from tripod data have been compared to bottom boundary layer model results. Where these have differed, new or revised model components have been developed to improve the skill of the models. The many discoveries that have been made from tripod experiments include dense, near-bottom fluid mud layers that transport large quantities of suspended sediment offshore into deeper regions of the continental shelf. This process has been linked to the seaward progradation of subaqueous deltas and to the boundaries of mid-shelf mud deposits off rivers with high fine-sediment discharge.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2006.07.027","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Cacchione, D., Sternberg, R., and Ogston, A.S., 2006, Bottom instrumented tripods: History, applications, and impacts: Continental Shelf Research, v. 26, no. 17-18, p. 2319-2334, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.07.027.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"2319","endPage":"2334","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371314,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"17-18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":779612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sternberg, R.W.","contributorId":90872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sternberg","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ogston, A S","contributorId":220184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ogston","given":"A","email":"","middleInitial":"S","affiliations":[{"id":40141,"text":"University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Box 357940, Seattle, Washington, 98195","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79418,"text":"cir1297 - 2006 - Tularemia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-31T13:58:43","indexId":"cir1297","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1297","title":"Tularemia","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1297","isbn":"1411310454","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 2006, Tularemia: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1297, xi, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1297.","productDescription":"xi, 67 p.","numberOfPages":"78","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1297/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":8930,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1297/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db6122a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, Milton 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":31332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"Milton","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79420,"text":"sir20065144 - 2006 - Assessment of total nitrogen in the upper Connecticut River basin in New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts, December 2002–September 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T19:28:22.992602","indexId":"sir20065144","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5144","title":"Assessment of total nitrogen in the upper Connecticut River basin in New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts, December 2002–September 2005","docAbstract":"A study of total nitrogen concentrations and loads was conducted from December 2002 to September 2005 at 13 river sites in the upper Connecticut River Basin. Ten sites were selected to represent contributions of nitrogen from forested, agricultural, and urban land. Three sites were distributed spatially on the main stem of the Connecticut River to assess the cumulative total nitrogen loads. To further improve the understanding of the sources and concentrations and loads of total nitrogen in the upper Connecticut River Basin, ambient surface water-quality sampling was supplemented with sampling of effluent from 19 municipal and paper mill wastewater-treatment facilities.
Mean concentrations of total nitrogen ranged from 0.19 to 2.8 milligrams per liter (mg/L) at river sampling sites. Instantaneous mean loads of total nitrogen ranged from 162 to 58,300 pounds per day (lb/d). Estimated mean annual loads of total nitrogen ranged from 49,100 to 21.6 million pounds per year (lb/yr) with about 30 to 55 percent of the loads being transported during the spring. The estimated mean annual yields of total nitrogen ranged from 1,190 to 7,300 pounds per square mile per year (lb/mi2)/yr.
Mean concentrations of total nitrogen ranged from 4.4 to 30 mg/L at wastewater-treatment sampling sites. Instantaneous mean loads of total nitrogen from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities ranged from 36 to 1,780 lb/d. Instantaneous mean loads of total nitrogen from paper mill wastewater-treatment facilities ranged from 96 to 160 lb/d.
The median concentration of total nitrogen was 0.24 mg/L at forested sites, 0.48 mg/L at agricultural sites, 0.54 mg/L at urban sites, 0.48 mg/L at main-stem sites, and 14 mg/L at wastewater-treatment sites. Concentrations of total nitrogen at forested sites were significantly less than at all other site types (p<0.05). Concentrations of total nitrogen at agricultural, urban, and main stem sites were not significantly different among each other (p>0.05) but were significantly greater (p<0.05) than at forested sites and significantly less than concentrations at wastewater-treatment sites (p<0.05). Total nitrogen concentrations at wastewater-treatment sites were significantly different from all other site types (p<0.05).
Annual yields of total nitrogen ranged from 732 to 1,920 (lb/mi2)/yr at forested sites; 1,550 to 2,980 (lb/mi2)/yr at agricultural sites; 1,280 to 1,860 (lb/mi2)/yr at urban sites that were not directly affected by wastewater effluent; 7,090 to 7,770 (lb/mi2)/yr at an urban site directly affected by wastewater effluent; and 1,300 to 2,390 (lb/mi2)/yr at main-stem sites.
In this study, the mean annual load and yield of total nitrogen at the Connecticut River at Wells River, VT, was estimated at 4.47 million lb/yr and 1,690 (lb/mi2)/yr, respectively. The mean annual load and yield of total nitrogen at the Connecticut River at North Walpole, NH, was estimated at 9.60 million lb/yr and 1,750 (lb/mi2)/yr, respectively. The mean annual load and yield of total nitrogen leaving the upper Connecticut River Basin, as estimated at the Connecticut River at Thompsonville, CT, was 21.6 million lb/yr and 2,230 (lb/mi2)/yr, respectively.
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2006 - Bedrock Geologic Map of New Hampshire, a Digital Representation of Lyons and Others 1997 Map and Ancillary Files","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:38","indexId":"ds215","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"215","title":"Bedrock Geologic Map of New Hampshire, a Digital Representation of Lyons and Others 1997 Map and Ancillary Files","docAbstract":"The New Hampshire Geological Survey collects data and performs research on the land, mineral, and water resources of the State, and disseminates the findings of such research to the public through maps, reports, and other publications.\r\n\r\nThe Bedrock Geologic Map of New Hampshire, by John B. Lyons, Wallace A. Bothner, Robert H. Moench, and James B. Thompson, was published in paper format by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1997. The online version of this CD contains digital datasets of the State map that are intended to assist the professional geologist, land-use planners, water resource professionals, and engineers and to inform the interested layperson. In addition to the bedrock geology, the datasets include geopolitical and hydrologic information, such as political boundaries, quadrangle boundaries, hydrologic units, and water-well data. A more thorough explanation for each of these datasets may be found in the accompanying metadata files. \r\n\r\nThe data are spatially referenced and may be used in a geographic information system (GIS). ArcExplorer, the Environmental Systems Research Institute's (ESRI) free GIS data viewer, is available at http://www.esri.com/software/arcexplorer. ArcExplorer provides basic functions that are needed to harness the power and versatility of the spatial datasets. Additional information on the viewer and other ESRI products may be found on the ArcExplorer website.\r\n\r\nAlthough extensive review and revisions of the data have been performed by the USGS and the New Hampshire Geological Survey, these data represent interpretations made by professional geologists using the best available data, and are intended to provide general geologic information. Use of these data at scales larger than 1:250,000 will not provide greater accuracy. The data are not intended to replace site-specific or specific-use investigations. The U.S. Geological Survey, New Hampshire Geological Survey, and State of New Hampshire make no representation or warranty, expressed or implied, regarding the use, accuracy, or completeness of the data presented herein, or from a map printed from these data; nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The New Hampshire Geological Survey disclaims any legal responsibility or liability for interpretations made from the map, or decisions based thereon. \r\n\r\nFor more information on New Hampshire Geological Survey programs please visit the State's website at http://des.nh.gov/Geology/. New Hampshire Geographically Referenced Analysis and Information Transfer System (NH GRANIT) provides access to statewide GIS (http://www.granit.unh.edu/). Questions about this CD or about other datasets should be directed to the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds215","isbn":"9781411311343","usgsCitation":"Bennett, D.S., Lyons, J.B., Wittkop, C.A., and Dicken, C.L., 2006, Bedrock Geologic Map of New Hampshire, a Digital Representation of Lyons and Others 1997 Map and Ancillary Files: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 215, Available online and on CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds215.","productDescription":"Available online and on CD-ROM","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":244,"text":"Eastern Mineral Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13095,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/215/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.56666666666666,42.7 ], [ -72.56666666666666,45.35 ], [ -70.56666666666666,45.35 ], [ -70.56666666666666,42.7 ], [ -72.56666666666666,42.7 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63dab1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, Derek S.","contributorId":19919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Derek","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyons, John B.","contributorId":68801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wittkop, Chad A.","contributorId":98811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wittkop","given":"Chad","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dicken, Connie L. 0000-0002-1617-8132 cdicken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1617-8132","contributorId":57098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dicken","given":"Connie","email":"cdicken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79422,"text":"pp1725 - 2006 - Statistical characteristics of storm interevent time, depth, and duration for eastern New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T15:20:37","indexId":"pp1725","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1725","title":"Statistical characteristics of storm interevent time, depth, and duration for eastern New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas","docAbstract":"The design of small runoff-control structures, from simple floodwater-detention basins to sophisticated best-management practices, requires the statistical characterization of rainfall as a basis for cost-effective, risk-mitigated, hydrologic engineering design. 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The four-parameter kappa distribution is judged as an appropriate distribution for modeling the distribution of both storm depth and storm duration. Preference for the kappa distribution is based on interpretation of L-moment diagrams. Parameter estimates for the kappa distributions are provided. Separate dimensionless frequency curves for storm depth and duration are defined for eastern New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. Dimension is restored by multiplying curve ordinates by the mean storm depth or mean storm duration to produce quantile functions of storm depth and duration. Minimum interevent time and location have slight influence on the scale and shape of the dimensionless frequency curves. 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As such this group was invited to be a part of a NSF-funded project (Fire, Ecosystem and Succession - Experiment Boreal or FIRES-ExB) to study the carbon balance of sites that varied in age (time since fire) and soil drainage in the Thompson, Manitoba, Canada region. This report describes the location of our FIRES-ExB sampling sites as well as the procedures used to describe, sample, and analyze the soils. This report also contains data tables with sample related information including, but not limited to, field descriptions, bulk density, particle size distribution, moisture content, carbon (C) concentration, nitrogen (N) concentration, isotopic data for C, and major, minor and trace elemental concentration.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U. S. 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