{"pageNumber":"242","pageRowStart":"6025","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11361,"records":[{"id":26296,"text":"wri944073 - 1994 - Scour assessment at bridges from Flag Point to Million Dollar Bridge, Copper River Highway, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:17","indexId":"wri944073","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4073","title":"Scour assessment at bridges from Flag Point to Million Dollar Bridge, Copper River Highway, Alaska","docAbstract":"Twelve bridges are located along the Copper River Highway from Flag Point (Mile 27) to lhe Million Dollar Bridge (Mile 48). These bridges cross all or parts of the Copper River. Channel scour at these bridges was assessed by collecting and analyzing discharge and sediment data, analyzing aerial photography for eight different years, surveying and comparing cross sections, and utilizing scour equations. Between 1968 and 1992, scour occurring at Bridge 331 has formed two distinct channels at the bridge. The channel at Bridge 1187 has remained relatively unchanged between 1968 and 1992. During this same time period, the channel at Bridge 332 appears to have gradually filled. However, during the 1992 runoff season, the channel at this bridge scoured significantly, probably because of its unstable nature. The most significant scour has occurred at Bridge 342. A high-water period in 1981 probably shifted much of the flow of the Copper River through this bridge. As a result, severe contraction scour occurred which required major repairs to the bridge. During 1991 and 1992, the approach channel to Bridge 342 has been migrating, causing scour in the left side of the channel. Bed material at the Million Dollar Bridge consists of hard unweathered boulders nested in dense gravel. Because of this type of erosion-resistant material, no significant scour has occurred at this site. Contraction scour equations overestimated the mean depth of flow at Bridge 331 by 2.6 to 5.0 ft, but were within 1.0 ft of the mean depth of flow for Bridge 1187. The local scour equations generally overestimated local scour at both Bridge 331 and Bridge 1187. The accuracy of some equations was probably affected because water velocities could not be obtained upstream from the piers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944073","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., 1994, Scour assessment at bridges from Flag Point to Million Dollar Bridge, Copper River Highway, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4073, v, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944073.","productDescription":"v, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4073/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55102,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4073/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6864b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, T. P.","contributorId":103289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31798,"text":"ofr94614 - 1994 - Video of the August 18, 1992, eruption of Crater Peak vent on Spurr Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T13:03:08","indexId":"ofr94614","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-614","title":"Video of the August 18, 1992, eruption of Crater Peak vent on Spurr Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

No abstract available. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr94614","usgsCitation":"McGimsey, R.G., and Dorava, J.M., 1994, Video of the August 18, 1992, eruption of Crater Peak vent on Spurr Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-614, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94614.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0614/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60005,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0614/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601a03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGimsey, Robert G. 0000-0001-5379-7779 mcgimsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-7779","contributorId":2352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"Robert","email":"mcgimsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorava, Joseph M.","contributorId":87125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorava","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19649,"text":"ofr94277B - 1994 - Analytical results and sample locality maps of samples of the ash of dwarf arctic birch, black spruce, white spruce, and tamarack from the Medfra quadrangle, west-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-18T07:19:49","indexId":"ofr94277B","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-277","chapter":"B","title":"Analytical results and sample locality maps of samples of the ash of dwarf arctic birch, black spruce, white spruce, and tamarack from the Medfra quadrangle, west-central Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94277B","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"King, H.D., Risoli, D., and Cooley, E., 1994, Analytical results and sample locality maps of samples of the ash of dwarf arctic birch, black spruce, white spruce, and tamarack from the Medfra quadrangle, west-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-277, 1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94277B.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277755,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0277b/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acbe4b07f02db67e395","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Harley D. hking@usgs.gov","contributorId":4046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Harley","email":"hking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Risoli, D. A.","contributorId":48156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risoli","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooley, E.F.","contributorId":83072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19648,"text":"ofr94277A - 1994 - Analytical results and sample locality maps of samples of the ash of dwarf arctic birch, black spruce, white spruce, and tamarack from the Medfra quadrangle, west-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:39","indexId":"ofr94277A","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-277","chapter":"A","title":"Analytical results and sample locality maps of samples of the ash of dwarf arctic birch, black spruce, white spruce, and tamarack from the Medfra quadrangle, west-central Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94277A","usgsCitation":"King, H.D., Risoli, D., and Cooley, E., 1994, Analytical results and sample locality maps of samples of the ash of dwarf arctic birch, black spruce, white spruce, and tamarack from the Medfra quadrangle, west-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-277, 102 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94277A.","productDescription":"102 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108228,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12492.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12492"},{"id":152156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0277a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":21581,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0277a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":21582,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0277a/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":21583,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0277a/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":49115,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0277a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acbe4b07f02db67e392","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Harley D. hking@usgs.gov","contributorId":4046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Harley","email":"hking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Risoli, D. A.","contributorId":48156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risoli","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooley, E.F.","contributorId":83072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":33243,"text":"b2107 - 1994 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-27T20:45:20.258614","indexId":"b2107","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2107","title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1993","docAbstract":"

This collection of 19 papers continues the annual series of U.S. Geological Survey reports on geologic investigations in Alaska. Contributions include 14 Articles and 5 shorter Geologic Notes that report results from all corners of the State.

USGS activities in Alaska cover a broad spectrum of earth science topics, including the environment, hazards, resources, and geologic framework studies. Three articles focus on the environmental geochemistry of parts of south-central, west-central, and southwestern Alaska. An article on methane released from permafrost near Fairbanks and a note on paleowind direction indicators on the Arctic coastal plain contribute to ongoing climate and paleoclimate investigations. Landslide hazards in the Talkeetna Mountains and Wrangell-St. Elias National Park are discussed in two notes. Possible active fault traces near Alaska's main population center are described in an article on the Castle Mountain fault. An article on Aniakchak volcano presents evidence for a previously unrecognized catastrophic flooding event. Resources and resource assessment on gold, base metals, and coal are discussed in several articles and a note. Geologic framework studies cover tectonics, paleontology, stratigraphy, and metamorphic petrology. One contribution involves field methods; it evaluates the relative accuracy of global positioning systems and topographic map-based methods for deriving location data for field stations.

Two bibliographies at the end of the volume list reports about Alaska in USGS publications released in 1993 and reports about Alaska by USGS authors in non-USGS publications in 1993.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b2107","usgsCitation":"1994, Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2107, vi, 217 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2107.","productDescription":"vi, 217 p.","numberOfPages":"228","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":402794,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22411.htm","text":"Geochemical reconnaissance of alkalic plutons on Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":163276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2107/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":61023,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2107/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":481329,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22415.htm","text":"Mercury in the environment and its implications, Kuskokwim River region, southwestern Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481330,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22420.htm","text":"Paleowind directions for Late Holocene dunes on the western Arctic coastal plain, northern Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481331,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22434.htm","text":"Possible active fault traces on or near the Castle Mountain fault between Houston and the Hatcher Pass Road","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481332,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22441.htm","text":"High stand and catastrophic draining of intracaldera Surprise Lake, Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481333,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22442.htm","text":"Calculated gold resources in Circle and Fortymile placers [Circle placers]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481334,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22445.htm","text":"Calculated gold resources in Circle and Fortymile placers [Fortymile placers]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481335,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22458.htm","text":"Gold in heavy-mineral-concentrate samples from the Howard Pass quadrangle, Brooks Range, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481336,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22464.htm","text":"Evaluation and application of garnet amphibolite thermobarometry, western metamorphic belt near Juneau, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481337,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22465.htm","text":"Chemical characteristics of major plutonic belts of the coast plutonic-metamorphic complex near Juneau, southeastern Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481338,"rank":13,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22467.htm","text":"High arsenic content in sediments from the Koyukuk National Wildlife Refuge","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481339,"rank":14,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22469.htm","text":"Cyrtospirifer from Upper Devonian rocks of the Endicott Group, west-central Brooks Range, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481340,"rank":15,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22472.htm","text":"The 1993 Nelson Mountain landslide, Chitina Valley, southern Alaska, an aerial view","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481341,"rank":16,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22473.htm","text":"New Late(?) 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No abstract available

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University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":695918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laredo, C.D.","contributorId":192242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laredo","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129369,"text":"70129369 - 1994 - Analysis of ERS 1 synthetic aperture radar data of frozen lakes in northern Montana and implications for climate studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-08T16:02:20","indexId":"70129369","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-01T11:27:27","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of ERS 1 synthetic aperture radar data of frozen lakes in northern Montana and implications for climate studies","docAbstract":"

Lakes that freeze each winter are good indicators of regional climate change if key parameters, such as freeze-up and breakup date and maximum ice thickness, are measured over a decade-scale time frame. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite data have proven to be especially useful for measurement of climatologically significant parameters characteristic of frozen lakes. In this paper, five lakes in Glacier National Park, Montana, have been studied both in the field and using Earth Remote-Sensing Satellite (ERS) 1 SAR data during the 1992-1993 winter. The lakes are characterized by clear ice, sometimes with tubular or rounded bubbles, and often with a layer of snow ice on top of the clear ice. They are also often snow covered. Freeze-up is detected quite easily using ERS 1 SAR data as soon as a thin layer of ice forms. The effect of snow ice on the backscatter is thought to be significant but is, as yet, undetermined. On the five lakes studied, relative backscatter was found to increase with ice thickness until a maximum was reached in February. Breakup, an often ill-defined occurrence, is difficult to detect because surface water causes the SAR signal to be absorbed, thus masking the ice below. Comparison of the bubble structure of thaw lakes in northern Alaska with lakes in northern Montana has shown that the ice structure is quite different, and this difference may contribute to differential SAR signature evolution in the lakes of the two areas.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"William Byrd Press for John Hopkins Press","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1029/94JC01391","usgsCitation":"Hall, D.K., Fagre, D.B., Klasner, F., Linebaugh, G., and Liston, G.E., 1994, Analysis of ERS 1 synthetic aperture radar data of frozen lakes in northern Montana and implications for climate studies: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, no. C11, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC01391.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295547,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295546,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94JC01391"}],"volume":"99","issue":"C11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775a2e4b0f888a81b82f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Dorothy K.","contributorId":67436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fagre, Daniel B. 0000-0001-8552-9461 dan_fagre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-9461","contributorId":2036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","email":"dan_fagre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klasner, Fritz","contributorId":95410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klasner","given":"Fritz","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Linebaugh, Gregg","contributorId":73944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linebaugh","given":"Gregg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liston, Glen E.","contributorId":26244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liston","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1013298,"text":"1013298 - 1994 - Classification of vegetation communities in which geese rear broods on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-01T15:46:00.914319","indexId":"1013298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1167,"text":"Canadian Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification of vegetation communities in which geese rear broods on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Plant communities are described from an area on the Yukon – Kuskokwim (Y-K) delta of Alaska that is used extensively for brood rearing by three species of geese. Earlier studies identified plant species important as food for young geese, but few studies describe or quantify plant communities. We classified species presence or absence information from over 700 quadrats using a two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and then tested for agreement of signatures on colour infrared air photos with the identified communities. Sedges were found to dominate all but the wettest and driest communities. Most of the brood-rearing area was covered by Carex ramenskii and Carex rariflora meadows, ponds, Carex mackenziei-dominated pond margins, and C. ramenskii and grass levee meadows. Our interpretation of airphotos accurately predicted vegetation community classes, which will facilitate future studies of habitat selection by geese during the time they are rearing young. The TWINSPAN classification was comparable to classifications of studies conducted elsewhere on the Y-K delta. The interpretation of air photos will enable the identification and evaluation of wetland vegetation complexes and potential goose brood-rearing areas away from our study site. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/b94-158","usgsCitation":"Babcock, C., and Ely, C.R., 1994, Classification of vegetation communities in which geese rear broods on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 72, p. 1294-1301, https://doi.org/10.1139/b94-158.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1294","endPage":"1301","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131860,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon–Kuskokwim delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.89503955532032,\n 63.4882093879952\n ],\n [\n -166.6364062022681,\n 63.4882093879952\n ],\n [\n -166.20026424847967,\n 61.09131905598986\n ],\n [\n -161.26333047202473,\n 61.01696567557954\n ],\n [\n -160.89503955532032,\n 63.4882093879952\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"72","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de2e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Babcock, Christopher","contributorId":60490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babcock","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186433,"text":"70186433 - 1994 - Phylogeny and evolution of the auks (subfamily Alcinae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-24T15:47:38.139822","indexId":"70186433","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2982,"text":"PNAS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phylogeny and evolution of the auks (subfamily Alcinae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences","docAbstract":"

The genetic divergence and phylogeny of the auks was assessed by mitochondrial DNA sequence comparisons in a study using 19 of the 22 auk species and two outgroup representatives. We compared more than 500 nucleotides from each of two mitochondrial genes encoding 12S rRNA and the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6. Divergence times were estimated from transversional substitutions. The dovekie (Alle alle) is related to the razorbill (Alca torda) and the murres (Uria spp). Furthermore, the Xantus's murrelet (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus) and the ancient (Synthliboramphus antiquus) and Japanese murrelets (Synthliboramphus wumizusume) are genetically distinct members of the same main lineage, whereas brachyramphine and synthliboramphine murrelets are not closely related. An early adaptive radiation of six main species groups of auks seems to trace back to Middle Miocene. Later speciation probably involved ecological differentiations and geographical isolations.

","language":"English","publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","doi":"10.1073/pnas.91.17.7912","usgsCitation":"Moum, T., Johansen, S., Erikstad, K.E., and Piatt, J.F., 1994, Phylogeny and evolution of the auks (subfamily Alcinae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences: PNAS, v. 91, no. 17, p. 7912-7916, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.17.7912.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"7912","endPage":"7916","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":491479,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":339151,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-08-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b4e4b09da6799977c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moum, Truls","contributorId":190462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moum","given":"Truls","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johansen, Steinar","contributorId":190463,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johansen","given":"Steinar","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Erikstad, Kjell Einar","contributorId":190464,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erikstad","given":"Kjell","email":"","middleInitial":"Einar","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186234,"text":"70186234 - 1994 - Crustal velocity structure of the northern Yukon-Tanana upland, central Alaska: Results from TACT refraction/wide-angle reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-07T13:07:07.298084","indexId":"70186234","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5355,"text":"Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal velocity structure of the northern Yukon-Tanana upland, central Alaska: Results from TACT refraction/wide-angle reflection data","docAbstract":"

The Fairbanks North seismic refraction/ wide-angle reflection profile, collected by the U.S. Geological Survey Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) project in 1987, crosses the complex region between the Yukon-Tanana and Ruby terranes in interior Alaska. This region is occupied by numerous small terranes elongated in a northeast-southwest direction. These seismic data reveal a crustal velocity structure that is divided into three upper-crustal and at least two middle- to lower-crustal domains. The upper-crustal domains are delineated by two steeply dipping low-velocity anomalies that are interpreted as signatures of the Victoria Creek fault, and the Beaver Creek fault or a fault buried by the Beaver Creek fault. This tripartite upper crust extends to 8-10 km depth where a subhorizontal interface undercuts the northern and central domains. Beneath the northern domain, this interface is interpreted as the southeastwardly dipping boundary between the Tozina and Ruby terranes. The continuation of this interface beneath the central domain suggests that it may represent the detachment or basal thrust for thin-skinned tectonic amalgamation of the terranes caught between the Yukon-Tanana and Ruby terranes. The lower crust and Moho reflection exhibit differences from north to south that define at least two lower-crustal domains, interpreted as the Yukon-Tanana and Ruby terranes. Finally, the crustal thickness along the profile is nearly uniform and ranges from 31 to 34 km. Our data suggest that after initial thin-skinned amalgamation of the various terranes, this region experienced thick-skinned tectonic reorganization via strike-slip faulting. This interpretation supports a model in which at least one strand of the Tintina fault exists in this important region of Alaska.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America ","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0981:CVSOTN>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Beaudoin, B.C., Fuis, G.S., Lutter, W.J., Mooney, W.D., and Moore, T.E., 1994, Crustal velocity structure of the northern Yukon-Tanana upland, central Alaska: Results from TACT refraction/wide-angle reflection data: Bulletin, v. 106, no. 8, p. 981-1001, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0981:CVSOTN>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p. ","startPage":"981","endPage":"1001","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339003,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Tanana upland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.6640625,\n 61.71070595883174\n ],\n [\n -141.2841796875,\n 61.71070595883174\n ],\n [\n -141.2841796875,\n 68.80004113882613\n ],\n [\n -160.6640625,\n 68.80004113882613\n ],\n [\n -160.6640625,\n 61.71070595883174\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f8fe4b09da67997ece8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beaudoin, Bruce C.","contributorId":58140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaudoin","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lutter, William J.","contributorId":74366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":687961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186427,"text":"70186427 - 1994 - Cytonuclear genetics of experimental fish hybrid zones inside Biosphere 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-24T15:51:09.77602","indexId":"70186427","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2982,"text":"PNAS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cytonuclear genetics of experimental fish hybrid zones inside Biosphere 2","docAbstract":"

Two species of mosquitofish (family Poeciliidae) known to hybridize in nature were introduced into freshwater habitats inside Biosphere 2, and their population genetics were monitored after 2 years. Within four to six generations, nuclear and cytoplasmic markers characteristic of Gambusia holbrooki had risen greatly in frequency, although some Gambusia affinis alleles and haplotypes were retained primarily in recombinant genotypes, indicative of introgressive hybridization. The temporal cytonuclear dynamics proved similar to population genetic changes observed in replicated experimental hybrid populations outside of Biosphere 2, thus indicating strong directional selection favoring G. holbrooki genotypes across the range of environments monitored. When interpreted in the context of species-specific population demographies observed previously, results suggest that the extremely rapid evolution in these zones of secondary contact is attributable primarily to species differences in life-history traits.

","language":"English","publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","doi":"10.1073/pnas.91.11.5066","usgsCitation":"Scribner, K., and Avise, J.C., 1994, Cytonuclear genetics of experimental fish hybrid zones inside Biosphere 2: PNAS, v. 91, no. 11, p. 5066-5069, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.11.5066.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"5066","endPage":"5069","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":491480,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4c91621h","text":"External Repository"},{"id":339149,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-05-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b4e4b09da6799977c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, K.T.","contributorId":97033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Avise, John C.","contributorId":182338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Avise","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186947,"text":"70186947 - 1994 - Aftershocks of the 13 May 1993 Shumagin Alaska earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T15:24:19","indexId":"70186947","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aftershocks of the 13 May 1993 Shumagin Alaska earthquake","docAbstract":"

The 13 May 1993 Ms 6.9 Shumagin earthquake had an aftershock sequence of 247 earthquakes with magnitudes greater than or equal to 1.5 by 1 June 1993. Of these aftershocks, 79 were located by using S-P travel times at the only two stations within 570 km of the mainshock epicenter. The rupture area inferred from the aftershocks is about 600 km2 and we estimate for the mainshock a mean fault displacement of 1.0 m and a 28 bar stress drop. The magnitude-frequency plots give a b-value for the aftershock sequence of about 0.4, which is low compared to the background value of approximately 0.8. The decay of the aftershock sequence followed the modified Omori law with a p-value of 0.79, which is also lower than the typical values of about 1.1 observed in Alaska. Both of these facts can be interpreted as indicating relatively high ambient stress in the Shumagin seismic gap and the possibility that the 13 May earthquake was a foreshock to a larger gap-filling event to occur within the next few years.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94GL00332","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Wyss, M., Tytgat, G., McNutt, S., and Stihler, S., 1994, Aftershocks of the 13 May 1993 Shumagin Alaska earthquake: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 6, p. 497-500, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL00332.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"497","endPage":"500","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/94gl00332","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":339756,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cce4b08144348b7e56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wyss, Max","contributorId":107284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyss","given":"Max","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tytgat, Guy","contributorId":71152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tytgat","given":"Guy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McNutt, Steve","contributorId":101536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stihler, Scott","contributorId":190949,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stihler","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186929,"text":"70186929 - 1994 - Strain accumulation in the Shumagin Islands: Results of initial GPS measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T14:25:32","indexId":"70186929","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation in the Shumagin Islands: Results of initial GPS measurements","docAbstract":"

Deformation in the Shumagin seismic gap has been monitored with repeated trilateration (EDM) in the 1980–1987 interval and with the Global Positioning System (GPS) in the 1987–1991 interval. The geodetic network extends for 100-km across the Shumagin Islands to the Alaska Peninsula. Results from the GPS surveys are consistent with those previously reported for the EDM surveys: we failed to detect significant strain accumulation in the N30°W direction of plate convergence. Using the method of simultaneous reduction for position and strain rates, we found the average rate of extension in the direction of plate convergence to be −25±25 nanostrain/yr (nstrain/yr) during the 1987–1991 interval of GPS surveys compared with −20±15 nstrain/yr during the 1981–1987 interval of complete EDM surveys. We found a marginally significant −26±12 nstrain/yr extension rate in the 1981–1991 interval covered by the combined EDM and GPS surveys. Strain rates are higher, but not significantly so, in the part of the network closest to the trench. Spatial variation in the deformation is observed in the 1980–1991 average station velocities, where three of the four stations closest to the trench have an arcward velocity of a few mm/yr. The observed strain rates are an order of magnitude lower than the −200 nstrain/yr rate predicted by dislocation models.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94GL00417","usgsCitation":"Larson, K.M., and Lisowski, M., 1994, Strain accumulation in the Shumagin Islands: Results of initial GPS measurements: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 6, p. 489-492, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL00417.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"489","endPage":"492","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cce4b08144348b7e5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Kristine M.","contributorId":15495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Kristine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186279,"text":"70186279 - 1994 - Late Pliocene paleoeco­logic reconstructions based on ostracode assemblages from the Sagavanirktok and Gubik formations, Alaskan North Slope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-14T14:43:03.505447","indexId":"70186279","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Pliocene paleoeco­logic reconstructions based on ostracode assemblages from the Sagavanirktok and Gubik formations, Alaskan North Slope","docAbstract":"

Shallow-marine ostracode assemblages from upper Pliocene sediments of the upper part of the Sagavanirktok Formation and lower part of the Gubik Formation record the last warm period that occurred before the onset of significant cooling of the Arctic Ocean and the initiation of Northern Hemisphere continental glaciation. The informally named Colvillian and Bigbendian transgressions represent the oldest deposits of the Gubik Formation and are dated, based on various lines of evidence, between 2.48 and 3 Ma. Ostracode faunas from the lower part of the Gubik Formation indicate a cold-temperate to subfrigid marine climate with summer bottom temperatures 1-4 C warmer than today. Deposits of the upper part of the Sagavanirktok Formation at Manning Point and Barter Island are older than Colvillian sediments but are believed to be late Pliocene in age and contain an ostracode fauna that has many species in common with the lower part of the Gubik Formation. The Sagavanirktok ostracode faunas indicate a cold-temperature to subfrigid marine climate, similar to that inferred for the lower part of the Gubik Formation, with summer bottom temperatures 1-3 C warmer than today. The opening of Bering Strait at about 3 Ma altered Arctic Ocean assemblage composition as Pacific species migrated into the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans. The admixture of evolutionarily distinct faunas from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans identifies Colvillian (and younger) faunas and provides a convenient reference horizon in the Alaskan fossil record. The marine climatic deterioration that followed the Bigbendian appears to have been abrupt and is documented by biotic turnover, with large numbers of species extinctions and first appearances of new species. The change in species composition can be attributed to the cooling of the Arctic Ocean during the late Pliocene.

","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic1268","usgsCitation":"Brouwers, E.M., 1994, Late Pliocene paleoeco­logic reconstructions based on ostracode assemblages from the Sagavanirktok and Gubik formations, Alaskan North Slope: Arctic, v. 47, no. 1, p. 16-33, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1268.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479342,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1268","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":339063,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141.01408005074387,\n 69.38506363857746\n ],\n [\n -143.17958844048937,\n 70.56879251928993\n ],\n [\n -150.3632739063022,\n 70.70900595919176\n ],\n [\n -153.3075901890376,\n 71.10780477269944\n ],\n [\n -154.41327553993378,\n 66.59969993206113\n ],\n [\n -141.00897054783346,\n 67.69398262750363\n ],\n [\n -141.01408005074387,\n 69.38506363857746\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f90e4b09da67997ecf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brouwers, Elisabeth M. brouwers@usgs.gov","contributorId":190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brouwers","given":"Elisabeth","email":"brouwers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186310,"text":"70186310 - 1994 - Structure, metamorphism, and geochronology of the Cosmos Hills and Ruby Ridge, Brooks Range schist belt, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T16:34:42","indexId":"70186310","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure, metamorphism, and geochronology of the Cosmos Hills and Ruby Ridge, Brooks Range schist belt, Alaska","docAbstract":"

The boundary of the internal zones of the Brooks Range orogenic belt (the schist belt) is a fault contact that dips toward the hinterland (the Yukon-Koyukuk province). This fault, here referred to as the Cosmos Hills fault zone, juxtaposes oceanic rocks and unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks structurally above blueschist-to-greenschist facies metamorphic rocks of the schist belt. Near the fault contact, schist belt rocks are increasingly affected by a prominent, subhorizontal transposition foliation that is locally mylonitic in the fault zone. Structural and petrologic observations combined with 40Ar/39Ar incremental-release geochronology give evidence for a polyphase metamorphic and deformational history beginning in the Middle Jurassic and continuing until the Late Cretaceous. Our 40Ar/39Ar cooling age for Jurassic metamorphism is consistent with stratigraphic and other evidence for the onset of Brooks Range orogenesis. Jurassic metamorphism is nearly everywhere overprinted by a regional greenschist-facies event dated at 130–125 Ma. Near the contact with the Cosmos Hills fault zone, the schist belt is increasingly affected by a younger greenschist metamorphism that is texturally related to a prominent foliation that folds and transposes an older fabric. The 40Ar/39Ar results on phengite and fuchsite that define this younger fabric give recrystallization ages ranging from 103 to less than 90 Ma. We conclude that metamorphism that formed the transposition fabric peaked around 100 Ma and may have continued until well after 90 Ma. This age for greenschist metamorphism is broadly synchronous with the depositional age of locally derived, shallow-marine clastic sedimentary strata in the hanging wall of the fault zone and thus substantiates the interpretation that the fault zone accommodated extension in the Late Cretaceous. This extension unroofed and exhumed the schist belt during relative subsidence of the Yukon-Koyukuk province.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93TC01545","usgsCitation":"Christiansen, P.B., and Snee, L., 1994, Structure, metamorphism, and geochronology of the Cosmos Hills and Ruby Ridge, Brooks Range schist belt, Alaska: Tectonics, v. 13, no. 1, p. 193-213, https://doi.org/10.1029/93TC01545.","productDescription":"21 p. ","startPage":"193","endPage":"213","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339100,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f90e4b09da67997ecf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christiansen, Peter B.","contributorId":190384,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snee, Lawrence W.","contributorId":81534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"Lawrence W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207648,"text":"70207648 - 1994 - 40Ar 39Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T13:50:11.932867","indexId":"70207648","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-02T12:16:02","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"40Ar 39Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","title":"40Ar 39Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"

40Ar/39Ar ages of volcanic rocks are used to provide numerical constraints on the age of middle and upper Miocene sedimentary strata collected along the Porcupine River. Intercalated sedimentary rocks north of latitude 67°10′N in the Porcupine terrane of east-central Alaska contain a rich record of plant fossils. The fossils are valuable indicators of this interior region's paleoclimate during the time of their deposition. Integration of the 40Ar/39Ar40Ar39Ar\"> results with paleomagnetic and sedimentological data allows for refinements in estimating the timing of deposition and duration of selected sedimentary intervals.

40Ar39Ar\">40Ar39Ar plateau age spectra, from whole rock basalt samples, collected along the Upper Ramparts and near Half-way Pillar on the Porcupine River, range from 15.7 ± 0.1 Ma at site 90-6 to 14.4 ± 0.1 Ma at site 90-2. With exception of the youngest basalt flow at site 90-2, all of the samples are of reversed magnetic polarity, and all 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum results are consistent with the deposition of the entire stratigraphic section during a single interval of reversed magnetic polarity. The youngest flow at site 90-2 was emplaced during an interval of normal polarity. With age, paleomagnetic and sedimentological data, the ages of the Middle Miocene sedimentary rocks between the basalt flows at sites 90-1 and 90-2 can be assigned to an interval within the limits of analytical precision of 15.2 ± 0.1 Ma; thus, the sediments were deposited during the peak of the Middle Miocene thermal maximum. Sediments in the upper parts of sites 90-1 and 90-2 were probably deposited during cooling from the Middle Miocene thermal maximum.

40Ar/39Ar results of plagioclase and biotite from a single tephra, collected at sites 90-7 and 90-8 along the Canyon Village section of the Porcupine River, indicate an age of 6.57 ± 0.02 Ma for its time of eruption and deposition. These results, together with sedimentological and paleomagnetic data, suggest that all of the Upper Miocene lacustrine sedimentary rocks at these sites were deposited during a single interval of reversed magnetic polarity and may represent a duration of only about 40,000 years. The age of this tephra corresponds with a late late Miocene warm climatic interval.

The results from the Upper Ramparts and Half-way Pillar sites are used to estimate a minimum interval of continental flood basalt activity of 1.1–1.5 million years, and to set limits for the timing and duration of Tertiary extensional tectonic activity in the Porcupine terrane. Our data indicate that the oroclinal flexure that formed before the deposition of the basalts at the eastern end of the Brooks Range was created prior to 15.7 ± 0.1 Ma.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(94)90005-1","usgsCitation":"Kunk, M.J., Rieck, H., Fouch, T.D., and Carter, L.D., 1994, 40Ar 39Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska: Quaternary International, v. 22-23, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90005-1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"East-central Alaska and northwestern Yukon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -144.3603515625,\n 66.66603556892721\n ],\n [\n -141.0205078125,\n 66.66603556892721\n ],\n [\n -141.0205078125,\n 67.90448702321025\n ],\n [\n -144.3603515625,\n 67.90448702321025\n ],\n [\n -144.3603515625,\n 66.66603556892721\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22-23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rieck, H.","contributorId":33462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieck","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fouch, T. D.","contributorId":68333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fouch","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carter, L. David","contributorId":16827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70129049,"text":"70129049 - 1994 - Soil nitrogen availability in some arctic ecosystems in Northwest Alaska: responses to temperature and moisture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T12:40:05","indexId":"70129049","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T13:29:32","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1474,"text":"Écoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil nitrogen availability in some arctic ecosystems in Northwest Alaska: responses to temperature and moisture","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecoscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Center for Conservation Biology","publisherLocation":"Stanford, CA","doi":"10.1080/11956860.1994.11682229","usgsCitation":"Binkley, D., Stottlemeyer, R., Suarez, F., and Cortina, J., 1994, Soil nitrogen availability in some arctic ecosystems in Northwest Alaska: responses to temperature and moisture: Écoscience, v. 1, no. 1, p. 64-70, https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.1994.11682229.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"64","endPage":"70","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295414,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de44e4b0b0a643c73313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Binkley, Dati","contributorId":11143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkley","given":"Dati","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stottlemeyer, Robert","contributorId":40539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemeyer","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Suarez, Frank","contributorId":10738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suarez","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cortina, Jordi","contributorId":59369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cortina","given":"Jordi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70114620,"text":"70114620 - 1994 - Earthquake damage to schools","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T13:52:23","indexId":"70114620","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T11:14:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Earthquake damage to schools","docAbstract":"

These unusual slides show earthquake damage to school and university buildings around the world. They graphically illustrate the potential danger to our schools, and to the welfare of our children, that results from major earthquakes. The slides range from Algeria, where a collapsed school roof is held up only by students' desks; to Anchorage, Alaska, where an elementary school structure has split in half; to California and other areas, where school buildings have sustained damage to walls, roofs, and chimneys.

\n
\n

Interestingly, all the United States earthquakes depicted in this set of slides occurred either on a holiday or before or after school hours, except the 1935 tremor in Helena, Montana, which occurred at 11:35 am. It undoubtedly would have caused casualties had the schools not been closed days earlier by Helena city officials because of a damaging foreshock. Students in Algeria, the People's Republic of China, Armenia, and other stricken countries were not so fortunate.

\n
\n

This set of slides represents 17 destructive earthquakes that occurred in 9 countries, and covers more than a century--from 1886 to 1988. Two of the tremors, both of which occurred in the United States, were magnitude 8+ on the Richter Scale, and four were magnitude 7-7.9. The events represented by the slides (see table below) claimed more than a quarter of a million lives.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","usgsCitation":"McCullough, H., 1994, Earthquake damage to schools, Report: 6 p.; 20 plates.","productDescription":"Report: 6 p.; 20 plates","numberOfPages":"19","temporalStart":"1886-01-01","temporalEnd":"1988-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290153,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290152,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114620/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ad40efe4b0729c154181be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCullough, Heather","contributorId":96595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCullough","given":"Heather","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180439,"text":"70180439 - 1994 - Variation in mitochondrial DNA and allozymes discriminates early and late forms of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Kenai and Kasilof Rivers, AK","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T13:45:50","indexId":"70180439","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in mitochondrial DNA and allozymes discriminates early and late forms of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Kenai and Kasilof Rivers, AK","docAbstract":"

Genetic differences between early and late forms of Alaskan chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were identified using two genetic approaches: mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis, and protein electrophoresis. Study populations consisted of early and late runs in each of the Kenai and Kasilof rivers in Alaska, and a population from the Minam River, Oregon. Two segments of mtDNA were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested with 14–16 restriction enzymes. Results showed that early runs were genetically similar to each other but different from the late runs. The late runs were different from each other based on the frequency of the common haplotypes. Frequency differences in shared haplotypes together with the presence of a unique haplotype separated the Minam River stock from those in Alaska. In the protein analysis, each population was examined at 30 allozyme loci. Based on 14 polymorphic loci, Minam River salmon were genetically distinct from the Alaskan populations. Within the Alaskan populations, early runs were most similar to each other but different from the late runs; the late runs were also genetically most similar to each other. Both mtDNA and allozyme analysis suggest that chinook salmon may segregate into genetically different early and late forms within a drainage.

","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f94-303","usgsCitation":"Adams, N.S., Spearman, W.J., Burger, C.V., Currens, K.P., Schreck, C.B., and Li, H.W., 1994, Variation in mitochondrial DNA and allozymes discriminates early and late forms of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Kenai and Kasilof Rivers, AK: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 51, no. S1, p. 172-181, https://doi.org/10.1139/f94-303.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"172","endPage":"181","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334351,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kasilof River, Kenai River, Minam River ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.3092041015625,\n 60.584269526244995\n ],\n [\n -150.106201171875,\n 60.50052541051131\n ],\n [\n -150.07049560546875,\n 60.4111400885279\n ],\n [\n -150.64453125,\n 59.97288249898143\n ],\n [\n -151.26800537109375,\n 60.07717353916566\n ],\n [\n -151.4080810546875,\n 60.23981116999893\n ],\n [\n -151.37786865234375,\n 60.37721773018029\n ],\n [\n -151.3092041015625,\n 60.577524000434444\n ],\n [\n -151.3092041015625,\n 60.584269526244995\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef7e4b072a7ac0cad6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, Noah S. 0000-0002-8354-0293 nadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-0293","contributorId":3521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Noah","email":"nadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spearman, William J.","contributorId":178936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spearman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burger, Carl V.","contributorId":152419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burger","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Currens, Kenneth P.","contributorId":178937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Currens","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schreck, Carl B. 0000-0001-8347-1139 carl.schreck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-1139","contributorId":878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"Carl","email":"carl.schreck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Li, Hiram W.","contributorId":18724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Hiram","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}