The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Engineering District 5-0, investigated physical and vegetative changes within a relocated stream reach, constructed wetland, and riparian buffer from September 2000 to October 2004. This report presents an evaluation of data collected using methods from multiple sources that have been adapted into a consistent approach. This approach is intended to satisfy a need for consistent collection of different types of data with the goal of transferring technology and findings to similar projects.
Survey data indicate that adjustment of the upstream part of the relocated stream reach slowed over the monitoring period, but the downstream channel remains unstable as evidenced by excessive deposition. Upstream migration of a nick point has slowed or stopped altogether as of the 2003 assessment when this feature came in contact with the upstream-most part of the channel that is lined with riprap. Documented streambed erosion in the upstream cross sections, along with deposition downstream, has resulted in an overall decrease in slope of the stream channel over the monitoring period. Most streambed erosion took place prior to the 2002 assessment when annual mean streamflows were less than those in the final 2 years of monitoring. An abundance of fine sediment dominates the substrate of the relocated channel. Annual fluctuations of large particles within each cross section demonstrates the capacity of the relocated channel to transport the entire range of sediment.
The substrate within the 0.28-acre constructed wetland (a mixture of soil from an off-site naturally occurring wetland and woodchips) supported a hydrophytic-vegetation community throughout the investigation. Eleocharis obtusa (spike rush), an obligate-wetland herb, was the most prevalent species, having a maximum areal cover of 90 percent in fall 2001 and a minimum of 23 percent in fall 2004. Drought-like conditions in water year 2002 (cumulative precipitation was 28.11 inches) allowed species like Panicum dichotomiflorum (witch grass), Salix sp. (willow), Leersia oryzoides (rice cutgrass), and Echinocloa crusgalli (barnyard grass) to become established by fall 2002. Above-average precipitation in water years 2003 and 2004 (58.55 and 53.17 inches, respectively) coincided with increased areal cover by E. obtusa in fall 2003 (56 percent) and decreased areal cover in fall 2004 (23 percent). Pond-like conditions that probably persisted throughout the 2004 growing season favored aquatic species like Alisma subcordatum (water plantain) to the detriment of many emergent species, including E. obtusa. Despite the pond-like conditions, L. oryzoides, an obligate-wetland grass, increased in areal cover (from 12 to 34 percent) between the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons because it was established in the higher elevations and the peripheral areas of the constructed wetland that were less prone to persistent inundation.
Canopy development by trees and shrubs in the riparian buffer was initially (fall 2000) poor (39.7 percent), resulting in more available sunlight for the herbaceous understory than in any other growing season. As a result, areal cover of herbaceous species and trees and shrubs less than 1-meter tall was 108 percent in fall 2000 with Lolium perenne (perennial rye), Polygonum persicaria (lady's thumb), and Setaria faberi (foxtail) collectively contributing nearly half the cover (59.2 percent). Because of increases in canopy cover by trees and shrubs (39.7 percent in fall 2000 to 127 percent in fall 2004), herbaceous cover decreased to 76 percent by the fall of 2001 and varied between 72 and 77 percent for the rest of the study period.
Tree density in the riparian buffer ranged from 3,078 and 4,130 plants per acre (fall 2000 and 2003, respectively) over the study period but essentially remained constant after fall 2001; computations reported each fall between fall 2001 and fall 2004 are within 10 percent of one another. When the study ended in fall 2004, Acer negundo (box elder) and Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) were the most populous tree species (1,526 and 1,084 plants per acre, respectively) followed by Quercus bicolor (swamp white oak; 720 plants per acre). A. negundo, F. pennsylvanica, and Q. bicolor also contributed the greatest areal cover in fall 2004 (31.2, 24.0, and 18.5 percent,respectively).
The rocks and fossils of the San Francisco Bay region reveal that the geology there is the product of millions of years at the active western margin of North America. The result of this history is a complex mosaic of geologic materials and structures that form the landscape. A geologic map is one of the basic tools to understand the geology, geologic hazards, and geologic history of a region.
With heightened public awareness about earthquake hazards leading up to the 100th anniversary of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is releasing new maps of the San Francisco Bay Area designed to give residents and others a new look at the geologic history and hazards of the region. The “Geologic Map of the San Francisco Bay region” shows the distribution of geologic materials and structures, demonstrates how geologists study the age and origin of the rocks and deposits that we live on, and reveals the complicated geologic history that has led to the landscape that shapes the Bay Area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim2918","usgsCitation":"Graymer, R., Moring, B.C., Saucedo, G., Wentworth, C., Brabb, E.E., and Knudsen, K.L., 2006, Geologic map of the San Francisco Bay region: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2918, 36 x 48 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2918.","productDescription":"36 x 48 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192308,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110636,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76251.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"76251"},{"id":7531,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2918/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":343770,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2918/sim2918_geolposter-stdres.pdf","text":"Poster in standard resolution","size":"21.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":343771,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2918/sim2918_geolposter-hires.pdf","text":"Poster in high resolution","size":"76.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611403","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graymer, R. W.","contributorId":21174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graymer","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moring, B. C.","contributorId":91462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Saucedo, G.J.","contributorId":75645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saucedo","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wentworth, C. M. 0000-0003-2569-569X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2569-569X","contributorId":106466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentworth","given":"C. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brabb, E. E.","contributorId":43780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"E.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Knudsen, K. L.","contributorId":70489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knudsen","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":76578,"text":"gip31 - 2006 - Facing the great disaster : How the men and women of the U.S. Geological Survey responded to the 1906 \"San Francisco Earthquake\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T09:28:25","indexId":"gip31","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"31","title":"Facing the great disaster : How the men and women of the U.S. Geological Survey responded to the 1906 \"San Francisco Earthquake\"","docAbstract":"It was the most devastating earthquake in California’s history. At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the ground under the San Francisco Bay Area shook violently for more than 40 seconds. The magnitude 7.8 earthquake created a rupture along nearly 300 miles of the San Andreas Fault and was felt from southern Oregon to Los Angeles. Because the earthquake’s epicenter was just offshore from San Francisco, the impact on that city was catastrophic. Fragments of broken houses and buildings tumbled into the streets. The pipeline carrying water into the city was severed; fires triggered by broken gas mains raged out of control for 3 days. An area of almost 5 square miles in the heart of the city was destroyed by shaking and fire, and earthquake damage was widespread elsewhere. At least 3,000 people were killed, and 225,000 were left homeless. Drinking water, food, and supplies quickly became scarce.
In 1906, the only permanent U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) office in California was the Pacific Division topographic mapping office in Sacramento, 70 miles up the Sacramento River from San Francisco Bay. The office had been established just 3 years earlier and was the only USGS office ever created for the sole function of topographic mapping. At the time of the earthquake, many USGS topographers were in Sacramento preparing for a summer of field work.
Although moderate shaking was felt in Sacramento, then a town of about 30,000 people, detailed information about the earthquake was slow to reach the residents there. USGS topographic engineer George R. Davis, not knowing the full extent of the damage, was fearful that his 62-year-old father Edward Davis in San Francisco was caught up in the devastation. George therefore left Sacramento on the first train bound for the San Francisco Bay area. “He was very worried. The phones were down and he wasn’t sure whether or not the hotel his father was living in was damaged,” said George Davis’s daughter Anna (Davis) Rogers, then an octogenarian, in a 2005 interview. Recalling the stories she heard of these events while growing up, Anna added, “Fortunately [the hotel] hadn’t fallen down.”
George Davis, a tall man with a quiet demeanor and a dry wit, was accompanied to San Francisco by fellow USGS topographer Clarence L. Nelson. Both were 29 years old and in excellent physical condition after a year spent mapping the Mount Whitney quadrangle, which includes some of the most rugged terrain in the conterminous United States.
On their arrival in San Francisco, the pair was fortunate to find the elder Davis unharmed at the hotel where he had been living. Nelson—handsome, athletic, and artistic—had brought his camera in order to get photographs while things were still “hot” and began taking what were to become a memorable set of images. The three men wandered through San Francisco all night and through the following morning, moving from one dramatic scene to the next. Nelson captured the horse-mounted “dynamite squad,” soldiers marching on Van Ness Avenue, and a rare scene of two horsedrawn fire engines with one engine drawing water from a cistern on Union Street. One ironic photograph shows refugees making their way through rubble-filled streets in the direction of a wrecked City Hall. Flames from the burning heart of the city shone brightly against the darkness, and Nelson captured the surreal glow in several of his photographs, including one of Union Square with the Breuners building burning in the background.
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W.","contributorId":21174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graymer","given":"R. 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2006 - Water resources data, Kentucky, water year 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:10","indexId":"wdrKY051","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"KY-05-1","title":"Water resources data, Kentucky, water year 2005","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrKY051","usgsCitation":"McClain, D.L., Moses, C.R., and Darnell, R.S., 2006, Water resources data, Kentucky, water year 2005 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report KY-05-1, 568 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrKY051.","productDescription":"568 p.","numberOfPages":"568","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7526,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-ky-05/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db623983","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McClain, Dennis L.","contributorId":43860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClain","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moses, Clifford R.","contributorId":69245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moses","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Darnell, Roy S.","contributorId":25641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darnell","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":76575,"text":"ofr20061074 - 2006 - Gear efficiencies in the fish component of the long term resource monitoring program: predicted versus observed catch","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:14","indexId":"ofr20061074","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1074","title":"Gear efficiencies in the fish component of the long term resource monitoring program: predicted versus observed catch","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061074","usgsCitation":"Ickes, B.S., 2006, Gear efficiencies in the fish component of the long term resource monitoring program: predicted versus observed catch: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1074, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061074.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7525,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1074/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1142","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ickes, Brian S.","contributorId":6812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ickes","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76580,"text":"sir20065010 - 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A guidebook to tracing the fault on public lands in the San Francisco Bay region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:10","indexId":"gip16","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"16","title":"Where's the San Andreas fault? A guidebook to tracing the fault on public lands in the San Francisco Bay region","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gip16","usgsCitation":"Stoffer, P.W., 2006, Where's the San Andreas fault? A guidebook to tracing the fault on public lands in the San Francisco Bay region: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 16, 137 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/gip16.","productDescription":"137 p.","numberOfPages":"137","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120900,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip_16.jpg"},{"id":7527,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/2006/16/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f04d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoffer, Philip W.","contributorId":32559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoffer","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76583,"text":"sir20055254 - 2006 - Comparison of peak discharge and runoff characteristic estimates from the rational method to field observations for small basins in central Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:39","indexId":"sir20055254","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5254","title":"Comparison of peak discharge and runoff characteristic estimates from the rational method to field observations for small basins in central Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055254","usgsCitation":"Hayes, D., and Young, R.L., 2006, Comparison of peak discharge and runoff characteristic estimates from the rational method to field observations for small basins in central Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5254, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055254.","productDescription":"44 p.","numberOfPages":"44","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7533,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5254/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78,37 ], [ -78,38 ], [ -77,38 ], [ -77,37 ], [ -78,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae267","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, Donald C.","contributorId":52945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Donald C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, Richard L.","contributorId":47877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76579,"text":"ofr20061058 - 2006 - Ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona — 2004–05","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T20:31:11.880808","indexId":"ofr20061058","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1058","title":"Ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona — 2004–05","docAbstract":"The N aquifer is the major source of water in the 5,400-square-mile area of Black Mesa in northeastern Arizona. Availability of water is an important issue in this area because of continued industrial and municipal use, a growing population, and precipitation of about 6 to 14 inches per year.\r\n\r\nThe monitoring program in the Black Mesa area has been operating since 1971 and is designed to determine the long-term effects of ground-water withdrawals from the N aquifer for industrial and municipal uses. The monitoring program includes measurements of (1) ground-water pumping, (2) ground-water levels, (3) spring discharge, (4) surface-water discharge, (5) ground-water chemistry, and (6) periodic testing of ground-water withdrawal meters. \r\n\r\nIn 2004, total ground-water withdrawals were 7,210 acre-feet, industrial withdrawals were 4,370 acre-feet, and municipal withdrawals were 2,840 acre-feet. From 2003 to 2004, total withdrawals decreased by less than 1 percent, industrial withdrawals decreased by 2 percent, and municipal withdrawals increased by 2 percent. \r\n\r\nFrom 2004 to 2005, annually measured water levels declined in 6 of 13 wells in the unconfined areas of the aquifer, and the median change was -0.1 foot. Water levels declined in 8 of 12 wells in the confined area of the aquifer, and the median change was -1.2 feet. From the prestress period (prior to 1965) to 2005, the median water-level change for 33 wells was -9.0 feet. Median water-level changes were -0.6 foot for 16 wells in the unconfined areas and -32.0 feet for 17 wells in the confined area. \r\n\r\nDischarges were measured once in 2004 and once in 2005 at four springs. Discharge increased by 8 percent at Pasture Canyon Spring, decreased by 5 percent at Moenkopi School Spring, increased by 71 percent at an unnamed spring near Dennehotso, and stayed the same at Burro Spring. For the period of record at each spring, discharges from the four springs have fluctuated; however, an increasing or decreasing trend is not apparent. \r\n\r\nContinuous records of surface-water discharge have been collected from 1976 to 2004 at Moenkopi Wash, 1996 to 2004 at Laguna Creek, 1993 to 2004 at Dinnebito Wash, 1994 to 2004 at Polacca Wash, and August 2004 to December 2004 at Pasture Canyon Spring. Median flows for November, December, January, and February of each water year were used as an index of ground-water discharge to those streams. Since 1995, the median winter flows have decreased for Moenkopi Wash, Dinnebito Wash, and Polacca Wash. Since the first continuous record of surface-water discharge in 1997, there is no consistent trend in the median winter flow for Laguna Creek. \r\n\r\nIn 2005, water samples were collected from 11 wells and 4 springs and analyzed for selected chemical constituents. Dissolved-solids concentrations ranged from 122 to 639 milligrams per liter. Water samples from 9 of the wells and from all the springs had less than 500 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids. There are some long-term trends in the chemistry of water samples from 7 wells having more than 10 years of data and from 2 springs. Rough Rock PM5, Keams Canyon PM2, Second Mesa PM2, and Kayenta PM2 show an increasing trend in dissolved solids; Forest Lake NTUA1 and PWCC 2 show a decreasing trend in dissolved solids; and Kykostmovi PM2 shows a steady trend. Increasing trends in dissolved-solids and chloride concentrations were evident from the more than 11 years of data for 2 springs.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061058","usgsCitation":"Truini, M., and Macy, J.P., 2006, Ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona — 2004–05: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1058, vi, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061058.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"51","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394270,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76350.htm"},{"id":7529,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1058/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Black Mesa area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.95,\n 35.6\n ],\n [\n -109.8083,\n 35.6\n ],\n [\n -109.8083,\n 36.6833\n ],\n [\n -110.95,\n 36.6833\n ],\n [\n -110.95,\n 35.6\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68880b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Truini, Margot mtruini@usgs.gov","contributorId":599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truini","given":"Margot","email":"mtruini@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macy, J. P.","contributorId":41913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76567,"text":"ofr20061100 - 2006 - Scoping of flood hazard mapping needs for Somerset County, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:14","indexId":"ofr20061100","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1100","title":"Scoping of flood hazard mapping needs for Somerset County, Maine","docAbstract":"This report was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Maine Water Science Center as the deliverable for scoping of flood hazard mapping needs for Somerset County, Maine, under Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Inter-Agency Agreement Number HSFE01-05-X-0018. This section of the report explains the objective of the task and the purpose of the report. \r\n\r\nThe Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) developed a plan in 1997 to modernize the FEMA flood mapping program. FEMA flood maps delineate flood hazard areas in support of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). FEMA's plan outlined the steps necessary to update FEMA's flood maps for the nation to a seamless digital format and streamline FEMA's operations in raising public awareness of the importance of the maps and responding to requests to revise them. The modernization of flood maps involves conversion of existing information to digital format and integration of improved flood hazard data as needed. To determine flood mapping modernization needs, FEMA has established specific scoping activities to be done on a county-by-county basis for identifying and prioritizing requisite flood-mapping activities for map modernization. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with FEMA and the Maine State Planning Office Floodplain Management Program, began scoping work in 2005 for Somerset County. Scoping activities included assembling existing data and map needs information for communities in Somerset County (efforts were made to not duplicate those of pre-scoping completed in March 2005), documentation of data, contacts, community meetings, and prioritized mapping needs in a final scoping report (this document), and updating the Mapping Needs Update Support System (MNUSS) Database or its successor with information gathered during the scoping process. \r\n\r\nThe average age of the FEMA floodplain maps in Somerset County, Maine is 18.1 years. Most of these studies were in the late 1970's to the mid 1980s. However, in the ensuing 20-30 years, development has occurred in many of the watersheds, and the characteristics of the watersheds have changed with time. Therefore, many of the older studies may not depict current conditions nor accurately estimate risk in terms of flood heights. \r\n\r\nThe following is the scope of work as defined in the FEMA/USGS Statement of Work: \r\n\r\nTask 1: Collect data from a variety of sources including community surveys, other Federal and State Agencies, National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) State Coordinators, Community Assistance Visits (CAVs) and FEMA archives. Lists of mapping needs will be obtained from the MNUSS database, community surveys, and CAVs, if available. FEMA archives will be inventoried for effective FIRM panels, FIS reports, and other flood-hazard data or existing study data. Best available base map information, topographic data, flood-hazard data, and hydrologic and hydraulic data will be identified. Data from the Maine Floodplain Management Program database also will be utilized. \r\n\r\nTask 2: Contact communities in Somerset County to notify them that FEMA and the State have selected them for a map update, and that a project scope will be developed with their input. Topics to be reviewed with the communities include (1) Purpose of the Flood Map Project (for example, the update needs that have prompted the map update); (2) The community's mapping needs; (3) The community's available mapping, hydrologic, hydraulic, and flooding information; (4) target schedule for completing the project; and (5) The community's engineering, planning, and geographic information system (GIS) capabilities. \r\n\r\nOn the basis of the collected information from Task 1 and community contacts/meetings in Task 2, the USGS will develop a Draft Project Scope for the identified mapping needs of the communities in Somerset County. The following items will be addressed in the Draft Project Scope: review of available information, determine if and ho","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061100","usgsCitation":"Dudley, R.W., and Schalk, C.W., 2006, Scoping of flood hazard mapping needs for Somerset County, Maine (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1100, 131 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061100.","productDescription":"131 p.","numberOfPages":"131","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190873,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7524,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1100/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69768c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dudley, Robert W. 0000-0002-0934-0568 rwdudley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-0568","contributorId":2223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"Robert","email":"rwdudley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schalk, Charles W. cwschalk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"Charles","email":"cwschalk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76574,"text":"wdrGA05 - 2006 - Water resources data, Georgia, water year 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T13:46:46","indexId":"wdrGA05","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"GA-05","title":"Water resources data, Georgia, water year 2005","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrGA05","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, Water resources data, Georgia, water year 2005 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report GA-05, Unpaginated, https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrGA05.","productDescription":"Unpaginated","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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This section of the report explains the objective of the task and the purpose of the report. \r\n\r\nThe Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) developed a plan in 1997 to modernize the FEMA flood mapping program. FEMA flood maps delineate flood hazard areas in support of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). FEMA's plan outlined the steps necessary to update FEMA's flood maps for the nation to a seamless digital format and streamline FEMA's operations in raising public awareness of the importance of the maps and responding to requests to revise them. The modernization of flood maps involves conversion of existing information to digital format and integration of improved flood hazard data as needed. To determine flood mapping modernization needs, FEMA has established specific scoping activities to be done on a county-by-county basis for identifying and prioritizing requisite flood-mapping activities for map modernization. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with FEMA and the Maine State Planning Office Floodplain Management Program, began scoping work in 2005 for Kennebec County. Scoping activities included assembling existing data and map needs information for communities in Kennebec County (efforts were made to not duplicate those of pre-scoping completed in March 2005), documentation of data, contacts, community meetings, and prioritized mapping needs in a final scoping report (this document), and updating the Mapping Needs Update Support System (MNUSS) Database or its successor with information gathered during the scoping process. \r\n\r\nThe average age of the FEMA floodplain maps in Kennebec County, Maine is 16 years. Most of these studies were in the late 1970's to the mid 1980s. However, in the ensuing 20-30 years, development has occurred in many of the watersheds, and the characteristics of the watersheds have changed with time. Therefore, many of the older studies may not depict current conditions nor accurately estimate risk in terms of flood heights. \r\n\r\nThe following is the scope of work as defined in the FEMA/USGS Statement of Work:\r\n\r\nTask 1: Collect data from a variety of sources including community surveys, other Federal and State Agencies, National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) State Coordinators, Community Assistance Visits (CAVs) and FEMA archives. Lists of mapping needs will be obtained from the MNUSS database, community surveys, and CAVs, if available. FEMA archives will be inventoried for effective FIRM panels, FIS reports, and other flood-hazard data or existing study data. Best available base map information, topographic data, flood-hazard data, and hydrologic and hydraulic data will be identified. Data from the Maine Floodplain Management Program database also will be utilized. \r\n\r\nTask 2: Contact communities in Kennebec County to notify them that FEMA and the State have selected them for a map update, and that a project scope will be developed with their input. Topics to be reviewed with the communities include (1) Purpose of the Flood Map Project (for example, the update needs that have prompted the map update); (2) The community's mapping needs; (3) The community's available mapping, hydrologic, hydraulic, and flooding information; (4) target schedule for completing the project; and (5) The community's engineering, planning, and geographic information system (GIS) capabilities. \r\n\r\nOn the basis of the collected information from Task 1 and community contacts/meetings in Task 2, the USGS will develop a Draft Project Scope for the identified mapping needs of the communities in Kennebec County. The following items will be addressed in the Draft Project Scope: review of available information, determine if and how e","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061099","usgsCitation":"Dudley, R.W., and Schalk, C.W., 2006, Scoping of flood hazard mapping needs for Kennebec County, Maine (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1099, 120 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061099.","productDescription":"120 p.","numberOfPages":"120","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7193,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1099/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fca39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dudley, Robert W. 0000-0002-0934-0568 rwdudley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-0568","contributorId":2223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"Robert","email":"rwdudley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schalk, Charles W. cwschalk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"Charles","email":"cwschalk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76572,"text":"wdrNE05 - 2006 - Water resources data, Nebraska, water year 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:13","indexId":"wdrNE05","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NE-05","title":"Water resources data, Nebraska, water year 2005","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrNE05","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, Water resources data, Nebraska, water year 2005 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NE-05, Unpaginated, https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNE05.","productDescription":"Unpaginated","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7197,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-ne-05/index.php","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698052","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76571,"text":"wdrCO05 - 2006 - Water resources data, Colorado, water year 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:13","indexId":"wdrCO05","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CO-05","title":"Water resources data, Colorado, water year 2005","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrCO05","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, Water resources data, Colorado, water year 2005 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CO-05, Unpaginated, https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCO05.","productDescription":"Unpaginated","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7196,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-co-05/index.php","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f14cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76570,"text":"wdrCA05 - 2006 - Water resources data, California, water year 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:13","indexId":"wdrCA05","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-05","title":"Water resources data, California, water year 2005","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA05","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, Water resources data, California, water year 2005 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-05, Unpaginated, https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA05.","productDescription":"Unpaginated","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7195,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-ca-05/index.php","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f14ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76569,"text":"ofr20061098 - 2006 - Scoping of flood hazard mapping needs for Cumberland County, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:13","indexId":"ofr20061098","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1098","title":"Scoping of flood hazard mapping needs for Cumberland County, Maine","docAbstract":"This report was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Maine Water Science Center as the deliverable for scoping of flood hazard mapping needs for Cumberland County, Maine, under Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Inter-Agency Agreement Number HSFE01-05-X-0018. This section of the report explains the objective of the task and the purpose of the report. \r\n\r\nThe Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) developed a plan in 1997 to modernize the FEMA flood mapping program. FEMA flood maps delineate flood hazard areas in support of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). FEMA's plan outlined the steps necessary to update FEMA's flood maps for the nation to a seamless digital format and streamline FEMA's operations in raising public awareness of the importance of the maps and responding to requests to revise them. The modernization of flood maps involves conversion of existing information to digital format and integration of improved flood hazard data as needed. To determine flood mapping modernization needs, FEMA has established specific scoping activities to be done on a county-by-county basis for identifying and prioritizing requisite flood-mapping activities for map modernization. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with FEMA and the Maine State Planning Office Floodplain Management Program, began scoping work in 2005 for Cumberland County. Scoping activities included assembling existing data and map needs information for communities in Cumberland County, documentation of data, contacts, community meetings, and prioritized mapping needs in a final scoping report (this document), and updating the Mapping Needs Update Support System (MNUSS) Database or its successor with information gathered during the scoping process.\r\n\r\nThe average age of the FEMA floodplain maps in Cumberland County, Maine is 21 years. Most of these studies were in the early to mid 1980s. However, in the ensuing 20-25 years, development has occurred in many of the watersheds, and the characteristics of the watersheds have changed with time. Therefore, many of the older studies may not depict current conditions nor accurately estimate risk in terms of flood heights. \r\n\r\nThe following is the scope of work as defined in the FEMA/USGS Statement of Work: \r\n\r\nTask 1: Collect data from a variety of sources including community surveys, other Federal and State Agencies, National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) State Coordinators, Community Assistance Visits (CAVs) and FEMA archives. Lists of mapping needs will be obtained from the MNUSS database, community surveys, and CAVs, if available. FEMA archives will be inventoried for effective FIRM panels, FIS reports, and other flood-hazard data or existing study data. Best available base map information, topographic data, flood-hazard data, and hydrologic and hydraulic data will be identified. Data from the Maine Floodplain Management Program database also will be utilized. \r\n\r\nTask 2: Contact communities in Cumberland County to notify them that FEMA and the State have selected them for a map update, and that a project scope will be developed with their input. Topics to be reviewed with the communities include (1) Purpose of the Flood Map Project (for example, the update needs that have prompted the map update); (2) The community's mapping needs; (3) The community's available mapping, hydrologic, hydraulic, and flooding information; (4) target schedule for completing the project; and (5) The community's engineering, planning, and geographic information system (GIS) capabilities. \r\n\r\nOn the basis of the collected information from Task 1 and community contacts/meetings in Task 2, the USGS will develop a Draft Project Scope for the identified mapping needs of the communities in Cumberland County. The following items will be addressed in the Draft Project Scope: review of available information, determine if and how effective FIS data can be used in new project, and identify other data needed to ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061098","usgsCitation":"Dudley, R.W., and Schalk, C.W., 2006, Scoping of flood hazard mapping needs for Cumberland County, Maine (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1098, 267 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061098.","productDescription":"267 p.","numberOfPages":"267","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7194,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1098/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcdf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dudley, Robert W. 0000-0002-0934-0568 rwdudley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-0568","contributorId":2223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"Robert","email":"rwdudley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schalk, Charles W. cwschalk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"Charles","email":"cwschalk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}