In 1998 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) initiated a study to examine the natural regional environmental impact of sulfide mineralization exposed to episodic weathering and glaciation. The study focused on the Bend copper-gold massive sulfide deposit located in the Medford District of the Chequamegon National Forest in north central Wisconsin. The Bend massive sulfide deposit is a small, metal-rich sulfide body hosted by Paleoproterozoic metavolcanics. The mineralized horizon subcrops beneath 100-120 feet of glacial cover, and consists of massive pyrite and other sulfides. Bedrock and ore geochemistry are well characterized by analyses of diamond drill core provided to the USGS by Sharpe Energy and Resources.
\nIn July 1999, five rotasonic drillholes were completed through the unconsolidated Quaternary sediment, averaging about 100 feet thick, on a transect across the Bend deposit. Nearly continuous core was recovered from the surficial material along with several feet of the underlying bedrock. Samples representing the entire section were analyzed by the USGS to give a two-dimensional representation of element dispersal from the unmineralized bedrock. In addition, one hundred regional till samples were subsampled from the archives of the Quaternary Sediment Laboratory in the University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Geology and Geophysics. These regional samples were collected mainly from Taylor County, where the Bend deposit is located, as well as contiguous parts of Clark and Marathon Counties.
\nThis open file report presents all of the geochemical data collected for this study. Additional publications describing the data in more detail are being completed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03353","usgsCitation":"Woodruff, L.G., Attig, J.W., Cannon, W.F., Nicholson, S.W., and Schulz, K., 2003, Geochemistry of bedrock and glacial deposits in the vicinity of the Bend massive sulfide deposit, north central Wisconsin (Version 1.0, Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-353, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03353.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5284,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-353/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 45.359865333959746\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 45.81348649679971\n ],\n [\n -90.32958984375,\n 45.81348649679971\n ],\n [\n -90.32958984375,\n 45.359865333959746\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 45.359865333959746\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0, Online Only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab5bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Attig, John W.","contributorId":16832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attig","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cannon, William F. 0000-0002-2699-8118 wcannon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":1883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"William","email":"wcannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nicholson, Suzanne W. 0000-0002-9365-1894 swnich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9365-1894","contributorId":880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Suzanne","email":"swnich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schulz, Klaus","contributorId":41519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53092,"text":"ofr03377 - 2003 - Empirical modified Mercalli intensity site corrections for towns in eastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-07T13:56:58","indexId":"ofr03377","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-377","title":"Empirical modified Mercalli intensity site corrections for towns in eastern North America","docAbstract":"Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) assignments for earthquakes in eastern North America (ENA) were used by Bakun et al. (2003) and Bakun and Hopper (in press) to develop models for estimating the location and moment magnitude M of earthquakes in ENA from MMI observations. The MMI empirical site corrections developed and used by Bakun et al. (2003) and Bakun and Hopper (in press) are listed in this Open-file Report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03377","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., and Hopper, M.G., 2003, Empirical modified Mercalli intensity site corrections for towns in eastern North America: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-377, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03377.","productDescription":"33 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03377.jpg"},{"id":285837,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0377/"},{"id":285838,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0377/pdf/of03-377.pdf"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db603f41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopper, M. G.","contributorId":39389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":52920,"text":"cir1249 - 2003 - Geothermal energy: clean power from the Earth's heat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-20T10:40:35","indexId":"cir1249","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1249","title":"Geothermal energy: clean power from the Earth's heat","docAbstract":"Societies in the 21st century require enormous amounts of energy to drive the machines of commerce and to sustain the lifestyles that many people have come to expect. Today, most of this energy is derived from oil, natural gas, and coal, supplemented by nuclear power. Local exceptions exist, but oil is by far the most common source of energy worldwide. Oil resources, however, are nonrenewable and concentrated in only a few places around the globe, creating uncertainty in long-term supply for many nations. At the time of the Middle East oil embargo of the 1970s, about a third of the United States oil supply was imported, mostly from that region. An interruption in the flow of this import disrupted nearly every citizen’s daily life, as well as the Nation’s economy. In response, the Federal Government launched substantial programs to accelerate development of means to increasingly harness “alternative energies”—primarily biomass, geothermal, solar, and wind. The new emphasis on simultaneously pursuing development of several sources of energy recognized the timeless wisdom found in the proverb of “not putting all eggs in one basket.” This book helps explain the role that geothermal resources can play in helping promote such diversity and in satisfying our Nation’s vast energy needs as we enter a new millennium. For centuries, people have enjoyed the benefits of geothermal energy available at hot springs, but it is only through technological advances made during the 20th century that we can tap this energy source in the subsurface and use it in a variety of ways, including the generation of electricity. Geothermal resources are simply exploitable concentrations of the Earth’s natural heat (thermal energy). The Earth is a bountiful source of thermal energy, continuously producing heat at depth, primarily by the decay of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes—principally of uranium, thorium, and potassium—that occur in small amounts in all rocks. This heat then rises to and through the Earth’s surface, where it escapes into the atmosphere. The amount of heat that flows annually from the Earth into the atmosphere is enormous—equivalent to ten times the annual energy consumption of the United States and more than that needed to power all nations of the world, if it could be fully harnessed. Even if only 1 percent of the thermal energy contained within the uppermost 10 kilometers of our planet could be tapped, this amount would be 500 times that contained in all oil and gas resources of the world. How might we benefit from this vast amount of thermal energy beneath our feet? Where, by what means, and how much of the Earth’s natural heat can be usefully harnessed? These are especially important questions to contemplate, because global population is expected to soon exceed seven billion and many scientists believe that the world’s fossilfuel resources may be substantially depleted within this century. Faced with such prospects, both the public and private sectors are working toward more fully utilizing the Earth’s abundant thermal energy and other alternative energy resources. A skeptic might question the wisdom of devoting much national effort to geothermal energy development, especially because many experts think that geothermal heat can contribute at most about 10 percent to the Nation’s energy supply using current technologies. However, ongoing advances in exploration and heat-extraction technologies are improving our ability to use the resource and may substantially increase the geothermal contribution to the Nation’s energy supply. In an attempt to help national planners and average citizens alike understand the nature and energy potential of geothermal resources, this book (1) describes the distribution and nature of geothermal energy, (2) reviews the common types of geothermal systems that provide useful energy with current technology, (3) considers potential geothermal resources that might someday be tapped with developing technologies, and (4) summarizes the role of earth-science information in assessing and harnessing geothermal resources wherever they occur worldwide. The predecessor to this book (Tapping the Earth’s Natural Heat, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1125, published in 1994) summarized the situation in the early 1990s. In an effort to support national energy planners, this new circular incorporates more recent advances in geothermal science and technology.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/cir1249","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., and Sass, J.H., 2003, Geothermal energy: clean power from the Earth's heat: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1249, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1249.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":299780,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1249.PNG"},{"id":8981,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1249/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":299779,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1249/c1249.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b043","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, Wendell A.","contributorId":14363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sass, John H.","contributorId":69596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51968,"text":"wri034080 - 2003 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Cedar River alluvium, northwest Black Hawk County and southwest Bremer County, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-04T19:33:04.183409","indexId":"wri034080","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4080","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Cedar River alluvium, northwest Black Hawk County and southwest Bremer County, Iowa","docAbstract":"Flooding and high ground-water levels after large or frequent rainstorms have occurred in an area of about 30 square miles along the eastern bank of the Cedar River from Cedar Falls in northwest Black Hawk County to Janesville in southwest Bremer County, Iowa. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Black Hawk County, conducted a hydrologic study of the Cedar River alluvium in the northwest Black Hawk and southwest Bremer Counties, to improve understanding of the ground-water flow system and evaluate the effects of hypothetical variations in recharge and discharge conditions.
\nA steady-state ground-water flow model was constructed for the area using November 2001 hydrologic conditions. The model was discretized into an 83-row by 47-column grid of cells measuring approximately 500 feet by 500 feet. Two model layers, one for the alluvium and one for the underlying bedrock units, were used to represent flow in the area.
\nPrecipitation during 2001 was similar to historical normals. Precipitation during 1999, especially during the summer when flooding occurred, was well above the historical normals. Borings in the unconsolidated deposits in the study area confirmed the presence of a bedrock valley dipping to the south in the central part of the study area. Water-level measurements in 2001 indicate that ground-water flow in much of the alluvial aquifer parallels the direction of flow in the Cedar River toward the south rather than following shorter flow paths to the west toward the Cedar River.
\nUnder steady-state conditions and 2001 pumpage, primary sources of inflow to the ground-water flow system are the Cedar River (65.5 percent), recharge through infiltration of precipitation and upland runoff (31.4 percent), and subsurface flow across the lateral boundaries (3.1 percent). The primary components of outflow from the ground-water flow system are intermittent streams (56.0 percent) and the Cedar River (43.7 percent).
\nTwo hypothetical scenarios were used to assess the potential effects of higher river levels and increased recharge compared to the steadystate conditions. For one scenario, river levels were set to bankfull conditions, and a recharge of 1.2 times the steady-state rate was applied. This simulation was used to evaluate the effects of wet conditions. This scenario led to increased water levels, in general, and large areas of shallow (0 to 10 feet) depths to water along the eastern part of the model area near Highway 218. For the second scenario, conditions were the same as for the first scenario, but streambed conductance of intermittent streams modeled as drains was increased to 10 times the steady-state value to simulate increased flow of water from the shallow groundwater flow system. The area with depth to water of 0 to 10 feet along the eastern part of the model area was substantially smaller than that of the first scenario.
\nIn general, once high ground-water levels occur, either because of high Cedar River water Abstract levels or above normal local precipitation or both, ground-water in the central part of the study area along Highway 218 flows toward the south rather than following shorter flow paths to the Cedar River. Intermittent streams in the study area discharge substantial amounts of water from the ground-water flow system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034080","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Black Hawk County, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Schaap, B.D., Savoca, M.E., and Turco, M.J., 2003, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Cedar River alluvium, northwest Black Hawk County and southwest Bremer County, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4080, iv, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034080.","productDescription":"iv, 42 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415184,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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mesavoca@usgs.gov","contributorId":1961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoca","given":"Mark","email":"mesavoca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turco, Michael J. mjturco@usgs.gov","contributorId":1011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turco","given":"Michael","email":"mjturco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":244572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":52926,"text":"wri034029 - 2003 - Hydrogeology of shallow basin-fill deposits in areas of Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T15:53:38","indexId":"wri034029","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4029","title":"Hydrogeology of shallow basin-fill deposits in areas of Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah","docAbstract":"A study of recently developed residential/commercial areas of Salt Lake Valley, Utah, was done from 1999 to 2001 in areas in which shallow ground water has the potential to move to a deeper aquifer that is used for public supply. Thirty monitoring wells were drilled and sampled in 1999 as part of the study. The ground water was either under unconfined or confined conditions, depending on depth to water and the presence or absence of fine-grained deposits. The wells were completed in the shallowest water-bearing zone capable of supplying water. Monitoring-well depths range from 23 to 154 feet. Lithologic, geophysical, hydraulic-conductivity, transmissivity, water-level, and water-temperature data were obtained for or collected from the wells.
Silt and clay layers noted on lithologic logs correlate with increases in electrical conductivity and natural gamma radiation shown on many of the electromagnetic-induction and natural gamma logs. Relatively large increases in electrical conductivity, determined from the electromagnetic-induction logs, with no major changes in natural gamma radiation are likely caused by increased dissolved-solids content in the ground water. Some intervals with high electrical conductivity correspond to areas in which water was present during drilling.
Unconfined conditions were present at 7 of 20 monitoring wells on the west side and at 2 of 10 wells on the east side of Salt Lake Valley. Fine-grained deposits confine the ground water. Anthropogenic compounds were detected in water sampled from most of the wells, indicating a connection with the land surface. Data were collected from 20 of the monitoring wells to estimate the hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity of the shallow ground-water system. Hydraulic-conductivity values of the shallow aquifer ranged from 30 to 540 feet per day. Transmissivity values of the shallow aquifer ranged from 3 to 1,070 feet squared per day. There is a close linear relation between transmissivity determined from slug-test analysis and transmissivity estimated from specific capacity.
Water-level fluctuations were measured in the 30 monitoring wells from 1999 to July 2001. Generally, water-level changes measured in wells on the west side of the valley followed a seasonal trend and wells on the east side showed less fluctuation or a gradual decline during the 2-year period. This may indicate that a larger percentage of recharge to the shallow ground-water system on the west side is from somewhat consistent seasonal sources, such as canals and unconsumed irrigation water, as compared to sources on the east side. Water levels measured in monitoring wells completed in the shallow ground-water system near large-capacity public-supply wells varied in response to ground-water withdrawals from the deeper confined aquifer. Water temperature was monitored in 23 wells. Generally, little or no change in water temperature was measured in monitoring wells with a depth to water greater than about 40 feet. The shallower the water level in the well, the greater the water-temperature change measured during the study.
Comparison of water levels measured in the monitoring wells and deeper wells in the same area indicate a downward gradient on the east side of the valley. Water levels in the shallow and deeper aquifers in the secondary recharge area on the west side of the valley were similar to those on the east side. Water levels measured in the monitoring wells and nearby wells completed in the deeper aquifer indicate that the vertical gradient can change with time and stresses on the system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/wri034029","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., 2003, Hydrogeology of shallow basin-fill deposits in areas of Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4029, Report: viii, 23 p.; 1 Plate: 33.0 x 25.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034029.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 23 p.; 1 Plate: 33.0 x 25.0 inches","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334630,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034029/pdf/wri034029.pdf","size":"2.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":334631,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034029/pdf/plate_1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"3.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":5014,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034029/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Salt Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Salt Lake Valley","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-111.6432,40.7953],[-111.6438,40.7926],[-111.6396,40.7872],[-111.6439,40.7849],[-111.6403,40.7795],[-111.647,40.7749],[-111.6427,40.7731],[-111.6397,40.7704],[-111.6379,40.7695],[-111.6343,40.7677],[-111.6312,40.7658],[-111.6258,40.7626],[-111.6246,40.7604],[-111.6234,40.759],[-111.6222,40.7554],[-111.621,40.7504],[-111.6204,40.7431],[-111.6199,40.7381],[-111.6193,40.7327],[-111.6163,40.7299],[-111.612,40.7272],[-111.6078,40.724],[-111.6066,40.7204],[-111.6048,40.7172],[-111.6018,40.7145],[-111.5976,40.7122],[-111.5927,40.7072],[-111.5897,40.704],[-111.5897,40.6995],[-111.597,40.6945],[-111.5989,40.6904],[-111.5959,40.6805],[-111.5966,40.6696],[-111.5954,40.6623],[-111.593,40.6541],[-111.5798,40.6459],[-111.5755,40.6405],[-111.5738,40.6346],[-111.5689,40.6332],[-111.5653,40.6273],[-111.5593,40.6218],[-111.5557,40.6173],[-111.5503,40.6159],[-111.5497,40.6118],[-111.5533,40.61],[-111.5552,40.6087],[-111.5588,40.6064],[-111.5588,40.6032],[-111.5583,40.5969],[-111.5583,40.5937],[-111.5638,40.5855],[-111.5716,40.5842],[-111.5789,40.5833],[-111.5971,40.5784],[-111.5983,40.5789],[-111.6038,40.5657],[-111.6129,40.5667],[-111.622,40.5667],[-111.6311,40.5672],[-111.6347,40.5699],[-111.6414,40.5608],[-111.6468,40.5568],[-111.6523,40.5554],[-111.6565,40.5532],[-111.6608,40.5432],[-111.6669,40.541],[-111.6796,40.5328],[-111.6869,40.5342],[-111.6935,40.5351],[-111.7038,40.5356],[-111.7129,40.532],[-111.7202,40.5266],[-111.7335,40.5307],[-111.7371,40.5262],[-111.7474,40.5253],[-111.7619,40.5276],[-111.771,40.5235],[-111.7819,40.5149],[-111.7873,40.509],[-111.7867,40.5072],[-111.791,40.4959],[-111.7928,40.4954],[-111.8013,40.495],[-111.811,40.4905],[-111.8261,40.4846],[-111.8328,40.4814],[-111.8394,40.4742],[-111.8424,40.4755],[-111.8461,40.4765],[-111.8515,40.4692],[-111.8551,40.4669],[-111.8594,40.4688],[-111.8654,40.4715],[-111.8696,40.4765],[-111.8811,40.4715],[-111.8878,40.4683],[-111.8926,40.4656],[-111.8969,40.4638],[-111.9035,40.4588],[-111.9222,40.4525],[-111.9126,40.4416],[-111.9192,40.438],[-111.9271,40.4348],[-111.9307,40.433],[-111.9434,40.4267],[-111.9513,40.4221],[-111.9531,40.4212],[-111.9561,40.4198],[-111.9627,40.4189],[-111.9663,40.4176],[-111.97,40.4158],[-111.9748,40.4149],[-111.9772,40.4158],[-111.9923,40.4235],[-112.0038,40.4262],[-112.0141,40.4344],[-112.0213,40.4398],[-112.0261,40.4493],[-112.0286,40.4575],[-112.0322,40.4643],[-112.0425,40.4602],[-112.0443,40.4561],[-112.0527,40.4543],[-112.0582,40.4516],[-112.0636,40.4484],[-112.069,40.4457],[-112.0751,40.447],[-112.0835,40.4466],[-112.092,40.447],[-112.0998,40.4448],[-112.1034,40.442],[-112.1113,40.4389],[-112.1131,40.4429],[-112.1125,40.4457],[-112.1125,40.4515],[-112.1174,40.4534],[-112.1198,40.4543],[-112.1252,40.4606],[-112.1283,40.4633],[-112.1343,40.4665],[-112.1428,40.471],[-112.1506,40.4687],[-112.1524,40.4669],[-112.1591,40.4624],[-112.1675,40.4642],[-112.173,40.4674],[-112.17,40.4719],[-112.1754,40.4814],[-112.1724,40.4846],[-112.1864,40.4964],[-112.1797,40.5018],[-112.1864,40.514],[-112.1779,40.5204],[-112.1774,40.5299],[-112.181,40.5399],[-112.1822,40.5431],[-112.1774,40.5544],[-112.1762,40.5562],[-112.1817,40.5617],[-112.1805,40.5676],[-112.1835,40.573],[-112.1793,40.5785],[-112.1745,40.5857],[-112.1781,40.5943],[-112.1769,40.6021],[-112.1739,40.6039],[-112.18,40.6088],[-112.18,40.6129],[-112.1879,40.6152],[-112.1927,40.6233],[-112.1933,40.6242],[-112.194,40.6261],[-112.1928,40.6383],[-112.1928,40.6397],[-112.197,40.6433],[-112.1976,40.6483],[-112.2025,40.6533],[-112.2007,40.6646],[-112.1995,40.6728],[-112.2032,40.6787],[-112.1996,40.6882],[-112.196,40.6927],[-112.1978,40.6995],[-112.2002,40.7045],[-112.2009,40.7077],[-112.2033,40.7113],[-112.2258,40.7262],[-112.2611,40.7706],[-112.2029,40.8075],[-112.2011,40.8079],[-112.1375,40.8457],[-112.0567,40.892],[-112.0069,40.9201],[-111.9558,40.9192],[-111.9558,40.897],[-111.9667,40.8843],[-111.968,40.8748],[-111.9601,40.8675],[-111.9613,40.8594],[-111.9625,40.8526],[-111.9576,40.8471],[-111.951,40.8466],[-111.9437,40.8421],[-111.9437,40.8371],[-111.9412,40.8326],[-111.9352,40.8262],[-111.9328,40.8208],[-111.9103,40.8226],[-111.8896,40.823],[-111.8811,40.8235],[-111.8684,40.8235],[-111.8526,40.8266],[-111.8374,40.8325],[-111.8259,40.8334],[-111.8186,40.8343],[-111.8082,40.8383],[-111.7985,40.8388],[-111.7851,40.8447],[-111.7778,40.8442],[-111.7645,40.8505],[-111.748,40.8546],[-111.7444,40.8609],[-111.7352,40.8627],[-111.7231,40.855],[-111.7176,40.8563],[-111.7079,40.8531],[-111.7012,40.8567],[-111.6982,40.8617],[-111.6818,40.8585],[-111.6745,40.8562],[-111.6684,40.8544],[-111.6624,40.8507],[-111.6575,40.8475],[-111.6563,40.8453],[-111.6655,40.8362],[-111.6564,40.8285],[-111.6497,40.8258],[-111.6437,40.8221],[-111.6401,40.8194],[-111.6432,40.7953]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Salt Lake\",\"state\":\"UT\"}}]}","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db6246a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51514,"text":"ofr03343 - 2003 - Tectonic Summaries for Web-served Earthquake Responses, Southeastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:27","indexId":"ofr03343","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-343","title":"Tectonic Summaries for Web-served Earthquake Responses, Southeastern North America","docAbstract":"This report documents the rationale and strategy used to write short summaries of the seismicity and tectonic settings of domains in southeastern North America. The summaries are used in automated responses to notable earthquakes that occur anywhere east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States or Canada. Specifically, the report describes the geologic and tectonic information, data sources, criteria, and reasoning used to determine the content and format of the summaries, for the benefit of geologists or seismologists who may someday need to revise the summaries or write others. These tectonic summaries are designed to be automatically posted on the World Wide Web as soon as an earthquake?s epicenter is determined. The summaries are part of a larger collection of summaries that is planned to cover the world.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr03343","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., 2003, Tectonic Summaries for Web-served Earthquake Responses, Southeastern North America (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-343, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03343.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4519,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-343/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685982","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51523,"text":"ofr03293 - 2003 - Preliminary geologic map of the San Bernardino 30' x 60' quadrangle, California (includes preliminary GIS database)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-23T19:57:05.444366","indexId":"ofr03293","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-293","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the San Bernardino 30' x 60' quadrangle, California (includes preliminary GIS database)","docAbstract":"The San Bernardino 30'x60' quadrangle, southern California, is diagonally\r\n bisected by the San Andreas Fault Zone, separating the San Gabriel and San\r\n Bernardino Mountains, major elements of California's east-oriented Transverse\r\n Ranges Province. Included in the southern part of the quadrangle is the northern\r\n part of the Peninsular Ranges Province and the northeastern part of the\r\n oil-producing Los Angeles basin. The northern part of the quadrangle includes\r\n the southern part of the Mojave Desert Province. Pre-Quaternary rocks within the\r\n San Bernardino quadrangle consist of three extensive, well-defined basement rock\r\n assemblages, the San Gabriel Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains, and the\r\n Peninsular Ranges assemblages, and a fourth assemblage restricted to a narrow\r\n block bounded by the active San Andreas Fault and the Mill Creek Fault. Each of\r\n these basement rock assemblages is characterized by a relatively unique suite of\r\n rocks that was amalgamated by the end of the Cretaceous and (or) early Cenozoic.\r\n Some Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks are unique to specific assemblages,\r\n and some overlap adjacent assemblages. A few Miocene and Pliocene units cross\r\n the boundaries of adjacent assemblages, but are dominant in only one. Tectonic\r\n events directly and indirectly related to the San Andreas Fault system have\r\n partly dismembered the basement rocks during the Neogene, forming the modern-day\r\n physiographic provinces.\r\n \r\n Rocks of the four basement rock assemblages are divisible into an older suite of\r\n Late Cretaceous and older rocks and a younger suite of post-Late Cretaceous rocks.\r\n The age span of the older suite varies considerably from assemblage to assemblage,\r\n and the point in time that separates the two suites varies slightly. In the\r\n Peninsular Ranges, the older rocks were formed from the Paleozoic to the end of\r\n Late Cretaceous plutonism, and in the Transverse Ranges over a longer period of\r\n time extending from the Proterozoic to metamorphism at the end of the Cretaceous.\r\n Within the Peninsular Ranges a profound diachronous unconformity marks the\r\n pre-Late Cretaceous-post-Late Cretaceous subdivision, but within the Transverse\r\n Ranges the division appears to be slightly younger, perhaps coinciding with the\r\n end of the Cretaceous or extending into the early Cenozoic. Initial docking of\r\n Peninsular Ranges rocks with Transverse Ranges rocks appears to have occurred at\r\n the terminus of plutonism within the Peninsular Ranges. During the Paleogene\r\n there was apparently discontinuous but widespread deposition on the basement rocks\r\n and little tectonic disruption of the amalgamated older rocks. Dismemberment of\r\n these Paleogene and older rocks by strike-slip, thrust, and reverse faulting began\r\n in the Neogene and is ongoing. The Peninsular Ranges basement rock assemblage is\r\n made up of the Peninsular Ranges batholith and a variety of metasedimentary rocks.\r\n Most of the plutonic rocks of the batholith are granodiorite and tonalite in\r\n composition; primary foliation is common, mainly in the eastern part. Tertiary\r\n sedimentary rocks of the Los Angeles Basin crop out in the Puente and San Jose\r\n Hills along with the spatially associated Glendora Volcanics; both units span the\r\n boundary between the Peninsular Ranges and San Gabriel Mountains basement rock\r\n assemblages.\r\n \r\n The San Gabriel Mountains basement rock assemblage includes two discrete areas,\r\n the high standing San Gabriel Mountains and the relatively low San Bernardino\r\n basin east of the San Jacinto Fault. The basement rock assemblage is\r\n characterized by a unique suite of rocks that include anorthosite, Proterozoic\r\n and Paleozoic gneiss and schist, the Triassic","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03293","usgsCitation":"Morton, D.M., and Miller, F.K., 2003, Preliminary geologic map of the San Bernardino 30' x 60' quadrangle, California (includes preliminary GIS database): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-293, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03293.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110443,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_58935.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"58935"},{"id":4526,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-293/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Bernardino 30' x 60' quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.0,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -117.0,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -117.0,\n 34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47e3e4b07f02db4bb30c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Douglas M. scamp@usgs.gov","contributorId":4102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Douglas","email":"scamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":243830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Fred K.","contributorId":89503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51963,"text":"ofr03226 - 2003 - Helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic survey data and maps, Seco Creek area, Medina and Uvalde counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T18:57:28.934889","indexId":"ofr03226","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-226","title":"Helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic survey data and maps, Seco Creek area, Medina and Uvalde counties, Texas","docAbstract":"A helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic (HEM) survey was completed of a 209 square kilometer (81 square miles) area of the central Edwards aquifer. This open-file report is a release of the airborne geophysical data and a summary of the hydrologic application. The survey area was centered on the Valdina Farms sinkhole along the Seco Creek drainage in western Medina County, Texas. Flight lines were flown north south with three east west tie lines to aid in leveling the magnetic data. Additional lines were flown on each side of the Seco and Little Seco Creek drainages. A five kilometer (4 mile) extension of 15 lines was flown north of the main survey block centered on Seco Creek. This digital data release contains the flight line data, grids, and maps of the HEM survey data. The Edwards aquifer in this area consists of three hydrologic zones: catchment, recharge, and confined. The Glen Rose Formation is exposed in the catchment area. The recharge zone is situated in the Balcones fault zone where the Devils River Group of the Edwards aquifer has been exposed by normal faults. The magnetic data is not discussed in depth here, but does have high amplitude closed anomalies caused by shallow igneous intrusives. The Woodard Cave Fault that separates the recharge and catchment zones is in places associated with a weak linear magnetic low. The HEM data has been processed to produce apparent resistivities for each of the six EM coil pairs and frequencies. Maps of the apparent resistivity for the five horizontal coil pairs show that the catchment, recharge, and confined zones all have numerous linear features that are likely caused by structures, many of which have not been mapped. The distribution of high resistivity areas reflects the lithologic differences within the Trinity and Edwards aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03226","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.D., Smith, D.V., Hill, P.L., and Labson, V.F., 2003, Helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic survey data and maps, Seco Creek area, Medina and Uvalde counties, Texas (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-226, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03226.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110446,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_58976.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"58976"},{"id":4509,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-226","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":179314,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Medina County, Uvalde County","otherGeospatial":"Seco Creek area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.44686889648438,\n 29.401319510041485\n ],\n [\n -99.15985107421875,\n 29.401319510041485\n ],\n [\n -99.15985107421875,\n 29.630771207229\n ],\n [\n -99.44686889648438,\n 29.630771207229\n ],\n [\n -99.44686889648438,\n 29.401319510041485\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e90b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, David V. 0000-0003-0426-4401 dvsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-4401","contributorId":1306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"dvsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, Patricia L. pathill@usgs.gov","contributorId":1327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Patricia","email":"pathill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":244558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Labson, Victor F. 0000-0003-1905-1820 vlabson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1905-1820","contributorId":326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labson","given":"Victor","email":"vlabson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":349,"text":"International Water Resources Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70222382,"text":"70222382 - 2003 - Correlates to survival of juvenile sea otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1992-1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-26T17:24:00.99648","indexId":"70222382","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-30T12:18:13","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlates to survival of juvenile sea otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1992-1993","docAbstract":"We estimated survival of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) for 1 year post weaning during 1992-1993 in Prince William Sound (PWS), location of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. We sampled 38 pups in eastern PWS (EPWS), an unoiled area occupied by sea otters for <15 years, and 33 pups from oiled western PWS (WPWS), occupied for >25 years. We compared survival between areas, sexes, and condition groups. We also examined the relation of blood parameters to survival. Survival was estimated at 0.74 in EPWS and 0.52 in WPWS. Female survival was 0.86 in EPWS and 0.64 in WPWS, whereas male survival was lower, 0.61 in EPWS and 0.44 in WPWS. Sea otters from EPWS were in better condition (mass/length) than WPWS sea otters. Pups in better condition had higher survival in EPWS but not in WPWS. Foraging success was greater in EPWS than in WPWS, consistent with either an effect of length of occupation or the effects of oil on the prey base or a combination of these effects. Area differences in blood parameters suggested liver damage in WPWS sea otters, perhaps resulting from continued exposure to oil. Thus, both length of occupation and oiling history likely influenced juvenile survival in PWS.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/z03-121","usgsCitation":"Ballachey, B.E., Bodkin, J.L., Howlin, S., Doroff, A., and Rebar, A., 2003, Correlates to survival of juvenile sea otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1992-1993: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 81, no. 9, p. 1494-1510, https://doi.org/10.1139/z03-121.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1494","endPage":"1510","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387431,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.86474609375,\n 59.701013531997326\n ],\n [\n -145.43701171875,\n 59.701013531997326\n ],\n [\n -145.43701171875,\n 61.13262899079795\n ],\n [\n -148.86474609375,\n 61.13262899079795\n ],\n [\n -148.86474609375,\n 59.701013531997326\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":819892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":819893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howlin, S.","contributorId":94624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howlin","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":819894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doroff, A. M.","contributorId":92995,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doroff","given":"A. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":819895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rebar, A.H.","contributorId":40150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebar","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":819896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53120,"text":"wri034071 - 2003 - Low streamflow conditions in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho during water year 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-06T13:27:28","indexId":"wri034071","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4071","title":"Low streamflow conditions in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho during water year 2001","docAbstract":"Below-normal precipitation levels and abovenormal\ntemperatures across most of the Columbia\nRiver Basin in the Pacific Northwest (Washington,\nOregon, and Idaho) resulted in streamflows that,\nat times, approached long-term minimums. The\nperiod from October 1, 2000, through September\n30, 2001 (water year 2001), was the second driest\non record (1895–2001) for the three-State area. In\naddition, average temperatures during the April\nthrough September 2001 period were the twelfth\nhighest since 1895. Conditions in the part of Canada\nincluded in the Columbia River Basin were\nsimilar.\nStreamflow levels at several locations\napproached those during water year 1977, when\nseveral minimum-flow records were set. The\ndrought of 1977 commonly is considered the\ndrought of record in the region. Low streamflows\nwere most noticeable in rivers east of the Cascade\nRange, where most of the streamflow above base\nflow is a direct result of snowmelt runoff. Because\nof below-normal precipitation across the region,\nsnowpack levels in the three States were only\nabout 59 to 62 percent of the long-term (1961–90)\naverage.\nMiscellaneous low-flow measurements were\nmade at more than 700 locations across the three-\nState region and in some adjacent States. These\nmeasurements were made in late summer and\nearly fall of 2001 during base-flow conditions.\nIn general, these low-flow measurements were\nsimilar to those made at the same locations during\nwater year 1977.\nReservoir storage values for seven major\nriver basins in the three-State region were all\nbelow the 30-year average at the end of water year\n2001. Reservoir storages were at average levels at\nthe end of water year 2000; thus, the below-average\nlevels in water year 2001 can be related\ndirectly to low streamflows during water year\n2001.\nNear the end of water year 2001, the Palmer\nDrought Severity Index ranked much of the region\nin the severe or extreme drought categories. Only\nthe coastal area of Washington and Oregon and\npart of the mountain region in Idaho were in the\nnear-normal category. The National Oceanic and\nAtmospheric Administration classified most of the\narea as exhibiting adverse agricultural, hydrological,\nand fire-danger effects from the drought.\nLack of available water for recharge and\nincreased pumpage needed to augment the reduced\nsurface-water supply likely reduced ground-water\nlevels throughout the region. Twenty-five wells\nacross the region were selected for extended monitoring\nto help define the possible short- and longterm\nrelation between low streamflows and\nground-water levels.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034071","usgsCitation":"Hortness, J., 2003, Low streamflow conditions in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho during water year 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4071, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034071.","productDescription":"53 p.","numberOfPages":"59","temporalStart":"2000-10-01","temporalEnd":"2001-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262376,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4071/report.pdf"},{"id":262377,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4071/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon;Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River Basin;Silver Lake;Lake Albert;Goose Lake;Harney Lake;Great Basin;Klamath River Basin;Pacific Slope Basins","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.89,41.96 ], [ -124.89,49.0 ], [ -111.01,49.0 ], [ -111.01,41.96 ], [ -124.89,41.96 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640ddb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hortness, Jon 0000-0002-9809-2876 hortness@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-2876","contributorId":3601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hortness","given":"Jon","email":"hortness@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52708,"text":"wri034154 - 2003 - Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, and into nearby pools of the Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-13T12:36:43","indexId":"wri034154","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4154","title":"Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, and into nearby pools of the Mississippi River","docAbstract":"This report describes a two-dimensional regional screening model and two associated three-dimensional ground-water flow models that were developed to simulate the ground-water flow systems in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, and Pool 8 of the Mississippi River. Although the geographic extents of the three-dimensional models were slightly different, both were derived from the same geologic interpretation and regional screening model, and their calibrations were performed concurrently. The objectives of the La Crosse County (LCC) model were to assess the effects of recent (1990s) and potential future ground-water withdrawals and to provide a tool suitable to evaluate the effects of proposed water-management programs. The Pool 8 model objectives were to quantify the magnitude and distribution of ground-water flow into the Pool. The Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey developed the models cooperatively. The report describes: 1) the conceptual hydrogeologic model; 2) the methods used in simulating flow; 3) model calibration and sensitivity analysis; and 4) model results, such as simulation of predevelopment conditions and location and magnitude of ground-water discharge into Pool 8 of the Mississippi.
\nThree aquifer units underlie the model area: 1) a shallow unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifer; 2) an upper bedrock aquifer, composed of Cambrian and Ordovician sandstone and dolomite; and 3) a lower bedrock aquifer composed of Cambrian sandstone of the Eau Claire Formation and the Mount Simon Formation. A shale layer that is part of the Eau Claire Formation forms a confining unit separating the upper and lower bedrock aquifers. This confining unit is absent in the Black River and parts of the La Crosse and Mississippi River valleys. Precambrian crystalline basement rock forms the lower base of the ground-water flow system.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey ground-water flow model code, MODFLOW, was used to develop the La Crosse County (LCC) and Pool 8 ground-water flow models. Boundary conditions for the MODFLOW model were extracted from an analytic element screening model of the regional flow system surrounding La Crosse County. Model input was obtained from previously published and unpublished geologic and hydrologic data. Pumpages from municipal and high-capacity wells were also simulated.
\nModel calibration included a comparison of modeled and field-measured water levels and field-measured base flows to simulated stream flows. At calibration, most measured water levels compared favorably to model-calculated water levels. Simulated streamflows at two targets were within 3 percent of estimated measured base flows. Mass balance results from the LCC and Pool 8 models indicated that 63 to 74 percent of ground water was from recharge and 19 to 26 percent was from surface-water sources. Ground-water flow out of the model was to rivers and streams (85 to 87 percent) and pumping wells (11 and 13 percent).
\nThe model demonstrates the effects of development on ground water in the study area. The maximum simulated water-level decline in the city of La Crosse metropolitan area is 9.3 feet. Simulated stream losses are similar to the amount of ground water pumped by wells. This indicates that ground water withdrawn by La Crosse County wells is water that under predevelopment conditions discharged to streams and lakes.
\nThe models provide estimates of the locations and amount of ground-water flow into Pool 8 and the southern portion of Pool 7 of the Mississippi River. Ground-water discharges into all areas of the pools, except along the eastern shore in the vicinity of the city of La Crosse and immediately downgradient from lock and dam 7 and 8. Ground-water flow into the pools is generally greatest around the perimeter with decreasing amounts away from the perimeter. An area of relatively high ground-water discharge extends out towards the center of Pool 7 from the upper reaches of the pool and may
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034154","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with La Crosse County, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., Saad, D.A., and Chapel, D.M., 2003, Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, and into nearby pools of the Mississippi River: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4154, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034154.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":182124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311306,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034154/pdf/WRIR-03-4154.pdf"},{"id":5242,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034154/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"La Crosse County","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.1517,44.0806],[-91.1515,44.071],[-91.1324,44.0713],[-91.1241,44.0714],[-91.0318,44.0711],[-90.9739,44.0708],[-90.9135,44.0715],[-90.9123,43.9859],[-90.9105,43.8993],[-90.9113,43.8123],[-90.9107,43.7253],[-91.031,43.7254],[-91.1507,43.7253],[-91.2045,43.7255],[-91.2602,43.7257],[-91.259,43.7266],[-91.2578,43.7294],[-91.2554,43.7344],[-91.2537,43.7408],[-91.2516,43.7492],[-91.2508,43.7542],[-91.2507,43.7574],[-91.2503,43.7591],[-91.25,43.7605],[-91.2492,43.7646],[-91.248,43.7678],[-91.2465,43.7714],[-91.2462,43.7737],[-91.2462,43.7742],[-91.246,43.7752],[-91.2463,43.7764],[-91.2475,43.7796],[-91.2497,43.7828],[-91.2523,43.7848],[-91.2528,43.7851],[-91.2555,43.7874],[-91.256,43.7879],[-91.2579,43.7894],[-91.2604,43.7917],[-91.2639,43.7949],[-91.264,43.7972],[-91.2655,43.8021],[-91.2663,43.805],[-91.2687,43.8087],[-91.2706,43.8159],[-91.2728,43.8198],[-91.2742,43.8239],[-91.2757,43.8288],[-91.2762,43.832],[-91.2773,43.8366],[-91.2791,43.8407],[-91.2824,43.8447],[-91.2869,43.8501],[-91.2882,43.851],[-91.292,43.8537],[-91.2954,43.8564],[-91.2988,43.8593],[-91.2992,43.8596],[-91.3018,43.8621],[-91.3064,43.8663],[-91.3081,43.8684],[-91.3097,43.8704],[-91.31,43.8707],[-91.3122,43.8745],[-91.315,43.878],[-91.317,43.8816],[-91.3183,43.8853],[-91.3203,43.888],[-91.3212,43.8906],[-91.3243,43.8934],[-91.328,43.8962],[-91.3318,43.8986],[-91.3355,43.9009],[-91.3394,43.9035],[-91.3418,43.9063],[-91.3442,43.9088],[-91.348,43.9121],[-91.3493,43.9128],[-91.3519,43.9156],[-91.3565,43.9195],[-91.3594,43.9243],[-91.3654,43.9352],[-91.3673,43.9392],[-91.371,43.9429],[-91.3735,43.9457],[-91.3764,43.9482],[-91.3791,43.9494],[-91.3796,43.9498],[-91.3822,43.9513],[-91.3856,43.954],[-91.3883,43.9576],[-91.3921,43.9598],[-91.3965,43.9624],[-91.3972,43.9628],[-91.4009,43.9644],[-91.4048,43.9673],[-91.4083,43.9701],[-91.4109,43.9728],[-91.4151,43.9765],[-91.4155,43.9768],[-91.4182,43.9797],[-91.4207,43.982],[-91.424,43.9844],[-91.3909,43.9845],[-91.3833,43.9841],[-91.3267,43.9844],[-91.3308,43.993],[-91.3284,43.999],[-91.3375,44.008],[-91.3376,44.0116],[-91.3422,44.0161],[-91.3405,44.023],[-91.3407,44.0325],[-91.3383,44.0367],[-91.3319,44.0368],[-91.3309,44.0445],[-91.3252,44.046],[-91.319,44.0515],[-91.3129,44.0612],[-91.3072,44.0644],[-91.3015,44.065],[-91.2881,44.0624],[-91.2817,44.0634],[-91.2711,44.0713],[-91.2648,44.0728],[-91.2597,44.0701],[-91.2505,44.0611],[-91.2421,44.0576],[-91.2307,44.0582],[-91.2242,44.0537],[-91.2175,44.0652],[-91.21,44.0703],[-91.2007,44.0795],[-91.2003,44.0886],[-91.1914,44.0906],[-91.1805,44.0862],[-91.1691,44.0872],[-91.1594,44.0823],[-91.1517,44.0806]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"La Crosse\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db6554de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":245882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saad, David A. dasaad@usgs.gov","contributorId":121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"David","email":"dasaad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":245881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapel, Dawn M.","contributorId":66782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapel","given":"Dawn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51971,"text":"wri034075 - 2003 - Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa Basins: Selected pesticides and pesticide degradates in streams, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T22:47:25.09196","indexId":"wri034075","displayToPublicDate":"2003-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4075","title":"Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa Basins: Selected pesticides and pesticide degradates in streams, 1996-98","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected in streams of the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit from 1996 to 1998 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. More than 350 samples were collected to document the occurrence, distribution, and transport of pesticides and pesticide degradates. The Eastern Iowa Basins study unit encompasses about 50,500 square kilometers (19,500 square miles) in eastern Iowa and southern Minnesota and is drained by four major rivers—the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Skunk—which flow into the Mississippi River at the eastern border of Iowa.
\nThe most commonly detected pesticides— acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor—were those most heavily used on crops during the study. Atrazine and metolachlor were detected in 100 percent, and acetochlor, alachlor and cyanazine were detected in more than 70 percent of all surface-water samples. Four pesticide degradates—metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid, alachlor ethane sulfonic acid, metolachlor oxanilic acid, and acetochlor ethane sulfonic acid were detected in more than 75 percent of the samples. Only one nonagricultural herbicide, prometon, was detected in more than 80 percent of the samples. Carbofuran, the most commonly detected insecticide, was found in 16 percent of all samples.
\nMixtures of pesticide compounds commonly occurred in the samples. Five or more parent pesticide compounds were detected in 50 percent of the samples. Four or more pesticide degradates were detected in 68 percent and seven or more pesticide degradates were detected in 17 percent of the samples. Acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor were generally present at low concentrations; median concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.22 microgram per liter. However, median concentrations for the pesticide degra-dates, 0.07 to 3.7 micrograms per liter, were larger than their parent compounds. Acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor pesticide compounds were detected at an order of magnitude or higher in the late spring and summer than at other times of the year. Pesticide concentrations generally peak following application in May and June and decrease during the growing season. A small secondary peak of atrazine, acetochlor, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor concentrations occurred in late winter at all sites. The seasonal patterns for the triazine (atrazine and cyanazine) degradates were similar to the parent compounds (increasing in the spring), but the triazine degra-dates often had higher median concentrations than their parent compounds in the fall and winter. The chloroacetanilide (acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor) degradates did not follow a strong seasonal pattern like their parent compounds. In general, the chloroacetanilide degradates had constant and higher median concentrations when compared to their parent compounds throughout the year. The median concentrations for the chloroacetanilide pesticide degradates were often an order of magnitude higher than their parent compounds.
\nConcentrations of pesticides varied by land-form region. Atrazine and cyanazine and their degradates were present in significantly greater concentrations in streams of the Southern Iowa Drift Plain than streams of either the Des Moines Lobe or the Iowan Surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034075","usgsCitation":"Schnoebelen, D.J., Kalkhoff, S.J., Becher, K., and Thurman, E., 2003, Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa Basins: Selected pesticides and pesticide degradates in streams, 1996-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4075, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034075.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":396298,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_59080.htm"},{"id":4533,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/wri034075/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"eastern Iowa Basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -90.439453125,\n 41.64828831259535\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 41.508577297439324\n ],\n [\n -91.153564453125,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -91.219482421875,\n 41.236511201246216\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -91.241455078125,\n 40.75557964275591\n ],\n [\n -91.614990234375,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -91.856689453125,\n 40.68896903762434\n ],\n [\n -92.373046875,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -92.70263671874999,\n 41.20345619205129\n ],\n [\n -93.09814453125,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -93.50463867187499,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -93.702392578125,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -93.966064453125,\n 41.9921602333763\n ],\n [\n -93.97705078125,\n 42.26917949243506\n ],\n [\n -93.80126953124999,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -93.7353515625,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -93.71337890625,\n 42.73894375124379\n ],\n [\n -93.922119140625,\n 43.02874525134882\n ],\n [\n -94.09790039062499,\n 43.23719944365308\n ],\n [\n -94.053955078125,\n 43.476840397778915\n ],\n [\n -93.75732421875,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 43.874138181474734\n ],\n [\n -93.09814453125,\n 43.59630591596548\n ],\n [\n -92.43896484375,\n 43.1090040242731\n ],\n [\n -92.318115234375,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -92.16430664062499,\n 42.819580715795915\n ],\n [\n -92.032470703125,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -91.790771484375,\n 42.374778361114195\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 42.17968819665961\n ],\n [\n -91.175537109375,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -90.867919921875,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -90.802001953125,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -90.5712890625,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 41.85319643776675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Abstract
Introduction
Purpose and scope
Description of the Eastern Iowa Basins
Geomorphology
Climate
Streamflow
Land Use
Pesticide Use and Properties
Study Design and Methods of Study
Sampling Site Selection
Sampling Methods
Analytical Methods
Quality Assurance/Quality Control
Data Analysis
Statistical Analysis of Pesticide and Pesticide Degradates
Ancillary Data
Pesticides and Pesticide Degradates in Streams
Occurrence and Distribution
Seasonal Variability
Spatial Variability
Relevance of Pesticides in Streams
Human Health
Aquatic Life
Summary and Conclusions
References
Appendix
Traditionally, an abrupt and massive influx of siliciclastic sediments into an area of deposition has been attributed to tectonic uplift without consideration of the influence of climate or climatic change on rates of weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition. With few exceptions, fluvial sediment transport is minimal in both extremely arid climates and in perhumid (everwet) climates. Maximum sediment transport occurs in climates characterized by strongly seasonal rainfall, where the effect of vegetation on erosion is minimal.
\nThe Peru–Chile trench and Andes Mountain system (P–CT/AMS) of the eastern Pacific Ocean clearly illustrates the effects of climate on rates of weathering, erosion, transport, and deep-sea sedimentation. Terrigenous sediment is virtually absent in the arid belt north of lat. 30° S in the P–CT, but in the belt of seasonal rainfall south of lat. 30° S terrigenous sediment is abundant. Spatial variations in the amount and seasonality of annual precipitation are now generally accepted as the cause for this difference. The spatial variation in sediment supply to the P–CT appears to be an excellent modern analogue for the temporal variation in sediment supply to certain ancient systems, such as the Ouachita Trough in the southern United States.
\nBy comparison, during the Ordovician through the early Mississippian, sediment was deposited at very slow rates as the Ouachita Trough moved northward through the southern hemisphere dry belt (lat. 10° S to lat. 30° S). The deposystem approached the tropical humid zone during the Mississippian, coincident with increased coarse clastic sedimentation. By the Middle Pennsylvanian (Atokan), the provenance area and the deposystem moved well into the tropical humid zone, and as much as 8,500 m of mineralogically mature (but texturally immature) quartz sand was introduced and deposited. This increase in clastic sediment deposition traditionally has been attributed solely to tectonic activity. However, we contend that the principal control on the introduction of abundant terrigenous sediment was the movement of the deposystem from an arid or semiarid climate into a seasonally wetter climatic regime. The physical and mineralogical maturity of the quartz sand is the result of tropical weathering in provenance areas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climate Controls on Stratigraphy: SEPM Special Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/pec.03.77.0185","usgsCitation":"Edgar, N.T., and Cecil, C.B., 2003, Influence of climate on deep-water clastic sedimentation: application of a modern model, Peru-Chile Trough, to an ancient system, Ouachita Trough: Climate Controls on Stratigraphy: SEPM Special Publication, v. 77, p. 185-191, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0185.","productDescription":"7","startPage":"185","endPage":"191","costCenters":[{"id":183,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293087,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0185"}],"country":"Chile;Peru;United States","volume":"77","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0dee4b01f35f8fd69cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edgar, N. Terence","contributorId":14388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edgar","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"Terence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cecil, C. Blaine 0000-0002-9032-1689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-1689","contributorId":22797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51398,"text":"ofr03259 - 2003 - The geochemical landscape of northwestern Wisconsin and adjacent parts of northern Michigan and Minnesota (geochemical data files)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:29:37","indexId":"ofr03259","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-259","title":"The geochemical landscape of northwestern Wisconsin and adjacent parts of northern Michigan and Minnesota (geochemical data files)","docAbstract":"This data set consists of nine files of geochemical information on various types of surficial deposits in northwestern Wisconsin and immediately adjacent parts of Michigan and Minnesota. The files are presented in two formats: as dbase files in dbaseIV form and Microsoft Excel form. The data present multi-element chemical analyses of soils, stream sediments, and lake sediments. Latitude and longitude values are provided in each file so that the dbf files can be readily imported to GIS applications. Metadata files are provided in outline form, question and answer form and text form. The metadata includes information on procedures for sample collection, sample preparation, and chemical analyses including sensitivity and precision.
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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51392,"text":"ofr2003276 - 2003 - Bedrock, soil, and lichen geochemistry from Isle Royale National Park, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-18T14:06:59","indexId":"ofr2003276","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-276","title":"Bedrock, soil, and lichen geochemistry from Isle Royale National Park, Michigan","docAbstract":"Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, is a large island in northeastern Lake Superior that became a national park in 1940 and was designated as a wilderness area in 1976. The relative isolation of Isle Royale (Figure 1), 25 kilometers out in Lake Superior from the Canadian mainland, its generally harsh climate, and its status as a wilderness national park have minimized human influence on the geochemical evolution of its landscape.
\nUSGS sampling on Isle Royale began in 1996 as part of a larger project on the geology of the Midcontinent rift in the Lake Superior region and continued through 2000. Sampling began with collecting bedrock samples to characterize the geochemistry of the volcanic rocks that make up the much of the island, as well as samples representative of the minor native copper mineralization found on the island. Preliminary results from the bedrock study indicated, among other findings, that basaltic bedrock on the island had no detectable mercury, but that there was an association between native copper mineralization and trace amounts of mercury (Cannon and Woodruff, 1999). This finding and the recognition by the National Park Service that 6 of 32 inland lakes on Isle Royale have mercury levels in game fish that exceed State of Michigan acceptable levels for human consumption (Kallemeyn, 2000) resulted in renewed sampling on the island focused more on environmental issues.
\nTo evaluate atmospheric inputs of mercury and other elements to soil geochemistry, regionally distributed samples of both soils and lichens were collected as paired samples across the entire island. At each soil sample site, three epiphytic (grows in trees) lichen species, Evernia mesomorpha, Hypogymnia plysodes, and Parmelia sucata, were always collected. At some sites Cladina rangiferina, a lichen that grows on bare bedrock and soil surfaces, was also collected. The occurrence of Cladina rangiferina on the island is somewhat limited, and so this lichen species was not collected at all sites.
\nA high density of soil samples was collected within three individual watersheds (Sargent Lake, Lake Wagejo, and Lake Richie) for a localized study that evaluated the terrestrial distribution of mercury and other elements of environmental concern. These lakes were chosen using data from Kallemeyn (2000) that showed that Sargent Lake and Lake Wagejo have high mercury in fish, whereas Lake Richie, which is similar in size to Sargent Lake, does not. As part of this study on the terrestrial contribution of mercury to lakes, long cores of lake sediments were recovered from Sargent Lake and Lake Richie using a modified Livingston piston sampler.
\nFor an ancillary study that evolved from the study on the distribution of mercury in certain watersheds, some soil samples were collected to evaluate the impact of forest fire on soil geochemistry, deliberately sampling within and outside areas on the island that burned in severe forest fires in 1936. To complete bedrock sampling on the island, rock samples from the Copper Harbor Formation, a sedimentary unit that occurs on the southeastern part of the island were collected in 1999.
\nThis report presents all the geochemical data from samples collected by the USGS during this period (Figures 1 and 2). A number of reports presenting data interpretation are in preparation
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003276","usgsCitation":"Woodruff, L.G., Cannon, W.F., Dicken, C.L., Bennett, J.P., and Nicholson, S.W., 2003, Bedrock, soil, and lichen geochemistry from Isle Royale National Park, Michigan (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-276, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003276.","productDescription":"17 p.","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4399,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-276/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Isle Royale National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.219970703125,\n 47.912660308427654\n ],\n [\n -89.18289184570312,\n 47.93566683402829\n ],\n [\n -89.11148071289062,\n 47.964180715412276\n ],\n [\n -88.99749755859375,\n 48.001868461482424\n ],\n [\n -88.93295288085938,\n 48.02575375138845\n ],\n [\n -88.92196655273438,\n 48.02024274341273\n ],\n [\n -88.90411376953125,\n 48.02483529097477\n ],\n [\n -88.8958740234375,\n 48.03310084552225\n ],\n [\n -88.86154174804688,\n 48.05513584361998\n ],\n [\n -88.857421875,\n 48.045955739960114\n ],\n [\n -88.81210327148436,\n 48.057889555610984\n ],\n [\n -88.77365112304688,\n 48.07440873478364\n ],\n [\n 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woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannon, William F. 0000-0002-2699-8118 wcannon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":1883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"William","email":"wcannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dicken, Connie L. 0000-0002-1617-8132 cdicken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1617-8132","contributorId":57098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dicken","given":"Connie","email":"cdicken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennett, James P.","contributorId":100323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nicholson, Suzanne W. 0000-0002-9365-1894 swnich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9365-1894","contributorId":880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Suzanne","email":"swnich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":243439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159344,"text":"70159344 - 2003 - Thematic accuracy of the 1992 National Land-Cover Data for the eastern United States: Statistical methodology and regional results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T11:55:48","indexId":"70159344","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thematic accuracy of the 1992 National Land-Cover Data for the eastern United States: Statistical methodology and regional results","docAbstract":"The accuracy of the 1992 National Land-Cover Data (NLCD) map is assessed via a probability sampling design incorporating three levels of stratification and two stages of selection. Agreement between the map and reference land-cover labels is defined as a match between the primary or alternate reference label determined for a sample pixel and a mode class of the mapped 3×3 block of pixels centered on the sample pixel. Results are reported for each of the four regions comprising the eastern United States for both Anderson Level I and II classifications. Overall accuracies for Levels I and II are 80% and 46% for New England, 82% and 62% for New York/New Jersey (NY/NJ), 70% and 43% for the Mid-Atlantic, and 83% and 66% for the Southeast.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00128-7","usgsCitation":"Stehman, S., Wickham, J., Smith, J., and Yang, L., 2003, Thematic accuracy of the 1992 National Land-Cover Data for the eastern United States: Statistical methodology and regional results: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 86, no. 4, p. 500-516, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00128-7.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"500","endPage":"516","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310459,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562a08f7e4b011227bf1fdf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stehman, S.V.","contributorId":91974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stehman","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27852,"text":"State University of New York, Syracuse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wickham, J.D.","contributorId":28329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, J.H.","contributorId":49331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yang, L.","contributorId":6200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":48848,"text":"wri024259 - 2003 - Hydrogeology and geochemistry of aquifers underlying the San Lorenzo and San Leandro areas of the East Bay Plain, Alameda County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-10T08:50:01","indexId":"wri024259","displayToPublicDate":"2003-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4259","title":"Hydrogeology and geochemistry of aquifers underlying the San Lorenzo and San Leandro areas of the East Bay Plain, Alameda County, California","docAbstract":"The East Bay Plain, on the densely populated eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, contains an upper aquifer system to depths of 250 feet below land surface and an underlying lower aquifer system to depths of more than 650 feet. Injection and recovery of imported water has been proposed for deep aquifers at two sites within the lower aquifer system. Successful operation requires that the injected water be isolated from surface sources of poor-quality water during storage and recovery. Hydraulic, geochemical, and isotopic data were used to evaluate the isolation of deeper aquifers.\r\n\r\n\r\nGround-water responses to tidal changes in the Bay suggest that thick clay layers present within these deposits effectively isolate the deeper aquifers in the northern part of the study area from overlying surficial deposits. These data also suggest that the areal extent of the shallow and deep aquifers beneath the Bay may be limited in the northern part of the study area. Despite its apparent hydraulic isolation, the lower aquifer system may be connected to the overlying upper aquifer system through the corroded and failed casings of abandoned wells. Water-level measurements in observation wells and downward flow measured in selected wells during nonpumped conditions suggest that water may flow through wells from the upper aquifer system into the lower aquifer system during nonpumped conditions.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe chemistry of water from wells in the East Bay Plain ranges from fresh to saline; salinity is greater than seawater in shallow estuarine deposits near the Bay. Water from wells completed in the lower aquifer system has higher pH, higher sodium, chloride, and manganese concentrations, and lower calcium concentrations and alkalinity than does water from wells completed in the overlying upper aquifer system. Ground-water recharge temperatures derived from noble-gas data indicate that highly focused recharge processes from infiltration of winter streamflow and more diffuse recharge processes from infiltration of precipitation occur within the study area. However, recharge of imported water from leaking water-supply pipes, believed by previous investigators to be a large source of ground-water recharge, was not supported on the basis of oxygen-18 and deuterium data collected as part of this study.\r\n\r\n\r\nBased on tritium/helium-3 ages, most water in the upper aquifer system is relatively young and was recharged after 1952; however, water in the lower aquifer system is older and does not contain detectable tritium. Carbon-14 ages interpreted for water from wells in the lower aquifer system and underlying partly consolidated rocks range from 500 to more than 20,000 years before present. The greatest ages were in water from wells completed in the partly consolidated deposits that underlie the northern part of the study area. Ground water from wells in the lower aquifer system near the proposed Bayside injection/recovery site was recharged about 9,400 years before present and appears to be isolated from surface sources of recharge and ground-water contamination.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024259","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J., Borchers, J.W., Leighton, D.A., Kulongoski, J., Fields, L., Galloway, D.L., and Michel, R.L., 2003, Hydrogeology and geochemistry of aquifers underlying the San Lorenzo and San Leandro areas of the East Bay Plain, Alameda County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4259, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024259.","productDescription":"71 p.","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4068,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024259/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Alameda County","otherGeospatial":"East Bay Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.98095703125,\n 37.28279464911045\n ],\n [\n -121.6680908203125,\n 37.28279464911045\n ],\n [\n -121.6680908203125,\n 38.20797181420939\n ],\n [\n -122.98095703125,\n 38.20797181420939\n ],\n [\n -122.98095703125,\n 37.28279464911045\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625a6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":238419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borchers, James W.","contributorId":25931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchers","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":238420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leighton, David A.","contributorId":95493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leighton","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":238422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kulongoski, Justin T. 0000-0002-3498-4154 kulongos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-4154","contributorId":919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulongoski","given":"Justin T.","email":"kulongos@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":238418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fields, Latoya","contributorId":65124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fields","given":"Latoya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":238421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Galloway, Devin L. 0000-0003-0904-5355 dlgallow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-5355","contributorId":679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Devin","email":"dlgallow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":238416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":238417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":51466,"text":"ofr0381 - 2003 - Water quality and depth to water, 2001-02, and graphs of selected constituents and depth to water, period of record through 2002, in selected wells, eastern Bernalillo County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-05T19:58:53.322067","indexId":"ofr0381","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-81","title":"Water quality and depth to water, 2001-02, and graphs of selected constituents and depth to water, period of record through 2002, in selected wells, eastern Bernalillo County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0381","usgsCitation":"Blanchard, P.J., 2003, Water quality and depth to water, 2001-02, and graphs of selected constituents and depth to water, period of record through 2002, in selected wells, eastern Bernalillo County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-81, iv, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0381.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":86547,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0081/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":175907,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0081/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":415293,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_55159.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Bernalillo County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.4589,\n 35.2167\n ],\n [\n -106.4589,\n 34.8703\n ],\n [\n -106.1667,\n 34.8703\n ],\n [\n -106.1667,\n 35.2167\n ],\n [\n -106.4589,\n 35.2167\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9c47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blanchard, Paul J.","contributorId":24388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanchard","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69637,"text":"i2789 - 2003 - Map of surficial deposits and materials in the eastern and central United States (east of 102 degrees West longitude)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:34","indexId":"i2789","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2789","title":"Map of surficial deposits and materials in the eastern and central United States (east of 102 degrees West longitude)","docAbstract":"This data set contains surficial geologic units in the Eastern and Central \r\n United States, as well as a glacial limit line showing the position of \r\n maximum glacial advance during various geologic time periods. The \r\n geologic units represent surficial deposits and other surface materials \r\n that accumulated or formed during the past 2+ million years, such as \r\n soils, alluvium, and glacial deposits. These surface materials are \r\n referred to collectively by many geologists as regolith, the mantle of \r\n fragmented and generally unconsolidated material that overlies the bedrock \r\n foundation of a continent. \r\n\r\n This data set and the printed map produced from it, U.S. Geological Survey \r\n (USGS) Geologic Investigation Series I-2789, were based on 31 published \r\n maps in the USGS's Quaternary Geologic Atlas of the United States map \r\n series (USGS Miscellaneous Investigations Series I-1420). The data were \r\n compiled at 1:1,000,000 scale, to be viewed as a digital map at \r\n 1:2,000,000 nominal scale and to be printed as a conventional paper map at \r\n 1:2,500,000 scale.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2789","isbn":"0607893699","usgsCitation":"Fullerton, D.S., Bush, C.A., and Pennell, J.N., 2003, Map of surficial deposits and materials in the eastern and central United States (east of 102 degrees West longitude): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2789, 1 map : col. ; 116 x 117 cm., on sheet 121 x 130 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. + 1 pamphlet (46 p. ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/i2789.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ; 116 x 117 cm., on sheet 121 x 130 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. + 1 pamphlet (46 p. ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110437,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_55297.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"55297"},{"id":191705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6290,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2789/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"2500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -102,24 ], [ -102,49 ], [ -67,49 ], [ -67,24 ], [ -102,24 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db65828c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fullerton, David S. fullerton@usgs.gov","contributorId":448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fullerton","given":"David","email":"fullerton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bush, Charles A. cbush@usgs.gov","contributorId":1258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"Charles","email":"cbush@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pennell, Jean N.","contributorId":107793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pennell","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51966,"text":"wri034105 - 2003 - Concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and inorganic constituents in ambient surface soils, Chicago, Illinois: 2001-02","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T22:45:40.029871","indexId":"wri034105","displayToPublicDate":"2003-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4105","title":"Concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and inorganic constituents in ambient surface soils, Chicago, Illinois: 2001-02","docAbstract":"Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds are ubiquitous in ambient surface soils in the city of Chicago, Illinois. PAH concentrations in samples collected in June 2001 and January 2002 were typically in the following order from highest to lowest: fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, phenanthrene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, and anthracene. Naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, and fluorene were consistently at the lowest concentrations in each sample. \r\nConcentrations of the PAH compounds showed variable correlation. Concentrations of PAH compounds with higher molecular weights typically show a higher degree of correlation with other PAH compounds of higher molecular weight, whereas PAH compounds with lower molecular weights tended to show a lower degree of correlation with all other PAH compounds. These differences indicate that high and low molecular-weight PAHs behave differentl y once released into the environment. \r\n\r\nConcentrations of individual PAH compounds in soils typically varied by at least three orders of magnitude across the city and varied by more than an order of magnitude over a distance of about 1,000 feet. Concentrations of a given PAH in ambient surface soils are affected by a variety of site-specific factors, and may be affected by proximity to industrial areas. Concentrations of a given PAH in ambient surface soils did not appear to be affected the organic carbon content of the soil, proximity to non-industrial land use, or proximity to a roadway. \r\n\r\nThe concentration of the different PAH compounds in ambient surface soils appears to be affected by the propensity for the PAH compound to be in the vapor or particulate phase in the atmosphere. Lower molecular-weight PAH compounds, which are primarily in the vapor phase in the atmosphere, were detected in lower concentrations in the surface soils. Higher molecular-weight PAH compounds, which are present primarily in the particulate phase in the atmosphere, tended to be in higher concentrations in the surface soils. The apparent effect of the PAH phase in the atmosphere on the concentration of a PAH in ambient surface soils indicates that atmospheric settling of particulate matter is an important source of the PAH compounds in ambient surface soils in Chicago. \r\n\r\nThe distribution of PAH compounds within the city was complex. Comparatively high concentrations were detected near Lake Michigan in the northern part of the city, in much of the western part of the city, and in isolated areas in the southern part of the city. Concentrations were lower in much of the northwestern, south-central, southwestern, and far southern parts of the city. \r\n\r\nThe arithmetic mean concentration of arsenic, mercury, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, molybdenum, zinc, and selenium was from 2 to 6 times higher in ambient surface soils in the city of Chicago than in soils from surrounding agricultural areas. The arithmetic mean concentration of lead in Chicago soils was about 20 times higher. Concentrations of calcium and magnesium above those of surrounding agricultural areas appear to be related to the effects of dolomite bedrock on the chemical composition of the soil. Elevated concentrations of the remaining elements listed above indicate a potential anthropogenic source(s) of these elements in Chicago soils.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034105","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Arnold, T., Cannon, W.F., Graham, D., Morton, E., and Bienert, R., 2003, Concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and inorganic constituents in ambient surface soils, Chicago, Illinois: 2001-02: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4105, v, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034105.","productDescription":"v, 79 p.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4529,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=03-4105","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4105/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":395106,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_59105.htm"},{"id":86632,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4105/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Chicago","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.1158447265625,\n 41.6770148220322\n ],\n [\n -86.978759765625,\n 41.6770148220322\n ],\n [\n -86.978759765625,\n 42.094146370922736\n ],\n [\n -88.1158447265625,\n 42.094146370922736\n ],\n [\n -88.1158447265625,\n 41.6770148220322\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698d2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arnold, Terri 0000-0003-1406-6054 tlarnold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1406-6054","contributorId":1598,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arnold","given":"Terri","email":"tlarnold@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":244563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cannon, William F. 0000-0002-2699-8118 wcannon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":1883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"William","email":"wcannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graham, David","contributorId":67157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Morton, Eric","contributorId":84001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bienert, Raymond","contributorId":28662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bienert","given":"Raymond","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70210763,"text":"70210763 - 2003 - Pleistocene glaciations of the Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-23T18:26:10.235233","indexId":"70210763","displayToPublicDate":"2003-06-23T13:15:30","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5919,"text":"Developments in Quaternary Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pleistocene glaciations of the Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"This chapter presents the status of Rocky Mountain glacial studies in 1965 and progress from that time to the present. The Rocky Mountains and the adjacent Basin and Range of the United States consist of about 100 ranges distributed in a northwest trending belt 2,000 km long and 200–800 km wide. In 1965, Rocky Mountain glacial subdivisions and correlations are closely linked with those of the mid-continent. Also, erratic boulders and diamictons well beyond or above moraines of Pinedale and Bull Lake age are noted at many sites in the Rocky Mountains and are attributed to an older glaciation, vastly more extensive than the Bull Lake or Pinedale. Global climate models suggest that glacial-anticyclonic circulation weaken westerly flow and results in air that is cooler and drier than present, particularly for the northern Rocky Mountains. More precisely dated, glacial and lacustrine records may reveal patterns in such nonparallelism from south to north (colder) or east to west (wetter) throughout the Rocky Mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1571-0866(03)01004-2","usgsCitation":"Pierce, K.L., 2003, Pleistocene glaciations of the Rocky Mountains: Developments in Quaternary Sciences, v. 1, p. 63-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-0866(03)01004-2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"76","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375824,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho,Nevada New Mexico, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Late Wisconsin glaciers in the Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.501953125,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 47.989921667414194\n ],\n [\n -121.37695312499999,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 47.21956811231547\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -124.45312499999999,\n 43.51668853502906\n ],\n [\n -124.01367187499999,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -124.8046875,\n 40.245991504199026\n ],\n [\n -121.11328124999999,\n 34.74161249883172\n ],\n [\n -118.037109375,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -114.2578125,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -111.181640625,\n 31.653381399664\n ],\n [\n -102.83203125,\n 32.175612478499325\n ],\n [\n -103.271484375,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -101.865234375,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -102.216796875,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -104.150390625,\n 41.11246878918088\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -104.501953125,\n 46.98025235521883\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierce, Kenneth L. kpierce@usgs.gov","contributorId":1609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Kenneth","email":"kpierce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":791322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51473,"text":"ofr0370 - 2003 - Surface-water hydrologic data for the Houston metropolitan area, Texas, water years 1990-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T13:56:35","indexId":"ofr0370","displayToPublicDate":"2003-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-70","title":"Surface-water hydrologic data for the Houston metropolitan area, Texas, water years 1990-95","docAbstract":"During water years 1990–95, data were collected at 24 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations, 21 rain gages, and 6 water-quality stations in the Houston metropolitan area, Texas. The data were collected as part of the Houston Urban Runoff Program, which began in water year 1964.
Annual peaks were defined for the 24 streamflow-gaging stations in the study area. All stations had 10 or more years of record. Precipitation data from the 21 rain gages and discharge or stage data from 23 streamflow-gaging stations are available to develop storm hydrographs.
One-hundred thirty-four samples were collected at six water-quality stations. The samples were analyzed for about 80 water-quality properties and constituents.
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The interannual variability in concentration as a result of variability in streamflow, referred to as the annual concentration anomaly, generally was high for all constituents and streams used in the trend analysis and was particularly sensitive to the severe drought that occurred in the late 1980's and the very wet period that began in 1993 and has persisted to the present (2002). Although climatic conditions were similar across North Dakota during the trend-analysis period (1971-2000), significant differences occurred in the annual concentration anomalies from constituent to constituent and location to location, especially during the drought and the wet period.
Numerous trends were detected in the historical constituent concentrations after the annual concentration anomalies were removed. The trends within each of the constituent groups (major ions, nutrients, and trace metals) showed general agreement among the streams. For most locations, the largest dissolved major-ion concentrations occurred during the late 1970's and concentrations in the mid- to late 1990's were smaller than concentrations during the late 1970's. However, the largest concentrations for three of the Missouri River tributaries and one of the Red River of the North tributaries occurred during the mid- to late 1990's.
Concentration trends for total ammonia plus organic nitrogen showed close agreement among the streams for which that constituent was evaluated. The largest concentrations occurred during the early 1980's, and the smallest concentrations occurred during the early 1990's. Nutrient data were not available for the early 1970's or late 1990's. Although a detailed analysis of the causes of the trends was beyond the scope of this report, a preliminary analysis of cropland, livestock-inventory, and oil-production data for 1971-2000 indicated the concentration trends may be related to the livestock-inventory and oil-production activities in the basins.
Dissolved iron and manganese concentrations for the southwestern North Dakota streams generally remained stable during 1971-2000. However, many of the recorded concentrations for those streams were less than the detection limit, and trends that were masked by censoring may have occurred. Several significant trends were detected in dissolved iron and manganese concentrations for the eastern North Dakota streams. Concentrations for those streams either remained stable or increased during most of the 1970's and then decreased rapidly for about 2 years beginning in the late 1970's. The concentrations were relatively stable from the early 1980's to 2000 except at two locations where dissolved iron concentrations increased during the early 1990's.
The most efficient overall sampling designs for the detection of annual trends (that is, trends that occur uniformly during the entire year) consisted of balanced designs in which the sampling dates and the number of samples collected remained fixed from year to year and in which the samples were collected throughout the year rather than in a short timespan. The best overall design for the detection of annual trends consisted of three samples per year, with samples collected near the beginning of December, April, and August. That design had acceptable sensitivity for the detection of trends in most constituents at all locations. Little improvement in sensitivity was achieved by collecting more than three samples per year.
The sampling designs that were first evaluated for annual trends also were evaluated with regard to their sensitivity to detect seasonal trends that occurred during three seasons--April through August, August through December, and December through April. Design results indicated that an average of one extra sample per station per year resulted in an efficient design for detecting seasonal trends. However, allocation of the extra samples varied depending on the station, month, and constituent group (major ions, nutrients, and trace metals).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034094","usgsCitation":"Vecchia, A.V., 2003, Water-quality trend analysis and sampling design for streams in North Dakota, 1971-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4094, v, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034094.","productDescription":"v, 73 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178325,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":411013,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_55211.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4625,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4884e4b07f02db518927","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50859,"text":"wri034033 - 2003 - Relations of biological indicators to nutrient data for lakes and streams in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, 1990-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-26T15:38:06","indexId":"wri034033","displayToPublicDate":"2003-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4033","title":"Relations of biological indicators to nutrient data for lakes and streams in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, 1990-98","docAbstract":"The Clean Water Action Plan of 1998 provides a blueprint for federal agencies to work with states, tribes, and other stakeholders to protect and restore the Nation's water resources. The plan includes an initiative that addresses the nutrient-enrichment problem of lakes and streams across the United States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is working to set nutrient criteria by nationwide nutrient ecoregions that are an aggregation of the Omernik level III ecoregions. Because low levels of nutrients are necessary for healthy streams and elevated concentrations can cause algal blooms that deplete available oxygen and kill off aquatic organisms, criteria levels are to be set, in part, using the relation between chlorophyll a and concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus.
Data from Pennsylvania and West Virginia, collected between 1990 and 1998, were analyzed for relations between chlorophyll a, nutrients, and other explanatory variables. Both phytoplankton and periphyton chlorophyll a concentrations from lakes and streams were analyzed separately within each of the USEPA nutrient ecoregions located within the boundaries of the two states. These four nutrient ecoregions are VII (Mostly Glaciated Dairy), VIII (Nutrient Poor, Largely Glaciated Upper Midwest and Northeast), IX (Southeastern Temperate Forested Plains and Hills), and XI (Central and Eastern Forested Uplands).
Phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentrations in lakes were related to total nitrogen, total phosphorus, Secchi depth, concentration of dissolved oxygen, pH, water temperature, and specific conductivity. In nutrient ecoregion VII, nutrients were not significant predictors of chlorophyll a concentrations. Total nitrogen, Secchi depth, and pH were significantly related to phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentrations in nutrient ecoregion IX. Lake periphyton chlorophyll a concentrations from nutrient ecoregion XI were related to total phosphorus rather than total nitrogen, Secchi depth, and pH. In all cases, Secchi depth was inversely related to the chlorophyll a concentrations in a lake. Nutrient ecoregion VIII had too few samples for any type of analysis.
Streams within the different nutrient ecoregions had many variables that were significantly related to periphyton chlorophyll a concentrations. These variables consisted of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, drainage area, percent forest cover, several macroinvertebrate indices, pH, basin slope, total residue, total suspended solids, and water temperature. Nutrients were not significantly related to periphyton chlorophyll a in streams within nutrient ecoregions VII or IX but were in nutrient ecoregion XI. Drainage area, percent forest cover, and several invertebrate indices were significant variables in nutrient ecoregion VII. Percent forest cover and several invertebrate indices had a negative relation with chlorophyll a concentrations in these streams. Percent forest cover and basin slope had a negative effect on periphyton in nutrient ecoregion IX streams. Light availability was more critical to periphyton growth in streams than nutrients.
Ecoregion XI had enough samples to do seasonal analyses. Summer-season periphyton chlorophyll a concentrations in nutrient ecoregion XI streams were positively related to total phosphorus and drainage area but negatively related to percent forest cover. Summer-season phytoplankton in streams was related to different variables within the same nutrient ecoregion. Both total nitrogen and total phosphorus were positively related with chlorophyll a concentrations as well as basin slope, total residue, and total suspended solids but negatively related to pH. The winter stream phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentrations were related to water temperature only.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034033","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Brightbill, R.A., and Koerkle, E.H., 2003, Relations of biological indicators to nutrient data for lakes and streams in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, 1990-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4033, viii, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034033.","productDescription":"viii, 67 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4627,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4033/wri20034033.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.34 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2003-4033"},{"id":178402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4033/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center U.S. Geological Survey
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