During the 1999 drought in Rhode Island, belowaverage precipitation caused a drop in ground-water levels and streamflow was below long-term averages. The low water levels prompted the U. S. Geological Survey and the Rhode Island Water Resources Board to conduct a series of cooperative water-use studies. The purpose of these studies is to collect and analyze water-use and water-availability data in each drainage area in the State of Rhode Island. The West Narragansett Bay study area, which covers 118 square miles in part or all of 14 towns in coastal Rhode Island, is one of nine areas investigated as part of this effort. The study area includes the western part of Narragansett Bay and Conanicut Island, which is the town of Jamestown. The area was divided into six subbasins for the assessment of water-use data. In the calculation of hydrologic budget and water availability, the Hunt, Annaquatucket, and Pettaquamscutt River Basins were combined into one subbasin because they are hydraulically connected.
Eleven major water suppliers served customers in the study area, and they supplied an average of 19.301 million gallons per day during 1995–99. The withdrawals from the only minor supplier, which was in the town of East Greenwich in the Hunt River Basin, averaged 0.002 million gallons per day. The remaining withdrawals were estimated as 1.186 million gallons per day from self-supplied domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural users. Return flows from self-disposed water (individual sewage-disposal systems) and permitted discharges accounted for 5.623 million gallons per day. Most publicly disposed water (13.711 million gallons per day) was collected by the Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation, and by the East Greenwich, Fields Point, Jamestown, Narragansett, and Scarborough wastewater-treatment facilities. This wastewater was disposed in Narragansett Bay outside of the study area.
The PART program, a computerized hydrograph-separation application, was used to determine water availability in the study area on the basis of low flows measured at a nearby index station, the Pawcatuck River at Wood River Junction, Rhode Island. Water availability was defined as the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles of the total base flow; the base flow minus the 7-day, 10-year flow; and the base flow minus the Aquatic Base Flow at the index station. The base-flow contributions per unit area of sand and gravel deposits and of till were computed for June, July, August, and September for the index station and multiplied by the areas of sand and gravel and till in the subbasins. The calculated base flows at the index station were lowest in August at the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles for total base flow and for two additional low-flow scenarios.
Because water withdrawals and use are greater during June, July, August, and September than at other times of the year, water availability was compared to water withdrawals in the subbasins for these summer months. Ratios were calculated by dividing the summer withdrawals by the water availability at the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles, and these percentiles of the base flow minus the two low flows for each subbasin. The closer this ratio is to one, the closer the withdrawals are to the estimated water available. These ratios allow comparisons of the use of water to the available water from one subbasin to another. The ratios were highest in July for the 50th percentile of the estimated gross yield minus the Aquatic Base Flow. The ratios ranged from 0.01 in the Providence and Seekonk subbasin to 0.38 in the Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt subbasin for the 50th percentile of the gross yield minus the 7Q10 for August.
A long-term (1941–2000) water budget was calculated for the study area to assess the basin inflows and outflows. The water withdrawals and return flows used in the budget were from 1995 through 1999. Inflow was assumed to equal outflow. The total water budget was 146.29 million gallons per day for the combined Hunt-Annaquatucket-Pettaquamscutt subbasin, 48.71 million gallons per day for the Greenwich Bay subbasin, 238.98 million gallons per day for the Providence and Seekonk Rivers subbasin, and 21.32 million gallons per day for the Conanicut Island subbasin. The estimated inflows from precipitation, streamflow from upstream basins, and wastewater return flow for the entire study area were 59.3, 38.5, and 2.2 percent, respectively. The estimated outflows for the study area from evapotranspiration, streamflow, and water withdrawals were 24.9, 73.9, and 1.2 percent, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055256","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Rhode Island Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Nimiroski, M.T., and Wild, E.C., 2006, Water use and availability in the West Narragansett Bay area, coastal Rhode Island, 1995-99: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5256, vii, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055256.","productDescription":"vii, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"61","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8060,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5256/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"West Narragansett Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.37954711914061,\n 41.89307729913167\n ],\n [\n -71.42074584960938,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -71.42898559570312,\n 41.83887416186901\n ],\n [\n -71.45095825195312,\n 41.81738473661009\n ],\n [\n -71.41525268554688,\n 41.78360106648078\n ],\n [\n -71.38916015625,\n 41.7559466348148\n ],\n [\n -71.44134521484374,\n 41.739553198140634\n ],\n [\n -71.466064453125,\n 41.72315557551985\n ],\n [\n -71.51275634765625,\n 41.725205507257044\n ],\n [\n -71.54434204101562,\n 41.712904935827744\n ],\n [\n -71.56082153320312,\n 41.68932225997044\n ],\n [\n -71.58416748046875,\n 41.66367910784373\n ],\n [\n -71.57318115234375,\n 41.6298145037586\n ],\n [\n -71.54708862304688,\n 41.60209386160467\n ],\n [\n -71.53884887695312,\n 41.575388650111094\n ],\n [\n -71.50726318359375,\n 41.54353338440556\n ],\n [\n -71.46194458007812,\n 41.51063406062076\n ],\n [\n -71.45919799804688,\n 41.48697733905995\n ],\n [\n -71.46194458007812,\n 41.4684573556768\n ],\n [\n -71.48117065429688,\n 41.445814633981875\n ],\n [\n -71.49215698242188,\n 41.422134246213616\n ],\n [\n -71.47979736328125,\n 41.41904486310779\n ],\n [\n -71.47979736328125,\n 41.395354710280166\n ],\n [\n -71.50039672851562,\n 41.36341083816149\n ],\n [\n -71.466064453125,\n 41.35516471140717\n ],\n [\n -71.46743774414062,\n 41.37680856570233\n ],\n [\n -71.44958496093749,\n 41.40668586105652\n ],\n [\n -71.39328002929688,\n 41.43963797438237\n ],\n [\n -71.36993408203125,\n 41.46537017728069\n ],\n [\n -71.34658813476562,\n 41.47977575214487\n ],\n [\n -71.35208129882812,\n 41.53325414281322\n ],\n [\n -71.35620117187499,\n 41.56819689811343\n ],\n [\n -71.37130737304686,\n 41.586688356972346\n ],\n [\n -71.38641357421875,\n 41.611335399441735\n ],\n [\n -71.38092041015625,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -71.36581420898438,\n 41.66778269875831\n ],\n [\n -71.35345458984375,\n 41.69547509615208\n ],\n [\n -71.34384155273438,\n 41.71905551584262\n ],\n [\n -71.3671875,\n 41.740577910570785\n ],\n [\n -71.3726806640625,\n 41.7631174470059\n ],\n [\n -71.37130737304686,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -71.39739990234375,\n 41.80817277478235\n ],\n [\n -71.3836669921875,\n 41.82761869589464\n ],\n [\n -71.37130737304686,\n 41.840920397579936\n ],\n [\n -71.36993408203125,\n 41.85421933478601\n ],\n [\n -71.33285522460936,\n 41.86240192202145\n ],\n [\n -71.34109497070312,\n 41.875696393231\n ],\n [\n -71.34109497070312,\n 41.898188430430444\n ],\n [\n -71.37954711914061,\n 41.89307729913167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd1ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimiroski, Mark T.","contributorId":65898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimiroski","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76900,"text":"ofr20061132 - 2006 - Inventory of Amphibians and Reptiles in Southern Colorado Plateau National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:26","indexId":"ofr20061132","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1132","title":"Inventory of Amphibians and Reptiles in Southern Colorado Plateau National Parks","docAbstract":"In fiscal year 2000, the National Park Service (NPS) initiated a nationwide program to inventory vertebrates andvascular plants within the National Parks, and an inventory plan was developed for the 19 park units in the Southern Colorado Plateau Inventory & Monitoring Network. We surveyed 12 parks in this network for reptiles and amphibians between 2001 and 2003. The overall goals of our herpetofaunal inventories were to document 90% of the species present, identify park-specific species of special concern, and, based on the inventory results, make recommendations for the development of an effective monitoring program. We used the following standardized herpetological methods to complete the inventories: time-area constrained searches, visual encounter ('general') surveys, and nighttime road cruising. We also recorded incidental species sightings and surveyed existing literature and museum specimen databases. We found 50 amphibian and reptile species during fieldwork. These included 1 salamander, 11 anurans, 21 lizards, and 17 snakes. Literature reviews, museum specimen data records, and personal communications with NPS staff added an additional eight species, including one salamander, one turtle, one lizard, and five snakes. It was necessary to use a variety of methods to detect all species in each park. Randomly-generated 1-ha time-area constrained searches and night drives produced the fewest species and individuals of all the methods, while general surveys and randomly-generated 10-ha time-areas constrained searches produced the most. Inventory completeness was likely compromised by a severe drought across the region during our surveys. In most parks we did not come close to the goal of detecting 90% of the expected species present; however, we did document several species range extensions. Effective monitoring programs for herpetofauna on the Colorado Plateau should use a variety of methods to detect species, and focus on taxa-specific methods. Randomly-generated plots must take into account microhabitat and aquatic features to be effective at sampling for herpetofauna. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061132","collaboration":"The National Park Service has requested that we remove OFR 2006-1132 due to concerns about public release of sensitive information about the presence of certain reptiles and amphibians. Their primary concern is that reptile enthusiasts could use these reports to locate and illegally collect highly sought after species for the pet and hobby trade.","usgsCitation":"Persons, T.B., and Nowak, E., 2006, Inventory of Amphibians and Reptiles in Southern Colorado Plateau National Parks: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1132, vi, 186 p. *The National Park Service has requested that we remove OFR 2006-1132 due to concerns about public release of sensitive information about the presence of certain reptiles and amphibians. Their primary concern is that reptile enthusiasts could use these reports to locate and illegally collect highly sought after species for the pet and hobby trade*, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061132.","productDescription":"vi, 186 p. *The National Park Service has requested that we remove OFR 2006-1132 due to concerns about public release of sensitive information about the presence of certain reptiles and amphibians. Their primary concern is that reptile enthusiasts could use these reports to locate and illegally collect highly sought after species for the pet and hobby trade*","numberOfPages":"192","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48eee4b07f02db557858","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Persons, Trevor B.","contributorId":96354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Persons","given":"Trevor","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nowak, Erika M.","contributorId":14062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowak","given":"Erika M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76929,"text":"sir20065015 - 2006 - Sources and occurrence of chloroform and other trihalomethanes in drinking-water supply wells in the United States, 1986-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-15T11:29:33","indexId":"sir20065015","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5015","title":"Sources and occurrence of chloroform and other trihalomethanes in drinking-water supply wells in the United States, 1986-2001","docAbstract":"Chloroform and three other trihalomethanes (THMs)--bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform--are disinfection by-products commonly produced during the chlorination of water and wastewater. Samples of untreated ground water from drinking-water supply wells (1,096 public and 2,400 domestic wells) were analyzed for THMs and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during 1986-2001, or compiled, as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. This report provides a summary of potential sources of THMs and of the occurrence and geographical distribution of THMs in samples from public and domestic wells. Evidence for an anthropogenic source of THMs and implications for future research also are presented.\r\n\r\nPotential sources of THMs to both public and domestic wells include the discharge of chlorinated drinking water and wastewater that may be intentional or inadvertent. Intentional discharge includes the use of municipally supplied chlorinated water to irrigate lawns, golf courses, parks, gardens, and other areas; the use of septic systems; or the regulated discharge of chlorinated wastewater to surface waters or ground-water recharge facilities. Inadvertent discharge includes leakage of chlorinated water from swimming pools, spas, or distribution systems for drinking water or wastewater sewers. Statistical analyses indicate that population density, the percentage of urban land, and the number of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act hazardous-waste facilities near sampled wells are significantly associated with the probability of detection of chloroform, especially for public wells. Domestic wells may have several other sources of THMs, including the practice of well disinfection through shock chlorination, laundry wastewater containing bleach, and septic system effluent.\r\n\r\nChloroform was the most frequently detected VOC in samples from drinking-water supply wells (public and domestic wells) in the United States. Although chloroform was detected frequently in samples from public and domestic wells and the other THMs were detected in some samples, no concentrations in samples from either well type exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Level of 80 micrograms per liter for total THMs. Chloroform was detected in public well samples almost twice as frequently (11 percent) as in domestic well samples (5 percent). The other three THMs also were detected more frequently in public well samples than in domestic well samples. This detection pattern may be attributed to public wells having a higher pumping capacity than domestic wells. The higher capacity wells create a larger capture zone that potentially intercepts more urban and other land uses and associated point and nonpoint sources of contamination than the smaller capacity domestic wells.\r\n\r\nTHM detection frequencies in domestic well samples show a pattern of decreasing frequency with increasing bromide content, that is in the order: chloroform > bromodichloromethane >= dibromochloromethane >= bromoform. This same pattern has been documented in studies of water chlorination, indicating that an important source of chloroform and other THMs in drinking-water supply wells may be the recycling of chlorinated water and wastewater. Mixtures of THMs commonly occur in public well samples, and the most frequently occurring are combinations of the brominated THMs. These THMs have limited industrial production, few natural sources, and small or no reported direct releases to the environment. Therefore, industrial, commercial, or natural sources are not likely sources of the brominated THMs in public and domestic well samples. The THM detection frequency pattern, the co-occurrence of brominated THMs, and other lines of evidence indicate that the recycling of water with a history of chlorination is an important source of these compounds in samples from drinking-water supply wells.\r\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065015","usgsCitation":"Ivahnenko, T., and Zogorski, J., 2006, Sources and occurrence of chloroform and other trihalomethanes in drinking-water supply wells in the United States, 1986-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5015, v, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065015.","productDescription":"v, 13 p.","numberOfPages":"13","temporalStart":"1986-01-01","temporalEnd":"2001-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8140,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5015/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e76a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivahnenko, Tamara 0000-0002-1124-7688 ivahnenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1124-7688","contributorId":93524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivahnenko","given":"Tamara","email":"ivahnenk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zogorski, J.S.","contributorId":108201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76901,"text":"ofr20061161 - 2006 - Ground-Water Quality in the Upper Susquehanna River Basin, New York, 2004-05","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:24","indexId":"ofr20061161","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1161","title":"Ground-Water Quality in the Upper Susquehanna River Basin, New York, 2004-05","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected from 20 production wells and 13 private residential wells throughout the upper Susquehanna River Basin (upstream from the Pennsylvania border) during the fall of 2004 and the spring of 2005 and analyzed to describe the chemical quality of ground water in the upper basin. Wells were selected to represent areas of greatest ground-water use and highest vulnerability to contamination, and to provide a representative sampling from the entire (4,516 square-mile) upper basin. Samples were analyzed for physical properties, nutrients, inorganic constituents, metals, radionuclides, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, and bacteria.\r\n\r\nThe cations that were detected in the highest concentrations were calcium, magnesium, and sodium; the anions that were detected in the greatest concentrations were bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate. The predominant nutrient was nitrate, the concentrations of which were greater in samples from sand and gravel aquifers than in samples from bedrock. The metals barium, boron, cobalt, copper, and nickel were detected in every sample; the metals with the highest concentrations were barium, boron, iron, manganese, strontium, and lithium. The pesticide compounds detected most frequently were atrazine, deethylatrazine, alachlor ESA, and two degradation products of metolachlor (metolachlor ESA and metolachlor OA); the compounds detected in highest concentration were metolachlor ESA and OA. Volatile organic compounds were detected in 11 samples, and concentrations of 3 of these compounds exceeded 1 microgram per liter (?g/L). Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a gasollline additive, was not detected in any sample.\r\n\r\nSeveral analytes were found in concentrations that exceeded Federal and New York State water-quality standards, which are typically identical. Chloride concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) of 250 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in two samples, and sulfate concentrations exceeded the SMCL of 250 mg/L in one sample. Sodium concentrations exceeded the USEPA Drinking Water Advisory of 60 mg/L in six samples. Nitrate concentrations exceeded the USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg/L in one sample and approached this limit (at 9.84 mg/L) in another sample. Barium concentrations exceeded the MCL of 2,000 ?g/L in one sample. Iron concentrations exceeded the SMCL of 300 ?g/L in five samples, and manganese concentrations exceeded the SMCL of 50 ?g/L in 14 samples. Arsenic was detected in seven samples, and the MCL for arsenic (10 ?g/L) was exceeded in two samples. Radon-222 exceeded the proposed MCL of 300 picocuries per liter in 24 samples. Any detection of total coliform or fecal coliform bacteria is considered a violation of New York State health regulations; in this study, total coliform was detected in six samples and fecal coliform was detected in one sample, but Escherichia coli (E. coli) was not detected in any sample.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061161","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Hetcher-Aguila, K.K., and Eckhardt, D., 2006, Ground-Water Quality in the Upper Susquehanna River Basin, New York, 2004-05: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1161, iv, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061161.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10676,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1161/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77,41.75 ], [ -77,43.25 ], [ -74.25,43.25 ], [ -74.25,41.75 ], [ -77,41.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6887d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hetcher-Aguila, Kari K.","contributorId":92753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hetcher-Aguila","given":"Kari","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eckhardt, David A.V.","contributorId":80233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckhardt","given":"David A.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76894,"text":"ds183 - 2006 - An annotated list of the mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies of the Sand Creek basin, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Colorado, 2004 and 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:37","indexId":"ds183","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"183","title":"An annotated list of the mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies of the Sand Creek basin, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Colorado, 2004 and 2005","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in conjunction with the Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve and its cooperators, did an extensive inventory of certain targeted aquatic-insect groups in the Sand Creek Basin, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, to establish a species list for future monitoring efforts. Study sites were established to monitor these groups following disturbance events. Such potential disturbances may include, but are not limited to, chemical treatment of perennial stream reaches to remove nonnative fishes and the subsequent reintroduction of native fish species, increased public use of backcountry habitat (such as hiking and fishing), and natural disturbances such as fire. This report is an annotated list of the mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies found in the Sand Creek Basin, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, 2004 and 2005.\r\n\r\nThe primary objective of the study was to qualitatively inventory target aquatic-insect groups in perennial streams, and selected unique standing-water habitats, such as springs, and wetlands associated with the Sand Creek Basin. Efforts focused on documenting the presence of aquatic-insect species within the following taxonomic groups: Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies). These insect orders were chosen because published species accounts, geographic distribution, and identification keys exist for many Colorado species. Given the extent of available information for these groups, there existed a potential for identifying new species and documenting range extensions of known species.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ds183","usgsCitation":"Zuellig, R.E., Kondratieff, B.C., Ruiter, D.E., and Thorp, R.A., 2006, An annotated list of the mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies of the Sand Creek basin, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Colorado, 2004 and 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 183, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds183.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8059,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/ds183/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.5,37.833333333333336 ], [ -105.5,37.833333333333336 ], [ -105.5,37.833333333333336 ], [ -105.5,37.833333333333336 ], [ -105.5,37.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6857a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zuellig, Robert E. 0000-0002-4784-2905 rzuellig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4784-2905","contributorId":1620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuellig","given":"Robert","email":"rzuellig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kondratieff, Boris C.","contributorId":24868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kondratieff","given":"Boris","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":17860,"text":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":288106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruiter, David E.","contributorId":37835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruiter","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thorp, Richard A.","contributorId":57168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorp","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":76903,"text":"tm10C8 - 2006 - Determination of the δ34S of low-concentration sulfate in water; RSIL lab code 1949","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-18T17:16:41","indexId":"tm10C8","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"10-C8","title":"Determination of the δ34S of low-concentration sulfate in water; RSIL lab code 1949","docAbstract":"The purpose of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory (RSIL) lab code 1949 is to determine the δ(34S/32S), abbreviated as δ34S, of dissolved sulfate having a concentration less than 20 milligrams per liter. Dissolved sulfate is collected on an anion-exchange resin in the field, eluted in the laboratory with 3 M KCl, and precipitated with BaCl2 at pH 3 to 4 as BaSO4. The precipitated BaSO4 is filtered and dried before introduction into an elemental analyzer (EA) Carlo Erba NC 2500. The EA is used to convert sulfur in a BaSO4 solid sample into SO2 gas, and the EA is connected to a continuous flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (CF-IRMS), which determines differences in the isotope-amount ratios of stable sulfur isotopes (34S/32S) of the product SO2 gas. The combustion is quantitative; no isotopic fractionation is involved. Samples are placed in a tin capsule and loaded into the Costech Zero Blank Autosampler of the EA. Under computer control, samples are dropped into a heated reaction tube that combines the oxidation and reduction reactions. The combustion takes place in a helium atmosphere containing an excess of oxygen gas at the oxidation zone at the top of the reaction tube. Combustion products are transported by a helium carrier through the reduction zone at the bottom of the reaction tube to remove excess oxygen and through a separate drying tube to remove any water. The gas-phase products, mainly CO2, N2, and SO2, are separated by a gas chromatograph. The gas is then introduced into the isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) through a Finnigan MAT (now Thermo Scientific) ConFlo II interface, which is also used to inject SO2 reference gas and helium for sample dilution. The IRMS is a Thermo Scientific Delta V Plus CF-IRMS. It has a universal triple collector with two wide cups and a narrow cup in the middle. It is capable of measuring mass/charge (m/z) 64 and 66 simultaneously. The ion beams from SO2 are as follows: m/z 64 = SO2 = 32S16O16O; m/z 66 = SO2 = 34S16O16O primarily.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 8 of Book 10, Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory, Section C, Stable Isotope-Ratio Methods","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm10C8","usgsCitation":"Revesz, K., Qi, H., and Coplen, T.B., 2006, Determination of the δ34S of low-concentration sulfate in water; RSIL lab code 1949 (Version 1.0 - May 2006, Version 1.1 - 2007, Version 1.2 - September 2012): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 10-C8, viii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm10C8.","productDescription":"viii, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":543,"text":"Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_10_C8.gif"},{"id":8067,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm10c8/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":261909,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm10c8/tm10c8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0 - May 2006, Version 1.1 - 2007, Version 1.2 - September 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602b5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Revesz, Kinga","contributorId":64285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Qi, Haiping 0000-0002-8339-744X haipingq@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8339-744X","contributorId":507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"Haiping","email":"haipingq@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":76905,"text":"fs20063089 - 2006 - Availability of Ground-Water Data for California, Water Year 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:18","indexId":"fs20063089","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3089","title":"Availability of Ground-Water Data for California, Water Year 2005","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources, in cooperation with Federal, State, and local agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the ground-water resources of California each water year (October 1-September 30). These data constitute a valuable database for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. This Fact Sheet serves as an index to ground-water data for water year 2005. The 2-page report contains a map of California showing the number of wells (by county) with available water-level and water-quality data for water year 2005 (fig. 2) and instructions for obtaining this and other ground-water information contained in the databases of the U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center. From 1985 to 1993, data were published in the annual report 'Water Resources Data for California, Volume 5. Ground-Water Data'; prior to 1985, the data were published in U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20063089","usgsCitation":"Huff, J., 2006, Availability of Ground-Water Data for California, Water Year 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3089, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063089.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-10-01","temporalEnd":"2005-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3089.jpg"},{"id":8068,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3089/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124,32.55 ], [ -124,42 ], [ -114,42 ], [ -114,32.55 ], [ -124,32.55 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667fac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, Julia A.","contributorId":23130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"Julia A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76906,"text":"sir20065070 - 2006 - Geohydrology of the lower Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin, southwestern Georgia, northwestern Florida, and southeastern Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T09:49:10","indexId":"sir20065070","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5070","title":"Geohydrology of the lower Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin, southwestern Georgia, northwestern Florida, and southeastern Alabama","docAbstract":"The lower Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) River Basin contains about 4,600 square miles of karstic and fluvial plains and nearly 100,000 cubic miles of predominantly karst limestone connected hydraulically to the principal rivers and lakes in the Coastal Plain of southwestern Georgia, northwestern Florida, and southwestern Alabama. Sediments of late-middle Eocene to Holocene in hydraulic connection with lakes, streams, and land surface comprise the surficial aquifer system, upper semiconfining unit, Upper Floridan aquifer, and lower semiconfining unit and contribute to the exchange of ground water and surface water in the stream-lake-aquifer flow system. Karst processes, hydraulic properties, and stratigraphic relations limit ground-water and surface-water interaction to the following hydrologic units of the stream-lake-aquifer flow system: the surficial aquifer system, upper semiconfining unit, Upper Floridan aquifer, and lower confining unit. Geologic units corresponding to these hydrologic units are, in ascending order: Lisbon Formation; Clinchfield Sand; Ocala, Marianna, Suwannee, and Tampa Limestones; Hawthorn Group; undifferentiated overburden (residuum); and terrace and undifferentiated (surficial) deposits. Similarities in hydraulic properties and direct or indirect interaction with surface water allow grouping sediments within these geologic units into the aforementioned hydrologic units, which transcend time-stratigraphic classifications and define the geohydrologic framework for the lower ACF River Basin. The low water-transmitting properties of the lower confining unit, principally the Lisbon Formation, allow it to act as a nearly impermeable base to the stream-lake-aquifer flow system.\r\n\r\nHydraulic connection of the surficial aquifer system with surface water and the Upper Floridan aquifer is direct where sandy deposits overlie the limestone, or indirect where fluvial deposits overlie clayey limestone residuum. The water level in perched zones within the surficial aquifer system fluctuates independently of water-level changes in the underlying aquifer, adjacent streams, or lakes. Where the surficial aquifer system is connected with surface water and the Upper Floridan aquifer, water-table fluctuations parallel those in adjacent streams or the underlying aquifer. More...","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065070","usgsCitation":"Torak, L.J., and Painter, J.A., 2006, Geohydrology of the lower Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin, southwestern Georgia, northwestern Florida, and southeastern Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5070, vi, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065070.","productDescription":"vi, 73 p.","numberOfPages":"79","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8069,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5070/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":194549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.83333333333333,30 ], [ -85.83333333333333,32 ], [ -83.83333333333333,32 ], [ -83.83333333333333,30 ], [ -85.83333333333333,30 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a885d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torak, Lynn J. ljtorak@usgs.gov","contributorId":401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torak","given":"Lynn","email":"ljtorak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Painter, Jaime A. 0000-0001-8883-9158 jpainter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8883-9158","contributorId":1466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Painter","given":"Jaime","email":"jpainter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76895,"text":"fs20063035 - 2006 - Restoration of Native Hawaiian Dryland Forest at Auwahi, Maui","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:22","indexId":"fs20063035","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3035","title":"Restoration of Native Hawaiian Dryland Forest at Auwahi, Maui","docAbstract":"BACKGROUND\r\n\r\nThe powerful volcanoes that formed the high islands of the Hawaiian archipelago block northeasterly tradewinds, creating wet, windward rain forests and much drier, leeward forests. Dryland forests in Hawai'i receive only about 20 inches of rain a year. However, the trees in these forests intercept fog and increase ground moisture levels, thereby enabling these seemingly inhospitable habitats to support a diverse assemblage of plants and animals.\r\n\r\nDryland forests of the Hawaiian Islands, like those worldwide, have been heavily impacted by humans both directly and indirectly. Less than 10% of Hawai'i's original dryland forest habitat remains. These forests have been severely impacted by urban development, ranching and agriculture, and invasive species. In particular, browsing animals and alien grasses have caused significant damage. Feral ungulates, including goats, sheep, cattle, and pigs, consume sensitive plants. Alien grasses have become dominant in the understory in many dryland habitats. In addition, these introduced grasses are fire-adapted and have increased the incidence of wildfire in these ecosystems. Native Hawaiian plants did not evolve with frequent fires or mammalian herbivores and typically do not survive well under these pressures.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20063035","usgsCitation":"Medieros, A.C., and vonAllmen, E., 2006, Restoration of Native Hawaiian Dryland Forest at Auwahi, Maui: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3035, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063035.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3035.jpg"},{"id":10711,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://biology.usgs.gov/pierc/Pollution_&_Ecological_Restoration/Dryland_restoration.pdf","size":"7726","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61137a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Medieros, Arthur C.","contributorId":85680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medieros","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"vonAllmen, Erica","contributorId":40690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"vonAllmen","given":"Erica","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76904,"text":"tm10 - 2006 - Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory (RSIL)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T20:05:03","indexId":"tm10","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"10","title":"Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory (RSIL)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tm10","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T.B., 2006, Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory (RSIL): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 10, Variously paginated, https://doi.org/10.3133/tm10.","productDescription":"Variously paginated","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62c906","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Revesz, Kinga M. krevesz@usgs.gov","contributorId":506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","email":"krevesz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":749352,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76893,"text":"fs20063046 - 2006 - U.S. Geological Survey Chesapeake Bay Studies: Scientific Solutions for a Healthy Bay and Watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-06T23:21:11.971573","indexId":"fs20063046","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3046","displayTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Chesapeake Bay studies: Scientific solutions for a healthy bay and watershed","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Chesapeake Bay Studies: Scientific Solutions for a Healthy Bay and Watershed","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the science agency for the Department of Interior (DOI), has the critical role of providing objective science to document and understand ecosystem change in the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed. The human population in the Bay watershed, which grew from 8.1 million in 1950 to almost 16 million in 2000, has resulted in degraded water quality, loss of habitat, and declines in fish and bird populations. USGS scientists are leaders in understanding cause and effect of human activities and natural changes on water quality and the health of the ecosystem. The USGS interacts with resource managers and policy makers to use the science to adapt approaches for implementation, and assess effectiveness of, management actions for ecosystem conservation, restoration, and sustainability.
\nSince the mid-1980s, the USGS has been an active partner in the Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP), a multi-agency partnership led by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, working to achieve the restoration goals set forth in the Chesapeake 2000 agreement. This agreement established over 100 restoration commitments to be addressed by 2010. In 2005, which was the mid-point of the agreement, there was growing concern at all levels of government and by the public that ecological conditions in the Bay and its watershed had not significantly improved. The slow rate of improvement, coupled with the projected impact of human-population increase in the Bay watershed (fig. 1), implied that many desired ecological conditions will not be achieved by 2010. To address these challenges, the USGS wrote a new science plan for 2006-2011, and is synthesizing key findings to highlight the accomplishments from science activities for 2000-2005.
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1999-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:23","indexId":"sir20065046","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5046","title":"Water-quality characteristics of Montana streams in a statewide monitoring network, 1999-2003","docAbstract":"A statewide monitoring network of 38 sites was operated during 1999-2003 in cooperation with the Montana Department of Environmental Quality to provide a broad geographic base of water-quality information on Montana streams. The purpose of this report is to summarize and describe the water-quality characteristics for those sites. Samples were collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in the Missouri, Yellowstone, and Columbia River basins for stream properties, nutrients, suspended sediment, major ions, and selected trace elements. Mean annual streamflows were below normal during the period, which likely influenced water quality. Continuous water-temperature monitors were operated at 26 sites. The median of daily mean water temperatures for the June-August summer period ranged from 12.5 degC at Kootenai River below Libby Dam to 23.0 degC at Poplar River near Poplar and Tongue River at Miles City. In general, sites in the Missouri River basin commonly had the highest water temperatures. Median daily mean summer water temperatures at four sites (Jefferson River near Three Forks, Missouri River at Toston, Judith River near Winifred, and Poplar River near Poplar) classified as supporting or marginally supporting cold-water biota exceeded the general guideline of 19.4 degC for cold-water biota. Median daily mean temperatures at sites in the network classified as supporting warm-water biota did not exceed the guideline of 26.7 degC for warm-water biota, although several sites exceeded the warm-water guideline on several days during the summer.\r\n More...","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065046","usgsCitation":"Lambing, J.H., and Cleasby, T., 2006, Water-quality characteristics of Montana streams in a statewide monitoring network, 1999-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5046, vii, 149 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065046.","productDescription":"vii, 149 p.","numberOfPages":"149","temporalStart":"1999-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5046.jpg"},{"id":8130,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5046/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116,45.833333333333336 ], [ -116,49 ], [ -114,49 ], [ -114,45.833333333333336 ], [ -116,45.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699368","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lambing, John H.","contributorId":64272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambing","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cleasby, Thomas E. 0000-0003-0694-1541","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0694-1541","contributorId":21993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleasby","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006390,"text":"70006390 - 2006 - Uncertainty management, spatial and temporal reasoning, and validation of intelligent environmental decision support systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-05T14:20:21","indexId":"70006390","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-01T14:12:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Uncertainty management, spatial and temporal reasoning, and validation of intelligent environmental decision support systems","docAbstract":"There are inherent open problems arising when developing and running Intelligent Environmental \nDecision Support Systems (IEDSS). During daily operation of IEDSS several open challenge problems \nappear. The uncertainty of data being processed is intrinsic to the environmental system, which is being \nmonitored by several on-line sensors and off-line data. Thus, anomalous data values at data gathering level \nor even uncertain reasoning process at later levels such as in diagnosis or decision support or planning can \nlead the environmental process to unsafe critical operation states. At diagnosis level or even at decision \nsupport level or planning level, spatial reasoning or temporal reasoning or both aspects can influence the \nreasoning processes undertaken by the IEDSS. Most of Environmental systems must take into account the \nspatial relationships between the environmental goal area and the nearby environmental areas and the \ntemporal relationships between the current state and the past states of the environmental system to state \naccurate and reliable assertions to be used within the diagnosis process or decision support process or \nplanning process. Finally, a related issue is a crucial point: are really reliable and safe the decisions proposed \nby the IEDSS? Are we sure about the goodness and performance of proposed solutions? How can we ensure \na correct evaluation of the IEDSS? Main goal of this paper is to analyse these four issues, review some \npossible approaches and techniques to cope with them, and study new trends for future research within the \nIEDSS field.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the iEMSs Third Biennial Meeting: \"Summit on Environmental Modelling and Software\"","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Environmental Modelling and Software Society","publisherLocation":"Burlington, VT","usgsCitation":"Sanchez-Marre, M., Gilbert, K., Sojda, R.S., Steyer, J.P., Struss, P., and Rodriguez-Roda, I., 2006, Uncertainty management, spatial and temporal reasoning, and validation of intelligent environmental decision support systems, in Proceedings of the iEMSs Third Biennial Meeting: \"Summit on Environmental Modelling and Software\", 26 p.","productDescription":"26 p.","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288116,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288115,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.iemss.org/iemss2006/sessions/all.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53919168e4b06f80638265ea","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Voinov, A.A.","contributorId":113598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voinov","given":"A.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508316,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jakeman, A.J.","contributorId":12639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jakeman","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508314,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rizzoli, A.E.","contributorId":113184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rizzoli","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508315,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Sanchez-Marre, Miquel","contributorId":91023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez-Marre","given":"Miquel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilbert, Karina","contributorId":23448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"Karina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sojda, Rick S.","contributorId":33628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sojda","given":"Rick","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steyer, Jean Philippe","contributorId":67415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyer","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"Philippe","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Struss, Peter","contributorId":75853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Struss","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rodriguez-Roda, Ignasi","contributorId":91408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez-Roda","given":"Ignasi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70259553,"text":"70259553 - 2006 - Upscaling terrestrial carbon dynamics from sites to regions with uncertainty measures—The GEMS experience","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T16:56:55.900836","indexId":"70259553","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-01T11:50:41","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Upscaling terrestrial carbon dynamics from sites to regions with uncertainty measures—The GEMS experience","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","conferenceTitle":"3rd International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software","conferenceDate":"July 9-13, 2006","conferenceLocation":"Burlington, VT","language":"English","publisher":"International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., Li, Z., Liu, J., Loveland, T., Chen, M., and Tieszen, L.L., 2006, Upscaling terrestrial carbon dynamics from sites to regions with uncertainty measures—The GEMS experience, 3rd International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, Burlington, VT, July 9-13, 2006, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference/2006/all/34/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462841,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Shuguang 0000-0002-6027-3479 sliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3479","contributorId":147403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shuguang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Li, Z.","contributorId":345121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, Jinxun 0000-0003-0561-8988 jxliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-8988","contributorId":3414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Jinxun","email":"jxliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":140611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chen, M.","contributorId":73417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tieszen, Larry L. tieszen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"Larry","email":"tieszen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":915739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70259551,"text":"70259551 - 2006 - Resolving model parameter values from C and N stock measurements in a wide range of tropical mature forests using nonlinear inversion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T16:45:12.625329","indexId":"70259551","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-01T11:35:25","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Resolving model parameter values from C and N stock measurements in a wide range of tropical mature forests using nonlinear inversion","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","conferenceTitle":"3rd International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software","conferenceDate":"July 9-13, 2006","conferenceLocation":"Burlington, VT","language":"English","publisher":"International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., Anderson, P., Zhou, G., Kauffman, B., Hughes, F., Schimel, D., Watson, V., and Tosi, J., 2006, Resolving model parameter values from C and N stock measurements in a wide range of tropical mature forests using nonlinear inversion, 3rd International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, Burlington, VT, July 9-13, 2006, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462837,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference/2006/all/306/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462839,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Costa Rica","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-82.96578,8.22503],[-83.50844,8.44693],[-83.71147,8.65684],[-83.59631,8.83044],[-83.63264,9.05139],[-83.90989,9.2908],[-84.3034,9.48735],[-84.64764,9.61554],[-84.71335,9.90805],[-84.97566,10.08672],[-84.91137,9.79599],[-85.11092,9.55704],[-85.33949,9.83454],[-85.66079,9.93335],[-85.79744,10.13489],[-85.79171,10.43934],[-85.65931,10.75433],[-85.94173,10.89528],[-85.71254,11.08844],[-85.56185,11.21712],[-84.903,10.9523],[-84.67307,11.08266],[-84.35593,10.99923],[-84.19018,10.79345],[-83.89505,10.72684],[-83.65561,10.93876],[-83.40232,10.39544],[-83.01568,9.99298],[-82.5462,9.56613],[-82.93289,9.47681],[-82.92715,9.07433],[-82.71918,8.92571],[-82.86866,8.80727],[-82.82977,8.6263],[-82.91318,8.42352],[-82.96578,8.22503]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Costa Rica\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Shuguang 0000-0002-6027-3479 sliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3479","contributorId":147403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shuguang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Pamela","contributorId":345119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Pamela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhou, Guoyi","contributorId":199385,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhou","given":"Guoyi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kauffman, Boone","contributorId":345120,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Boone","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hughes, Flint","contributorId":216575,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hughes","given":"Flint","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37389,"text":"U.S. Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":915730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schimel, David","contributorId":146637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimel","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":915731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Watson, Vicente","contributorId":31992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tosi, Joseph","contributorId":67302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosi","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70259550,"text":"70259550 - 2006 - Dealing with uncertainty and sensitivity issues in process-based models of carbon and nitrogen cycles in northern forest ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T16:26:28.068244","indexId":"70259550","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-01T11:18:58","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Dealing with uncertainty and sensitivity issues in process-based models of carbon and nitrogen cycles in northern forest ecosystems","docAbstract":"Many process-based models on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles have been developed for northern forest ecosystems. These models are widely used to evaluate the long-term decisions in forest management dealing with effects like particulate pollution, productivity and climate change. Regarding climate change, one of the key questions that have sensitive political implications is whether northern forests will sequester atmospheric C or not. Whilst many process-based models have been tested for accuracy by evaluating or validating against observed data, few have dealt with the complexity of the incorporated procedures to estimate uncertainties associated with model predictions or the sensitivity of these predictions to input factors in a systematic, inter-model comparison fashion. In general, models differ in their underlying attempts to match natural complexities with assumed or imposed model structure and process formulations to estimate model parameters, to gather data and to address issues on scope, scale and natural variations. Uncertainties may originate from model structure, estimation of model parameters, data input, representation of natural variation and scaling exercises. Model structure relates to the mathematical representation of the processes modelled and the type of state variables that a model contains. The modelling of partitioning among above- and below-ground C and N pools and the interdependence among these pools remain a major source of uncertainty in model structure and error propagation. Most soil C models use at least three state variables to represent the different types of soil organic matter (SOM). This approach results in creating three artificial SOM pools, assuming that each one contains C compounds with same turnover rate. In reality, SOM consists of many different types of C compounds with widely different turnover rates. Uncertainty in data and parameter estimates are closely linked. Data uncertainties are associated with high variations in estimating forest biomass, productivity and soil organic matter and may be incomplete for model initialization, calibration, validation and sensitivity analysis of generalized predictor models. The scale at which a model is being used also affects the level of uncertainty, as the errors in the prediction of the C and N dynamics differ from the site to the landscape levels and across climatic regions. If the spatial or temporal scale of a model application is changed, additional uncertainty arises from neglecting natural variability in system variables in time and space. Uncertainty issues are also intimately related to model validation and sensitivity analysis. The estimation of uncertainties is needed to inform decision process, in order to detect the possible corridor of development. Uncertainty in this context is an essential measure of quality for stakeholder and decision makers.
","conferenceTitle":"3rd International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software","conferenceDate":"July 9-13, 2006","conferenceLocation":"Burlington, VT","language":"English","publisher":"International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software","usgsCitation":"Larocque, G.R., Bhatti, J.S., Gordon, A., Luckai, N., Liu, J., Liu, S., Arp, P., Zhang, C., Komarov, A., Grabarnik, P., Wattenbach, M., Peng, C., Sun, J., and White, T., 2006, Dealing with uncertainty and sensitivity issues in process-based models of carbon and nitrogen cycles in northern forest ecosystems, 3rd International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, Burlington, VT, July 9-13, 2006, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference/2006/all/147/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462836,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larocque, Guy R.","contributorId":68139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larocque","given":"Guy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bhatti, Jagtar S.","contributorId":12720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhatti","given":"Jagtar","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gordon, A.M.","contributorId":221191,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gordon","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luckai, N.","contributorId":81727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luckai","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liu, Jinxun 0000-0003-0561-8988 jxliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-8988","contributorId":3414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Jinxun","email":"jxliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liu, Shuguang 0000-0002-6027-3479 sliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3479","contributorId":147403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shuguang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Arp, P.A.","contributorId":221193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arp","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zhang, C.F.","contributorId":221194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Komarov, A","contributorId":221178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Komarov","given":"A","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Grabarnik, P.","contributorId":221195,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grabarnik","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Wattenbach, M.","contributorId":221192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wattenbach","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Peng, C.","contributorId":44092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peng","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sun, Jianfeng","contributorId":345117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sun","given":"Jianfeng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"White, Thomas","contributorId":345118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70202243,"text":"70202243 - 2006 - Heat-producing elements in the lunar mantle: Insights from ion microprobe analyses of lunar pyroclastic glasses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-18T09:01:12","indexId":"70202243","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-01T08:59:10","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat-producing elements in the lunar mantle: Insights from ion microprobe analyses of lunar pyroclastic glasses","docAbstract":"We provide new estimates for the abundance of heat-producing elements in the lunar mantle by using SIMS techniques to measure the concentrations of thorium and samarium in lunar pyroclastic glasses. Lunar pyroclastic glasses are utilized in this study because they represent quenched products of near-primary melts from the lunar mantle and as such, they provide compositional information about the mantle itself. Thorium and samarium were measured because: (1) Th is not significantly fractionated from Sm during partial melting of the pyroclastic glass source regions, which are dominated by olivine and pyroxene. Therefore, the Th/Sm ratios that we measure in the pyroclastic glasses reflect the Th/Sm ratio of the pyroclastic glass source regions. (2) Strong correlations between Th, U, and K on the Moon allow us to use measured Th concentrations to estimate the concentrations of U and K in the pyroclastic glasses. (3) Th, Sm, U, and K are radioactive elements and as such, their concentrations can be used to investigate heat production in the lunar mantle.
The results from this study show that the lunar mantle is heterogeneous with respect to heat-producing elements and that there is evidence for mixing of a KREEP component into the source regions of some of the pyroclastic glasses. Because the source regions for many of the glasses are deep (⩾400 km), we propose that a KREEP component was transported to the deep lunar mantle. KREEP enriched sources produce 138% more heat than sources that do not contain KREEP and therefore, could have provided a source of heat for extended periods of nearside basaltic magmatism. Data from this study, in conjunction with models for the fractional crystallization of a lunar magma ocean, are used to show that the average lunar mantle contains 0.15 ppm Th, 0.54 ppm Sm, 0.039 ppm U, and 212 ppm K. This is a greater enrichment in radiogenic elements than some earlier estimates, suggesting a more prolonged impact of radiogenic heat on nearside basaltic volcanism.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.013","usgsCitation":"Hagerty, J., Shearer, C.K., and Vaniman, D., 2006, Heat-producing elements in the lunar mantle: Insights from ion microprobe analyses of lunar pyroclastic glasses: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 70, no. 13, p. 3457-3476, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.013.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"3457","endPage":"3476","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361310,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"70","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hagerty, Justin 0000-0003-3800-7948 jhagerty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3800-7948","contributorId":911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagerty","given":"Justin","email":"jhagerty@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":757460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shearer, Charles K.","contributorId":111575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shearer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vaniman, David","contributorId":173231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vaniman","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":13179,"text":"Planetary Science Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":757462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184351,"text":"70184351 - 2006 - The behavior of rare earth elements in naturally and anthropogenically acidified waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T16:30:14","indexId":"70184351","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2152,"text":"Journal of Alloys and Compounds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The behavior of rare earth elements in naturally and anthropogenically acidified waters","docAbstract":"In this paper, the behavior of rare earth elements (REE) in a watershed impacted by acid-mine drainage (Fisher Creek, Montana) is compared to that in a volcanically acidified watershed (Rio Agrio and Lake Caviahue, Argentina). The REE behave conservatively in acidic waters with pH values less than approximately 5.5. However, above pH 5.5, REE concentrations are controlled by adsorption onto or co-precipitation with a variety of Fe or Al oxyhydroxides. The heavy REE partition to a greater extent into the solid phase than the light REE as pH rises above 6. Concentrations of REE exhibit diel (24-h) cycling in waters that were initially acidic, but have become neutralized downstream. In Fisher Creek, at the most downstream sampling station investigated (pH 6.8), concentrations of dissolved REE were 190–840% higher in the early morning versus the late afternoon. This cycling can be related to temperature-dependent, cyclic adsorption–desorption of REE onto hydrous ferric or aluminum oxide or both. Similar but gentler diel cycling of the REE was found at Rio Agrio. The existence of such cycling has important ramifications for the study of REE in natural waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.07.082","usgsCitation":"Wood, S.A., Gammons, C.H., and Parker, S.R., 2006, The behavior of rare earth elements in naturally and anthropogenically acidified waters: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, v. 418, no. 1-2, p. 161-165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.07.082.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"161","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336988,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"418","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58bfd4fce4b014cc3a3ba518","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Scott A.","contributorId":187645,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gammons, Chris","contributorId":140801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gammons","given":"Chris","affiliations":[{"id":13574,"text":"Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, Stephen R.","contributorId":140802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13574,"text":"Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70171562,"text":"70171562 - 2006 - Toxicogenomics in regulatory ecotoxicology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-09T09:19:11","indexId":"70171562","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicogenomics in regulatory ecotoxicology","docAbstract":"Recently, we have witnessed an explosion of different genomic approaches that, through a combination of advanced biological, instrumental, and bioinformatic techniques, can yield a previously unparalleled amount of data concerning the molecular and biochemical status of organisms. Fueled partially by large, well-publicized efforts such as the Human Genome Project, genomic research has become a rapidly growing topical area in multiple biological disciplines. Since 1999, when the term “toxicogenomics” was coined to describe the application of genomics to toxicology (1), a rapid increase in publications on the topic has occurred (Figure 1). The potential utility of toxicogenomics in toxicological research and regulatory activities has been the subject of scientific discussions and, as with any new technology, has evoked a wide range of opinion (2–6).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es0630184","usgsCitation":"Ankley, G., Daston, G.P., Degitz, S.J., Denslow, N., Hoke, R.A., Kennedy, S.W., Miracle, A.L., Perkins, E.J., Snape, J., Tillitt, D.E., Tyler, C.R., and Versteeg, D., 2006, Toxicogenomics in regulatory ecotoxicology: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 40, no. 13, p. 4055-4065, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0630184.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"4055","endPage":"4065","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477323,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":322154,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5752aa3ae4b053f0edd13eba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ankley, Gerald T.","contributorId":67382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ankley","given":"Gerald T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Daston, George P.","contributorId":170020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Daston","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Degitz, Sigmund J.","contributorId":170021,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Degitz","given":"Sigmund","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Denslow, Nancy D.","contributorId":72831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denslow","given":"Nancy D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoke, Robert A.","contributorId":170022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoke","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kennedy, Sean W.","contributorId":58999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Miracle, Ann L.","contributorId":170023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miracle","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Perkins, Edward J.","contributorId":89063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perkins","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":26924,"text":"USArmy Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Snape, Jason","contributorId":170024,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snape","given":"Jason","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Tyler, Charles R.","contributorId":170025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tyler","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Versteeg, Donald","contributorId":170026,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Versteeg","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ]}![(fig. 1)](\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3046/images/figure1_big.gif\"){kind=link}