Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Recent isotope studies show that the waters involved in a variety of geologic processes are dominantly the local meteoric water of each area. In most active geothermal systems, the D/H ratio of the hot water is nearly identical with the local cold meteoric water, but the O18/O16 ratio has been shifted to a more positive value because of subsurface exchange with rocks.
The numerous thermal springs of the Wilbur Springs mercury district, although rich in CO2, are otherwise similar in Cl content and isotopic composition to analyzed California oil-field waters. Some of the springs discharge near the tops of ridges. These relations cannot be explained by normal meteoric recharge.
Water of isotopic composition similar to that of Wilbur Springs occurs in the Sulphur Bank mercury district 15 mi west of Wilbur Springs, but the Sulphur Bank water is higher in B and NH3 and much lower in Cl than are the Wilbur and most oil-field waters.
The Wilbur Springs and Sulphur Bank waters are enriched by ∼40‰ in δD and ∼13‰ in δO18 relative to local meteoric waters of each area, and thus require processes that differ, at least in part, from most previously studied geothermal systems. The D enrichment, chemical composition, and ridge-top discharge are best explained by large proportions of nonmeteoric water. Wilbur Springs and Sulphur Bank may be dominated, respectively, by waters of connate and metamorphic origin, derived from reaction of ancient ocean waters and marine sediments, and now being forced out by pressures that are higher than hydrostatic. Present data indicate that the most saline of each of these types is more restricted in range of δD than are present-day meteoric waters of the same areas; complete flushing by existing or ancient meteoric waters is unlikely.
Many springs in the region are chemically intermediate between the high- and low-chloride types and commonly mix near the surface in different proportions with local meteoric water. Many of these springs are associated with mercury deposits and Alpine serpentinites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<547:TAMWON>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"White, D.E., Barnes, I., and O’Neil, J.R., 1973, Thermal and mineral waters of nonmeteoric origin, California Coast Ranges: GSA Bulletin, v. 84, no. 2, p. 547-560, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<547:TAMWON>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"560","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358438,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Donald E.","contributorId":76787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Ivan","contributorId":56619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Ivan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Neil, James R.","contributorId":70762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199338,"text":"70199338 - 1973 - Lakes of Oregon, Volume 1: Clatsop, Columbia, and Tillamook Counties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-21T14:18:39","indexId":"70199338","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T15:17:50","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Lakes of Oregon, Volume 1: Clatsop, Columbia, and Tillamook Counties","docAbstract":"An inventory of lakes and reservoirs in Oregon has been needed for many years. Records have long been collected throughout the State to assess the quantity and quality of water from streams, but few data have been collected on water stored in Oregon's lakes and reservoirs. Such data are essential for a complete evaluation of the total surface-water supply of the State and to provide a basis for answering questions about Oregon's lakes. Much of the information on lakes and reservoirs previously collected by Federal and State agencies has never been published. These data were compiled and used as a basis for collecting additional information. This report provides information for use by city, county, and State planning groups as well as for sportsmen, tourists, and others interested in preserving the recreational value of Oregon's lakes.
Because of the large number of lakes and reservoirs in Oregon, a single report covering the State would be bulky. Therefore, the best approach seemed to be to publish several volumes on a county or multicounty basis, and Clatsop, Columbia, and Tillamook Counties were selected for the first report. (See fig. 1.)
In addition to office compilation of existing data, most lakes were visited at least once. Visits were made in late summer or early fall when lakes were most accessible and when water temperature and biological activity are at a maximum. Some lakes previously studied by other Federal or State agencies and included in this report were not visited during the study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70199338","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oregon State Engineer","usgsCitation":"Sanderson, R., Shulters, M., and Curtiss, D.A., 1973, Lakes of Oregon, Volume 1: Clatsop, Columbia, and Tillamook Counties: Open-File Report, iii, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70199338.","productDescription":"iii, 95 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":357626,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199338/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":357625,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199338/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Clatsop County, Columbia County, Tillamook County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.0411376953125,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 46.2824277013447\n ],\n [\n -124.0411376953125,\n 46.2824277013447\n ],\n [\n -124.0411376953125,\n 45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanderson, R.B.","contributorId":169982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanderson","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shulters, M.V.","contributorId":54583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shulters","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Curtiss, D. A.","contributorId":27862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtiss","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70168642,"text":"70168642 - 1973 - Geology of the Mississippian aquifer in Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-22T13:29:27","indexId":"70168642","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T14:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"3","subseriesTitle":"Miscellaneous Map","title":"Geology of the Mississippian aquifer in Iowa","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/mf3","usgsCitation":"Horick, P.J., and Steinhilber, W.L., 1973, Geology of the Mississippian aquifer in Iowa, 3 sheets., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf3.","productDescription":"3 sheets.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/mf3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":318279,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56cc3fdde4b059daa47e45b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horick, P. J.","contributorId":167109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horick","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinhilber, W. L.","contributorId":79456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinhilber","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70241837,"text":"70241837 - 1973 - Transient and steady-state salt transport between sediments and brine in closed lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-28T19:16:41.255924","indexId":"70241837","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T14:08:13","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient and steady-state salt transport between sediments and brine in closed lakes","docAbstract":"A diffusional transport model for Lake Abert, Oregon, predicts the rates of salt transport from pore fluids into lake waters. In a lake without outflow dissolved salts may migrate across the sediment-water interface in response to a concentration difference between lake and interstitial brine. Transport of salt upward is transient; its direction can be reversed by external input of salt or by depletion of salts stored in the sediments, and a steady-state concentration in lake water is not attainable. Downward transport can be a stationary process if the sedimentation rate is rapid compared with molecular diffusion of salt in interstitial brine, but characteristic rates arc too slow to lead to steady-state concentrations within the lifetime of a closed lake. In Lake Abert, diffusional flux upward was much more important than input of salt from other sources; 45% of the salt of lake brine in 1963–1964 was added from the sediment pore space during the preceding 25 years, only 0.1% from external inflow. The sediment source will dominate input during high water level. Such models permit comparison of salt transport across the sediment-water interface with other input sources at different times of the lake’s history.
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\"}}]}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70230347","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Broward County, Cities of Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Hallandale, Pompano Beach, and Deerfield Beach, Bureau of Geology, Florida Department of Natural Resources, and Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District","usgsCitation":"Bearden, H., 1973, Hydrologic data for 1971, Broward County, Florida: Open-File Report FL 73-016, 87 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70230347.","productDescription":"87 p.","numberOfPages":"87","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":398323,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70230347/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":398324,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70230347/ofr-fl-73016.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.95 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Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Patterns of foraminiferal species diversity were examined along the eastern margin of North America by utilizing the number of species, S, the information function, H(S), and species equitability, E. The 350 modern samples we studied extended from the Arctic to the Gulf of Mexico at depths ranging from a few meters to more than 5,000 m. In addition, 29 samples from Miocene strata of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and continental shelf were studied.
Modern species diversity as measured by S and H(S) generally increases as depth increases and latitude decreases. Some notable exceptions occur, however, which are difficult to explain. For example, species diversity in the Arctic depth interval of 0 to 100 m is as high or higher than that found immediately south of Nova Scotia, in the Gulf of Maine, on Browns and Georges Banks, and even off the Gulf of Mexico deltas. At the moderate depth interval of 100 to 1,000 m, however, the entire margin north of Browns and Georges Banks has lower diversities than that to the south. The highest diversity by far in this depth interval occurs in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. At the depth interval greater than 1,000 m, the more southern areas studied generally have a higher species diversity than the more northern Cape Cod to Maryland area. An exception to this is the northwestern Gulf of Mexico; this area is also an exception in that species diversity is significantly lower in the deeper waters than in the shallower waters in the same area.
The measure of species equitability, E, showed no clear pattern with depth or latitude. This may be so because no simple pattern of species proportions exists or because the sampling was inadequate to measure it.
Samples from the Miocene strata show a striking resemblance in species diversity to modern samples at similar depths and latitudes. Our observations indicate that species diversity and equitability have not increased during the last 15 × 106 yrs. The fossil and modern data indicate that each environment has its own carrying capacity and that this capacity is reached rather quickly. Although time and environmental stability are undoubtedly important in determining species diversity, as presently defined they are inadequate to explain all observed patterns. Long-term observations in various environments will be required to determine the relative importance of variables that affect species diversity.
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1973 - Field water-quality information along the proposed trans-Alaska pipeline corridor, September 1970 through September 1972","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-09T16:48:53.544041","indexId":"70265513","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T12:48:35","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Field water-quality information along the proposed trans-Alaska pipeline corridor, September 1970 through September 1972","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70265513","usgsCitation":"Nauman, J.W., and Kernodle, D.R., 1973, Field water-quality information along the proposed trans-Alaska pipeline corridor, September 1970 through September 1972, https://doi.org/10.3133/70265513.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":484353,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nauman, Jon W.","contributorId":56232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nauman","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":932869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kernodle, Donald R.","contributorId":63003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":932870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1466,"text":"1466 - 1973 - Ground-water data for Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-10T12:46:47","indexId":"1466","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T12:43:01","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Ground-water data for Michigan","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Survey (U.S.). 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During that period, the number of irrigation wells increased from 5 to 614. Ground-water withdrawals prior to 1971 are estimated to have reduced ground-water storage by about 270,000 acre-feet, and withdrawals during 1971 continued to reduce storage. The values for changes in storage were computed from weighted-average net differences in ground-water levels.
In 1971, average pumpage from the 32 wells for which well yield and hours of pumping were recorded indicates that pumpage from all wells totaled about 83,000 acre-feet.
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As of 1970, 700 square miles of irrigable land, roughly 60 percent of the area, has subsided due to the intensive pumping of ground water. Maximum subsidence exceeds 9 feet, and the total volume of subsidence (1926-70) is about 1 million acre-feet. Subsidence results from the compaction of water-yielding deposits as intergranular stresses are increased by water-level declines. Also, scattered local areas are affected by the hydrocompaction of moisture-deficient surficial deposits and by subsidence due to the extraction of oil-field fluids.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70237806","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Lofgren, B.E., 1973, Land subsidence due to ground-water withdrawal Arvin-Maricopa area, California: Open-File Report, 192 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70237806.","productDescription":"192 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":481751,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70237806/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":481750,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70237806/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Arvin-Maricopa 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lofgren, Ben Elder","contributorId":52973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lofgren","given":"Ben","email":"","middleInitial":"Elder","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":926583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70203099,"text":"70203099 - 1973 - Transit losses and travel times for reservoir releases, upper Arkansas River Basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-19T10:21:53","indexId":"70203099","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T11:19:51","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5817,"text":"Colorado Water Resources Circular","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"20","title":"Transit losses and travel times for reservoir releases, upper Arkansas River Basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"Factors influencing reservoir releases were analyzed for the upper reach of the Arkansas River in Colorado.
The time of travel of releases from Twin Lakes Reservoir to Colorado Canal, a distance of 175 miles, ranges from 29 to 69 hours depending on the antecedent flow of the Arkansas River. Travel time of releases from Turquoise Lake is 42 hours more and travel time of releases from Clear Creek Reservoir is 12 hours less than for the Twin Lakes Reservoir to Colorado Canal reach.
At the Colorado Canal, the streamflow hydrographs resulting from upstream reservoir releases are modified by channel and bank storage, inadvertent diversions, and evapotranspiration. During an average reservoir release of about 450 cubic feet per second for about 12 days, the released water arriving at the Colorado Canal is reduced by about 7 percent due to bank storage, by about 8 percent due to inadvertent diversions, and by about 1 percent due to evaporation. All release water in channel storage arrives at the Colorado Canal headgate during the release recession soon enough to be diverted and does not cause a loss. Transpiration losses due to bank storage are assumed to be negligible. This total average transportation Loss of 16 percent can vary from about 6 to 28 percent due to the antecedent river conditions, the amount and duration of the reservoir release, and the time of year the release occurs.
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A Corps of Engineers' modification of a deep reservoir thermal stratification model developed by Water Resources Engineers, Inc., was applied to two existing Bureau of Reclamation reservoirs for verification. Diffusion coefficients used for the Corps' Detroit Reservoir were found to apply to Horsetooth Reservoir in Colorado, for which very food computer input data were available. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Dan A.","contributorId":81188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yamanaga, George","contributorId":57117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamanaga","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":784612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209040,"text":"70209040 - 1973 - Chemical quality of ground water in Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-12T09:32:57","indexId":"70209040","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T10:32:16","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":133,"text":"Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"R48","title":"Chemical quality of ground water in Hawaii","docAbstract":"As the quantity of water needed in certain localities of Hawaii is rapidly approaching the quantity of usable water available, identification and protection of the quality of existing and potential water supplies are becoming ever more critical. Certain factors are already identifiable as problems affecting the quality of ground water in Hawaii: (1) over-development leads to salt-water encroachment by local upconing; (2) agricultural and industrial uses and discharges deteriorate both present and potential water supplies; and (3) the increasing practice of underground disposal of domestic wastes, with insufficient information to protect the water resource creates a potential hazard to developed and future supplies.
","language":"English","publisher":"State of Hawaii","publisherLocation":"Honolulu, Hawaii","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Division of Water and Land Development, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii","usgsCitation":"Swain, L.A., 1973, Chemical quality of ground water in Hawaii: Report R48, vii, 54 p.","productDescription":"vii, 54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373172,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":373171,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10524/35722","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, Lindsay A.","contributorId":7323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Lindsay","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006522,"text":"70006522 - 1973 - Effects of exploitation, environmental changes, and new species on the fish habitats and resources of Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-02T10:01:49","indexId":"70006522","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T09:58:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":222,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"22","title":"Effects of exploitation, environmental changes, and new species on the fish habitats and resources of Lake Erie","docAbstract":"No other lake as large as Lake Erie (surface area, 25,690 km2) has been subjected to such extensive changes in the drainage basin, the lake environment, and the fish populations over the last 150 years. Deforestation and prairie burning led to erosion of the watershed and siltation of valuable spawning grounds. Marsh spawning areas were drained. Lake-to-river spawning migrations of sturgeon, walleye, and other fishes were blocked by mill dams. Accelerated cultural nutrient loading increased total dissolved solids by nearly 50% (1920-70). Phosphate loading reached 469 metric tons per year by the 1950's and continued to increase. The biomass of phytoplankton increased 20-fold between 1919 and 1963. Oxygen demand for decomposition of these algae so degraded oxygen regimes in the western and central basins by the 1950's that the once abundant mayfly nymphs were destroyed and the central basin hypolimnion became anoxic. The sequence of disappearance or severe depletion of fish species was as follows: lake trout, sturgeon, lake herring, lake whitefish, sauger, blue pike, and walleye. Yellow perch are now declining. All resources were intensively exploited at one time or another. Lake trout suffered only this stress, but changes in the watershed significantly stressed sturgeon and lake whitefish. Degradation of the lake spawning grounds, benthos, and oxygen regimes culminated in severe stress by the 1950's on the remnants of the lake herring and lake whitefish, and on the sauger, blue pike, and walleye. Additional mortality may have been imposed on walleye and blue pike fry by predacious smelt that successfully colonized Lake Erie after first appearing in 1932. The cultural stresses, in the probable order of greatest to least net effects on the fish community of Lake Erie, appear to have been: (1) an intense, opportunistic, ineffectively controlled commercial fishery; (2) changes in the watershed, such as erosion and siltation of stream beds and inshore lake areas, and construction of dams in tributaries; (3) nutrient loading, destruction of biota, and reduction of dissolved oxygen; and (4) the competitive and predatory activities of invading species.","language":"English","publisher":"Great Lakes Fishery Commission","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI","usgsCitation":"Hartman, W.L., 1973, Effects of exploitation, environmental changes, and new species on the fish habitats and resources of Lake Erie: Technical Report 22, 43 p.","productDescription":"43 p.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287946,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada;United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.4797,41.397 ], [ -83.4797,42.907 ], [ -78.8539,42.907 ], [ -78.8539,41.397 ], [ -83.4797,41.397 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7696e4b0abf75cf2bfb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartman, Wilbur L.","contributorId":14763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"Wilbur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006369,"text":"70006369 - 1973 - Chemical stability of preserved oligotrophic water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T12:31:45","indexId":"70006369","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T09:06:30","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3168,"text":"Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical stability of preserved oligotrophic water samples","docAbstract":"Tests were conducted to determine whether changes that may occur in the chemical characteristics of stored oligotrophic waters collected on 15 sites in northeastern Minnesota were affected by chloroforming. Chloroform was added on site to one of each pair of samples to stabilize the organic content of the water by preventing biological decomposition. The samples were subsequently stored at 25 deg.C, and pH and specific conductivity were measured at intervals for a period of 13 months at which time nine additional chemical parameters (total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, chloride, sulfate, silica, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) were measured.pH increased and specific conductivity decreased. Average changes occurring in time from the original levels were not influenced by treatment, and first differed significantly (P<0.05, paired t test) at 14 days for pH and 8.5 months for specific conductivity. Total dissolved solids and sulfate were significantly (P<0.01 and <0.05, respectively) larger in treated than untreated samples after 13 months storage while the reverse was true for calcium (P<0.05). Total alkalinity, chloride, silica, and magnesium, however, did not differ significantly (P>0.05). Sodium and potassium levels were too low to provide meaningful comparisons. It was concluded that chloroform may be advantageous in preserving oligothrophic waters with respect to total dissolved solids, sulfate and calcium.","language":"English","publisher":"North Dakota Academy of Science","usgsCitation":"Adomaitis, V.A., Shoesmith, J., and Swanson, G., 1973, Chemical stability of preserved oligotrophic water samples: Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science, v. 26, no. 2, p. 1-5.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"5","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281147,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5104e4b0b290850f3abb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adomaitis, V. A.","contributorId":66198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adomaitis","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shoesmith, J.A.","contributorId":58599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoesmith","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swanson, G.A.","contributorId":49299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}