This study evaluated the rate and pattern of natural succession on regraded placer mine spoil in relation to initial substrate characteristics. The study site was the Glen Creek watershed of the Kantishna mining area of Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska. After regrading, twelve 0.01-ha plots were established and substrate characteristics were measured. Natural plant succession was evaluated after five growing seasons. Three successional patterns were identified on the basis of plant community characteristics using cluster analysis, and were related to substrate characteristics. First, a riparian plant community with vigorous Salix alaxensis and Alnus crispa grew rapidly on topsoil that had been spread over the regraded spoil. Second, a similar plant community with less vigorous S. alaxensis developed more slowly on unprocessed spoil and spoil amended with a small amount of topsoil. Third, processed spoil remained almost bare of vegetation, although S. alaxensis was able to establish and persist in a stunted growth form. In contrast, Alnus crispa had difficulty establishing on processed spoil, but the few established seedlings grew well. Several substrate variables, including the proportion of silt and clay vs. sand, total nitrogen, and water retention capacity, were good predictors of the rate and pattern of succession. Total nitrogen was the best single predictor for the number of vigorous S. alaxensis.
","language":"English","publisher":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.2307/1551797","usgsCitation":"Densmore, R., 1994, Succession on regraded placer mine spoil in Alaska, USA, in relation to initial site characteristics: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 26, no. 4, p. 354-363, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551797.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"354","endPage":"363","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334790,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Denali National Park, Glen Creek watershed, Kantishna mining area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.7866668701172,\n 63.51779683618753\n ],\n [\n -150.7866668701172,\n 63.58\n ],\n [\n -150.6778335571289,\n 63.58\n ],\n [\n -150.6778335571289,\n 63.51779683618753\n ],\n [\n -150.7866668701172,\n 63.51779683618753\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"4","publicComments":"The name of this journal has changed. At the time this article was published, the title was \"Arctic and Alpine Research.\" It has since changed to \"Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research.\"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589847aae4b0efcedb7072e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Densmore, R.V.","contributorId":72953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"R.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180711,"text":"70180711 - 1994 - Phenotypic divergence of secondary sexual traits among sage grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-12T21:23:32","indexId":"70180711","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":770,"text":"Animal Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phenotypic divergence of secondary sexual traits among sage grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, populations","docAbstract":"Sage grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, in an isolated montane basin near Gunnison, Colorado differ in several morphological and behavioural traits from conspecifics studied in other areas of the species' range. Both sexes in Gunnison are smaller than sage grouse elsewhere, and males possess differences in feather morphology as well. The mating behaviour of male sage grouse in three populations was examined to determine whether male strut displays of Gunnison sage grouse were behaviourally distinct. Behavioural analyses revealed Gunnison males perform strut displays at a slower rate than males in the two other sage grouse populations sampled. In addition, Gunnison males' strut displays contain unique visual and acoustical aspects. The most distinguishing attributes of Gunnison sage grouse were male secondary sexual characteristics including traits that correlate with mating success in other populations. Thus, phenotypic differences observed in the Gunnison population represent a divergence in expression of traits that are likely to be influenced by sexual selection. Recent models of speciation suggest that species characterized by intense sexual selection, such as those with lek mating systems, have the potential for rapid inter-populational divergence in male traits and female preferences leading to speciation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/anbe.1994.1183","usgsCitation":"Young, J., Hupp, J.W., Bradbury, J.W., and Braun, C.E., 1994, Phenotypic divergence of secondary sexual traits among sage grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, populations: Animal Behaviour, v. 37, no. 6, p. 1353-1362, https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1994.1183.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1353","endPage":"1362","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334506,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Gunnison","volume":"37","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5891b0b9e4b072a7ac12993e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, Jessica R.","contributorId":50837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Jessica R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradbury, Jack W.","contributorId":179016,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradbury","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Braun, Clait E.","contributorId":59368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Clait","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70180927,"text":"70180927 - 1994 - Assessment of shoreline vegetation in relation to use by molting black brant Branta bernicla nigricans on the Alaska Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T13:30:14","indexId":"70180927","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of shoreline vegetation in relation to use by molting black brant Branta bernicla nigricans on the Alaska Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"To evaluate the importance of large thaw lakes on the Alaska Coastal Plain for molting Pacific black brant Branta bernicla nigricans, distribution and life form of shoreline vegetation were assessed using several scales: satellite imagery, point-intercept transects, cover quadrats, and a parameter for water regime. Brant population and distribution estimates from aerial surveys were used to classify large lakes into high, moderate, and low use. Correlations between brant and abundance of their preferred feeding site - moss flats - were best demonstrated by satellite imagery. Intercepts and cover ratings were not correlated, presumably because these techniques were less efficient at assessing area. General observations suggested that the presence of islands, large ice floes, and possibly other physical attributes of the habitat, influenced brant distribution. This area is unique because of low-lying, drained-lake basins that have ideal combinations of moss flats and large water areas where brant seek protection disturbance is vital to the success of this declining species because alternate habitats may not be available elsewhere on the Coastal Plain. in water or on ice floes. Protection of the area from disturbance is vital to the success of this declining species because alternate habitats may not be available elsewhere on the Coastal Plain.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0006-3207(94)90166-X","usgsCitation":"Weller, M.W., Jensen, K.C., Taylor, E., Miller, M., Bollinger, K.S., Derksen, D.V., Esler, D., and Markon, C.J., 1994, Assessment of shoreline vegetation in relation to use by molting black brant Branta bernicla nigricans on the Alaska Coastal Plain: Biological Conservation, v. 70, no. 3, p. 219-225, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90166-X.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"225","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334974,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Coastal Plain, Teshekpuk Lake","volume":"70","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c50e4b0efcedb741117","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weller, Milton W.","contributorId":113630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weller","given":"Milton","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jensen, K. C.","contributorId":16671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jensen","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Eric J.","contributorId":41966,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Eric J.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Mark W.","contributorId":83642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Mark W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bollinger, Karen S.","contributorId":33842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollinger","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Derksen, Dirk V. dderksen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"Dirk","email":"dderksen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70135334,"text":"70135334 - 1994 - Geochemical changes in crude oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez supertanker into Prince William Sound, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-12T10:31:29","indexId":"70135334","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical changes in crude oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez supertanker into Prince William Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"North Slope crude oil spilled from the T/V Exxon Valdez in March 1989 and contaminated about 500 km of Prince William Sound shoreline. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in oil samples collected in August 1990 and June 1992 from beaches on six islands impacted by the spill have been compared with the hydrocarbons from North Slope crude oil taken from the stricken tanker. Degradation processes have changed the physical appearance of this residual spilled oil; the beached oil as collected ranged from a light brown color, to a heavy black viscous oil, to a black, powder-like residue. In these physically different samples, terpane, sterane, and aromatic sterane distributions, as well as carbon isotope values, are similar and correlate with the original Exxon Valdez oil. On the other hand, n-alkanes, isoprenoids, and many of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are present in the original crude oil are dramatically altered in the oil samples collected from the beaches.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(94)90051-5","usgsCitation":"Hostettler, F.D., and Kvenvolden, K.A., 1994, Geochemical changes in crude oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez supertanker into Prince William Sound, Alaska: Organic Geochemistry, v. 21, no. 8-9, p. 927-936, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90051-5.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"927","endPage":"936","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296636,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -146.304931640625,\n 61.01572481397616\n ],\n [\n -148.238525390625,\n 60.994423108456154\n ],\n [\n -148.271484375,\n 60.15244221438077\n ],\n [\n -145.8984375,\n 60.212533353918424\n ],\n [\n -146.304931640625,\n 61.01572481397616\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"8-9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"548c1fd3e4b0ca8c43c3696b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":527051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":527052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180412,"text":"70180412 - 1994 - Association of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus with epizootic hemorrhages of the skin in Pacific herring Clupea harengus pallasi from Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island, Alaska, USA ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T12:12:27","indexId":"70180412","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Association of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus with epizootic hemorrhages of the skin in Pacific herring Clupea harengus pallasi from Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island, Alaska, USA ","docAbstract":"Only one-third of the Pacific hernng Clupea harengus pallasi expected to spawn in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, USA, in sprlng 1993 were observed. Of these herring, 15 to 43 '% had external ulcers or subdermal hemorrhages of the skln and fins. A rhabdovirus identified as the North American strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) was isolated from affected herring and 1 Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus with skin lesions from PWS, and from herring with similar lesions collected near Kodiak Island. No other pathogens were detected in the herring examined. Although VHSV may have been responsible for the skin lesions, there was no confirmed mass herring mortality observed in PWS; hence the actual cause of the reduced herring numbers is still unknown. The same strain of VHSV was subsequently isolated from captive juvenile herring collected from Auke Bay, Alaska, near Juneau, from herring in British Columbia, Canada, and from Puget Sound, Washington, USA. These findings suggest the virus is an opportunistic pathogen that is widely indigenous to Pacific herring populations in the Pacific Northwest and that herring are a significant marine reservoir for North American VHSV.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao019027","usgsCitation":"Meyers, T., Short, S., Lipson, K., Batts, W., Winton, J., Wilcock, J., and Brown, E., 1994, Association of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus with epizootic hemorrhages of the skin in Pacific herring Clupea harengus pallasi from Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island, Alaska, USA : Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 19, p. 27-37, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao019027.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"27","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao019027","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334314,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak Island, Prince William Sound ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.6220703125,\n 58.6769376725869\n ],\n [\n -154.79736328125,\n 57.61010702068388\n ],\n [\n -155.06103515624997,\n 57.136239319177434\n ],\n [\n -154.84130859375,\n 56.31653672211301\n ],\n [\n -153.65478515625,\n 56.389583525613055\n ],\n [\n -152.05078125,\n 57.504020175224646\n ],\n [\n -151.4794921875,\n 58.26328705248601\n ],\n [\n -152.27050781249997,\n 58.7111891496366\n ],\n [\n -152.6220703125,\n 58.6769376725869\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147.37060546875,\n 61.2913492826376\n ],\n [\n -145.9423828125,\n 61.20679804263029\n ],\n [\n -145.2392578125,\n 60.511343283202464\n ],\n [\n -147.76611328125,\n 59.65664225341022\n ],\n [\n -148.42529296875,\n 59.833775202184206\n ],\n [\n -148.86474609375,\n 60.457217797743944\n ],\n [\n -148.623046875,\n 61.00507574751817\n ],\n [\n -147.744140625,\n 61.39671887310411\n ],\n [\n -147.54638671875,\n 61.34407840195394\n ],\n [\n -147.37060546875,\n 61.2913492826376\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135.54931640625,\n 58.802361927759456\n ],\n [\n -134.27490234375,\n 58.91599192355906\n ],\n [\n -132.95654296875,\n 57.89149735271034\n ],\n [\n -132.978515625,\n 57.468589192089354\n ],\n [\n -134.53857421875,\n 57.040729838360875\n ],\n [\n -135.76904296875,\n 58.69977573144006\n ],\n [\n -135.54931640625,\n 58.802361927759456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef9e4b072a7ac0cad8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyers, T.R.","contributorId":108283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Short, S.","contributorId":178921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Short","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lipson, K.","contributorId":178922,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lipson","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Batts, W.N. 0000-0002-6469-9004","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-9004","contributorId":51043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batts","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wilcock, J.","contributorId":178923,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilcock","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brown, E.","contributorId":55747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70180858,"text":"70180858 - 1994 - Identification of tundra land cover near Teschekpuk Lake, Alaska using SPOT satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-19T12:54:18","indexId":"70180858","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of tundra land cover near Teschekpuk Lake, Alaska using SPOT satellite data","docAbstract":"Tundra vegetation in the Teshekpuk Lake area of the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain was mapped to assess distribution and abundance of waterfowl habitats. Three SPOT satellite scenes were acquired and registered to a 20 m Universal Transverse Mercator grid. Two clustering techniques were used to develop statistical parameters by which the SPOT data were spectrally classified. A maximum likelihood algorithm that correlated spectral classes with land cover types was applied to the SPOT data. Field data were used to assist in spectral class labeling and vegetation descriptions. Twelve cover classes were mapped. The most common type was moist sedge meadow tundra (13.5%); the least common was moss/peat shoreline (0.2%). The moss/peat shoreline type, important to moulting geese and other waterfowl, was spectrally identified using supervised clustering techniques. All other land cover types were identified using unsupervised clustering techniques. Cover classes were described, and a tundra landscape profile produced.
We studied morphological and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) divergence among three populations of Brachyramphus Murrelets: Kittlitz's Murrelets (B. brevirostris), and tree-nesting and ground-nesting Marbled Murrelets (B. marmoratus). We found little morphological divergence in external and skeletal measurements among Marbled Murrelets, but both populations were easily distinguished from Kittlitz's Murrelets. Principal components analysis (PCA) of external measurements showed that Kittlitz's Murrelets occupied a distinct cloud in multivariate space separate from Marbled Murrelets. However, tree-nesting and ground-nesting Marbled Murrelets were indistinguishable. We obtained the same pattern from PCA of skeletal dimensions. Analysis of mtDNA revealed an estimate of sequence divergence of 4.4%-5.0% between Marbled Murrelets and Kittlitz's Murrelets, suggesting a divergence of about 2.2 MYBP. The difference between ground- and tree-nesting murrelets was 0.03%. This analysis suggests little divergence has occurred between tree- and ground-nesting populations of Marbled Murrelets.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Pitocchelli, J., Piatt, J.F., and Cronin, M.A., 1994, Morphological and genetic divergence among Alaskan populations of Brachyramphus murrelets: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 107, no. 2, p. 235-250.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"250","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338005,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338004,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wjoonline.org/?code=wors-site","text":"Journal's Homepage"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"107","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f82994","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitocchelli, Jay","contributorId":28419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pitocchelli","given":"Jay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cronin, Matthew A.","contributorId":57307,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cronin","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":28157,"text":"LGL Alaska Research Associates, Anchorage, AK","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185421,"text":"70185421 - 1994 - Chick movements and adoption in a colony of Black-Legged Kittiwakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T11:27:41","indexId":"70185421","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chick movements and adoption in a colony of Black-Legged Kittiwakes","docAbstract":"We studied Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) in an Alaskan colony where movement of young among nests was possible because of moderate terrain and close nest spacing. Thirty-three percent of chicks in a focal group departed their nests prior to fledging, and seven of the vagrant chicks (58%) were adopted by foster parents. The overall frequency of adoption in three years was 8% of 88 chicks from 57 focal nests. Premature nest-departure occurred at different stages among first- and second-hatched chicks. Departing second-hatched chicks were usually expelled by their nest mates within a few days after hatching. First-hatched chicks left at all stages and usually were the sole nest occupant when they departed. The evidence for parent-offspring recognition was equivocal. Adults accepted alien chicks that appeared in the nest and also occasionally attacked their own young outside the nest. However, asymmetry in the response of parents and nonparents to vagrant chicks seeking access to a nest suggested that adults were often able to discriminate appropriately. Vagrant chicks appeared to have little control over their fate-most entered nests where they were smaller than the resident young and suffered nest-mate aggression. Reproductive error seems the likely explanation for the acceptance and foster caregiving observed in adult kittiwakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Roberts, B.D., and Hatch, S.A., 1994, Chick movements and adoption in a colony of Black-Legged Kittiwakes: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 106, no. 2, p. 289-298.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"298","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338001,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338000,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wjoonline.org/?code=wors-site","text":"Journal's Homepage"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Middleton Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -146.46697998046875,\n 59.37169178361765\n ],\n [\n -146.20811462402344,\n 59.37169178361765\n ],\n [\n -146.20811462402344,\n 59.49809151947178\n ],\n [\n -146.46697998046875,\n 59.49809151947178\n ],\n [\n -146.46697998046875,\n 59.37169178361765\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f82999","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, Bay D.","contributorId":181868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"Bay","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185396,"text":"70185396 - 1994 - Response of staging brant to disturbance at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T10:08:53","indexId":"70185396","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of staging brant to disturbance at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","docAbstract":"Human disturbance of migrating waterfowl concerns managers of wildlife populations and refuges. Human disturbance may reduce food intake through interruption of foraging bouts or by displacement from feeding areas (Madsen 1985, Belanger and Bedard 1989), and it may increase energy expenditure from additional time in flight (Korschgen et al., 1985). Reduced food intake and increased energy expenditure can affect the ability of waterfowl to acquire nutrient reserves for successful migration (Fredrickson and Drobney 1979, Davis and Wiseley 1974, Belanger and Bedard 1990). Furthermore, nutrient reserves acquired during fall migration may influence overwinter survival (Haramis et al. 1986).
Over 90% of the Pacific Flyway population of brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) annually migrates to the Izembek Lagoon, Alaska and adjacent areas in fall (Bellrose 1976, Reed et al. 1989). During the 4- to 10-week staging period, brant feed predominantly on energy-rich common eelgrass (Zostera marina) prior to a transoceanic flight to coastal wintering areas in Washington, Oregon, California, and Mexico (Hansen and Nelson 1957, Morehouse 1974, Bellrose 1976). The lzembek Lagoon, a wetland of international importance (Smart 1987), also is a major staging area for Canada geese (Branta canadensis taverneri), emperor geese (Chen canagica), and other waterbirds (Ward and Stehn 1989).
Brant are disturbed by aircraft and other human activities. Jones and Jones (1966) noted that aircraft caused brant to take flight in fall at the Izembek Lagoon. Aircraft influence movements of molting brant and evoke escape responses (Derksen et al. 1979, Jensen 1990). Aircraft, boats, and hunters affect distribution of wintering brant and cause premature departures from feeding areas (Owens 1977, Kramer et al 1979, Henry 1980). However, few data have been published concerning the extent to which disturbance affects behavior of fall-staging brant.
Our objective was to measure current disturbance levels and to determine the extent to which disturbance affects the behavior of brant at the Izembek Lagoon during fall. This baseline information is needed to monitor any future changes in these levels and to provide guidelines for alleviating conflicts where increased human activities cause excessive disturbance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., Stehn, R.A., and Derksen, D.V., 1994, Response of staging brant to disturbance at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 22, no. 2, p. 220-228.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"220","endPage":"228","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337964,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wildlife.org/publications/","text":"Publisher's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Izembek Lagoon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.289794921875,\n 55.05792216193925\n ],\n [\n -162.4163818359375,\n 55.05792216193925\n ],\n [\n -162.4163818359375,\n 55.51930211717438\n ],\n [\n -163.289794921875,\n 55.51930211717438\n ],\n [\n -163.289794921875,\n 55.05792216193925\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b9ae4b0236b68f8299e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stehn, Robert A.","contributorId":83986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehn","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Derksen, Dirk V. dderksen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"Dirk","email":"dderksen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185393,"text":"70185393 - 1994 - Comparison of age determination techniques for female northern pintails and American wigeon in spring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T09:54:09","indexId":"70185393","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of age determination techniques for female northern pintails and American wigeon in spring","docAbstract":"Accurate age-class determination of waterfowl is necessary for studies addressing age-specific effects (e.g., Serie et al., 1992) and age structure of populations (e.g., Raveling and Heitmeyer 1989). Duck ages can be determined in fall by morphological and color characteristics of tertial and tail feathers (Carney 1992); however, these feathers are replaced during fall and winter, thus their characteristics cannot be used in spring (Dane 1968). Other methods used to determine waterfowl age include the presence or absence of the bursa of Fabricius (hereafter bursa; Gower 1939, Hochbaum 1942, Hanson 1949) and characteristics of primary and secondary wing feathers and their coverts (e.g., Wishart 1981, Duncan 1985).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., and Grand, J.B., 1994, Comparison of age determination techniques for female northern pintails and American wigeon in spring: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 22, no. 2, p. 260-264.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"264","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337960,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337959,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wildlife.org/publications/","text":"Publisher's Website"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b9ae4b0236b68f829a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":685435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grand, J. Barry 0000-0002-3576-4567 barry_grand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-4567","contributorId":579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.","email":"barry_grand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185347,"text":"70185347 - 1994 - The adaptive significance of hatching synchrony of waterfowl eggs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-20T16:40:37","indexId":"70185347","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3764,"text":"Wildfowl","onlineIssn":"2052-6458","printIssn":"0954-6324","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The adaptive significance of hatching synchrony of waterfowl eggs","docAbstract":"Alaska is the eastern, subaerial part of a large subcontinent of distinctive tectonic character that serves as an isthmus between nuclear North America, with its fringing belt of allochthonous terranes, and the accreted terranes and volcanic belts that constitute northeastern Russia. Physiographically, this subcontinent, which we name Denalia, is a bulge in the continental platform in the vicinity of Alaska, the Chukotsk Peninsula, and the broad continental shelf of the Bering Sea. The bulge is convex to the south and is bounded on the east and west by constrictions in the width of the continental platform and on the north and south by the edge of the continental shelf (Fig. 1). Tectonically, Denalia is characterized by geologic youthfulness and complexity, an abundance of convergent and transcurrent faults, and absence of autochthonous cratonic rocks. It contains a profusion of lithotectonic terranes of diverse origin and age that were emplaced in late Mesozoic and Cenozoic time. In addition, it includes the superimposed Cenozoic Aleutian arc and subduction zone and the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather transform fault system. Parts of Denalia were created by pre-middle Mesozoic tectonic events, but these took place elsewhere, before the affected rocks were tectonically transported and incorporated into the landmass of Denalia. Except for a small area in the Porcupine Plateau region along the Alaska-Yukon boundary, the only Precambrian rocks that have been recognized in the subcontinent are in tectonically emplaced fragments, the largest of which is the Arctic Alaska terrane in the Brooks Range, Arctic Foothills, and Arctic Foothills.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Phanerozoic evolution of North American continent ocean transitions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/DNAG-COT-PEN.399","usgsCitation":"Moore, T.E., Grantz, A., and Roeske, S.M., 1994, Continent-ocean transition in Alaska: The tectonic assembly of eastern Denalia, chap. of Phanerozoic evolution of North American continent ocean transitions, p. 399-441, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-COT-PEN.399.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"441","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354536,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States, Russia","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135,\n 75\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 75\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 179.9,\n 75\n ],\n [\n 160,\n 75\n ],\n [\n 160,\n 50\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 50\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a001e4b092d9651e228c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":736649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":736650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roeske, S. M.","contributorId":96865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeske","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185227,"text":"70185227 - 1994 - Conservation of North Pacific shorebirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:21:53","indexId":"70185227","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5322,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","printIssn":"0078-1355","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"title":"Conservation of North Pacific shorebirds","docAbstract":"In his introduction to the 1979 Symposium proceedings entitled “Shorebirds in Marine Environments,\" Frank Pitelka stressed the need for studies and conservation programs that spanned the western hemisphere (Pitelka 1979). In the 15 years since Pitelka's call to arms, the locations of many important migratory and wintering sites for shorebirds have been identified in the Americas (Senner and Howe 1984, Morrison and Ross 1989, Morrison and Butler 1994) and in the East Asian-Australasian flyway (Lane and Parish 1991, Mundkur 1993, Watkins 1993). However, assessments for Central America, the Russian Far East and most of Oceania remain incomplete or lacking.
The recognition that shorebird conservation required the protection of habitats throughout the birds' range (e.g., Morrison 1984, Davidson and Evans 1989 in Ens et al. 1990) prompted the establishment of the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network (WHSRN) in the Americas in 1985 (Joyce 1986). This program complemented the 1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially for Waterbirds (Ramsar Convention, Smart 1987), recognized by more that 50 countries world-wide.
Our purpose for writing this paper is to: (1) describe the distribution of North Pacific shorebirds throughout their annual cycle; (2) review the locations of and threats to important sites used by North Pacific shorebirds during the breeding, migration, and wintering periods, and (3) outline a program for international conservation of Pacific shorebirds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management Institute","usgsCitation":"Gill, R., Butler, R.W., Tomkovich, P.S., Mundkur, T., and Handel, C.M., 1994, Conservation of North Pacific shorebirds, v. 59, p. 63-78.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"78","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337755,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Pacific","volume":"59","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba437e4b0849ce97dc7d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butler, Robert W.","contributorId":67444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tomkovich, Pavel S.","contributorId":55333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tomkovich","given":"Pavel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6930,"text":"Zoological Museum of Moscow, MV Lomonosov University, Moscow, Russia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mundkur, Taej","contributorId":107843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mundkur","given":"Taej","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186209,"text":"70186209 - 1994 - Brown bear-human interactions associated with deer hunting on Kodiak Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T14:16:50","indexId":"70186209","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":978,"text":"Bears: Their Biology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brown bear-human interactions associated with deer hunting on Kodiak Island","docAbstract":"I compared distribution and range of brown bears (Ursus arctos middendorffi) with temporal and spatial distribution of Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) hunting activity on westside Kodiak Island, Alaska, to examine impacts of deer hunting on bears. Mean number of bears that annually ranged ≤5 km from the coast, >5 km inland from the coast, or in both areas was 10, 8, and 11, respectively. Bears that exclusively or seasonally occupied the coast zone were usually classed as having moderate or high potential to interact with hunters because most hunter access and effort (>95%) was via the coast. Bears that ranged exclusively inland were considered unlikely to encounter hunters. Animals that ranged in both zones often (39%) moved inland during fall (Oct-Dec) and most bears (70%) denned in the inland zone. Females that denned near the coast entered dens later (x̄ = 22 Nov) than females that denned inland (x̄ = 12 Nov). Two radio-collared bears were known to raid deer-hunting camps and 9 other marked bears were observed by hunters or were located <200 m from hunting camps. Deer-hunter surveys revealed that more than two-thirds of the deer harvest occurred during October-November. About half of the hunters observed at least 1 bear during their hunt. Seven to 21% of the respondents reported having a threatening encounter with a bear and 5-26% reported losing deer meat to bears. Human-induced mortality to radio-collared bears occurred more often near the coast (5) than inland (3); 7 bears were harvested by sport hunters and 1 was killed (nonsport) in a Native village. Deer hunters killed 2 unmarked females in defense of life or property situations in the study area. High bear densities and concentrated deer-hunting activity combine to make conflicts unavoidable. Adverse impacts to bears can be minimized by maintaining low levels of human activity in inland areas and improving hunter awareness of bear ecology and behavior.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"A selection of papers from the ninth international conference on bear research and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Ninth International Conference on Bear Research and Management","conferenceDate":"February 23-28, 1992","conferenceLocation":"Missoula, MT","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","doi":"10.2307/3872685","usgsCitation":"Barnes, V.G., 1994, Brown bear-human interactions associated with deer hunting on Kodiak Island: Bears: Their Biology and Management, v. 9, no. Part 1, p. 63-73, https://doi.org/10.2307/3872685.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"73","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338972,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.57513427734375,\n 57.91630666417919\n ],\n [\n -153.92120361328125,\n 57.91630666417919\n ],\n [\n -154.01458740234375,\n 57.82281772781588\n ],\n [\n -154.00634765625,\n 57.745213216291866\n ],\n [\n -153.9459228515625,\n 57.65421872137722\n ],\n [\n -153.929443359375,\n 57.562995459387146\n ],\n [\n -153.89373779296875,\n 57.514347738032804\n ],\n [\n -153.885498046875,\n 57.4552937099324\n ],\n [\n -153.85528564453125,\n 57.42720958655339\n ],\n [\n -153.79760742187497,\n 57.38134182387448\n ],\n [\n -153.78662109375,\n 57.3428277935861\n ],\n [\n -153.753662109375,\n 57.31169078996896\n ],\n [\n -153.67401123046872,\n 57.28498092462365\n ],\n [\n -153.63006591796875,\n 57.271618718194446\n ],\n [\n -153.544921875,\n 57.24042137149313\n ],\n [\n -153.33343505859375,\n 57.29388636800383\n ],\n [\n -153.19610595703125,\n 57.37541921931102\n ],\n [\n -153.22082519531247,\n 57.44938305443732\n ],\n [\n -153.336181640625,\n 57.52319760837676\n ],\n [\n -153.468017578125,\n 57.598334849584454\n ],\n [\n -153.52294921875,\n 57.6689107171251\n ],\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 57.77012340253372\n ],\n [\n -153.544921875,\n 57.85205911479104\n ],\n [\n -153.57513427734375,\n 57.91630666417919\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"Part 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6acae4b02ff32c6aea89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, Victor G. Jr.","contributorId":95113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Victor","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":35655,"text":"Kodiak Brown Bear Trust, Westcliffe, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":687882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185147,"text":"70185147 - 1994 - [Book review] The Ancient Murrelet. A natural history in the Queen Charlotte Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T13:00:19","indexId":"70185147","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] The Ancient Murrelet. A natural history in the Queen Charlotte Islands","docAbstract":"Leadership in ecological research on north-temperate-zone seabirds has long been associated with the region of the northeastern Atlantic, which enjoys a tradition of detailed, innovative work spanning several decades. Although the temperate North Pacific is home to several of the same species that figure prominently in the Atlantic and also has a host of interesting species found nowhere else, Pacific birds had until recently received comparatively little attention. Few important advances in seabird biology had come from the northern North Pacific, which tended to leave those of us who work in the region harboring a slight inferiority complex. Happily, this situation is beginning to change. First, we are learning that in some instances the population dynamics of shared species differ greatly between the North Pacific and North Atlantic. The Pacific work, therefore, is more than just a rehash of that which was already known. It takes an important step toward understanding geographic variation in demography – variation that would not have been anticipated from any casual comparison of the environments, which appear superficially similar. Second, we are starting to see the results of in-depth work on species unique to the region. Tony Gaston’s book, the first monographic treatment of any North Pacific alcid, is one encouraging sign that seabird research in the temperate North Pacific is coming of age.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088537","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., 1994, [Book review] The Ancient Murrelet. A natural history in the Queen Charlotte Islands: The Auk, v. 111, no. 1, p. 242-243, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088537.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"243","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337636,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"1","publicComments":"This is a review of the following work: The Ancient Murrelet. A natural history in the Queen Charlotte Islands. – Anthony J. Gaston. 1992. T&AD Poyser Ltd, London, and Academic press, San Diego, California. xviii + 249 pp., 22 black-and-white plates, 69 text figures, 22 tables, 2 appendices. ISBN 0-85661-071-4. $34.95.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52ffe4b0849ce97c8758","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185144,"text":"70185144 - 1994 - Postbreeding dispersal and drift-net mortality of endangered Japanese Murrelets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T12:39:55","indexId":"70185144","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Postbreeding dispersal and drift-net mortality of endangered Japanese Murrelets","docAbstract":"The incidental catch of seabirds in high-seas drift nets was recorded in 1990-1991 by scientific observers on commercial squid and large-mesh fishery vessels operating in the North Pacific Transitional Zone. Twenty-six Synthliboramphus murrelet deaths were recorded in the months of August through December. All but one were from the Korean squid fishery in a small area bounded by 38°-44°N and 142°-157°E. Five specimens of the dead birds were collected and later identified as Japanese Murrelets (S. wumizusume). As fishing effort was widely distributed over a large area east of Japan, these data suggest that postbreeding Japanese Murrelets migrate north to winter in a relatively small area southeast of Hokkaido, where persistent eddies form at the confluence of the Oyashio and Kuroshio currents. Fronts between cold Oyashio water and Kuroshio warm-core eddies promote the aggregation of zooplankton and pelagic fishes, which in turn may attract murrelets during the nonbreeding season. The estimated total mortality of Japanese Murrelets in high-seas drift-net fisheries represents a significant proportion of the total world population of this rare and endangered species.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088827","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., and Gould, P.J., 1994, Postbreeding dispersal and drift-net mortality of endangered Japanese Murrelets: The Auk, v. 111, no. 4, p. 953-961, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088827.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"953","endPage":"961","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","otherGeospatial":"North Pacific Transitional Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 147,\n 36\n ],\n [\n 141,\n 36\n ],\n [\n 141,\n 45\n ],\n [\n 147,\n 45\n ],\n [\n 147,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca5301e4b0849ce97c875a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gould, Patrick J.","contributorId":11667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184361,"text":"70184361 - 1994 - Experimental recovery of sea otter carcasses at Kodiak Island, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T14:56:19","indexId":"70184361","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental recovery of sea otter carcasses at Kodiak Island, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill","docAbstract":"ound, Alaska, spilling approximately 11 million barrels of crude oil. Oil was
deposited on beaches nearly 700 km from the spill site (Galt and Payton 1990,
Piatt et al. 1990), affecting thousands of hectares of sea otter
(Enhydra lutris)
habitat. Two of the principal limitations in determining the initial effects of the
Exxon Valdez oil spill on sea otter populations were a lack of recent population
data, and a lack of information on the proportion of the total number of sea
otters killed by the spill that were actually recovered.
ound, Alaska, spilling approximately 11 million barrels of crude oil. Oil was
deposited on beaches nearly 700 km from the spill site (Galt and Payton 1990,
Piatt et al. 1990), affecting thousands of hectares of sea otter
(Enhydra lutris)
habitat. Two of the principal limitations in determining the initial effects of the
Exxon Valdez oil spill on sea otter populations were a lack of recent population
data, and a lack of information on the proportion of the total number of sea
otters killed by the spill that were actually recovered.
On 24 March 1989, the T/V Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling approximately 11 million barrels of crude oil. Oil was deposited on beaches nearly 700 km from the spill site (Galt and Payton 1990, Piatt et al. 1990), affecting thousands of hectares of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) habitat. Two of the principal limitations in determining the initial effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on sea otter populations were a lack of recent population data, and a lack of information on the proportion of the total number of sea otters killed by the spill that were actually recovered.
In late April and early May oil spread to the Kodiak Archipelago. With the oil came wildlife rescue, beach cleanup, and other spill-response activities including searches for dead birds and mammals. We took this opportunity to assess experimentally the recovery of sea otter carcasses in the Kodiak Island area. Specifically, we were interested in the proportion of the total number of dead sea otters the recovered carcasses represented.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.1994.tb00509.x","usgsCitation":"DeGange, A.R., Doroff, A.M., and Monson, D., 1994, Experimental recovery of sea otter carcasses at Kodiak Island, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Marine Mammal Science, v. 10, no. 4, p. 492-496, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1994.tb00509.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"492","endPage":"496","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337009,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak Archipelago, Prince William Sound","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12663e4b014cc3a3d352d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeGange, Anthony R. tdegange@usgs.gov","contributorId":139765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGange","given":"Anthony","email":"tdegange@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":681164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doroff, Angela M.","contributorId":140660,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doroff","given":"Angela","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7058,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":681166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184357,"text":"70184357 - 1994 - Environmental variability facilitates coexistence within an alcid community at sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T14:45:57.872768","indexId":"70184357","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental variability facilitates coexistence within an alcid community at sea","docAbstract":"We examined coexistence at sea among 7 taxa of diving, wing-propelled seabirds (Alcidae) in the genera Aethia, Uria, Cepphus, and Fratercula. Species abundances were measured simultaneously with a suite of environmental factors in the northern Bering Sea, Alaska, USA; data from 260 adjacent and non-adjacent sites occupied by alcids foraging offshore near breeding colonies were then subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). We used PCA to group redundant environmental descriptors, to identify orthogonal axes for constructing a multi-dimensional niche, and to differentiate species associations within niche dimensions from species associations among niche dimensions. Decomposition of the correlation matrix for 22 environmental and 7 taxonomic variables with PCA gave 14 components (10 environmental and 4 species interactions) that retained 90% of the original available variance. Alcid abundances (all species) were most strongly correlated with axes representing tidal stage, a time-area interaction (due to sampling layout), water masses, and a temporal or intra-seasonal trend partially associated with weather changes. Axes representing tidal stage, 2 gradients in macro-habitat (Anadyr and Bering Shelf Water masses), the micro-habitat of the sea surface, and an air-sea interaction were most important for detecting differences among species within niche dimensions. Contrary to assumptions of competition, none of 4 compound variables describing primarily species-interactions gave strong evidence for negative associations between alcid taxa sharing similar body sizes and feeding requirements. This exploratory analysis supports the view that alcids may segregate along environmental gradients at sea. But in this community, segregation was unrelated to foraging distance from colonies, in part because foraging 'substrate' was highly variable in structure, location, and area1 extent. We contend that coexistence within this seabird group is facilitated via expanded niche dimensions created from a complex marine environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps103221","usgsCitation":"Haney, J.C., and Schauer, A.E., 1994, Environmental variability facilitates coexistence within an alcid community at sea: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 103, p. 221-237, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps103221.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"237","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488314,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.3354/meps103221","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336998,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, St. Lawrence Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -177.36328125,\n 62.02152819100765\n ],\n [\n -159.609375,\n 62.02152819100765\n ],\n [\n -159.609375,\n 66.93006025862448\n ],\n [\n -177.36328125,\n 66.93006025862448\n ],\n [\n -177.36328125,\n 62.02152819100765\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58bfd519e4b014cc3a3ba643","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haney, J. Christopher","contributorId":48043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Christopher","affiliations":[{"id":6654,"text":"USFWS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schauer, Amy E.S.","contributorId":187647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schauer","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184280,"text":"70184280 - 1994 - Reproductive ecology of tundra swans on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T16:56:06","indexId":"70184280","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive ecology of tundra swans on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska","docAbstract":"Management of tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus) is hampered by a lack of information on their nesting and brood-rearing ecology. We studied tundra swan nesting and brood-rearing ecology on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), Alaska, 1988-90. Nest success was 58% (n = 31) in 1988, 83% (n = 36) in 1989, 84% (n = 43) in 1990, and 76% (n = 110) for the 3 years. Nests were located predominately in marshes dominated by sheathed pondweed (Potamogeton vaginatus), mare's tail (Hippuris vulgaris), and Hoppner sedge (Carex subspathacea), or by pendent grass (Arctophila fulva), water sedge (C. aquatilis), and tall cotton grass (Eriophorum angustifolium). Nests were seldom located in upland or partially vegetated habitats and were near coastal lagoons or large coastal lakes. Incubating swans were easily disturbed by ground observers and left their nests when we were 500-2,000 m from the nest. Swans did not cover eggs with nest material prior to departure; thus, eggs were vulnerable to avain predation and thermal stress. Brood-foraging sites on the Kongakut Delta (n = 41) were frequently in aquatic-marsh (59%) and saline graminoid-shrub (29%) habitats, occasionally in graminoid-marsh (7%) and partially vegetated (5%) habitats, and absent from upland, graminoid-shrub-water sedge, and graminoid-shrub-cotton grass habitats. Brood-foraging sites on the Canning Delta (n = 35) were frequently in graminoid-marsh (46%), graminoid-shrub-water sedge (26%), and aquatic-marsh (23%) habitats, occasionally in graminoid-shrub-cotton grass (3%) and upland habitats (3%), and absent from saline graminoid-shrub and partially vegetated habitats. Young cygnets grazed in terrestrial habitats more frequently than older broods on the Kongakut (P = 0.003) and Canning (P = 0.053) deltas. Wetlands with sheathed pondweed were uncommon but preferred by broods (P = 0.001). Using field experiments, we evaluated effects of swan grazing and fertilization from feces on aboveground biomass production and plant-species composition. Fertilization from swan feces did not have an overall effect (P = 0.991) or interact with clipping (simulated grazing with hand shears) (P = 0.881) for any response variable investigated. Clipping increased total vegetational biomass the year of clipping (P = 0.001), decreased biomass the year after clipping (P = 0.001), and increased total shoot densities (P = 0.017). Shoot densities after clipping increased for Hoppner sedge (P = 0.010), did not change for tundra grass (Dupontia fischeri) (P = 0.296), and decreased for chickweed (Dupontia fischeri) (P = 0.006). Traditional use of foraging sites may enhance grazing areas by increasing plant production the year of grazing and densities of plant species that tolerate grazing. Protection of aquatic-marsh, graminoid-marsh, and saline graminoid-shrub habitats, particularly those supporting sheathed pondweed and traditionally used nesting areas, is important for maintaining current swan populations on ANWR.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809691","usgsCitation":"Monda, M.J., Ratti, J.T., and McCabe, T.R., 1994, Reproductive ecology of tundra swans on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 58, no. 4, p. 757-773, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809691.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"757","endPage":"773","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336900,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -145.89294433593747,\n 69.94914219833734\n ],\n [\n -145.140380859375,\n 69.94914219833734\n ],\n [\n -145.140380859375,\n 70.1720640322536\n ],\n [\n -145.89294433593747,\n 70.1720640322536\n ],\n [\n -145.89294433593747,\n 69.94914219833734\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -142.1637725830078,\n 69.67879724207928\n ],\n [\n -141.54441833496094,\n 69.67879724207928\n ],\n [\n -141.54441833496094,\n 69.8736722051942\n ],\n [\n -142.1637725830078,\n 69.8736722051942\n ],\n [\n -142.1637725830078,\n 69.67879724207928\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be8340e4b014cc3a3a9a21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monda, Matthew J.","contributorId":187554,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monda","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ratti, John T.","contributorId":59396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ratti","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":33344,"text":"University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCabe, Thomas R.","contributorId":91255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184279,"text":"70184279 - 1994 - Seasonal and annual survival of emperor geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T10:57:39","indexId":"70184279","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal and annual survival of emperor geese","docAbstract":"Population levels of emperor geese (Chen canagica) in Alaska in 1993 were about half that estimated in the 1960s. Survival information is necessary for managers to decide how to best enhance recovery of this species to former levels. We calculated seasonal and annual estimates of emperor goose survival from resightings of neck-collared birds. Geese were neck collared in 1988-90 on their breeding grounds in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, and resighted each spring and fall, 1988-92, at staging areas on the Alaska Peninsula. Adult monthly survival rates during overwinter periods (1 Oct-30 Apr) were not different (P = 0.281) among years (Ŝ'= 0.940, SE = 0.009), whereas monthly rates of oversummer (1 May-30 Sep) survival showed annual variation (P = 0.048). However, we constrained oversummer survival to a single estimate of 0.980 (0.010). Monthly survival estimates for juveniles during their first overwinter period did not vary among years (P = 0.999) and was 0.710 (0.018). Subsequent monthly survival for juveniles was 0.943 (0.010), similar to that for adults. We developed an adjustment procedure to account for philopatric behavior of geese and this enabled us to use data for postbanding (1 Aug-30 Sep) periods. Survival estimates were low compared with those for other goose species, particularly for juveniles. We addressed collar loss and heterogeneity in resighting probabilities and felt their contribution to potential model bias was insignificant. Annual survival among adults (Ŝ' = 0.631, SE = 0.023) was not different (P = 0.709) from that observed during 1982-85 (Petersen 1992). The similarity in survival rates in these studies suggests that harvest regimes did not differ between the 2 periods. This suggests that continued subsistence harvest has contributed to persistent low population levels in emperor geese.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809325","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., Cantor, S.E., and Petersen, M.R., 1994, Seasonal and annual survival of emperor geese: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 58, no. 3, p. 525-535, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809325.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"525","endPage":"535","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336902,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be8340e4b014cc3a3a9a23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cantor, Susan E.","contributorId":187555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cantor","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184245,"text":"70184245 - 1994 - Decoy trapping and rocket-netting for northern pintails in spring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-03T15:35:38","indexId":"70184245","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decoy trapping and rocket-netting for northern pintails in spring","docAbstract":"Decoy traps and rocket-nets were compared for capturing Northern Pintails (Anas acuta: hereafter pintails) during May 1991 on the Yukon Flats, Alaska. Males were captured at similar rates using both methods (1.38 vs. 1.07 males/trap d, respectively), but baited rocket-nets were more efficient than decoy traps for capturing females (0.52 vs. 0.12 females/trap d). There were no significant differences in masses of pintails captured by each method.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Grand, J.B., and Fondell, T., 1994, Decoy trapping and rocket-netting for northern pintails in spring: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 65, no. 3, p. 402-405.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"402","endPage":"405","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336832,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon Flats","volume":"65","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ba8ebfe4b0bcef64f0b947","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grand, J. Barry 0000-0002-3576-4567 barry_grand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-4567","contributorId":579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.","email":"barry_grand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fondell, Thomas F. tfondell@usgs.gov","contributorId":139310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fondell","given":"Thomas F.","email":"tfondell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":680703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184244,"text":"70184244 - 1994 - Blood sampling in juvenile buff-breasted sandpipers: Movement, weight change and survival","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-03T15:32:25","indexId":"70184244","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Blood sampling in juvenile buff-breasted sandpipers: Movement, weight change and survival","docAbstract":"The effect of blood sampling on juvenile Buff-breasted Sandpipers (Tryngites subruficollis) was evaluated by comparing movements, mass, and survival of 10 broods (37 chicks) that were bled and eight broods (31 chicks) that were not bled. Blood was sampled from the jugular vein of chicks when they weighed 9.1 ± 0.9 g (x̄ ± SD) on or within 1 d of hatch. Chicks showed few short-term negative effects from blood sampling. Individual chicks suffered little physical injury, and five of eight chicks where injury occurred (i.e., hematomas formed) survived to fledging. Furthermore, bled broods gained mass at a comparable rate during the first 5 d post-hatch, and were resighted at similar frequencies as broods that were not bled. Bled broods moved slightly longer distances than control broods 1 d after hatch, however. This increased activity may have been stress-induced, but was only temporary; bled and control broods made similar long-term movements, and the probability of resighting was similar at fledging. With the proper precautions, it appears that Buff-breasted Sandpiper young can be safely sampled for blood at an early age without causing undue harm.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Lanctot, R.B., 1994, Blood sampling in juvenile buff-breasted sandpipers: Movement, weight change and survival: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 65, no. 4, p. 534-542.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"534","endPage":"542","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prudhoe Bay","volume":"65","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ba8ebfe4b0bcef64f0b949","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":680701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70182997,"text":"70182997 - 1994 - Geology of Seward Peninsula and Saint Lawrence Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:11:28","indexId":"70182997","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"4","title":"Geology of Seward Peninsula and Saint Lawrence Island","docAbstract":"Seward Peninsula (Fig. 1) may be divided into two geologic terranes (Fig. 2) on the basis of stratigraphy, structure, and metamorphic history. The Seward terrane, an area 150 by 150 km in the central and eastern peninsula, is dominated by Precambrian(?) and early Paleozoic blueschist-, greenschist-, and amphibolite-facies schist and marble, and intruded by three suites of granitic rocks. The York terrane, roughly 100 by 75 km, occupies western Seward Peninsula and the Bering Straits region; it is composed of Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, and possibly older limestone, argillaceous limestone, dolostone, and phyllite, which are cut by a suite of Late Cretaceous tin-bearing granites. The boundary between the Seward and York terranes is poorly exposed but is thought to be a major thrust fault because of its sinuous map trace, a discontinuity in metamorphic grade, and differences in stratigraphy across the boundary (Travis Hudson, oral communication, 1984). The boundary between the Seward terrane and the Yukon-Koyukuk province to the east is complicated by vertical faults (the Kugruk fault Zone of Sainsbury, 1974) and obscured by Cretaceous and Tertiary cover.
The Seward Peninsula heretofore was thought to consist largely of rocks of Precambrian age (Sainsbury, 1972, 1974, 1975; Hudson, 1977), Microfossil data, however, indicate that many of the rocks considered to be Precambrian are early Paleozoic in age (Till and others, 1986; Dumoulin and Harris, 1984; Dumoulin and Till, 1985; Till and others, 1983; Wandervoort, 1985). It is likely that Precambrian rocks are a minor part of the stratigraphy of the Seward Peninsula.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Till, A.B., and Dumoulin, J.A., 1994, Geology of Seward Peninsula and Saint Lawrence Island, chap. 4 of The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology, v. G-1, p. 141-152.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336410,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Saint Lawrence Island, Seward Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -161,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -169,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -169,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -161,\n 64\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -172.3974609375,\n 62.85514553774182\n ],\n [\n -168.134765625,\n 62.85514553774182\n ],\n [\n -168.134765625,\n 63.93737246791484\n ],\n [\n -172.3974609375,\n 63.93737246791484\n ],\n [\n -172.3974609375,\n 62.85514553774182\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"G-1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a44e4b01ccd54ff3fd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Till, Alison B. atill@usgs.gov","contributorId":2482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Till","given":"Alison","email":"atill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":674743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":674744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182912,"text":"70182912 - 1994 - Map and table showing isotopic age data in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T21:28:08","indexId":"70182912","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"8","title":"Map and table showing isotopic age data in Alaska","docAbstract":"The source of the data reported here is a compilation of radiometric ages maintained in conjunction with the Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program (AMRAP) studies for Alaska. The symbol shape plotted at each location is coded for rock type, whether igneous, metamorphic, or other; the color of the symbol shows the geologic era or period for the Sample(s) at each locale. A list of references for each quadrangle is given to enable the user to find specific information including analytical data for each sample dated within a particular quadrangle. At the scale of this map, the very large number of Samples and the clustering of the samples in limited areas prevented the showing of individual sample numbers on the map.
Synthesis and interpretation of any data set requires the user to evaluate the reliability or value of each component of the data set with respect to his or her intended use of the data. For geochronological data, this evaluation must be based on both analytical and geological criteria. Most age determinations are published with calculated estimates of analytical precision, Replicate analyses are infrequently performed; therefore, reported analytical precision is based on estimates of the precision of various components of the analysis and often on an intuitive factor to cover components that may have not been considered. Analytical accuracy is somewhat more difficult to determine; it is not only dependent on the actual measurement, it is also concerned with uncertainties in decay and abundance constants, uncertainties in the isotopic composition and size of the tracer for conventional K-Ar ages, and uncertainties in the Original isotopic composition of the sample, Geologic accuracy of a date is Variable; the interpretation of the meaning of an age determination, is important in the evaluation of its geologic accuracy. Potassium-argon, rubidium-strontium, and uranium-lead age determinations on a single sample can differ widely yet none or all may be wrong Given that the basic Conditions of each dating method were met, each method determines an age based on the equilibration of its particular isotopic system, yet these are different systems and they react to heat, pressure, and recrystallization in different ways.
This map is a compilation and not a synthesis or interpretation. Its purpose is to help the user determine the dating coverage of areas of Alaska and gain access to the available data for the state or a project area. Interpretation of that data and evaluation of its suitability for use with any particular project is left to the user. Compilations, with sample data, have been published for much of the state; and are as follows: Wilson, and others (1979), southeastern Alaska; Wilson (1981), Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula, Shew and Wilson (1981), southwestern Alaska; Wilson and others (1985), Yukon Crystalline terrane; Grybeck and others (1977), northern Alaska; Dadisman (1980), south-central Alaska.
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Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":674342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DuBois, G.D.","contributorId":77596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DuBois","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":674343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182832,"text":"70182832 - 1994 - Geology of south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T16:28:08","indexId":"70182832","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"10","title":"Geology of south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"South-central Alaska is defined as the region bounded by the Kuskokwim Mountains to the northwest, the basins north of the Alaska Range to the north, the Canadian border to the east, and the Chugach Mountains to the south (Fig. 1). This region, hereafter called the study area, includes the Alaska Range, the Wrangell, Nutzotin, and Talkeetna mountains, the Copper River and the Susitna basins, the northern flank of the Chugach Mountains, the Aleutian Range, and the Alaska Peninsula. This chapter describes and interprets the bedrock geology of the region, which consists mostly of a collage of Paleozoic and Mesozoic tectonostratigraphic terranes (hereafter referred to as terranes), Mesozoic flysch basin deposits, late Paleozoic and Mesozoic plutonic rocks, and younger late Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary, volcanic, and plutonic rocks. Cited published sources and new data and interpretations of the authors are utilized for the descriptions and interpretations. The terranes, flysch basin deposits, and younger Mesozoic sedimentary, volcanic, and plutonic assemblages are described first in a general northwest to southeast order. Major faults or sutures are described second. Stratigraphic linkages and structural and tectonic relations between terranes are described last. Definitions of the various stratigraphic, structural, and tectonic terms are stated at the end of this introduction.
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