{"pageNumber":"242","pageRowStart":"6025","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10957,"records":[{"id":53466,"text":"wri034258 - 2003 - Ground-water flow and saline water in the shallow aquifer system of the southern watersheds of Virginia Beach, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:42","indexId":"wri034258","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4258","title":"Ground-water flow and saline water in the shallow aquifer system of the southern watersheds of Virginia Beach, Virginia","docAbstract":"Population and tourism continues to grow in Virginia Beach, Virginia, but the supply of freshwater is limited.\r\nA pipeline from Lake Gaston supplies water for northern Virginia Beach, but ground water is widely used to\r\nwater lawns in the north, and most southern areas of the city rely solely on ground water. Water from\r\ndepths greater than 60 meters generally is too saline to drink. Concentrations of chloride, iron, and manganese\r\nexceed drinking-water standards in some areas. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of\r\nVirginia Beach, Department of Public Utilities, investigated the shallow aquifer system of the southern\r\nwatersheds to determine the distribution of fresh ground water, its potential uses, and its susceptibility to\r\ncontamination. \r\n\r\nAquifers and confining units of the southern watersheds were delineated and chloride concentrations in the\r\naquifers and confining units were contoured. A ground-water-flow and solute-transport model of the shallow\r\naquifer system reached steady state with regard to measured chloride concentrations after 31,550 years of\r\nfreshwater recharge. Model simulations indicate that if freshwater is found in permeable sediments of the\r\nYorktown-Eastover aquifer, such a well field could supply freshwater, possibly for decades, but eventually the\r\nwater would become more saline. The rate of saline-water intrusion toward the well field would depend on the\r\nrate of pumping, aquifer properties, and on the proximity of the well field to saline water sources. The\r\nsteady-state, ground-water-flow model also was used to simulate drawdowns around two hypothetical well\r\nfields and drawdowns around two hypothetical open-pit mines. The chloride concentrations simulated in the\r\nmodel did not approximate the measured concentrations for some wells, indicating sites where local\r\nhydrogeologic units or unit properties do not conform to the simple hydrogeology of the model.\r\n\r\nThe Columbia aquifer, the Yorktown confining unit, and the Yorktown-Eastover aquifer compose the\r\nhydrogeologic units of the shallow aquifer system of Virginia Beach. The Columbia and Yorktown-Eastover\r\naquifers are poorly confined throughout most of the southern watersheds of Virginia Beach. The\r\nfreshwater-to-saline-water distribution probably is in a dynamic equilibrium throughout most of the shallow\r\naquifer system. Freshwater flows continually down and away from the center of the higher altitudes to mix with\r\nsaline water from the tidal rivers, bays, salt marshes, and the Atlantic Ocean. Fresh ground water from the\r\nColumbia aquifer also leaks down through the Yorktown confining unit into the upper half of the Yorktown-Eastover\r\naquifer and flows within the Yorktown-Eastover above saline water in the lower half of the aquifer. Ground-water\r\nrecharge is minimal in much of the southern watersheds because the land surface generally is low and flat.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034258","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.S., 2003, Ground-water flow and saline water in the shallow aquifer system of the southern watersheds of Virginia Beach, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4258, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034258.","productDescription":"73 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4684,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034258/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":177663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Barry S.","contributorId":21532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":51967,"text":"wri034085 - 2003 - Bathymetric mapping, sediment quality, and water quality of Lake Delhi, Iowa, 2001-02","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-05T15:31:57.994913","indexId":"wri034085","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4085","title":"Bathymetric mapping, sediment quality, and water quality of Lake Delhi, Iowa, 2001-02","docAbstract":"<p>Lake Delhi was formed in 1929 when the Interstate Power Company dammed the Maquoketa River near Delhi, Iowa, for generation of hydroelectric power. The resulting 450-acre lake became a popular area in eastern Iowa for boating, swimming, and fishing. Hydroelectric power generation ended in 1973, and lakeside residents purchased the dam to maintain the recreational opportunities of the lake. Increasing concerns about sediment deposition and water quality by lakeside residents led to a 2-year study that included a bathymetric survey, an assessment of sediment quality, and an assessment of water quality of Lake Delhi.</p>\n<p>A bathymetric map of Lake Delhi was constructed using more than 300,000 data points from echo sounding results and GIS (geographic information system) software. Results of bathymetric mapping showed that the upstream reach through most of the upstream-middle reach of Lake Delhi (approximately 3 miles) from about 0.25 mile upstream from the Greenslades coring site through Clair View Acres were particularly affected by sedimentation, with water depths ranging from less than 1 foot to a few areas that were as much as 10 feet deep. Numerous areas in the upstream-most 1-mile of the lake (about 0.25 mile upstream from the Greenslades coring site to just downstream from The Cedars coring site) had depths of only 1 to 2 feet and were nearly impassable by boats. The middle reach of Lake Delhi (an approximately 2.5-mile segment) from about one-half mile upstream from the Linden Acres coring site to just downstream from the Hartwick Dredge coring site was less affected by sedimentation with water depths from less than 1 to 16 feet. The deepest section (26 feet) of the lake was near the dam.</p>\n<p>Eleven trace metals and phosphorus were analyzed in 20 samples from seven lake-bottom sediment cores. The median and average traceelement concentrations from the sediment cores were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency threshold-effects-level and probableeffects-level guidelines for toxic biological effects. Water-quality samples from eight sites (Maquoketa River, three lake sites, and four tributaries) were collected for five sampling periods (June 2001&ndash;July 2002). Water-quality samples were analyzed for physical properties (specific conductance, pH, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and alkalinity), nutrients (nitrate, ammonia, and phosphorus), bacteria (total coliform and <i>E. coli</i>), and suspended sediment. Selected water samples were analyzed for major ions, trace elements, and pesticides.</p>\n<p>Water-quality sampling results indicate areas affected by elevated nutrient and bacteria concentrations in the lake and tributary streams. The tributary streams had the highest median nitrate concentrations (12.1 milligrams per liter) when compared to median nitrate concentrations in the lake (8.7 milligrams per liter) or the Maquoketa River (10.5 milligrams per liter). The maximum nitrate concentrations detected for Maquoketa River, lake, and tributary sites were 13.5, 13.5, and 18.6 milligrams per liter, respectively. Nitrate concentrations in the late summer decreased from 2 Bathymetric Mapping, Sediment Quality, and Water Quality of Lake Delhi, Iowa, 2001&ndash;02 the upstream (7.8 milligrams per liter) to the downstream (5.0 milligrams per liter) one-third of Lake Delhi and most likely were the result of uptake of nitrate by algae and aquatic biota in the lake. Median concentrations of total coliform and <i>E. coli</i> bacteria for the lake sites were 450 and 17 colonies per 100 milliliters of sample, respectively. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency criteria for full body contact (swimming or bathing) are 200 colonies per 100 milliliters for fecal bacteria and 126 colonies per 100 milliliters for <i>E. coli</i> bacteria. The highest bacteria concentrations in the lake occurred after a rain and were 25,000 colonies per 100 milliliters total coliform and 1,900 colonies per 100 milliliters <i>E. coli</i>.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034085","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Waste Reduction Center, University of Northern Iowa, and the Lake Delhi Association","usgsCitation":"Schnoebelen, D.J., McVay, J., Barnes, K.K., and Becher, K., 2003, Bathymetric mapping, sediment quality, and water quality of Lake Delhi, Iowa, 2001-02: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4085, iv, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034085.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179357,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4085/coverthb3.jpg"},{"id":4530,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4085/wrir034085.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2003–4085"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Lake Delhi","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.39131546020508,\n              42.43194597283803\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.39646530151366,\n              42.436950411263744\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.40324592590332,\n              42.43859735422932\n            ],\n            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J.","contributorId":87514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McVay, Jason C.","contributorId":75218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McVay","given":"Jason C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, Kimberlee K. 0000-0002-8917-7165 kkbarnes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8917-7165","contributorId":2683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Kimberlee","email":"kkbarnes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Becher, Kent 0000-0002-3947-0793 kdbecher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3947-0793","contributorId":3863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becher","given":"Kent","email":"kdbecher@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":53649,"text":"ofr03112 - 2003 - Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Great Sitkin Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-14T19:41:47.871273","indexId":"ofr03112","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-112","title":"Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Great Sitkin Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Great Sitkin Volcano is a composite andesitic stratovolcano on Great Sitkin Island (51°05’ N latitude, 176°25’ W longitude), a small (14 x 16 km), circular volcanic island in the western Aleutian Islands of Alaska. Great Sitkin Island is located about 35 kilometers northeast of the community of Adak on Adak Island and 130 kilometers west of the community of Atka on Atka Island. Great Sitkin Volcano is an active volcano and has erupted at least eight times in the past 250 years (Miller and others, 1998). The most recent eruption in 1974 caused minor ash fall on the flanks of the volcano and resulted in the emplacement of a lava dome in the summit crater.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The summit of the composite cone of Great Sitkin Volcano is 1,740 meters above sea level. The active crater is somewhat lower than the summit, and the highest point along its rim is about 1,460 meters above sea level. The crater is about 1,000 meters in diameter and is almost entirely filled by a lava dome emplaced in 1974. An area of active fumaroles, hot springs, and bubbling hot mud is present on the south flank of the volcano at the head of Big Fox Creek (see the map), and smaller ephemeral fumaroles and steam vents are present in the crater and around the crater rim. The flanking slopes of the volcano are gradual to steep and consist of variously weathered and vegetated blocky lava flows that formed during Pleistocene and Holocene eruptions. The modern edifice occupies a caldera structure that truncates an older sequence of lava flows and minor pyroclastic rocks on the east side of the volcano. The eastern sector of the volcano includes the remains of an ancestral volcano that was partially destroyed by a northwest-directed flank collapse.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In winter, Great Sitkin Volcano is typically completely snow covered. Should explosive pyroclastic eruptions occur at this time, the snow would be a source of water for volcanic mudflows or lahars. In summer, much of the snowpack melts, leaving only a patchy distribution of snow on the volcano. Glacier ice is no longer present on the volcano or on other parts of Great Sitkin Island as previously reported by Simons and Mathewson (1955).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Great Sitkin Island is presently uninhabited and is part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","doi":"10.3133/ofr03112","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., Miller, T.P., and Nye, C.J., 2003, Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Great Sitkin Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-112, Report: iv, 25 p.; 1 Plate: 29.0 x 22.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03112.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 25 p.; 1 Plate: 29.0 x 22.0 inches","numberOfPages":"32","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178212,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":408346,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62429.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0112/pdf/of03-112plate.pdf","text":"Plate","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":4947,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0112/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283924,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0112/pdf/of03-112.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Great Sitkin Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -176.26190185546875,\n              51.964577109947506\n            ],\n            [\n              -175.97076416015622,\n              51.964577109947506\n            ],\n            [\n              -175.97076416015622,\n              52.12168505384983\n            ],\n            [\n              -176.26190185546875,\n              52.12168505384983\n            ],\n            [\n              -176.26190185546875,\n              51.964577109947506\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5dd976","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":511522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Thomas P. tmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":4183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"tmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":511523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nye, Christopher J.","contributorId":55418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":511524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":52654,"text":"wri034173 - 2003 - Development and testing of method for assessing and mapping agricultural areas susceptible to atrazine leaching in the state of Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:25","indexId":"wri034173","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4173","title":"Development and testing of method for assessing and mapping agricultural areas susceptible to atrazine leaching in the state of Washington","docAbstract":"In a joint effort by the Washington State Department of Agriculture, the Washington Department of Ecology, and the U.S. Geological Survey, the Environmental Protection Agency's Pesticide Root Zone Model and a Geographic Information System were used to develop and test a method for screening and mapping the susceptibility of ground water in agricultural areas to pesticide contamination. The objective was to produce a map that would be used by the Washington State Department of Agriculture to allocate resources for monitoring pesticide levels in ground water. The method was tested by producing a map showing susceptibility to leaching of the pesticide atrazine for the Columbia Basin Irrigation Project, which encompasses an area of intensive agriculture in eastern Washington. The reliability of the atrazine map was assessed by using statistical procedures to determine whether the median of the percentage of atrazine simulated to leach below the root zone in wells where atrazine was detected was statistically greater than the median percentage at wells where atrazine was not detected (at or above 0.001 microgram per liter) in 134 wells sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey. A statistical difference in medians was not found when all 134 wells were compared. However, a statistical difference was found in medians for two subsets of the 134 wells that were used in land-use studies (studies examining the quality of ground water beneath specific crops). The statistical results from wells from the land-use studies indicate that the model potentially can be used to map the relative susceptibility of agricultural areas to atrazine leaching. However, the distinction between areas of high and low susceptibility may not yet be sufficient to use the method for allocating resources to monitor water quality. Several options are offered for improving the reliability of future simulations.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034173","usgsCitation":"Voss, F.D., 2003, Development and testing of method for assessing and mapping agricultural areas susceptible to atrazine leaching in the state of Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4173, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034173.","productDescription":"13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5108,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034173/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6866b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voss, Frank D. fdvoss@usgs.gov","contributorId":1651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Frank","email":"fdvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":245707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53229,"text":"ofr03361 - 2003 - Earthquake recordings from the 2002 Seattle Seismic Hazard Investigation of Puget Sound (SHIPS), Washington state","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-14T19:46:00.360529","indexId":"ofr03361","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-361","title":"Earthquake recordings from the 2002 Seattle Seismic Hazard Investigation of Puget Sound (SHIPS), Washington state","docAbstract":"This report describes seismic data obtained during the fourth Seismic Hazard Investigation of Puget Sound (SHIPS) experiment, termed Seattle SHIPS . The experiment was designed to study the influence of the Seattle sedimentary basin on ground shaking during earthquakes. To accomplish this, we deployed seismometers over the basin to record local earthquakes, quarry blasts, and teleseisms during the period of January 26 to May 27, 2002. We plan to analyze the recordings to compute spectral amplitudes at each site, to determine the variability of ground motions over the basin. During the Seattle SHIPS experiment, seismometers were deployed at 87 sites in a 110-km-long east-west line, three north-south lines, and a grid throughout the Seattle urban area (Figure 1). At each of these sites, an L-22, 2-Hz velocity transducer was installed and connected to a REF TEK Digital Acquisition System (DAS), both provided by the Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL) of the Incorporated Research Institutes for Seismology (IRIS). The instruments were installed on January 26 and 27, and were retrieved gradually between April 18 and May 27. All instruments continuously sampled all three components of motion (velocity) at a sample rate of 50 samples/sec. To ensure accurate computations of amplitude, we calibrated the geophones in situ to obtain the instrument responses. In this report, we discuss the acquisition of these data, we describe the processing and merging of these data into 1-hour long traces and into windowed events, we discuss the geophone calibration process and its results, and we display some of the earthquake recordings.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03361","usgsCitation":"Pratt, T.L., Meagher, K.L., Brocher, T.M., Yelin, T., Norris, R., Hultgrien, L., Barnett, E., and Weaver, C.S., 2003, Earthquake recordings from the 2002 Seattle Seismic Hazard Investigation of Puget Sound (SHIPS), Washington state: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-361, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03361.","productDescription":"72 p.","numberOfPages":"72","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03361.jpg"},{"id":390535,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_59171.htm"},{"id":285786,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0361/pdf/of03-361.pdf"},{"id":4883,"rank":99,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0361/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.25,46.75 ], [ -123.25,48.25 ], [ -121.75,48.25 ], [ -121.75,46.75 ], [ -123.25,46.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db69121b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, Thomas L. 0000-0003-3131-3141 tpratt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-3141","contributorId":3279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thomas","email":"tpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meagher, Karen L.","contributorId":49436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meagher","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brocher, Thomas M. 0000-0002-9740-839X brocher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"Thomas","email":"brocher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yelin, Thomas","contributorId":70831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yelin","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Norris, Robert","contributorId":75943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hultgrien, Lynn","contributorId":19218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hultgrien","given":"Lynn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Barnett, Elizabeth eli@usgs.gov","contributorId":2156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnett","given":"Elizabeth","email":"eli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Weaver, Craig S. craig@usgs.gov","contributorId":2690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"Craig","email":"craig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":53135,"text":"wri034182 - 2003 - Comparison between agricultural and urban ground-water quality in the Mobile River Basin, 1999–2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T20:23:23.15166","indexId":"wri034182","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4182","title":"Comparison between agricultural and urban ground-water quality in the Mobile River Basin, 1999–2001","docAbstract":"<p>The Black Warrior River aquifer is a major source of public water supply in the Mobile River Basin. The aquifer outcrop trends northwest - southeast across Mississippi and Alabama. A relatively thin shallow aquifer overlies and recharges the Black Warrior River aquifer in the flood plains and terraces of the Alabama, Coosa, Black Warrior, and Tallapoosa Rivers. Ground water in the shallow aquifer and the Black Warrior River aquifer is susceptible to contamination due to the effects of land use. Ground-water quality in the shallow aquifer and the shallow subcrop of the Black Warrior River aquifer, underlying an agricultural and an urban area, is described and compared. The agricultural and urban areas are located in central Alabama in Autauga, Elmore, Lowndes, Macon, Montgomery, and Tuscaloosa Counties. Row cropping in the Mobile River Basin is concentrated within the flood plains of major rivers and their tributaries, and has been practiced in some of the fields for nearly 100 years. Major crops are cotton, corn, and beans. Crop rotation and no-till planting are practiced, and a variety of crops are grown on about one-third of the farms. Row cropping is interspersed with pasture and forested areas. In 1997, the average farm size in the agricultural area ranged from 196 to 524 acres. The urban area is located in eastern Montgomery, Alabama, where residential and commercial development overlies the shallow aquifer and subcrop of the Black Warrior River aquifer. Development of the urban area began about 1965 and continued in some areas through 1995. The average home is built on a 1/8 - to 1/4 - acre lot. Ground-water samples were collected from 29 wells in the agricultural area, 30 wells in the urban area, and a reference well located in a predominately forested area. The median depth to the screens of the agricultural and urban wells was 22.5 and 29 feet, respectively. Ground-water samples were analyzed for physical properties, major ions, nutrients, and pesticides. Samples from 8 of the agricultural wells and all 30 urban wells were age dated using analyses of chlorofluorocarbon, sulfur hexafluoride, and dissolved gases. Ground water sampled from the agricultural wells ranged in age from about 14 to 34 years, with a median age of about 18.5 years. Ground water sampled from the urban wells ranged in age from about 1 to 45 years, with a median age of about 12 years. The ages estimated for the ground water are consistent with the geology and hydrology of the study area and the design of the wells. All of the agricultural and urban wells sampled for this study produce water from the shallow aquifer that overlies and recharges the Black Warrior River aquifer, or from the uppermost unit of the Black Warrior River aquifer. The wells are located in the same physiographic setting, have similar depths, and the water collected from the wells had a similar range in age. Statistically significant differences in ground-water quality beneath the agricultural and urban areas can reasonably be attributed to the effects of land use. Ground water from the agricultural wells typically had acidic pH values and low specific conductance and alkalinity values. The water contained few dissolved solids, and typically had small concentrations of ions. Some of the agricultural ground-water contained concentrations of ammonia, nitrite plus nitrate, phosphorus, orthophosphate, and dissolved organic carbon in concentrations that exceeded those typically found in ground water. Pesticides were detected in ground water collected from 25 of the 29 agricultural wells. Nineteen different pesticide compounds were detected a total of 83 times. Herbicides were the most frequently detected class of pesticides. The greatest concentration of any pesticide was an estimated value of 1.4 microgram per liter of fluometuron.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034182","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.L., 2003, Comparison between agricultural and urban ground-water quality in the Mobile River Basin, 1999–2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4182, vii, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034182.","productDescription":"vii, 38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4714,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034182/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":393929,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_63620.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Mobile River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89,\n              30.6519\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.9667,\n              30.6519\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.9667,\n              35.1167\n            ],\n            [\n              -89,\n              35.1167\n            ],\n            [\n              -89,\n              30.6519\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae43b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, James L.","contributorId":82284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70226557,"text":"70226557 - 2003 - Quaternary geology of the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-26T17:43:37.060962","indexId":"70226557","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-31T10:50:24","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Quaternary geology of the western United States","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary geology of the United States; INQUA 2003 field guide volume","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Desert Research Institute","usgsCitation":"Easterbrook, D.J., Pierce, K.L., Gosse, J., Gillespie, A.R., Evenson, E., and Hamblin, K., 2003, Quaternary geology of the western United States, chap. <i>of</i> Quaternary geology of the United States; INQUA 2003 field guide volume, p. 19-79.","productDescription":"61 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"79","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392130,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -125.068359375,\n              34.08906131584994\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.666015625,\n              34.08906131584994\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.666015625,\n              48.69096039092549\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.068359375,\n              48.69096039092549\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.068359375,\n              34.08906131584994\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Easterbrook, Don J.","contributorId":204671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Easterbrook","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12723,"text":"Western Washington University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":827340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, Kenneth L. kpierce@usgs.gov","contributorId":1609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Kenneth","email":"kpierce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":827341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gosse, John","contributorId":269513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gosse","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gillespie, Alan R.","contributorId":147607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gillespie","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evenson, Ed","contributorId":269514,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evenson","given":"Ed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hamblin, Ken","contributorId":269515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamblin","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70187855,"text":"70187855 - 2003 - Population status of Kittlitz's and Marbled Murrelets  and surveys for other marine bird and mammal species in the Kenai Fjords area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T08:14:36","indexId":"70187855","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Population status of Kittlitz's and Marbled Murrelets  and surveys for other marine bird and mammal species in the Kenai Fjords area, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The Kittlitz's murrelet (<i>Brachyramphus brevirostris</i>) is a rare seabird that nests in alpine terrain and generally forages near tidewater glaciers during the breeding season. More than 95% of the global population breeds in Alaska, with the remainder occurring in the Russian Far East. A global population estimate using best-available data in the early 1990s was 20,000 individuals. However, survey data from two core areas (Prince William Sound and Glacier Bay) suggest that populations have declined by 80-90% during the past 10-20 years. In response to these declines, a coalition of environmental groups petitioned the USFWS in May of 2001 to list the Kittlitz’s murrelet under the Endangered Species Act. In 2002, we began a three-year project to examine population status and trend of Kittlitz’s Murrelets in areas where distribution and abundance are poorly known. Here we report on the first field season, focused on the south coast of the Kenai Peninsula. We re-surveyed selected historical transects to evaluate trends, and surveyed new transects for improved population estimation during early July 2002. From a total of 66 Kittlitz’s Murrelets seen on transects, we estimate a total population of 509 Kittlitz’s Murrelets along the south coast of the Kenai Peninsula. Comparisons with past surveys suggest a decline of 83% since 1976, with an average rate of decline calculated as–6.9 % per annum. This decline is in agreement with population declines observed elsewhere in the species’ core glaciated range, indicating that steep population declines observed to date are likely to be a range-wide phenomenon. While the focus of the study was Kittlitz’s Murrelets, other species of marine birds and mammals were also surveyed. Populations of the closely related Marbled Murrelet appear to have increased during the same time period. The abundance and distribution of other species are presented in appendices.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"van Pelt, T.I., and Piatt, J.F., 2003, Population status of Kittlitz's and Marbled Murrelets  and surveys for other marine bird and mammal species in the Kenai Fjords area, Alaska, 65 p.","productDescription":"65 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -153.3251953125,\n              58.92733441827545\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.7890625,\n              58.92733441827545\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.7890625,\n              62.79493487887006\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.3251953125,\n              62.79493487887006\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.3251953125,\n              58.92733441827545\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59254a6fe4b0b7ff9fb361bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Pelt, Thomas I.","contributorId":13392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Pelt","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":695765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70221244,"text":"ds62G - 2003 - Global GIS database. Digital atlas of Europe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-10T15:30:54.665979","indexId":"ds62G","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-30T09:29:35","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"62","chapter":"G","title":"Global GIS database. Digital atlas of Europe","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds62G","usgsCitation":"United States Geological Survey, 2003, Global GIS database. Digital atlas of Europe: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 62, CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds62G.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502698,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0062/USGS_DDS62G.zip","text":"CD-ROM","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":386288,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Europe","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"United States Geological Survey","contributorId":128013,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"United States Geological Survey","id":817159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70223161,"text":"70223161 - 2003 - Soil seed banks and the potential restoration of forested wetlands after farming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-13T12:03:38.863059","indexId":"70223161","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-15T15:15:35","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil seed banks and the potential restoration of forested wetlands after farming","docAbstract":"<ul class=\"rlist hanging\"><li><span class=\"number\">1</span><p>Changes in farming practice provide an opportunity to restore once extensive forested wetlands on agricultural land. In some parts of the world, however, it has proved difficult to restore the full complement of plant species through natural regeneration. Similarly, the restoration of forested wetlands by replanting has often resulted in ecosystems of low diversity. Better methods of restoring these important ecosystems are now required and baldcypress swamps provide an opportunity to investigate alternative approaches to the restoration of forested wetlands. This study examined the composition of seed banks of farmed fields to determine their value in restoring swamps in the south-eastern United States.</p></li><li><span class=\"number\">2</span><p>A seed bank assay of soils from baldcypress swamps was conducted to determine the extent to which seeds are maintained during farming for various lengths of time. Soils from swamps that were farmed for 0–50&nbsp;years were collected near the northern boundary of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley along the Cache River, Illinois. Soils were placed in a glasshouse setting in flooded and freely drained conditions, and the numbers and species of seeds germinating were recorded.</p></li><li><span class=\"number\">3</span><p>Woody species including trees, shrubs, and vines were poorly represented in seed banks of both farmed and intact sites (51 and 9 sites, respectively). Missing dominants in the seed banks included tree species with short-lived seeds such as<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Taxodium distichum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Nyssa aquatica</i>.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i><span>&nbsp;</span>constituted the most abundantly dispersed seed of all woody species.</p></li><li><span class=\"number\">4</span><p>Herbaceous species were well represented in the seed banks of both farmed and intact swamps (species richness of 207 vs. 173 species, respectively) suggesting that herbaceous species may live longer than woody species in seed banks. Few of the herbaceous species decreased in seed density in seed banks with time under cultivation, although seed density was lower at sites that had not been farmed. Species that relied on vegetative organs for dispersal were absent in the seed banks of farmed sites including<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Heteranthera dubia</i>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Hottonia inflata</i>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lemna minor</i>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lemna trisulca</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Wolffia columbiana</i>. These species may require active reintroduction during restoration.</p></li><li><span class=\"number\">5</span><p><i>Synthesis and applications.</i><span>&nbsp;</span>Both restoration ecologists and managers of nature conservation areas need to be cognisant of seed bank and dispersal characteristics of species to effectively restore and manage forested wetlands. In the case of baldcypress swamps, critical components of the vegetation are not maintained in seed banks, which may make these floodplain wetlands difficult to restore via natural recolonization. Ultimately, the successful restoration of abandoned farm fields to forested wetlands may depend on the re-engineering of flood pulsing across landscapes to reconnect dispersal pathways.</p></li></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2664.2003.00866.x","usgsCitation":"Middleton, B.A., 2003, Soil seed banks and the potential restoration of forested wetlands after farming: Journal of Applied Ecology, v. 40, no. 6, p. 1025-1034, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2003.00866.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1025","endPage":"1034","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387912,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Mounds, West Vienna","otherGeospatial":"Cache River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.549560546875,\n              36.90597988519294\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.516845703125,\n              36.90597988519294\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.516845703125,\n              37.709899354855125\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.549560546875,\n              37.709899354855125\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.549560546875,\n              36.90597988519294\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Middleton, Beth A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":2029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Beth","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":821157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53151,"text":"b2217 - 2003 - Field guide to hydrothermal alteration in the White River altered area and in the Osceola Mudflow, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T16:50:50.824949","indexId":"b2217","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2217","title":"Field guide to hydrothermal alteration in the White River altered area and in the Osceola Mudflow, Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Cenozoic Cascades arcs of southwestern Washington are the product of long-lived, but discontinuous, magmatism beginning in the Eocene and continuing to the present (for example, Christiansen and Yeats, 1992). This magmatism is the result of subduction of oceanic crust beneath the North American continent. The magmatic rocks are divided into two subparallel, north-trending continental-margin arcs, the Eocene to Pliocene Western Cascades, and the Quaternary High Cascades, which overlies, and is east of, the Western Cascades. Both arcs are calc-alkaline and are characterized by voluminous mafic lava flows (mostly basalt to basaltic andesite compositions) and scattered large stratovolcanoes of mafic andesite to dacite compositions. Silicic volcanism is relatively uncommon. Quartz diorite to granite plutons are exposed in more deeply eroded parts of the Western Cascades Arc (for example, Mount Rainier area and just north of Mt. St. Helens). Hydrothermal alteration is widespread in both Tertiary and Quaternary igneous rocks of the Cascades arcs. Most alteration in the Tertiary Western Cascades Arc resulted from hydrothermal systems associated with small plutons, some of which formed porphyry copper and related deposits, including copper-rich breccia pipes, polymetallic veins, and epithermal gold-silver deposits. Hydrothermal alteration also is present on many Quaternary stratovolcanoes of the High Cascades Arc. On some High Cascades volcanoes, this alteration resulted in severely weakened volcanic edifices that were susceptible to failure and catastrophic landslides. Most notable is the sector collapse of the northeast side of Mount Rainier that occurred about 5,600 yr. B.P. This collapse resulted in formation of the clay-rich Osceola Mudflow that traveled 120 km down valley from Mount Rainier to Puget Sound covering more than 200 km2. This field trip examines several styles and features of hydrothermal alteration related to Cenozoic magmatism in the Cascades arcs. The morning of the trip will examine the White River altered area, which includes high-level alteration related to a large, early Miocene magmatic-hydrothermal system exposed about 10 km east of Enumclaw, Washington. Here, vuggy silica alteration is being quarried for silica and advanced argillic alteration has been prospected for alunite. Clay-filled fractures and sulfide-rich, fine-grained sedimentary rocks of hydrothermal origin locally are enriched in precious metals. Many hydrothermal features common in high-sulfidation gold-silver deposits and in advanced argillic alteration zones overlying porphyry copper deposits (for example, Gustafson and Hunt, 1975; Hedenquist and others, 2000; Sillitoe, 2000) are exposed, although no economic base or precious metal mineralized rock has been discovered to date. The afternoon will be spent examining two exposures of the Osceola Mudflow along the White River. The Osceola Mudflow contains abundant clasts of altered Quaternary rocks from Mount Rainier that show various types of hydrothermal alteration and hydrothermal features. The mudflow matrix contains abundant hydrothermal clay minerals that added cohesiveness to the debris flow and helped allow it to travel much farther down valley than other, noncohesive debris flows from Mount Rainier (Crandell, 1971; Vallance and Scott, 1997). The White River altered area is the subject of ongoing studies by geoscientists from Weyerhaeuser Company and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The generalized descriptions of the geology, geophysics, alteration, and mineralization presented here represent the preliminary results of this study (Ashley and others, 2003). Additional field, geochemical, geochronologic, and geophysical studies are underway. The Osceola Mudflow and other Holocene debris flows from Mount Rainier also are the subject of ongoing studies by the USGS (for example, Breit and others, 2003; John and others, 2003; Plumlee and others, 2003, Sisson and others, 2003; Vallance and others, 2003). Studies of hydrothermal alteration in the Osceola Mudflow are being used to better understand fossil hydrothermal systems on Mount Rainier and potential hazards associated with this alteration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/b2217","usgsCitation":"John, D.A., Rytuba, J.J., Ashley, R.P., Blakely, R.J., Vallance, J.W., Newport, G.R., and Heinemeyer, G.R., 2003, Field guide to hydrothermal alteration in the White River altered area and in the Osceola Mudflow, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2217, v, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2217.","productDescription":"v, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"58","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4735,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2217/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":179193,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/b2217.jpg"},{"id":280274,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2217/pdf/b2217.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":405317,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_59476.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"White River altered area and in the Osceola Mudflow","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.431640625,\n              46.73233101286786\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.59667968749999,\n              46.73233101286786\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.59667968749999,\n              47.301584511330795\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.431640625,\n              47.301584511330795\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.431640625,\n              46.73233101286786\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9882","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"John, David A. 0000-0001-7977-9106 djohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7977-9106","contributorId":1748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"David","email":"djohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rytuba, James J. jrytuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":3043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"James","email":"jrytuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ashley, Roger P. ashley@usgs.gov","contributorId":2749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashley","given":"Roger","email":"ashley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blakely, Richard J. 0000-0003-1701-5236 blakely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":1540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"Richard","email":"blakely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vallance, James W. 0000-0002-3083-5469 jvallance@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5469","contributorId":547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallance","given":"James","email":"jvallance@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Newport, Grant R.","contributorId":51843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newport","given":"Grant","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Heinemeyer, Gary R.","contributorId":31464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinemeyer","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":53184,"text":"wri034191 - 2003 - Nutrient and chlorophyll relations in selected streams of the New England coastal basins in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, June-September 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T20:27:11.312632","indexId":"wri034191","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4191","title":"Nutrient and chlorophyll relations in selected streams of the New England coastal basins in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, June-September 2001","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is developing guidance to assist states with defining nutrient criteria for rivers and streams and to better describe nutrient-algal relations. As part of this effort, 13 wadeable stream sites were selected, primarily in eastern Massachusetts, for a nutrient-assessment study during the summer of 2001. The sites represent a range of water-quality impairment conditions (reference, moderately impaired, impaired) based on state regulatory agency assessments and previously assessed nitrogen, phosphorus, and dissolved-oxygen data. In addition, a combination of open- and closed-canopy locations were sampled at six of the sites to investigate the effect of sunlight on algal growth. Samples for nutrients and for chlorophyll I from phytoplankton and periphyton were collected at all stream sites.</p><p>Total nitrogen (dissolved nitrite + nitrate + total ammonia + organic nitrogen) and total phosphorus (phosphorus in an unfiltered water sample) concentrations were lowest at reference sites and highest at impaired sites. There were statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) among reference, moderately impaired, and impaired sites for total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Chlorophyll<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations from phytoplankton were not significantly different among site impairment designations. Concentrations of chlorophyll<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>from periphyton were highest at nutrient-impaired open-canopy sites. Chlorophyll<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations from periphyton samples were positively correlated with total nitrogen and total phosphorus at the open- and closed-canopy sites. Correlations were higher at open-canopy sites (p &lt; 0.05, rho = 0.64 to 0.71) than at closed-canopy sites (p &lt; 0.05, rho = 0.36 to 0.40). Statistically significant differences in the median concentrations of chlorophyll<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>from periphyton samples were observed between the open- and closed-canopy sites (p &lt; 0.05).</p><p>Total nitrogen and total phosphorus data from moderately impaired and impaired sites in this study exceeded the preliminary U.S. Environmental Protection Agency nutrient criteria values for the coastal region of New England. In an effort to establish more appropriate nutrient and chlorophyll criteria for streams in the New England coastal region, relations between total nitrogen and total phosphorus to periphyton chlorophyll<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in wadeable streams from this study were quantified to present potential techniques for determining nutrient concentrations. Linear regression was used to estimate the total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations that corresponded to various chlorophyll<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations. On the basis of this relation, a median concentration for moderately enriched streams of 21 milligrams per square meter (mg/m<sup>2</sup>) of periphyton chlorophyll<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>from the literature corresponded to estimated concentrations of 1.3 milligrams per liter (mg/L) for total nitrogen and 0.12 mg/L for total phosphorus. The median concentration for periphyton chlorophyll<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>from the literature is similar to the 50<sup>th</sup>-percentile concentration of periphyton chlorophyll<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(17 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) calculated with the data from open-canopy sites in this study. The 25<sup>th</sup>-percentile concentration for periphyton chlorophyll<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>of all open-canopy sites (5.2 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) and the 75<sup>th</sup>-percentile concentration for periphyton chlorophyll<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>of open-canopy reference sites (16 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) also were plotted to provide additional estimates and methods for developing total nitrogen and total phosphorus criteria.</p><p>The 25<sup>th</sup>-percentile concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were calculated based on all sites in this study and were used as another potential criteria estimation. A concentration of 0.64 mg/L for total nitrogen and 0.030 mg/L for total phosphorus were calculated. As another possible method to develop threshold concentrations, the 10<sup>th</sup>-percentile concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were calculated based on all the impaired sites in this study. A concentration threshold of 0.73 mg/L for total nitrogen and 0.036 mg/L for total phosphorus were calculated. Ultimately, a combination of these techniques may be appropriate for water-resources managers to use to set regional nutrient criteria to limit undesirable levels of algal growth in streams.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034191","usgsCitation":"Riskin, M.L., Deacon, J.R., Liebman, M., and Robinson, K.W., 2003, Nutrient and chlorophyll relations in selected streams of the New England coastal basins in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, June-September 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4191, vii, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034191.","productDescription":"vii, 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177850,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414256,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_61980.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4764,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034191/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts, New Hampshire","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72,\n              43.0833\n            ],\n            [\n              -72,\n              41.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.8333,\n              41.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.8333,\n              43.0833\n            ],\n            [\n              -72,\n              43.0833\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a7ffa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riskin, Melissa L. 0000-0001-6499-3775 mriskin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6499-3775","contributorId":654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riskin","given":"Melissa","email":"mriskin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deacon, J. R.","contributorId":67110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deacon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liebman, M. L.","contributorId":81926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liebman","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, K. W.","contributorId":27488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":52924,"text":"wri034035 - 2003 - Residence times and nitrate transport in ground water discharging to streams in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-02T14:15:01.692846","indexId":"wri034035","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4035","title":"Residence times and nitrate transport in ground water discharging to streams in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed","docAbstract":"<p>One of the major water-quality problems in the Chesapeake Bay is an overabundance of nutrients from the streams and rivers that discharge to the Bay. Some of these nutrients are from nonpoint sources such as atmospheric deposition, agricultural manure and fertilizer, and septic systems. The effects of efforts to control nonpoint sources, however, can be difficult to quantify because of the lag time between changes at the land surface and the response in the base-flow (ground water) component of streams. To help resource managers understand the lag time between implementation of management practices and subsequent response in the nutrient concentrations in the base-flow component of streamflow, a study of ground-water discharge, residence time, and nitrate transport in springs throughout the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and in four smaller watersheds in selected hydrogeomorphic regions (HGMRs) was conducted. The four watersheds were in the Coastal Plain Uplands, Piedmont crystalline, Valley and Ridge carbonate, and Valley and Ridge siliciclastic HGMRs.</p><p>A study of springs to estimate an apparent age of the ground water was based on analyses for concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons in water samples collected from 48 springs in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Results of the analysis indicate that median age for all the samples was 10 years, with the 25th percentile having an age of 7 years and the 75th percentile having an age of 13 years. Although the number of samples collected in each HGMR was limited, there did not appear to be distinct differences in the ages between the HGMRs. The ranges were similar between the major HGMRs above the Fall Line (modern to about 50 years), with only two HGMRs of small geographic extent (Piedmont carbonate and Mesozoic Lowland) having ranges of modern to about 10 years. The median values of all the HGMRs ranged from 7 to 11 years. Not enough samples were collected in the Coastal Plain for comparison. Spring samples showed slightly younger water under wet conditions than under dry conditions. The apparent age of water from wells, springs, and other ground-water discharge points in the four targeted watersheds was modern to 60 years, which was similar to the apparent ages from the spring study. In the Pocomoke River Watershed in the Coastal Plain Uplands HGMR, the apparent age of ground-water samples ranged from 0 to 60 years; the ages in the vicinity of the streams ranged from 0 to 23 years.</p><p>The apparent ages of ground water in the Polecat Creek Watershed in the Piedmont crystalline HGMR ranged from 2 to 30 years. The apparent ages of water from wells in the Muddy Creek Watershed in the Valley and Ridge carbonate HGMR ranged from 10 to 20 years (except for a single sample that was 45 years). The ages in the East Mahantango Creek Watershed in the Valley and Ridge siliciclastic HGMR ranged from 0 to 50 years. The distribution in apparent age of water from wells in the targeted watersheds, however, generally is older than that for water from the springs. The median age of water from wells in the Muddy Creek Watershed, for example, was 15 years, compared to 11 years for the water from the springs in that watershed, and less than 10 years for water from all springs in the spring study. The similarity in the ranges in apparent age of water from the wells and from the springs shows that the samples from the targeted watersheds and springs have bracketed the range of apparent ages that would be expected in the shallow ground-water-flow systems throughout the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.</p><p>The apparent age of water from individual wells does not necessarily represent the entire distribution of ages of the discharging ground water, and it is this distribution of ages that affects the response of nutrient concentrations in stream base flow. Nutrient-reduction scenarios were modeled for two watersheds for which the distribution of apparent ground-water ages was available, the East Mahantango Creek Watershed in the Valley and Ridge siliciclastic HGMR and the Locust Grove Watershed in the Coastal Plain Uplands HGMR. A nutrient-reduction scenario was created for East Mahantango Creek, where the average residence time was determined to be approximately 10 years on the basis of the output of particle tracking from a ground-water-flow model. This scenario showed decreases of nearly 50 percent in base-flow concentrations of nitrate in streams within the first year after the reduction in nitrogen input; smaller reductions in nitrate concentration occurred in each subsequent year. A second scenario for that same watershed, in which the same 10-year average residence time was assumed and an exponential model was used for analysis, showed that a 50-percent reduction in base-flow concentrations of nitrate could take up to 5 years. For the Locust Grove Watershed, in which an average residence time of 32 years was assumed, simulation with the exponential model showed that it may take more than 20 years to achieve a 50-percent reduction in base-flow concentra-tions of nitrate. Although it was not possible to construct such scenarios for all watersheds, these examples show the range of possible responses to changes in nutrient inputs in two very different types of watersheds.</p><p>Findings from this study include information on factors that affect ground-water age, spatial distribution of ages, and nitrogen transport. In the East Mahantango Creek Watershed and the Polecat Creek Watershed, the residence time varied spatially depending on the position of the flow path, and temporally depending on the recharge conditions. Generally, ground water in areas near the stream had short residence times and the water in upland areas had longer residence times. Water traveling through deep layers had longer residence times than water traveling through shallow layers, and residence times were faster under high recharge conditions than low recharge conditions. Ground water in the Pocomoke Watershed exhibits a similar pattern: younger water discharges to small order streams in headwater basins and older water discharges to larger streams near the basin outlet.</p><p>Factors affecting nitrogen transport in ground water include spatial and temporal variation in input sources, ground-water age, and aquifer processes that lead to denitrification. Spatial and temporal variations in nitrogen sources affect all the watersheds. Tributaries with higher inputs of nitrogen have higher concentrations in stream base flow. Areas where nitrogen application rates have increased over time show an age-nitrate relation in ground-water samples. The age-nitrate relation can be affected by denitrification, which occurs in Pocomoke and East Mahantango Creeks but is not evident in Polecat and Muddy Creeks. In East Mahantango Creek, the level of denitrification is significant in water with residence times greater than 20 years, but because this is a small component of overall ground-water discharge to a stream, it may not remove a significant quantity of nitrogen from the system. Denitrification in Pocomoke Creek is significant and appears to affect mostly older water discharging to streams. Therefore, if most of the nitrogen entering these two streams is associated with the discharge of younger ground water, denitrification may not greatly affect the overall nitrogen delivery to these streams.</p><p>Other findings of this study show that nitrate in ground water discharging along preferential flow paths may not be affected by natural processes, such as denitrification or uptake by riparian vegetation. Seeps to swales and ditches beneath the north uplands at Polecat Creek indicate a shallow water table and discharge of young ground water whereas the absence of such seeps on the south side indicates a deep water table and a lack of young ground water. Similarly, discharge at the base of the slope and to the valley wetland south of the creek but not north of the creek indicates a different role for the riparian forest on the two sides of the creek. In many of the systems where water discharges at the base of slopes to wetlands, ditches have been dug to drain the valley. Such drainage circumvents possible removal of nitrate by riparian vegetation.</p><p>Because ground-water residence times do not appear directly related to the HGMRs, the targeting of management practices will achieve the most rapid response in water quality if directed at 1) watersheds with large agricultural sources of nitrate, 2) areas with the shortest ground-water-flow paths and 3) areas not affected by significant denitrification. The fastest response in stream base-flow concentrations of nitrogen to implementation of management practices would be to implement practices in those areas with the highest loads rather than attempt to target practices on the basis of HGMR stratification. Overall findings of the study indicate that 1) ground-water contributions to nitrogen in streamflow are significant, 2) some response to management practices should be evident in base-flow concentrations of nitrogen and loads within 1 to 5 years in watersheds with the shortest average residence times, but response time may be closer to 20 years in watersheds with longer average ground-water residence times, 3) the majority of the response in ground-water discharge to any changes in management practices will be distributed over a 10-year time period even in the watersheds with the fastest response times, and 4) given that half the streamflow is from ground-water discharge and the other half is runoff or soil water, about 90 percent of total water being discharged to a stream will be less than about a decade old; therefore, full implementation of nutrient reductions may result in improved streamwater quality in about a decade. In the more-likely scenario of gradual source reduction, the reduction in concentrations of nitrate in streams and aquifers would take longer than the examples shown here.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034035","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chesapeake Bay Program","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., Phillips, S., Donnelly, C.A., Speiran, G.K., Plummer, N., Bohlke, J., Focazio, M.J., Burton, W.C., and Busenberg, E., 2003, Residence times and nitrate transport in ground water discharging to streams in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4035, xiv, 201 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034035.","productDescription":"xiv, 201 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\">Pennsylvania Water Science Center</a> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 215 Limekiln Road<br> New Cumberland, PA 17070</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract&nbsp;</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Study design and data-collection methods&nbsp;</li><li>Approaches for ground-water dating, by L. Niel Plummer, John-Karl Böhlke, and Eurybiades Busenberg</li><li>Sources, transport, and reaction of nitrate, by John-Karl Böhlke&nbsp;</li><li>Ground-water residence time and nitrogen concentration&nbsp;</li><li>Summary</li><li>Conclusion</li><li>References cited&nbsp;</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62ba1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, Bruce D. 0000-0002-7180-4319 blindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7180-4319","contributorId":434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Bruce D.","email":"blindsey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Scott swphilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":3515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Scott","email":"swphilli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donnelly, Colleen A.","contributorId":62240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly","given":"Colleen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Speiran, Gary K. 0000-0002-6505-1170 gspeiran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6505-1170","contributorId":3233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speiran","given":"Gary","email":"gspeiran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bohlke, John Karl 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":66293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John Karl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Focazio, Michael J. 0000-0003-0967-5576 mfocazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0967-5576","contributorId":1276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"Michael","email":"mfocazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Burton, William C. 0000-0001-7519-5787 bburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-5787","contributorId":1293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","email":"bburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":53230,"text":"ofr03345 - 2003 - Ground-water quality of the southern High Plains aquifer, Texas and New Mexico, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-25T13:20:32","indexId":"ofr03345","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-345","title":"Ground-water quality of the southern High Plains aquifer, Texas and New Mexico, 2001","docAbstract":"<p>In 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program collected water samples from 48 wells in the southern High Plains as part of a larger scientific effort to broadly characterize and understand factors affecting water quality of the High Plains aquifer across the entire High Plains. Water samples were collected primarily from domestic wells in Texas and eastern New Mexico. Depths of wells sampled ranged from 100 to 500 feet, with a median depth of 201 feet. Depths to water ranged from 34 to 445 feet below land surface, with a median depth of 134 feet. Of 240 properties or constituents measured or analyzed, 10 exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency public drinking-water standards or guidelines in one or more samples - arsenic, boron, chloride, dissolved solids, fluoride, manganese, nitrate, radon, strontium, and sulfate. Measured dissolved solids concentrations in 29 samples were larger than the public drinking-water guideline of 500 milligrams per liter. Fluoride concentrations in 16 samples, mostly in the southern part of the study area, were larger than the public drinking-water standard of 4 milligrams per liter. Nitrate was detected in all samples, and concentrations in six samples were larger than the public drinking-water standard of 10 milligrams per liter. Arsenic concentrations in 14 samples in the southern part of the study area were larger than the new (2002) public drinking-water standard of 10 micrograms per liter. Radon concentrations in 36 samples were larger than a proposed public drinking-water standard of 300 picocuries per liter. Pesticides were detected at very small concentrations, less than 1 microgram per liter, in less than 20 percent of the samples. The most frequently detected compounds were atrazine and breakdown products of atrazine, a finding similar to those of National Water-Quality Assessment aquifer studies across the Nation. Four volatile organic compounds were detected at small concentrations in six water samples. About 70 percent of the 48 primarily domestic wells sampled contained some fraction of recently (less than about 50 years ago) recharged ground water, as indicated by the presence of one or more pesticides, or tritium or nitrate concentrations greater than threshold levels.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03345","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Fahlquist, L., 2003, Ground-water quality of the southern High Plains aquifer, Texas and New Mexico, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-345, vii, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03345.","productDescription":"vii, 59 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340199,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0345/ofr03345.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 03-345"},{"id":174143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0345/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico, Texas ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -103.1671142578125,\n              35.49198366469642\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.24951171875,\n              35.545635932499415\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.4857177734375,\n              35.55457449014312\n            ],\n            [\n              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1–8<br></li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667179","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fahlquist, Lynne","contributorId":8810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahlquist","given":"Lynne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":53123,"text":"wri034241 - 2003 - Atmospheric deposition of nutrients, pesticides, and mercury in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-11T07:02:48","indexId":"wri034241","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4241","title":"Atmospheric deposition of nutrients, pesticides, and mercury in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 2002","docAbstract":"Nutrients, current-use pesticides, and mercury were measured in atmospheric deposition during summer in Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado to improve understanding of the type and magnitude of atmospheric contaminants being deposited in the park. Two deposition sites were established on the east side of the park: one at an elevation of 2,902 meters near Bear Lake for nutrients and pesticides, and one at an elevation of 3,159 meters in the Loch Vale watershed for mercury. Concentrations of nutrients in summer precipitation at Bear Lake ranged from less than 0.007 to 1.29 mg N/L (milligrams of nitrogen per liter) for ammonium and 0.17 to 4.59 mg N/L for nitrate and were similar to those measured at the Loch Vale National Atmospheric Deposition Network station, where nitrogen concentrations in precipitation are among the highest in the Rocky Mountains. Atrazine, dacthal, and carbaryl were the most frequently detected pesticides at Bear Lake, with carbaryl present at the highest concentrations (0.0079 to 0.0952 ?g/L (micrograms per liter), followed by atrazine (less than 0.0070 to 0.0604 ?g/L), and dacthal (0.0030 to 0.0093 ?g/L). Mercury was detected in weekly bulk deposition samples from Loch Vale in concentrations ranging from 2.6 to 36.2 ng/L (nanograms per liter). \r\n\r\nConcentrations in summer precipitation were combined with snowpack data from a separate study to estimate annual deposition rates of these contaminants in 2002. Annual bulk nitrogen deposition in 2002 was 2.28 kg N/ha (kilograms of nitrogen per hectare) at Bear Lake and 3.35 kg N/ha at Loch Vale. Comparison of wet and bulk deposition indicated that dry deposition may account for as much as 28 percent of annual nitrogen deposition, most of which was deposited during the summer months. Annual deposition rates for three pesticides were estimated as 45.8 mg/ha (milligrams per hectare) of atrazine, 14.2 mg/ha of dacthal, and 54.8 mg/ha of carbaryl. Because of much higher pesticide concentrations in summer precipitation than in winter snow, between 80 to 90 percent of the annual pesticide deposition occurs during summer. Mercury deposition to Loch Vale was estimated at 7.1 ?g/m2 (micrograms per square meter) of which nearly 70 percent of the annual mercury deposition occurred during summer. Despite the fact that most precipitation at high-elevations falls during winter, these results emphasize the importance of monitoring precipitation chemistry during summer to improve estimates of contaminant deposition to high-elevation ecosystems in Rocky Mountain National Park.\r\n\r\nAir-parcel back trajectories were calculated using an atmospheric transport model to identify potential source regions for contaminants reaching the park. The results indicate that during the winter, the most likely source of contami-nants is from areas northwest of the park, but during summer, contaminants are most likely coming from sources to the southwest and east.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034241","usgsCitation":"Mast, M.A., Campbell, D.H., Ingersoll, G.P., Foreman, W., and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 2003, Atmospheric deposition of nutrients, pesticides, and mercury in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 2002 (Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4241, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034241.","productDescription":"15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4702,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034241/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.93017578125,\n              40.14109012528468\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.48110961914062,\n              40.14109012528468\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.48110961914062,\n              40.57224011776902\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.93017578125,\n              40.57224011776902\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.93017578125,\n              40.14109012528468\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Online Only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d878","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingersoll, George P. gpingers@usgs.gov","contributorId":1469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"George","email":"gpingers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foreman, William T. wforeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"William T.","email":"wforeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":52928,"text":"wri034147 - 2003 - Low-flow characteristics and profiles for the Rocky River in the Yadkin-Pee Dee River basin, North Carolina, through 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-06T16:05:45.512866","indexId":"wri034147","displayToPublicDate":"2003-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4147","title":"Low-flow characteristics and profiles for the Rocky River in the Yadkin-Pee Dee River basin, North Carolina, through 2002","docAbstract":"<p>An understanding of the magnitude and frequency of low-flow discharges is an important part of protecting surface-water resources and planning for municipal and industrial economic expansion. Low-flow characteristics are summarized for 12 continuous-record gaging stations and 44 partial-record measuring sites in the Rocky River basin in North Carolina. Records of discharge collected through the 2002 water year at continuous-record gaging stations and through the 2001 water year at partial-record measuring sites were used. Flow characteristics included in the summary are (1) average annual unit flow; (2) 7Q10 low-flow discharge, the minimum average discharge for a 7-consecutive-day period occurring, on average, once in 10 years; (3) 30Q2 low-flow discharge; (4) W7Q10 low-flow discharge, which is similar to 7Q10 discharge but is based only on flow during the winter months of November through March; and (5) 7Q2 low-flow discharge. The Rocky River basin drains 1,413 square miles (mi<sup>2</sup>) of the southern Piedmont Province in North Carolina. The Rocky River is about 91 miles long and merges with the Yadkin River in eastern Stanly County to form the Pee Dee River, which discharges into the Atlantic Ocean in South Carolina. Low-flow characteristics compiled for selected sites in the Rocky River basin indicated that the potential for sustained base flows in the upper half of the basin is relatively higher than for streams in the lower half of the basin. The upper half of the basin is underlain by the Charlotte Belt, where streams have been identified as having moderate potentials for sustained base flows. In the lower half of the basin, many streams were noted as having little to no potential for sustained base flows. Much of the decrease in base-flow potential is attributed to the underlying rock types of the Carolina Slate Belt. Of the 19 sites in the basin having minimal (defined as less than 0.05 cubic foot per second) or zero 7Q10 discharges, 18 sites are located in the lower half of the basin underlain by the Carolina Slate Belt. Assessment of these 18 sites indicates that streams that have drainage areas less than about 25 square miles are likely to have minimal or zero 7Q10 discharges. No drainage-area threshold for minimal or zero 7Q10 discharges was identified for the upper half of the basin, which is underlain by the Charlotte Belt. Tributaries to the Rocky River include the West Branch Rocky River (22.8 mi<sup>2</sup>), Clarke Creek (28.2 mi<sup>2</sup>), Mallard Creek (41.2 mi<sup>2</sup>), Coddle Creek (78.8 mi<sup>2</sup>), Reedy Creek (43.0 mi<sup>2</sup>), Irish Buffalo/Coldwater Creeks (110 mi<sup>2</sup>), Dutch Buffalo Creek (99 mi<sup>2</sup>), Long Creek (200 mi<sup>2</sup>), Richardson Creek (234 mi<sup>2</sup>), and Lanes Creek (135 mi<sup>2</sup>). In the 20-mile reach upstream from the mouth (about 22 percent of the river length), the drainage area increases by 648 mi<sup>2</sup>, or about 46 percent of the total drainage area as a result of the confluences with Long Creek, Richardson Creek, and Lanes Creek. Low-flow discharge profiles for the Rocky River include 7Q10, 30Q2, W7Q10, and 7Q2 discharges in a continuous profile with contributions from major tributaries included. At the gaging stations above Irish Buffalo Creek and near Stanfield, the 7Q10 discharges are 25.2 and 42.3 cubic feet per second, corresponding to 0.09 and 0.07 cubic feet per second per square mile, respectively. At the gaging station near Norwood, the 7Q10 discharge is 45.8 cubic feet per second, equivalent to 0.03 cubic foot per second per square mile. Low-flow discharge profiles reflect the presence of several major flow diversions in the reaches upstream from Stanfield and an apparent losing reach between the continuous-record gaging stations near Stanfield and Norwood, North Carolina.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034147","usgsCitation":"Weaver, J., and Fine, J.M., 2003, Low-flow characteristics and profiles for the Rocky River in the Yadkin-Pee Dee River basin, North Carolina, through 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4147, Report: v, 50 p.; 1 Plate: 14.33 x 20.96 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034147.","productDescription":"Report: v, 50 p.; 1 Plate: 14.33 x 20.96 inches","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5016,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034147/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":414148,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_59511.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":175176,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Yadkin-Pee Dee River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.8131,\n              35.5692\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.8131,\n              34.8467\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0917,\n              34.8467\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0917,\n              35.5692\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.8131,\n              35.5692\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a75e4b07f02db644b68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, J. Curtis","contributorId":42260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"J. Curtis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fine, Jason M. 0000-0002-6386-256X jmfine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6386-256X","contributorId":2238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fine","given":"Jason","email":"jmfine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53211,"text":"ofr03441 - 2003 - Data report: geology of reef-front carbonate sediment deposits around Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-13T13:14:50","indexId":"ofr03441","displayToPublicDate":"2003-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-441","title":"Data report: geology of reef-front carbonate sediment deposits around Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"This Open-File Report presents data and derivative products from an investigation of carbonate sediment deposits on the reef front in four areas around the island of Oahu, Hawaii - in Kailua Bay off Oahu's windward (east) side, off the leeward (west) coast from Makua to Kahe Point, off the north coast from Waimea to Camp Erdman, and off the south coast around Waikiki (Figure 1). The primary purpose of the investigation was to assess the resource potential of the deposits, particularly as a source of sand for beach nourishment. This work builds on previous studies by researchers from the University of Hawaii (Moberly et al., 1975; Coulbourn et al., 1988; Barry, 1995). The field program included collection of high-resolution acoustic-reflection profiles and vibracore sediment samples in Kailua Bay and off the leeward and north coasts. In a related project, in collaboration with the Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources and the University of Hawaii, sidescan images and vibracores were collected in the Halekulani channel and on the adjacent Makua Terrace off Waikiki along the south coast.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03441","usgsCitation":"Hampton, M.A., Blay, C.T., Murray, C., Torresan, L., Frazee, C.S., Richmond, B.M., and Fletcher, C., 2003, Data report: geology of reef-front carbonate sediment deposits around Oahu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-441, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03441.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4838,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0441/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283946,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0441/intro.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"O'ahu","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -158.342179,21.213876 ], [ -158.342179,21.754768 ], [ -157.597891,21.754768 ], [ -157.597891,21.213876 ], [ -158.342179,21.213876 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db67a18f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampton, Monty A. mhampton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"Monty","email":"mhampton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blay, Charles T.","contributorId":27130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blay","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, Christopher","contributorId":95133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Torresan, Laura Z.","contributorId":86840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torresan","given":"Laura Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Frazee, Cathy S.","contributorId":79170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frazee","given":"Cathy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Richmond, Bruce M. 0000-0002-0056-5832 brichmond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-5832","contributorId":2459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Bruce","email":"brichmond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fletcher, Charles H.","contributorId":30286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Charles H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":51552,"text":"ofr03148 - 2003 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 2. Low-flow (2001) and snowmelt (2002) synoptic/tracer water chemistry for the Red River, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-03T20:11:25.770014","indexId":"ofr03148","displayToPublicDate":"2003-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-148","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 2. Low-flow (2001) and snowmelt (2002) synoptic/tracer water chemistry for the Red River, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Water analyses are reported for 259 samples\r\ncollected from the Red River, New Mexico, and its\r\ntributaries during low-flow(2001) and spring snowmelt\r\n(2002) tracer studies. Water samples were collected\r\nalong a 20-kilometer reach of the Red River beginning\r\njust east of the town of Red River and ending at the U.S.\r\nGeological Survey streamflow-gaging station located\r\neast of Questa, New Mexico. The study area was\r\ndivided into three sections where separate injections\r\nand synoptic sampling events were performed during\r\nthe low-flow tracer study. During the spring snowmelt\r\ntracer study, three tracer injections and synoptic\r\nsampling events were performed bracketing the areas\r\nwith the greatest metal loading into the Red River as\r\ndetermined from the low-flow tracer study. The lowflow\r\ntracer synoptic sampling events were August 17,\r\n20, and 24, 2001. The synoptic sampling events for the\r\nspring snowmelt tracer were March 30, 31, and April 1,\r\n2002.\r\nStream and large inflow water samples were\r\nsampled using equal-width and depth-integrated\r\nsampling methods and composited into half-gallon\r\nbottles. Grab water samples were collected from\r\nsmaller inflows. Stream temperatures were measured at\r\nthe time of sample collection. Samples were\r\ntransported to a nearby central processing location\r\nwhere pH and specific conductance were measured and\r\nthe samples processed for chemical analyses. Cations,\r\ntrace metals, iron redox species, and fluoride were\r\nanalyzed at the U.S. Geological Survey laboratory in\r\nBoulder, Colorado. Cations and trace metal\r\nconcentrations were determined using inductively\r\ncoupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry and\r\ngraphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.\r\nArsenic concentrations were determined using hydride\r\ngeneration atomic absorption spectrometry, iron redox\r\nspecies were measured using ultraviolet-visible\r\nspectrometry, and fluoride concentrations were\r\ndetermined using an ion-selective electrode. Alkalinity\r\nwas measured by automated titration, and sulfate,\r\nchloride, and bromide were analyzed by ion\r\nchromatography at the U.S. Geological Survey\r\nlaboratory in Salt Lake City, Utah.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03148","usgsCitation":"McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Steiger, J.I., Kimball, B.A., and Verplanck, P.L., 2003, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 2. Low-flow (2001) and snowmelt (2002) synoptic/tracer water chemistry for the Red River, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-148, v, 166 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03148.","productDescription":"v, 166 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179480,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4586,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr03-148/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":415105,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62016.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Red River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.5717,\n              36.6539\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.5717,\n              36.7339\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.3914,\n              36.7339\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.3914,\n              36.6539\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.5717,\n              36.6539\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4867","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":243934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steiger, Judy I. jsteiger@usgs.gov","contributorId":3689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steiger","given":"Judy","email":"jsteiger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":243933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Verplanck, Philip L. 0000-0002-3653-6419 plv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"Philip","email":"plv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":53081,"text":"ofr03330 - 2003 - North Alaska petroleum system analysis: The regional map compilation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T21:13:49.976535","indexId":"ofr03330","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-330","title":"North Alaska petroleum system analysis: The regional map compilation","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey initiated an effort to model north Alaskan petroleum systems. The geographic and geologic basis for modeling systems is provided by a set of regional digital maps that allow evaluation of the widest possible extent of each system. Accordingly, we laid out a rectangular map grid 1300 km (800 miles) east-west and 600 km (375 miles) north-south. The resulting map area extends from the Yukon Territory of Canada on the east to the Russian-U.S. Chukchi Sea on the west and from the Brooks Range on the south to the Canada basin-Chukchi borderland on the north. Within this map region, we combined disparate types of publicly available data to produce structure contour maps. Data types range from seismic-based mapping as in the National Petroleum Reserve to well penetrations in areas of little or no seismic data where extrapolation was required. With these types of data, we produced structure contour maps on three horizons: top of pre-Mississippian (basement), top of Triassic (Ellesmerian sequence), and top of Neocomian (Beaufortian sequence). These horizons, when combined with present-day topography and bathymetry, provide the bounding structural/stratigraphic surfaces of the north Alaskan petroleum province that mark major defining moments of the region's geologic history and allow regional portrayal of preserved sediment accumulations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03330","usgsCitation":"Saltus, R.W., and Bird, K.J., 2003, North Alaska petroleum system analysis: The regional map compilation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-330, 1 Plate: 93.75 x 37.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03330.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 93.75 x 37.50 inches","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":182126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03330.jpg"},{"id":5257,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0330/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110447,"rank":700,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0330/pdf/of03-330.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"59087"},{"id":394064,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_59087.htm"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Yukon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -172,\n              68\n            ],\n            [\n              -135,\n              68\n            ],\n            [\n              -135,\n              73\n            ],\n            [\n              -172,\n              73\n            ],\n            [\n              -172,\n              68\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696dce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saltus, Richard W. saltus@usgs.gov","contributorId":777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"Richard","email":"saltus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53092,"text":"ofr03377 - 2003 - Empirical modified Mercalli intensity site corrections for towns in eastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-07T13:56:58","indexId":"ofr03377","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-377","title":"Empirical modified Mercalli intensity site corrections for towns in eastern North America","docAbstract":"Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) assignments for earthquakes in eastern North America (ENA) were used by Bakun et al. (2003) and Bakun and Hopper (in press) to develop models for estimating the location and moment magnitude M of earthquakes in ENA from MMI observations. The MMI empirical site corrections developed and used by Bakun et al. (2003) and Bakun and Hopper (in press) are listed in this Open-file Report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03377","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., and Hopper, M.G., 2003, Empirical modified Mercalli intensity site corrections for towns in eastern North America: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-377, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03377.","productDescription":"33 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03377.jpg"},{"id":285837,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0377/"},{"id":285838,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0377/pdf/of03-377.pdf"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db603f41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopper, M. G.","contributorId":39389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53086,"text":"ofr03353 - 2003 - Geochemistry of bedrock and glacial deposits in the vicinity of the Bend massive sulfide deposit, north central Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:30:06","indexId":"ofr03353","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-353","title":"Geochemistry of bedrock and glacial deposits in the vicinity of the Bend massive sulfide deposit, north central Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>In 1998 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) initiated a study to examine the natural regional environmental impact of sulfide mineralization exposed to episodic weathering and glaciation. The study focused on the Bend copper-gold massive sulfide deposit located in the Medford District of the Chequamegon National Forest in north central Wisconsin. The Bend massive sulfide deposit is a small, metal-rich sulfide body hosted by Paleoproterozoic metavolcanics. The mineralized horizon subcrops beneath 100-120 feet of glacial cover, and consists of massive pyrite and other sulfides. Bedrock and ore geochemistry are well characterized by analyses of diamond drill core provided to the USGS by Sharpe Energy and Resources.</p>\n<p>In July 1999, five rotasonic drillholes were completed through the unconsolidated Quaternary sediment, averaging about 100 feet thick, on a transect across the Bend deposit. Nearly continuous core was recovered from the surficial material along with several feet of the underlying bedrock. Samples representing the entire section were analyzed by the USGS to give a two-dimensional representation of element dispersal from the unmineralized bedrock. In addition, one hundred regional till samples were subsampled from the archives of the Quaternary Sediment Laboratory in the University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Geology and Geophysics. These regional samples were collected mainly from Taylor County, where the Bend deposit is located, as well as contiguous parts of Clark and Marathon Counties.</p>\n<p>This open file report presents all of the geochemical data collected for this study. Additional publications describing the data in more detail are being completed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03353","usgsCitation":"Woodruff, L.G., Attig, J.W., Cannon, W.F., Nicholson, S.W., and Schulz, K., 2003, Geochemistry of bedrock and glacial deposits in the vicinity of the Bend massive sulfide deposit, north central Wisconsin (Version 1.0, Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-353, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03353.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5284,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-353/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.0986328125,\n              45.359865333959746\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.0986328125,\n              45.81348649679971\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.32958984375,\n              45.81348649679971\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.32958984375,\n              45.359865333959746\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.0986328125,\n              45.359865333959746\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0, Online Only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab5bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Attig, John W.","contributorId":16832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attig","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cannon, William F. 0000-0002-2699-8118 wcannon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":1883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"William","email":"wcannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nicholson, Suzanne W. 0000-0002-9365-1894 swnich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9365-1894","contributorId":880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Suzanne","email":"swnich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schulz, Klaus","contributorId":41519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":51514,"text":"ofr03343 - 2003 - Tectonic Summaries for Web-served Earthquake Responses, Southeastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:27","indexId":"ofr03343","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-343","title":"Tectonic Summaries for Web-served Earthquake Responses, Southeastern North America","docAbstract":"This report documents the rationale and strategy used to write short summaries of the seismicity and tectonic settings of domains in southeastern North America. The summaries are used in automated responses to notable earthquakes that occur anywhere east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States or Canada. Specifically, the report describes the geologic and tectonic information, data sources, criteria, and reasoning used to determine the content and format of the summaries, for the benefit of geologists or seismologists who may someday need to revise the summaries or write others. These tectonic summaries are designed to be automatically posted on the World Wide Web as soon as an earthquake?s epicenter is determined. The summaries are part of a larger collection of summaries that is planned to cover the world.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr03343","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., 2003, Tectonic Summaries for Web-served Earthquake Responses, Southeastern North America (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-343, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03343.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4519,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-343/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685982","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":51523,"text":"ofr03293 - 2003 - Preliminary geologic map of the San Bernardino 30' x 60' quadrangle, California (includes preliminary GIS database)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-23T19:57:05.444366","indexId":"ofr03293","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-293","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the San Bernardino 30' x 60' quadrangle, California (includes preliminary GIS database)","docAbstract":"The San Bernardino 30'x60' quadrangle, southern California, is diagonally\r\n      bisected by the San Andreas Fault Zone, separating the San Gabriel and San\r\n      Bernardino Mountains, major elements of California's east-oriented Transverse\r\n      Ranges Province.  Included in the southern part of the quadrangle is the northern\r\n      part of the Peninsular Ranges Province and the northeastern part of the\r\n      oil-producing Los Angeles basin.  The northern part of the quadrangle includes\r\n      the southern part of the Mojave Desert Province.  Pre-Quaternary rocks within the\r\n      San Bernardino quadrangle consist of three extensive, well-defined basement rock\r\n      assemblages, the San Gabriel Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains, and the\r\n      Peninsular Ranges assemblages, and a fourth assemblage restricted to a narrow\r\n      block bounded by the active San Andreas Fault and the Mill Creek Fault.  Each of\r\n      these basement rock assemblages is characterized by a relatively unique suite of\r\n      rocks that was amalgamated by the end of the Cretaceous and (or) early Cenozoic.\r\n      Some Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks are unique to specific assemblages,\r\n      and some overlap adjacent assemblages.  A few Miocene and Pliocene units cross\r\n      the boundaries of adjacent assemblages, but are dominant in only one.  Tectonic\r\n      events directly and indirectly related to the San Andreas Fault system have\r\n      partly dismembered the basement rocks during the Neogene, forming the modern-day\r\n      physiographic provinces.\r\n      \r\n      Rocks of the four basement rock assemblages are divisible into an older suite of\r\n      Late Cretaceous and older rocks and a younger suite of post-Late Cretaceous rocks.\r\n      The age span of the older suite varies considerably from assemblage to assemblage,\r\n      and the point in time that separates the two suites varies slightly.  In the\r\n      Peninsular Ranges, the older rocks were formed from the Paleozoic to the end of\r\n      Late Cretaceous plutonism, and in the Transverse Ranges over a longer period of\r\n      time extending from the Proterozoic to metamorphism at the end of the Cretaceous.\r\n      Within the Peninsular Ranges a profound diachronous unconformity marks the\r\n      pre-Late Cretaceous-post-Late Cretaceous subdivision, but within the Transverse\r\n      Ranges the division appears to be slightly younger, perhaps coinciding with the\r\n      end of the Cretaceous or extending into the early Cenozoic.  Initial docking of\r\n      Peninsular Ranges rocks with Transverse Ranges rocks appears to have occurred at\r\n      the terminus of plutonism within the Peninsular Ranges.  During the Paleogene\r\n      there was apparently discontinuous but widespread deposition on the basement rocks\r\n      and little tectonic disruption of the amalgamated older rocks.  Dismemberment of\r\n      these Paleogene and older rocks by strike-slip, thrust, and reverse faulting began\r\n      in the Neogene and is ongoing.  The Peninsular Ranges basement rock assemblage is\r\n      made up of the Peninsular Ranges batholith and a variety of metasedimentary rocks.\r\n      Most of the plutonic rocks of the batholith are granodiorite and tonalite in\r\n      composition; primary foliation is common, mainly in the eastern part.  Tertiary\r\n      sedimentary rocks of the Los Angeles Basin crop out in the Puente and San Jose\r\n      Hills along with the spatially associated Glendora Volcanics; both units span the\r\n      boundary between the Peninsular Ranges and San Gabriel Mountains basement rock\r\n      assemblages.\r\n      \r\n      The San Gabriel Mountains basement rock assemblage includes two discrete areas,\r\n      the high standing San Gabriel Mountains and the relatively low San Bernardino\r\n      basin east of the San Jacinto Fault.  The basement rock assemblage is\r\n      characterized by a unique suite of rocks that include anorthosite, Proterozoic\r\n      and Paleozoic gneiss and schist, the Triassic","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03293","usgsCitation":"Morton, D.M., and Miller, F.K., 2003, Preliminary geologic map of the San Bernardino 30' x 60' quadrangle, California (includes preliminary GIS database): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-293, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03293.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110443,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_58935.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"58935"},{"id":4526,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-293/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Bernardino 30' x 60' quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.0,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -118,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -118,\n              34.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.0,\n              34.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.0,\n              34\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47e3e4b07f02db4bb30c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Douglas M. scamp@usgs.gov","contributorId":4102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Douglas","email":"scamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":243830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Fred K.","contributorId":89503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":52926,"text":"wri034029 - 2003 - Hydrogeology of shallow basin-fill deposits in areas of Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T15:53:38","indexId":"wri034029","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4029","title":"Hydrogeology of shallow basin-fill deposits in areas of Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>A study of recently developed residential/commercial areas of Salt Lake Valley, Utah, was done from 1999 to 2001 in areas in which shallow ground water has the potential to move to a deeper aquifer that is used for public supply. Thirty monitoring wells were drilled and sampled in 1999 as part of the study. The ground water was either under unconfined or confined conditions, depending on depth to water and the presence or absence of fine-grained deposits. The wells were completed in the shallowest water-bearing zone capable of supplying water. Monitoring-well depths range from 23 to 154 feet. Lithologic, geophysical, hydraulic-conductivity, transmissivity, water-level, and water-temperature data were obtained for or collected from the wells.</p><p>Silt and clay layers noted on lithologic logs correlate with increases in electrical conductivity and natural gamma radiation shown on many of the electromagnetic-induction and natural gamma logs. Relatively large increases in electrical conductivity, determined from the electromagnetic-induction logs, with no major changes in natural gamma radiation are likely caused by increased dissolved-solids content in the ground water. Some intervals with high electrical conductivity correspond to areas in which water was present during drilling.</p><p>Unconfined conditions were present at 7 of 20 monitoring wells on the west side and at 2 of 10 wells on the east side of Salt Lake Valley. Fine-grained deposits confine the ground water. Anthropogenic compounds were detected in water sampled from most of the wells, indicating a connection with the land surface. Data were collected from 20 of the monitoring wells to estimate the hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity of the shallow ground-water system. Hydraulic-conductivity values of the shallow aquifer ranged from 30 to 540 feet per day. Transmissivity values of the shallow aquifer ranged from 3 to 1,070 feet squared per day. There is a close linear relation between transmissivity determined from slug-test analysis and transmissivity estimated from specific capacity.</p><p>Water-level fluctuations were measured in the 30 monitoring wells from 1999 to July 2001. Generally, water-level changes measured in wells on the west side of the valley followed a seasonal trend and wells on the east side showed less fluctuation or a gradual decline during the 2-year period. This may indicate that a larger percentage of recharge to the shallow ground-water system on the west side is from somewhat consistent seasonal sources, such as canals and unconsumed irrigation water, as compared to sources on the east side. Water levels measured in monitoring wells completed in the shallow ground-water system near large-capacity public-supply wells varied in response to ground-water withdrawals from the deeper confined aquifer. Water temperature was monitored in 23 wells. Generally, little or no change in water temperature was measured in monitoring wells with a depth to water greater than about 40 feet. The shallower the water level in the well, the greater the water-temperature change measured during the study.</p><p>Comparison of water levels measured in the monitoring wells and deeper wells in the same area indicate a downward gradient on the east side of the valley. Water levels in the shallow and deeper aquifers in the secondary recharge area on the west side of the valley were similar to those on the east side. Water levels measured in the monitoring wells and nearby wells completed in the deeper aquifer indicate that the vertical gradient can change with time and stresses on the system.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/wri034029","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., 2003, Hydrogeology of shallow basin-fill deposits in areas of Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4029, Report: viii, 23 p.; 1 Plate: 33.0 x 25.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034029.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 23 p.; 1 Plate: 33.0 x 25.0 inches","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science 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,{"id":69696,"text":"i2790 - 2003 - Crater Lake revealed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T09:40:00","indexId":"i2790","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2790","title":"Crater Lake revealed","docAbstract":"<p>Around 500,000 people each year visit Crater Lake National Park in the Cascade Range of southern Oregon. Volcanic peaks, evergreen forests, and Crater Lake’s incredibly blue water are the park’s main attractions. Crater Lake partially fills the caldera that formed approximately 7,700 years ago by the eruption and subsequent collapse of a 12,000-foot volcano called Mount Mazama. The caldera-forming or climactic eruption of Mount Mazama drastically changed the landscape all around the volcano and spread a blanket of volcanic ash at least as far away as southern Canada.</p><p>Prior to the climactic event, Mount Mazama had a 400,000 year history of cone building activity like that of other Cascade volcanoes such as Mount Shasta. Since the climactic eruption, there have been several less violent, smaller postcaldera eruptions within the caldera itself. However, relatively little was known about the specifics of these eruptions because their products were obscured beneath Crater Lake’s surface. As the Crater Lake region is still potentially volcanically active, understanding past eruptive events is important to understanding future eruptions, which could threaten facilities and people at Crater Lake National Park and the major transportation corridor east of the Cascades.</p><p>Recently, the lake bottom was mapped with a high-resolution multibeam echo sounder. The new bathymetric survey provides a 2m/pixel view of the lake floor from its deepest basins virtually to the shoreline. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications, the bathymetry data can be visualized and analyzed to shed light on the geology, geomorphology, and geologic history of Crater Lake.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2790","isbn":"0607906502","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, D.W., Dartnell, P., Bacon, C.R., Robinson, J., and Gardner, J.V., 2003, Crater Lake revealed: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2790, 38.01 x 25.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2790.","productDescription":"38.01 x 25.01 inches","costCenters":[{"id":412,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280491,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2790/pdf/i2790.pdf","text":"Map","size":"6.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":110429,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_55153.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"55153"},{"id":6369,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2790/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Range, Crater Lake, Crater Lake National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.17964,42.891988 ], [ -122.17964,42.988538 ], [ -122.032809,42.988538 ], [ -122.032809,42.891988 ], [ -122.17964,42.891988 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683773","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, David W. 0000-0003-1698-2523 dramsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1698-2523","contributorId":3819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"David","email":"dramsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X pdartnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":2688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","email":"pdartnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, Joel E. 0000-0002-5193-3666 jrobins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-3666","contributorId":2757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Joel E.","email":"jrobins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":93035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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