During July 2000–September 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey collected and analyzed site-specific hydrologic, water-quality, and biological data in Dickinson Bayou, Armand Bayou, and the San Bernard River in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas. Segments of the three water bodies are on the State 303(d) list. Continuous monitoring showed that seasonal variations in water temperature, specific conductance, pH, and dissolved oxygen in all three water bodies were similar to those observed at U.S. Geological Survey stations along the Texas Gulf Coast. In particular, water temperature and dissolved oxygen are inversely related. Periods of smallest dissolved oxygen concentrations generally occurred in the summer months when water temperatures were highest. Water-quality monitors were deployed at three depths in Dickinson Bayou. For periodically collected nutrients, the median concentration of ammonia nitrogen was largest in Dickinson Bayou and smallest in the San Bernard River. Median concentrations of ammonia plus organic nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, and orthophosphorus were largest in Armand Bayou. The median concentration of each of the four nutrients was larger for high-flow samples than for low-flow samples. The largest individual nutrient concentrations occurred during spring and summer. Both median and individual concentrations of chlorophyll-a were largest for Armand Bayou; median concentrations of pheophyton were similar for all three water bodies, and individual concentrations were largest for Armand Bayou. Median densities of fecal coliform bacteria and E. coli bacteria were similar for all three water bodies. Flow conditions had minimal effect on concentrations of chlorophyll-a and pheophytin, but the largest bacteria densities were in samples collected during high flow. Yields of most nutrients tended to increase with distance downstream. Yields in the San Bernard River and tributaries were less than yields in Dickinson and Armand Bayous. For Dickinson and Armand Bayous, the most individuals and species of fish were collected at the most downstream main stem site; for the San Bernard River, the fewest individuals and species of fish were collected at the most downstream main stem site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03459","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Houston-Galveston Area Council and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"East, J., and Hogan, J.L., 2003, Hydrologic, water-quality, and biological data for three water bodies, Texas Gulf Coastal Plain, 2000-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-459, v, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03459.","productDescription":"v, 74 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0459/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":5089,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr03459/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":87545,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0459/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.01 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Armand Bayou, Dickinson Bayou, San Bernard River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -97,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -97,\n 30\n ],\n [\n -95,\n 30\n ],\n [\n -95,\n 29\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688bf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"East, Jeffery W. jweast@usgs.gov","contributorId":1683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Jeffery W.","email":"jweast@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hogan, Jennifer L.","contributorId":51812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogan","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53387,"text":"wri034253 - 2003 - Occurrence of and trends in selected sediment-associated contaminants in Caddo Lake, East Texas, 1940-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T15:25:41","indexId":"wri034253","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4253","title":"Occurrence of and trends in selected sediment-associated contaminants in Caddo Lake, East Texas, 1940-2002","docAbstract":"Bottom-sediment cores were collected from four sites in Caddo Lake in East Texas during May 2002 for analyses of radionuclides (for age dating), organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and major and trace elements, and to describe the occurrence and trends of these sediment-associated contaminants. The Goose Prairie Creek and Harrison Bayou sites receive drainage from an area that includes parts of the now-closed Longhorn Army Ammunitions Plant. The mid-lake site is relatively close to dense oil and gas operations in the lake. The Carter Lake site receives minimal discharge from developed areas.
Sediment age (deposition) dates represented in the cores ranged from 1940 to 2002. The only organochlorine compounds detected in all core samples were the DDT degradation products DDE or DDD, and PCB Aroclors 1242, 1254, and 1260 were detected only at the Goose Prairie Creek site. One or more of the DDE concentrations at all sites exceeded a consensus-based threshold effect concentration (on benthic biota), but none exceeded a consensus-based probable effect concentration. The Goose Prairie Creek site had significant downward trends in concentrations of organochlorine compounds, except for no trend in DDE concentrations. The Ammunitions Plant is a possible historical source of the few organochlorine compounds detected at the Goose Prairie Creek and Harrison Bayou sites.
PAH concentrations at all sites were below respective threshold effect concentrations. Highest PAH concentrations at all four sites were of C2- alkylated naphthalenes. Nearly all statistically significant PAH trends in the cores were downward. On the basis of PAH source-indicator ratios, the majority of PAH compounds appear to have originated from uncombusted sources such as leaks or spills from oil and gas operations or vehicles (automobiles, boats, aircraft) in the Caddo Lake area.
Concentrations of several of the eight trace elements with threshold effect concentrations and probable effect concentrations (among 26 analyzed) were above the respective threshold effect concentrations, but all, except one lead concentration at the Goose Prairie Creek site (deposited about 1961), were below respective probable effect concentrations. Among trace element concentrations at the four sites, lead and mercury were consistently relatively high at the Goose Prairie Creek site. Again the Ammunitions Plant, because of its proximity and history of industrial activities, is the suspected primary source. Statistically significant trends in trace element concentrations were mixed, but more were downward than upward.
Computations to indicate the dominant source (atmospheric fallout or drainage area) of mercury to the Caddo Lake sediment core sites (except Carter Lake) indicate that about one-third of the mercury at the Goose Prairie Creek site might result from drainage area sources. No drainage area sources were indicated for the Harrison Bayou and mid-lake sites. Arsenic, cadmium, and zinc concentrations were highest at the Carter Lake site. No relation between the relatively higher trace element concentrations and any potential source of contamination in the Carter Lake drainage area (for example, oil and gas operations, a road, a boat ramp) is indicated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034253","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 6, Superfund Division","usgsCitation":"Wilson, J.T., 2003, Occurrence of and trends in selected sediment-associated contaminants in Caddo Lake, East Texas, 1940-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4253, v, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034253.","productDescription":"v, 88 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335629,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri03-4253/pdf/03-4253.pdf","text":"Report","size":"27.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":5141,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034253/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Caddo Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.2,\n 32.6\n ],\n [\n -94.045,\n 32.6\n ],\n [\n -94.045,\n 32.7\n ],\n [\n -94.2,\n 32.7\n ],\n [\n -94.2,\n 32.6\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db6924d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Jennifer T. 0000-0003-4481-6354 jenwilso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-6354","contributorId":1782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Jennifer","email":"jenwilso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54080,"text":"wri034082 - 2003 - Chemical quality of water, sediment, and fish in Mountain Creek Lake, Dallas, Texas, 1994-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T16:14:34","indexId":"wri034082","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4082","title":"Chemical quality of water, sediment, and fish in Mountain Creek Lake, Dallas, Texas, 1994-97","docAbstract":"The occurrence, trends, and sources of numerous inorganic and organic contaminants were evaluated in Mountain Creek Lake, a reservoir in Dallas, Texas. The study, done in cooperation with the Southern Division Naval Facilities Engineering Command, was prompted by the Navy’s concern for potential off-site migration of contaminants from two facilities on the shore of Mountain Creek Lake, the Naval Air Station Dallas and the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant. Sampling of stormwater (including suspended sediment), lake water, bottom sediment (including streambed sediment), and fish was primarily in Mountain Creek Lake but also was in stormwater outfalls from the Navy facilities, nearby urban streams, and small streams draining the Air Station.
Volatile organic compounds, predominantly solvents from the Reserve Plant and fuel-related compounds from the Air Station, were detected in stormwater from both Navy facilities. Fuel-related compounds also were detected in Mountain Creek Lake at two locations, one near the Air Station inlet where stormwater from a part of the Air Station enters the lake and one at the center of the lake. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds at the two lake sites were small, all less than 5 micrograms per liter.
Elevated concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc, from 2 to 4 times concentrations at background sites and urban reference sites, were detected in surficial bottom sediments in Cottonwood Bay, near stormwater outfalls from the Reserve Plant.
Elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls, compared to background and urban reference sites, were detected in surficial sediments in Cottonwood Bay. Elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, indicative of urban sources, also were detected in Cottonwood Creek, which drains an urbanized area apart from the Navy facilities. Elevated concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls were detected in two inlets near the Air Station shoreline. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and heavy metal concentrations near the Air Station shoreline were not elevated compared to urban reference sites.
Much larger concentrations of selected heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls were detected in deeper, older sediments than in surficial sediments in Cottonwood Bay. The decreases in concentrations coincide with changes in wastewater discharge practices at the Reserve Plant. Elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls also were detected in older sediments in the Air Station inlet.
On the basis of dated sediment cores and contaminant discharge histories, contaminant accumulation rates in Cottonwood Bay were much greater historically than recently. Most heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls that accumulated in the central and eastern parts of Cottonwood Bay appear to have come from the west lagoon on the Reserve Plant. Treated sewage and industrial-process wastewater were discharged to the west lagoon from about 1941 to 1974. Estimated annual contaminant accumulation rates in Cottonwood Bay decreased by from 1 to 2 orders of magnitude after 1974, when most point-source discharges to the west lagoon ceased.
Polychlorinated biphenyls were detected in 61 of 62 individual fish-tissue samples. The largest average concentrations were in eviscerated channel catfish and the smallest were in largemouth bass fillets. Polychlorinated biphenyl and selenium concentrations from analyses of this study were large enough to prompt the Texas State Department of Health to issue a fish-possession ban for Mountain Creek Lake in 1996.
Suspended sediments in stormwater at the lagoon outfalls and at sites on Cottonwood Creek were sampled and analyzed for major and trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls. The suspended sediments from the outfalls contained about the same mixture of heavy metals and organic compounds, in elevated concentrations compared to reference sites, as bottom sediments from the lagoons and surficial bottom sediments in Cottonwood Bay.
Diagnostic ratios of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons indicate that uncombusted fuel sources contribute to older sediments and that pyrogenic sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons dominate recently deposited sediments in Cottonwood Bay and along the Air Station shoreline.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034082","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Southern Division Naval Facilities Engineering Command ","usgsCitation":"Van Metre, P., Jones, S., Moring, J., Mahler, B., and Wilson, J.T., 2003, Chemical quality of water, sediment, and fish in Mountain Creek Lake, Dallas, Texas, 1994-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4082, v, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034082.","productDescription":"v, 69 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2003_4082.jpg"},{"id":5521,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034082/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":335644,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034082/pdf/wri03-4082.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.89 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Dallas","otherGeospatial":"Mountain Creek Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.9,\n 32.6\n ],\n [\n -97,\n 32.6\n ],\n [\n -97,\n 32.8\n ],\n [\n -96.9,\n 32.8\n ],\n [\n -96.9,\n 32.6\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4938e4b07f02db58743b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C.","contributorId":34104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, S.A.","contributorId":38596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moring, J. Bruce","contributorId":53372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"J. Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mahler, B.J.","contributorId":36888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilson, Jennifer T. 0000-0003-4481-6354 jenwilso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-6354","contributorId":1782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Jennifer","email":"jenwilso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53704,"text":"wri034272 - 2003 - Geochemistry of the Birch Creek Drainage Basin, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-15T01:02:00","indexId":"wri034272","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4272","title":"Geochemistry of the Birch Creek Drainage Basin, Idaho","docAbstract":"The U.S. Survey and Idaho State University, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, are conducting studies to describe the chemical character of ground water that moves as underflow from drainage basins into the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer (ESRPA) system at and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) and the effects of these recharge waters on the geochemistry of the ESRPA system. Each of these recharge waters has a hydrochemical character related to geochemical processes, especially water-rock interactions, that occur during migration to the ESRPA. Results of these studies will benefit ongoing and planned geochemical modeling of the ESRPA at the INEEL by providing model input on the hydrochemical character of water from each drainage basin.\r\n\r\nDuring 2000, water samples were collected from five wells and one surface-water site in the Birch Creek drainage basin and analyzed for selected inorganic constituents, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, tritium, measurements of gross alpha and beta radioactivity, and stable isotopes. Four duplicate samples also were collected for quality assurance. Results, which include analyses of samples previously collected from four other sites, in the basin, show that most water from the Birch Creek drainage basin has a calcium-magnesium bicarbonate character. \r\n\r\nThe Birch Creek Valley can be divided roughly into three hydrologic areas. In the northern part, ground water is forced to the surface by a basalt barrier and the sampling sites were either surface water or shallow wells. Water chemistry in this area was characterized by simple evaporation models, simple calcite-carbon dioxide models, or complex models involving carbonate and silicate minerals. The central part of the valley is filled by sedimentary material and the sampling sites were wells that are deeper than those in the northern part. Water chemistry in this area was characterized by simple calcite-dolomite-carbon dioxide models. In the southern part, ground water enters the ESRPA. In this area, the sampling sites were wells with depths and water levels much deeper than those in the northern and central parts of the valley. The calcium and carbon water chemistry in this area was characterized by a simple calcite-carbon dioxide model, but complex calcite-silicate models more accurately accounted for mass transfer in these areas.\r\n\r\nThroughout the geochemical system, calcite precipitated if it was an active phase in the models. Carbon dioxide either precipitated (outgassed) or dissolved depending on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in water from the modeled sites. Dolomite was an active phase only in models from the central part of the system. Generally the entire geochemical system could be modeled with either evaporative models, carbonate models, or carbonate-silicate models. In both of the latter types of models, a significant amount of calcite precipitated relative to the mass transfer to and from the other active phases. The amount of calcite precipitated in the more complex models was consistent with the amount of calcite precipitated in the simpler models. This consistency suggests that, although the simpler models can predict calcium and carbon concentrations in Birch Creek Valley ground and surface water, silicate-mineral-based models are required to account for the other constituents. The amount of mass transfer to and from the silicate mineral phases was generally small compared with that in the carbonate phases. It appears that the water chemistry of well USGS 126B represents the chemistry of water recharging the ESRPA by means of underflow from the Birch Creek Valley.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Idaho Falls, ID","doi":"10.3133/wri034272","usgsCitation":"Swanson, S.A., Rosentreter, J.J., Bartholomay, R.C., and Knobel, L.L., 2003, Geochemistry of the Birch Creek Drainage Basin, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4272, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034272.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5046,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034272","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Birch Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,43 ], [ -114,44.5 ], [ -112,44.5 ], [ -112,43 ], [ -114,43 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa522","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, Shawn A.","contributorId":63873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Shawn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosentreter, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":106161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosentreter","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knobel, LeRoy L.","contributorId":76285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knobel","given":"LeRoy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":53195,"text":"wri034087 - 2003 - Streamwater quality at selected sites in the Fraser River basin, Grand County, Colorado, water years 1991-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:44","indexId":"wri034087","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4087","title":"Streamwater quality at selected sites in the Fraser River basin, Grand County, Colorado, water years 1991-2000","docAbstract":"To determine the effect of population growth on streamwater quality in the Fraser River Basin, the U.S. Geological Survey did a study in cooperation with the Grand County Commissioners and the East Grand County Water Quality Board. During water years 1991 through 2000, the study determined that concentrations of un-ionized ammonia and nitrite plus nitrate in the streamwater of the basin are within Colorado State streamwater?quality standards. The study also found that concentrations of chloride are largest at the headwaters and decrease downstream; however, chloride loading in the stream has the opposite relation. Most nutrient loading to the Fraser River happens January through May. Concentrations of ammonia at Fraser River downstream from Vasquez Creek at Winter Park had a downward trend through the period of the study. Nitrite plus nitrate had upward and downward trends at different sites and over different time spans. Orthophosphorus concentrations had upward trends at two sites. In general, the streamwater quality in the Fraser River Basin is good and is not out of compliance with State standards.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034087","usgsCitation":"Bails, J.B., 2003, Streamwater quality at selected sites in the Fraser River basin, Grand County, Colorado, water years 1991-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4087, iii, 10 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034087.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4790,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034087/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bails, Jeffrey B. jbbails@usgs.gov","contributorId":813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bails","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jbbails@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53578,"text":"wri034044 - 2003 - Water quality and trend analysis of Colorado-Big Thompson system reservoirs and related conveyances, 1969 through 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T21:59:50.068341","indexId":"wri034044","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4044","title":"Water quality and trend analysis of Colorado-Big Thompson system reservoirs and related conveyances, 1969 through 2000","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in an ongoing cooperative monitoring program with the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District, Bureau of Reclamation, and City of Fort Collins, has collected water-quality data in north-central Colorado since 1969 in reservoirs and conveyances, such as canals and tunnels, related to the Colorado–Big Thompson Project, a water-storage, collection, and distribution system. Ongoing changes in water use among agricultural and municipal users on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, changing land use in reservoir watersheds, and other water-quality issues among Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District customers necessitated a reexamination of water-quality trends in the Colorado–Big Thompson system reservoirs and related conveyances. The sampling sites are on reservoirs, canals, and tunnels in the headwaters of the Colorado River (on the western side of the transcontinental diversion operations) and the headwaters of the Big Thompson River (on the eastern side of the transcontinental diversion operations). Carter Lake Reservoir and Horsetooth Reservoir are off-channel water-storage facilities, located in the foothills of the northern Colorado Front Range, for water supplied from the Colorado–Big Thompson Project. The length of water-quality record ranges from approximately 3 to 30 years depending on the site and the type of measurement or constituent. Changes in sampling frequency, analytical methods, and minimum reporting limits have occurred repeatedly over the period of record.
The objective of this report was to complete a retrospective water-quality and trend analysis of reservoir profiles, nutrients, major ions, selected trace elements, chlorophyll-a, and hypolimnetic oxygen data from 1969 through 2000 in Lake Granby, Shadow Mountain Lake, and the Granby Pump Canal in Grand County, Colorado, and Horsetooth Reservoir, Carter Lake, Lake Estes, Alva B. Adams Tunnel, and Olympus Tunnel in Larimer County, Colorado.
This report summarizes and assesses:
Water quality was generally acceptable for primary uses throughout the Colorado–Big Thompson system over the site periods of record, which are all within the span of 1969 to 2000. Dissolved solids and nutrient concentrations were low and typical of a forested/mountainous/crystalline bedrock hydrologic setting. Most of the more toxic trace elements were rarely detected or were found in low concentrations, due at least in part to a relative lack of ore-mineral deposits within the drainage areas of the Colorado–Big Thompson Project.
Constituent concentrations consistently met water-quality standard thresholds set by the State of Colorado. Trophic-State Index Values indicated mesotrophic conditions generally prevailed at reservoirs, based on available Secchi depth, total phosphorus concentrations, and chlorophyll-a concentrations.
Based on plots of time-series values and concentrations and seasonal Kendall nonparametric trends testing, dissolved solids and most major ions are decreasing at most sites. Many of the nutrient data did not meet the minimum criteria for time-series testing; but for those that did, nutrient concentrations were generally stable (no statistical trend) or decreasing (ammonia plus organic nitrogen and total phosphorus). Iron and manganese concentrations were stable or decreasing at most sites that met testing criteria. Chlorophyll-a data were only collected for 11 years but generally indicated quasi-stable or downward temporal trends.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034044","usgsCitation":"Stevens, M.R., 2003, Water quality and trend analysis of Colorado-Big Thompson system reservoirs and related conveyances, 1969 through 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4044, vi, 150 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034044.","productDescription":"vi, 150 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410242,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_63278.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4801,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034044/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado-Big Thompson system reservoirs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.1667,\n 40.6167\n ],\n [\n -105.9225,\n 40.6167\n ],\n [\n -105.9225,\n 40.1167\n ],\n [\n -105.1667,\n 40.1167\n ],\n [\n -105.1667,\n 40.6167\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9b59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53851,"text":"ofr03483 - 2003 - Paleomagnetism of basaltic lava flows in coreholes ICPP-213, ICPP-214, ICPP-215, and USGS 128 near the Vadose Zone Research Park, Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-27T20:37:49.070348","indexId":"ofr03483","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-483","title":"Paleomagnetism of basaltic lava flows in coreholes ICPP-213, ICPP-214, ICPP-215, and USGS 128 near the Vadose Zone Research Park, Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"A paleomagnetic study was conducted on basalt from 41 lava flows represented in about 2,300 ft of core from coreholes ICPP-213, ICPP-214, ICPP-215, and USGS 128. These wells are in the area of the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC) Vadose Zone Research Park within the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). Paleomagnetic measurements were made on 508 samples from the four coreholes, which are compared to each other, and to surface outcrop paleomagnetic data. In general, subhorizontal lines of correlation exist between sediment layers and between basalt layers in the area of the new percolation ponds. Some of the basalt flows and flow sequences are strongly correlative at different depth intervals and represent important stratigraphic unifying elements. Some units pinch out, or thicken or thin even over short separation distances of about 1,500 ft. A more distant correlation of more than 1 mile to corehole USGS 128 is possible for several of the basalt flows, but at greater depth. This is probably due to the broad subsidence of the eastern Snake River Plain centered along its topographic axis located to the south of INEEL. This study shows this most clearly in the oldest portions of the cored sections that have differentially subsided the greatest amount.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03483","usgsCitation":"Champion, D.E., and Herman, T.C., 2003, Paleomagnetism of basaltic lava flows in coreholes ICPP-213, ICPP-214, ICPP-215, and USGS 128 near the Vadose Zone Research Park, Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-483, iii, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03483.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":399782,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_67782.htm"},{"id":4685,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/of03483","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Vadose Zone Research Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113,\n 43.5561\n ],\n [\n -112.9633,\n 43.5561\n ],\n [\n -112.9633,\n 43.4783\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 43.4783\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 43.5561\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689bf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, Theodore C.","contributorId":70646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53231,"text":"ofr2003318 - 2003 - Lithologic coring in the lower Anacostia tidal watershed, Washington, D.C., July 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-09T20:58:28.458084","indexId":"ofr2003318","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-318","title":"Lithologic coring in the lower Anacostia tidal watershed, Washington, D.C., July 2002","docAbstract":"Little is known about the volumetric flux of ground water to the lower tidal Anacostia River, or whether ground-water flow is an important component of the contaminant load in this part of the Anacostia River. The watershed is in the eastern part of Washington, D.C., and has been subjected to over 200 years of urbanization and modifications of the river channel and nearby land areas. These anthropogenic factors, along with tidal fluctuations in the river, make ground-water data collection and interpretations difficult.\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey is cooperating with the District of Columbia Department of Health, Environmental Health Administration, Bureau of Environmental Quality, Water Quality Division, in a study to assess nonpoint-source pollution from ground water into the lower tidal Anacostia River. Lithologic cores from drilling activities conducted during July 2002 in the study area have been interpreted in the context of geologic and hydrogeologic information from previous studies in the lower Anacostia tidal watershed. These interpretations can help achieve the overall project goals of characterizing ground-water flow and contaminant load in the study area.\r\n\r\nHydrostratigraphic units encountered during drilling generally consisted of late Pleistocene to Holocene fluvial deposits overlying Cretaceous fluvial/deltaic deposits. Cores collected in Beaverdam Creek and the Anacostia River indicated high- and low-energy environments of deposition, respectively. Two cores collected near the river showed different types of anthropogenic fill underlain by low-energy deposits, which were in turn underlain by sand and gravel. A third core collected near the river consisted primarily of sand and gravel with no artificial fill.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003318","usgsCitation":"Tenbus, F.J., 2003, Lithologic coring in the lower Anacostia tidal watershed, Washington, D.C., July 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-318, iii, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003318.","productDescription":"iii, 62 p.","temporalStart":"2002-07-01","temporalEnd":"2002-07-31","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174144,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403567,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_67773.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9038,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr03-318/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","city":"Washington DC","otherGeospatial":"tidal Anacostia watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.02651977539062,\n 38.84505571861154\n ],\n [\n -76.92489624023438,\n 38.84505571861154\n ],\n [\n -76.92489624023438,\n 38.93377552819722\n ],\n [\n -77.02651977539062,\n 38.93377552819722\n ],\n [\n -77.02651977539062,\n 38.84505571861154\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a481f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tenbus, Frederick J.","contributorId":52145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tenbus","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53598,"text":"wri034255 - 2003 - Historical ground-water-flow patterns and trends in iron concentrations in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in parts of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Camden and Gloucester Counties, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T17:27:42.748929","indexId":"wri034255","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4255","title":"Historical ground-water-flow patterns and trends in iron concentrations in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in parts of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Camden and Gloucester Counties, New Jersey","docAbstract":"The Potomac-Raritan-Magothy (PRM) aquifer system is an important sole-source ground-water supply in Camden and Gloucester Counties, N.J. Elevated iron concentrations are a persistent water-quality problem associated with ground water from the PRM. In Philadelphia, the PRM no longer is usable as a water supply because of highly elevated concentrations of iron (as high as 429 mg/L [milligrams per liter]), manganese (as high as 4 mg/L), and sulfate (as high as 1,720 mg/L). A strongly reducing environment in the PRM in south Philadelphia causes these constituents to be remobilized by reductive dissolution of the aquifer matrix.
By the 1920s, ground-water pumping changed the natural ground-water-flow patterns, and ground water flowed toward pumping centers in Philadelphia. By 1940, recharge areas changed from the topographically high areas east of Trenton, N.J., to the outcrop area of the PRM in Philadelphia, and the Delaware River became a source of recharge instead of a point of ground-water discharge. By 1954, the cone of depression caused by pumping at the former Philadelphia Naval Ship Yard (PNSY) exceeded 50 feet below NGVD 29, and the direction of ground-water flow was from New Jersey toward Philadelphia. Because of highly elevated concentrations of iron and manganese, pumping at the former PNSY ceased in the mid-1960s. Beginning about 1951, increased ground-water withdrawals from the PRM in New Jersey reversed the hydraulic gradient so that ground-water flow was from Philadelphia toward New Jersey under the Delaware River, making Philadelphia a recharge area for the PRM aquifer system in parts of Camden and Gloucester Counties. By 1988, water levels in the lower aquifer of the PRM in New Jersey had declined to 103 feet below NAVD 88.
In 1943, dissolved iron concentrations ranged from 0.07 to 0.6 mg/L at the former PNSY. By 1967 when the wells at the PNSY were abandoned, dissolved iron concentrations had reached 46 mg/L. Dissolved iron concentrations in water from industrial wells in Philadelphia increased from 0.17 mg/L in 1949 to 19 mg/L in 1979. The concentration of dissolved iron in water from wells screened in the lower aquifer in New Jersey also increased with time. By 1985, dissolved iron concentrations were as high as 16 mg/L for Eagle Point refinery wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034255","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., 2003, Historical ground-water-flow patterns and trends in iron concentrations in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in parts of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Camden and Gloucester Counties, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4255, vi, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034255.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424336,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_65983.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123919,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4255/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":4850,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4255/wri20034255.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2003-4255"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, Pennsylvania","county":"Camden County, Gloucester County","city":"Philadelphia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.25,\n 39.9667\n ],\n [\n -75.25,\n 39.8167\n ],\n [\n -75.1236,\n 39.8167\n ],\n [\n -75.1236,\n 39.9667\n ],\n [\n -75.25,\n 39.9667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Geologic deposits in the Cottonwood Lake area consist largely of silty, clayey glacial till that contains numerous fractures and small, randomly distributed sand and gravel deposits. The sand deposits can have a substantial effect on groundwater flow between wetlands in the area and can cause some to drain while others have relatively stable inflow. Direct precipitation and runoff from snowmelt are the primary sources of water to the wetlands and evaporation accounts for the largest loss of water from the wetlands. The wetlands in the study area have a range of functions with respect to their interaction with ground water. Some of the seasonal wetlands recharge ground water and others recharge ground water and receive ground-water discharge. The semipermanent wetlands receive ground-water discharge much of the time, but some have reversals of flow between them and the groundwater system nearly every year. Ground-water flow toward the wetlands is caused by recharge in the uplands and by focused recharge near the wetland perimeters. Flow from the semipermanent wetlands to the ground-water system occurs when the wetland water levels are higher than the contiguous water table, resulting in bank storage, and when evapotranspiration directly from the ground-water system causes seepage around the wetland perimeters. Substantial climate variability during the study period caused the wetlands to range from being completely dry to having such high water levels that some of the wetlands merged to become large lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1675","isbn":"0607894318","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O., LaBaugh, J.W., Swanson, G.A., Euliss, N., Hanson, B.A., Mushet, D.M., Poiani, K.A., and Johnson, W., 2003, Hydrological, chemical, and biological characteristics of a prairie pothole wetland complex under highly variable climate conditions: The Cottonwood Lake area, east-central North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1675, xii, 109 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1675.","productDescription":"xii, 109 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430333,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68873.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":87490,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1675/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120702,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1675/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Cottonwood Lake area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.6873102516428,\n 47.88744597352692\n ],\n [\n -100.6873102516428,\n 47.85382694765144\n ],\n [\n -100.64658994226839,\n 47.85382694765144\n ],\n [\n -100.64658994226839,\n 47.88744597352692\n ],\n [\n -100.6873102516428,\n 47.88744597352692\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e947","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":904313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LaBaugh, James W. 0000-0002-4112-2536 jlabaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-2536","contributorId":1311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"James","email":"jlabaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":904314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swanson, George A.","contributorId":49654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":904315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Euliss, Ned H. Jr.","contributorId":178233,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Euliss","given":"Ned H. Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":904316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hanson, Bruce A.","contributorId":193072,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":904317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mushet, David M. 0000-0002-5910-2744 dmushet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":1299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"David","email":"dmushet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":904318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Poiani, Karen A.","contributorId":86280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poiani","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":904319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Johnson, W. Carter","contributorId":17548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W. Carter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":904320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":53551,"text":"wri034264 - 2003 - Public Water-Supply Systems and Associated Water Use in Tennessee, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:42","indexId":"wri034264","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4264","title":"Public Water-Supply Systems and Associated Water Use in Tennessee, 2000","docAbstract":"Public water-supply systems in Tennessee provide water to meet customer needs for domestic, industrial, and commercial users and municipal services. In 2000, more than 500 public water-supply systems distributed about 890 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of surface water and ground water to a population of about 5 million in Tennessee. Surface-water sources provided 64 percent (about 569 Mgal/d) of the State?s water supplies, primarily in Middle and East Tennessee. Ground water produced from wells and springs in Middle and East Tennessee and from wells in West Tennessee provided 36 percent (about 321 Mgal/d) of the public water supplies. Springs in Middle and East Tennessee provided about 14 percent (about 42 Mgal/d) of ground-water supplies used in the State. Per capita water use for Tennessee in 2000 was about 136 gallons per day. An additional 146 public water-supply systems provided approximately 84 Mgal/d of water supplies that were purchased from other water systems.\r\n\r\nWater withdrawals by public water-supply systems in Tennessee have increased by over 250 percent; from 250 Mgal/d in 1955 to 890 Mgal/d in 2000. Although Tennessee public water-supply systems withdraw less ground water than surface water, ground-water withdrawal rates reported by these systems continue to increase. In addition, the number of public water-supply systems reporting ground-water withdrawals of 1 Mgal/d or more in West Tennessee is increasing.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034264","usgsCitation":"Webbers, A., 2003, Public Water-Supply Systems and Associated Water Use in Tennessee, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4264, 90 p., 10 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034264.","productDescription":"90 p., 10 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4773,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034264/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db656614","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webbers, Ank","contributorId":74782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webbers","given":"Ank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53391,"text":"b2172G - 2003 - Uncertainty and inferred reserve estimates — The 1995 National Assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-04T18:56:05.766978","indexId":"b2172G","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2172","chapter":"G","title":"Uncertainty and inferred reserve estimates — The 1995 National Assessment","docAbstract":"Inferred reserves are expected additions to proved reserves of oil and gas fields discovered as of a certain date. Inferred reserves accounted for 65 percent of the total oil and 34 percent of the total gas assessed in the U.S. Geological Survey's 1995 National Assessment of oil and gas in onshore and State offshore areas. The assessment predicted that over the 80-year period from 1992 through 2071, the sizes of pre-1992 discoveries in the lower 48 onshore and State offshore areas will increase by 48 billion barrels of oil (BBO) and 313 trillion cubic feet of wet gas (TCF). At that time, only point estimates were reported. This study presents a scheme to compute confidence intervals for these estimates. The recentered 90 percent confidence interval for the estimated inferred oil of 48 BBO is 25 BBO and 82 BBO. Similarly, the endpoints of the confidence interval about inferred reserve estimate of 313 TCF are 227 TCF and 439 TCF. The range of the estimates provides a basis for development of scenarios for projecting reserve additions and ultimately oil and gas production, information important to energy policy analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2172G","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Coburn, T.C., 2003, Uncertainty and inferred reserve estimates — The 1995 National Assessment (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2172, iii, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2172G.","productDescription":"iii, 8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5145,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2172-g/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":404838,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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C.","contributorId":26011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coburn","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51967,"text":"wri034085 - 2003 - Bathymetric mapping, sediment quality, and water quality of Lake Delhi, Iowa, 2001-02","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-05T15:31:57.994913","indexId":"wri034085","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4085","title":"Bathymetric mapping, sediment quality, and water quality of Lake Delhi, Iowa, 2001-02","docAbstract":"Lake Delhi was formed in 1929 when the Interstate Power Company dammed the Maquoketa River near Delhi, Iowa, for generation of hydroelectric power. The resulting 450-acre lake became a popular area in eastern Iowa for boating, swimming, and fishing. Hydroelectric power generation ended in 1973, and lakeside residents purchased the dam to maintain the recreational opportunities of the lake. Increasing concerns about sediment deposition and water quality by lakeside residents led to a 2-year study that included a bathymetric survey, an assessment of sediment quality, and an assessment of water quality of Lake Delhi.
\nA bathymetric map of Lake Delhi was constructed using more than 300,000 data points from echo sounding results and GIS (geographic information system) software. Results of bathymetric mapping showed that the upstream reach through most of the upstream-middle reach of Lake Delhi (approximately 3 miles) from about 0.25 mile upstream from the Greenslades coring site through Clair View Acres were particularly affected by sedimentation, with water depths ranging from less than 1 foot to a few areas that were as much as 10 feet deep. Numerous areas in the upstream-most 1-mile of the lake (about 0.25 mile upstream from the Greenslades coring site to just downstream from The Cedars coring site) had depths of only 1 to 2 feet and were nearly impassable by boats. The middle reach of Lake Delhi (an approximately 2.5-mile segment) from about one-half mile upstream from the Linden Acres coring site to just downstream from the Hartwick Dredge coring site was less affected by sedimentation with water depths from less than 1 to 16 feet. The deepest section (26 feet) of the lake was near the dam.
\nEleven trace metals and phosphorus were analyzed in 20 samples from seven lake-bottom sediment cores. The median and average traceelement concentrations from the sediment cores were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency threshold-effects-level and probableeffects-level guidelines for toxic biological effects. Water-quality samples from eight sites (Maquoketa River, three lake sites, and four tributaries) were collected for five sampling periods (June 2001–July 2002). Water-quality samples were analyzed for physical properties (specific conductance, pH, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and alkalinity), nutrients (nitrate, ammonia, and phosphorus), bacteria (total coliform and E. coli), and suspended sediment. Selected water samples were analyzed for major ions, trace elements, and pesticides.
\nWater-quality sampling results indicate areas affected by elevated nutrient and bacteria concentrations in the lake and tributary streams. The tributary streams had the highest median nitrate concentrations (12.1 milligrams per liter) when compared to median nitrate concentrations in the lake (8.7 milligrams per liter) or the Maquoketa River (10.5 milligrams per liter). The maximum nitrate concentrations detected for Maquoketa River, lake, and tributary sites were 13.5, 13.5, and 18.6 milligrams per liter, respectively. Nitrate concentrations in the late summer decreased from 2 Bathymetric Mapping, Sediment Quality, and Water Quality of Lake Delhi, Iowa, 2001–02 the upstream (7.8 milligrams per liter) to the downstream (5.0 milligrams per liter) one-third of Lake Delhi and most likely were the result of uptake of nitrate by algae and aquatic biota in the lake. Median concentrations of total coliform and E. coli bacteria for the lake sites were 450 and 17 colonies per 100 milliliters of sample, respectively. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency criteria for full body contact (swimming or bathing) are 200 colonies per 100 milliliters for fecal bacteria and 126 colonies per 100 milliliters for E. coli bacteria. The highest bacteria concentrations in the lake occurred after a rain and were 25,000 colonies per 100 milliliters total coliform and 1,900 colonies per 100 milliliters E. coli.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034085","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Waste Reduction Center, University of Northern Iowa, and the Lake Delhi Association","usgsCitation":"Schnoebelen, D.J., McVay, J., Barnes, K.K., and Becher, K., 2003, Bathymetric mapping, sediment quality, and water quality of Lake Delhi, Iowa, 2001-02: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4085, iv, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034085.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179357,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4085/coverthb3.jpg"},{"id":4530,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4085/wrir034085.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.55 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]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ee4b07f02db6400b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schnoebelen, Douglas J.","contributorId":87514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McVay, Jason C.","contributorId":75218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McVay","given":"Jason C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, Kimberlee K. 0000-0002-8917-7165 kkbarnes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8917-7165","contributorId":2683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Kimberlee","email":"kkbarnes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Becher, Kent 0000-0002-3947-0793 kdbecher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3947-0793","contributorId":3863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becher","given":"Kent","email":"kdbecher@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":53181,"text":"wri034234 - 2003 - Ground-water flow and ground- and surface-water interaction at McBaine Bottoms, Columbia, Missouri-2000-02","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-16T22:40:05.388412","indexId":"wri034234","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4234","displayTitle":"Ground-Water Flow and Ground- and Surface-Water Interaction at McBaine Bottoms, Columbia, Missouri-2000-02","title":"Ground-water flow and ground- and surface-water interaction at McBaine Bottoms, Columbia, Missouri-2000-02","docAbstract":"McBaine Bottoms southwest of Columbia, Missouri, is the site of 4,269 acres of the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area operated by the Missouri\r\nDepartment of Conservation, about 130 acres of the city of Columbia wastewater-treat-ment wetlands, and the city of Columbia munici-pal-supply well field. The city of Columbia wastewater-treatment wetlands supply treated effluent to the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area. The presence of a sustained ground-water high underlying the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area has indicated that ground-water flow is toward the municipal well field that supplies drinking water to the city of Columbia. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri\r\nDepartment of Conservation and the city of Columbia, measured the ground-water levels in about 88 monitoring wells and the surface-water elevation at 4 sites monthly during a 27-month period to determine the ground-water flow and the ground- and surface-water interaction at McBaine Bottoms. Lateral ground-water flow was dominated by the presence of a ground-water high that was beneath the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area and the presence of a cone of depression in the northern\r\npart of the study area. The ground-water high was present during all months of the study. Ground-water flow was radially away from the apex of the ground-water high; west and south of the high, flow was toward the Missouri River, east of the high, flow was toward Perche Creek, and north of the high, flow was toward the north toward the city of Columbia well field. The cone of depression was centered around the city of Columbia\r\nwell field. Another permanent feature on the water-level maps was a ground-water high beneath treatment wetland unit 1. Although the ground-water high beneath the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area was present throughout the study period, the configuration of the high changed depending on hydrologic conditions.\r\nGenerally in the spring, the height of the ground-water high began to decrease and hydraulic\r\ngradients around the high became more shallow than in the winter months. In early summer, the high was the least pronounced. During mid-sum-mer, the high became more pronounced, and it continued to become higher, increasing until it reached its maximum height in late fall or early winter. Fluctuations in the ground-water high were partially produced by the cycle of flooding of the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area wetland pools in the fall and subsequent drainage so crops could be planted in many of the wetland pools. The cone of depression in the northern part of the study area generally extended from the base of the ground-water high in the northern part of the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area throughout the rest of the study area. The depth of the cone primarily\r\nwas affected by the altitude of the Missouri River and the quantity of water being pumped from the alluvial aquifer by the city of Columbia well field. Ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer in McBaine Bottoms in the late 1960?s before the development of the city of Columbia well field and the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area was from northwest to southeast approximately parallel to the Missouri River. The ground-water high beneath the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area and the cone of depression around the city of Columbia well field were not present in water-level maps for 1968 and 1978. The Missouri River can be a source of recharge to the alluvial aquifer. Generally the altitude\r\nof the river in the northern part of the study area was higher than the water table in the aquifer. Ground-water flow in this area was from the river into the alluvial aquifer. In the southern part of the study area adjacent to the Eagle Bluffs Conservation\r\nArea, the Missouri River was lower than the water table in the alluvial aquifer, indicating that the river was receiving water from the alluvial aquifer beneath the Eagle Bluffs Conservation Area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034234","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Conservation and City of Columbia","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.J., 2003, Ground-water flow and ground- and surface-water interaction at McBaine Bottoms, Columbia, Missouri-2000-02: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4234, v, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034234.","productDescription":"v, 83 p.","numberOfPages":"96","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424456,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62612.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":87131,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4234/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003–4234"},{"id":360282,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4234/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":124986,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4234/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Columbia","otherGeospatial":"McBaine Bottoms","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.38132395551281,\n 38.9125\n ],\n [\n -92.48571387753293,\n 38.9125\n ],\n [\n -92.48571387753293,\n 38.78625600382546\n ],\n [\n -92.38132395551281,\n 38.78625600382546\n ],\n [\n -92.38132395551281,\n 38.9125\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401
The Black Warrior River aquifer is a major source of public water supply in the Mobile River Basin. The aquifer outcrop trends northwest - southeast across Mississippi and Alabama. A relatively thin shallow aquifer overlies and recharges the Black Warrior River aquifer in the flood plains and terraces of the Alabama, Coosa, Black Warrior, and Tallapoosa Rivers. Ground water in the shallow aquifer and the Black Warrior River aquifer is susceptible to contamination due to the effects of land use. Ground-water quality in the shallow aquifer and the shallow subcrop of the Black Warrior River aquifer, underlying an agricultural and an urban area, is described and compared. The agricultural and urban areas are located in central Alabama in Autauga, Elmore, Lowndes, Macon, Montgomery, and Tuscaloosa Counties. Row cropping in the Mobile River Basin is concentrated within the flood plains of major rivers and their tributaries, and has been practiced in some of the fields for nearly 100 years. Major crops are cotton, corn, and beans. Crop rotation and no-till planting are practiced, and a variety of crops are grown on about one-third of the farms. Row cropping is interspersed with pasture and forested areas. In 1997, the average farm size in the agricultural area ranged from 196 to 524 acres. The urban area is located in eastern Montgomery, Alabama, where residential and commercial development overlies the shallow aquifer and subcrop of the Black Warrior River aquifer. Development of the urban area began about 1965 and continued in some areas through 1995. The average home is built on a 1/8 - to 1/4 - acre lot. Ground-water samples were collected from 29 wells in the agricultural area, 30 wells in the urban area, and a reference well located in a predominately forested area. The median depth to the screens of the agricultural and urban wells was 22.5 and 29 feet, respectively. Ground-water samples were analyzed for physical properties, major ions, nutrients, and pesticides. Samples from 8 of the agricultural wells and all 30 urban wells were age dated using analyses of chlorofluorocarbon, sulfur hexafluoride, and dissolved gases. Ground water sampled from the agricultural wells ranged in age from about 14 to 34 years, with a median age of about 18.5 years. Ground water sampled from the urban wells ranged in age from about 1 to 45 years, with a median age of about 12 years. The ages estimated for the ground water are consistent with the geology and hydrology of the study area and the design of the wells. All of the agricultural and urban wells sampled for this study produce water from the shallow aquifer that overlies and recharges the Black Warrior River aquifer, or from the uppermost unit of the Black Warrior River aquifer. The wells are located in the same physiographic setting, have similar depths, and the water collected from the wells had a similar range in age. Statistically significant differences in ground-water quality beneath the agricultural and urban areas can reasonably be attributed to the effects of land use. Ground water from the agricultural wells typically had acidic pH values and low specific conductance and alkalinity values. The water contained few dissolved solids, and typically had small concentrations of ions. Some of the agricultural ground-water contained concentrations of ammonia, nitrite plus nitrate, phosphorus, orthophosphate, and dissolved organic carbon in concentrations that exceeded those typically found in ground water. Pesticides were detected in ground water collected from 25 of the 29 agricultural wells. Nineteen different pesticide compounds were detected a total of 83 times. Herbicides were the most frequently detected class of pesticides. The greatest concentration of any pesticide was an estimated value of 1.4 microgram per liter of fluometuron.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034182","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.L., 2003, Comparison between agricultural and urban ground-water quality in the Mobile River Basin, 1999–2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4182, vii, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034182.","productDescription":"vii, 38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4714,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034182/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":393929,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_63620.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Mobile River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89,\n 30.6519\n ],\n [\n -83.9667,\n 30.6519\n ],\n [\n -83.9667,\n 35.1167\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 35.1167\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 30.6519\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae43b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, James L.","contributorId":82284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53466,"text":"wri034258 - 2003 - Ground-water flow and saline water in the shallow aquifer system of the southern watersheds of Virginia Beach, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:42","indexId":"wri034258","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4258","title":"Ground-water flow and saline water in the shallow aquifer system of the southern watersheds of Virginia Beach, Virginia","docAbstract":"Population and tourism continues to grow in Virginia Beach, Virginia, but the supply of freshwater is limited.\r\nA pipeline from Lake Gaston supplies water for northern Virginia Beach, but ground water is widely used to\r\nwater lawns in the north, and most southern areas of the city rely solely on ground water. Water from\r\ndepths greater than 60 meters generally is too saline to drink. Concentrations of chloride, iron, and manganese\r\nexceed drinking-water standards in some areas. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of\r\nVirginia Beach, Department of Public Utilities, investigated the shallow aquifer system of the southern\r\nwatersheds to determine the distribution of fresh ground water, its potential uses, and its susceptibility to\r\ncontamination. \r\n\r\nAquifers and confining units of the southern watersheds were delineated and chloride concentrations in the\r\naquifers and confining units were contoured. A ground-water-flow and solute-transport model of the shallow\r\naquifer system reached steady state with regard to measured chloride concentrations after 31,550 years of\r\nfreshwater recharge. Model simulations indicate that if freshwater is found in permeable sediments of the\r\nYorktown-Eastover aquifer, such a well field could supply freshwater, possibly for decades, but eventually the\r\nwater would become more saline. The rate of saline-water intrusion toward the well field would depend on the\r\nrate of pumping, aquifer properties, and on the proximity of the well field to saline water sources. The\r\nsteady-state, ground-water-flow model also was used to simulate drawdowns around two hypothetical well\r\nfields and drawdowns around two hypothetical open-pit mines. The chloride concentrations simulated in the\r\nmodel did not approximate the measured concentrations for some wells, indicating sites where local\r\nhydrogeologic units or unit properties do not conform to the simple hydrogeology of the model.\r\n\r\nThe Columbia aquifer, the Yorktown confining unit, and the Yorktown-Eastover aquifer compose the\r\nhydrogeologic units of the shallow aquifer system of Virginia Beach. The Columbia and Yorktown-Eastover\r\naquifers are poorly confined throughout most of the southern watersheds of Virginia Beach. The\r\nfreshwater-to-saline-water distribution probably is in a dynamic equilibrium throughout most of the shallow\r\naquifer system. Freshwater flows continually down and away from the center of the higher altitudes to mix with\r\nsaline water from the tidal rivers, bays, salt marshes, and the Atlantic Ocean. Fresh ground water from the\r\nColumbia aquifer also leaks down through the Yorktown confining unit into the upper half of the Yorktown-Eastover\r\naquifer and flows within the Yorktown-Eastover above saline water in the lower half of the aquifer. Ground-water\r\nrecharge is minimal in much of the southern watersheds because the land surface generally is low and flat.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034258","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.S., 2003, Ground-water flow and saline water in the shallow aquifer system of the southern watersheds of Virginia Beach, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4258, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034258.","productDescription":"73 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4684,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034258/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":177663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Barry S.","contributorId":21532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53649,"text":"ofr03112 - 2003 - Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Great Sitkin Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-14T19:41:47.871273","indexId":"ofr03112","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-112","title":"Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Great Sitkin Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Great Sitkin Volcano is a composite andesitic stratovolcano on Great Sitkin Island (51°05’ N latitude, 176°25’ W longitude), a small (14 x 16 km), circular volcanic island in the western Aleutian Islands of Alaska. Great Sitkin Island is located about 35 kilometers northeast of the community of Adak on Adak Island and 130 kilometers west of the community of Atka on Atka Island. Great Sitkin Volcano is an active volcano and has erupted at least eight times in the past 250 years (Miller and others, 1998). The most recent eruption in 1974 caused minor ash fall on the flanks of the volcano and resulted in the emplacement of a lava dome in the summit crater.
\nThe summit of the composite cone of Great Sitkin Volcano is 1,740 meters above sea level. The active crater is somewhat lower than the summit, and the highest point along its rim is about 1,460 meters above sea level. The crater is about 1,000 meters in diameter and is almost entirely filled by a lava dome emplaced in 1974. An area of active fumaroles, hot springs, and bubbling hot mud is present on the south flank of the volcano at the head of Big Fox Creek (see the map), and smaller ephemeral fumaroles and steam vents are present in the crater and around the crater rim. The flanking slopes of the volcano are gradual to steep and consist of variously weathered and vegetated blocky lava flows that formed during Pleistocene and Holocene eruptions. The modern edifice occupies a caldera structure that truncates an older sequence of lava flows and minor pyroclastic rocks on the east side of the volcano. The eastern sector of the volcano includes the remains of an ancestral volcano that was partially destroyed by a northwest-directed flank collapse.
\nIn winter, Great Sitkin Volcano is typically completely snow covered. Should explosive pyroclastic eruptions occur at this time, the snow would be a source of water for volcanic mudflows or lahars. In summer, much of the snowpack melts, leaving only a patchy distribution of snow on the volcano. Glacier ice is no longer present on the volcano or on other parts of Great Sitkin Island as previously reported by Simons and Mathewson (1955).
\nGreat Sitkin Island is presently uninhabited and is part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","doi":"10.3133/ofr03112","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., Miller, T.P., and Nye, C.J., 2003, Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Great Sitkin Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-112, Report: iv, 25 p.; 1 Plate: 29.0 x 22.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03112.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 25 p.; 1 Plate: 29.0 x 22.0 inches","numberOfPages":"32","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178212,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":408346,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62429.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0112/pdf/of03-112plate.pdf","text":"Plate","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":4947,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0112/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283924,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0112/pdf/of03-112.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Great Sitkin Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -176.26190185546875,\n 51.964577109947506\n ],\n [\n -175.97076416015622,\n 51.964577109947506\n ],\n [\n -175.97076416015622,\n 52.12168505384983\n ],\n [\n -176.26190185546875,\n 52.12168505384983\n ],\n [\n -176.26190185546875,\n 51.964577109947506\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5dd976","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":511522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Thomas P. tmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":4183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"tmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":511523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nye, Christopher J.","contributorId":55418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":511524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70226557,"text":"70226557 - 2003 - Quaternary geology of the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-26T17:43:37.060962","indexId":"70226557","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-31T10:50:24","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Quaternary geology of the western United States","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary geology of the United States; INQUA 2003 field guide volume","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Desert Research Institute","usgsCitation":"Easterbrook, D.J., Pierce, K.L., Gosse, J., Gillespie, A.R., Evenson, E., and Hamblin, K., 2003, Quaternary geology of the western United States, chap. of Quaternary geology of the United States; INQUA 2003 field guide volume, p. 19-79.","productDescription":"61 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"79","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392130,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -107.666015625,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -107.666015625,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 34.08906131584994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Easterbrook, Don J.","contributorId":204671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Easterbrook","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12723,"text":"Western Washington University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":827340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, Kenneth L. kpierce@usgs.gov","contributorId":1609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Kenneth","email":"kpierce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":827341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gosse, John","contributorId":269513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gosse","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gillespie, Alan R.","contributorId":147607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gillespie","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evenson, Ed","contributorId":269514,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evenson","given":"Ed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hamblin, Ken","contributorId":269515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamblin","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70187855,"text":"70187855 - 2003 - Population status of Kittlitz's and Marbled Murrelets and surveys for other marine bird and mammal species in the Kenai Fjords area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T08:14:36","indexId":"70187855","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Population status of Kittlitz's and Marbled Murrelets and surveys for other marine bird and mammal species in the Kenai Fjords area, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Kittlitz's murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) is a rare seabird that nests in alpine terrain and generally forages near tidewater glaciers during the breeding season. More than 95% of the global population breeds in Alaska, with the remainder occurring in the Russian Far East. A global population estimate using best-available data in the early 1990s was 20,000 individuals. However, survey data from two core areas (Prince William Sound and Glacier Bay) suggest that populations have declined by 80-90% during the past 10-20 years. In response to these declines, a coalition of environmental groups petitioned the USFWS in May of 2001 to list the Kittlitz’s murrelet under the Endangered Species Act. In 2002, we began a three-year project to examine population status and trend of Kittlitz’s Murrelets in areas where distribution and abundance are poorly known. Here we report on the first field season, focused on the south coast of the Kenai Peninsula. We re-surveyed selected historical transects to evaluate trends, and surveyed new transects for improved population estimation during early July 2002. From a total of 66 Kittlitz’s Murrelets seen on transects, we estimate a total population of 509 Kittlitz’s Murrelets along the south coast of the Kenai Peninsula. Comparisons with past surveys suggest a decline of 83% since 1976, with an average rate of decline calculated as–6.9 % per annum. This decline is in agreement with population declines observed elsewhere in the species’ core glaciated range, indicating that steep population declines observed to date are likely to be a range-wide phenomenon. While the focus of the study was Kittlitz’s Murrelets, other species of marine birds and mammals were also surveyed. Populations of the closely related Marbled Murrelet appear to have increased during the same time period. The abundance and distribution of other species are presented in appendices.
","language":"English","publisher":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"van Pelt, T.I., and Piatt, J.F., 2003, Population status of Kittlitz's and Marbled Murrelets and surveys for other marine bird and mammal species in the Kenai Fjords area, Alaska, 65 p.","productDescription":"65 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.3251953125,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -143.7890625,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -143.7890625,\n 62.79493487887006\n ],\n [\n -153.3251953125,\n 62.79493487887006\n ],\n [\n -153.3251953125,\n 58.92733441827545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59254a6fe4b0b7ff9fb361bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Pelt, Thomas I.","contributorId":13392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Pelt","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":695765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}