{"pageNumber":"2430","pageRowStart":"60725","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":76253,"text":"ofr20061016 - 2006 - User's Guide for MapIMG 2: Map Image Re-projection Software Package","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":53251,"text":"ofr2003433 - 2003 - Users Guide for the MapImage Reprojection Software Package","indexId":"ofr2003433","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Users Guide for the MapImage Reprojection Software Package"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":76253,"text":"ofr20061016 - 2006 - User's Guide for MapIMG 2: Map Image Re-projection Software Package","indexId":"ofr20061016","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"title":"User's Guide for MapIMG 2: Map Image Re-projection Software Package"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:20","indexId":"ofr20061016","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1016","title":"User's Guide for MapIMG 2: Map Image Re-projection Software Package","docAbstract":"BACKGROUND\r\n\r\nScientists routinely accomplish small-scale geospatial modeling in the raster domain, using high-resolution datasets for large parts of continents and low-resolution to high-resolution datasets for the entire globe. Direct implementation of point-to-point transformation with appropriate functions yields the variety of projections available in commercial software packages, but implementation with data other than points requires specific adaptation of the transformation equations or prior preparation of the data to allow the transformation to succeed. It seems that some of these packages use the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) General Cartographic Transformation Package (GCTP) or similar point transformations without adaptation to the specific characteristics of raster data (Usery and others, 2003a).\r\n\r\nUsery and others (2003b) compiled and tabulated the accuracy of categorical areas in projected raster datasets of global extent. Based on the shortcomings identified in these studies, geographers and applications programmers at the USGS expanded and evolved a USGS software package, MapIMG, for raster map projection transformation (Finn and Trent, 2004). Daniel R. Steinwand of Science Applications International Corporation, National Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science, originally developed MapIMG for the USGS, basing it on GCTP. Through previous and continuing efforts at the USGS' National Geospatial Technical Operations Center, this program has been transformed from an application based on command line input into a software package based on a graphical user interface for Windows, Linux, and other UNIX machines.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061016","usgsCitation":"Finn, M.P., Trent, J.R., and Buehler, R.A., 2006, User's Guide for MapIMG 2: Map Image Re-projection Software Package (Supersedes OFR 2003-433): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1016, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061016.","productDescription":"21 p.","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10633,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://carto-research.er.usgs.gov/projection/pdf/mapimg2UG.pdf","size":"299","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Supersedes OFR 2003-433","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68568a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Michael P. 0000-0003-0415-2194 mfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0415-2194","contributorId":2657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Michael","email":"mfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5047,"text":"NGTOC Denver","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trent, Jason R.","contributorId":81187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trent","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buehler, Robert A.","contributorId":92369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buehler","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":76273,"text":"ofr20061002 - 2006 - The 20th-Century Topographic Survey as Source Data for Long-Term Landscape Studies at Local and Regional Scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-15T17:28:15","indexId":"ofr20061002","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1002","title":"The 20th-Century Topographic Survey as Source Data for Long-Term Landscape Studies at Local and Regional Scales","docAbstract":"Historical topographic maps are the only systematically collected data resource covering the entire nation for long-term landscape change studies over the 20th century for geographical and environmental research. The paper discusses aspects of the historical U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps that present constraints on the design of a database for such studies. Problems involved in this approach include locating the required maps, understanding land feature classification differences between topographic vs. land use/land cover maps, the approximation of error between different map editions of the same area, and the identification of true changes on the landscape between time periods. Suggested approaches to these issues are illustrated using an example of such a study by the author.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061002","usgsCitation":"Varanka, D., 2006, The 20th-Century Topographic Survey as Source Data for Long-Term Landscape Studies at Local and Regional Scales: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1002, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061002.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7133,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1002/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6835e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varanka, Dalia","contributorId":99654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varanka","given":"Dalia","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76293,"text":"sir20065028 - 2006 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 20. Water chemistry of the Red River and selected seeps, tributaries, and precipitation, Taos County, New Mexico, 2000-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-21T12:09:18","indexId":"sir20065028","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5028","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 20. Water chemistry of the Red River and selected seeps, tributaries, and precipitation, Taos County, New Mexico, 2000-2004","docAbstract":"As part of a multi-year project to infer the pre-mining ground-water quality at Molycorp's Questa mine site, surface-water samples of the Red River, some of its tributaries, seeps, and snow samples were collected for analysis of inorganic solutes and of water and sulfate stable isotopes in selected samples. The primary aim of this study was to document diel, storm event, and seasonal variations in water chemistry for the Red River and similar variations in water chemistry for Straight Creek, a natural analog site similar in topography, hydrology, and geology to the mine site for inferring pre-mining water-quality conditions.\r\n\r\nRed River water samples collected between 2000 and 2004 show that the largest variations in water chemistry occur during late summer rainstorms, often monsoonal in nature. Within hours, discharge of the Red River increased from 8 to 102 cubic feet per second and pH decreased from 7.80 to 4.83. The highest concentrations of metals (iron, aluminum, zinc, manganese) and sulfate also occur during such events. Low-pH and high-solute concentrations during rainstorm runoff are derived primarily from alteration 'scar' areas of naturally high mineralization combined with steep topography that exposes continually altered rock because erosion is too rapid for vegetative growth.\r\n\r\nThe year 2002 was one of the driest on record, and Red River discharge reflected the low seasonal snow pack. No snowmelt peak appeared in the hydrograph record, and a late summer storm produced the highest flow for the year. Snowmelt was closer to normal during 2003 and demonstrated the dilution effect of snowmelt on water chemistry. Two diel sampling events were conducted for the Red River, one during low flow and the other during high flow, at two locations, at the Red River gaging station and just upstream from Molycorp's mill site. No discernible diel trends were observed except for dissolved zinc and manganese at the upstream site during low flow.\r\n\r\nStraight Creek drainage water was sampled periodically from 2001 to 2004 at the down stream end of surface drainage near the point at which it disappeared into the debris fan. This water has a minimal range in pH (2.7 to 3.2) but a substantial concentration range in many solutes; for example, sulfate concentrations varied from 525 to 2,660 mg/L. Many elements covary with sulfate suggesting that dilution is the primary control of the range in solute concentrations. A transect of water samples higher in the scar area were collected in October of 2003. They had a lower range in pH (2.44 to 3.05) and higher solute concentrations than those collected periodically from lower in the catchment. Water isotopes for the upper transect samples indicated slight evaporation, and in part, may account for the higher solute concentrations. Drainage waters also were collected from Hottentot, Junebug, Hansen, Little Hansen, and Goat Hill Gulch drainages. Most constituents from other scar drainage waters showed ranges of concentration similar to those of the Straight Creek waters. An exception was water collected from Goat Hill Gulch, which has some of the highest concentrations of any surface-water sample collected but also contained waste-rock leachates.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065028","usgsCitation":"Verplanck, P., McCleskey, R.B., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2006, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 20. Water chemistry of the Red River and selected seeps, tributaries, and precipitation, Taos County, New Mexico, 2000-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5028, 149 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065028.","productDescription":"149 p.","numberOfPages":"149","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7683,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5028/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Taos County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.55,36.733333333333334 ], [ -105.55,36.63333333333333 ], [ -105.35,36.63333333333333 ], [ -105.35,36.733333333333334 ], [ -105.55,36.733333333333334 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a0d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verplanck, P. L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":106565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":287135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":75953,"text":"sir20065011 - 2006 - Occurrence and distribution of mercury in the surficial aquifer, Long Neck Peninsula, Sussex County, Delaware, 2003–04","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-09T20:45:49.602018","indexId":"sir20065011","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5011","title":"Occurrence and distribution of mercury in the surficial aquifer, Long Neck Peninsula, Sussex County, Delaware, 2003–04","docAbstract":"In January 2001, mercury (Hg) was detected (500 nanograms per liter, ng/L, or greater) in the distribution system of the Long Neck Water Company (LNWC), Pot Nets, Delaware. By April 2001, two LNWC production wells had been taken off-line because discharge concentrations of total mercury (HgT) either had exceeded or approached the Federal limit of 2,000 ng/L. From October 2003 through January 2005, the U.S. Geological Survey, Delaware Geological Survey, and Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control conducted a cooperative study to (a) determine if the Hg contamination was widespread, (b) identify possible forms of Hg in ground water, and (c) examine Hg occurrence in relation to (geo)chemical conditions and characteristics of ground water and sediment in the surficial aquifer on the Long Neck Peninsula, Sussex County, Delaware.\r\n\r\nAn initial water-quality survey conducted with samples from 22 production wells revealed that concentrations of HgT in ground water in the surficial aquifer ranged from 0.11 to 1,820 ng/L. Shallow ground water (less than 120 feet below land surface) throughout most of the peninsula, including that which contained elevated concentrations of HgT (exceeding 100 ng/L), appeared to be affected by human activities. All samples contained volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and elevated nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N, exceeding 0.4 milligrams per liter, mg/L). Most (16 of 22) samples had elevated specific conductance (SC, in excess of 100 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius). Elevated concentrations of HgT, however, only occurred in five production wells in the Pot Nets Bayside and Lakeside communities.\r\n\r\nThe vertical distribution of HgT in shallow ground water (less than 80 feet below land surface) was determined with samples collected at 5 to 6 vertical-nest short-screened (2 - 5-foot length) monitoring wells installed near Bayside and Lakeside production wells with the highest HgT concentrations (exceeding 1,000 ng/L). Elevated concentrations ofHgT (100-6,380 ng/L) occurred in the shallow aquifer near each well at different depths. Chemical analyses of selected soil, fill, and aquifer sediment samples, obtained during the installation of nested wells, indicated that little HgT occurred in soil or fill at either site (40 micrograms per kilogram, ?g/kg, or less). No HgT was detected (less than 20 ?g/kg) in aquifer sediment samples. These low HgT concentrations imply that neither the soil, fill, nor aquifer sediment was a likely source of the elevated Hg in ground water. Given Hg occurrence appeared to be a ground-water transport phenomenon, the forms of Hg in transport were investigated. Differences in HgT concentrations between raw and filtered (0.1- and (or) 0.4-absolute micrometer pore size) samples from nested wells were random in sign and similar in magnitude to the variability in measuring HgT attributed to field and laboratory methods (? 5-10 percent, for HgT concentrations exceeding 100 ng/L). Thus, Hg transport likely occurred in a dissolved or fine-colloidal nonparticulate phase.\r\n\r\nMethyl mercury (HgMe) only was detected at low concentrations (0.06 ng/L or less) in nested-well samples with low to moderate concentrations of HgT (less than 366 ng/L). Whether HgMe occurred at similar concentrations in samples with high HgT concentrations was unresolved due to a sample-matrix interference problem. Potential complex forms of Hg were investigated in relation to the occurrence of selected ligands (organic carbon, sulfide, and chloride concentrations) and geochemical conditions (for example, pH and dissolved oxygen concentrations). Only dissolved organic carbon (DOC) appeared directly related to Hg occurrence. Elevated concentrations of HgT and DOC co-occurred in ground water at both Pot Nets sites. The average concentration of DOC was about four times greater in samples from the Pot Nets wells with the highest HgT concentrations (exceeding 1,000 ng/L) than in most Pot Nets o","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065011","usgsCitation":"Koterba, M.T., Andres, A., Vrabel, J., Crilley, D.M., Szabo, Z., DeWild, J.F., Aiken, G.R., and Reyes-Padro, B., 2006, Occurrence and distribution of mercury in the surficial aquifer, Long Neck Peninsula, Sussex County, Delaware, 2003–04: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5011, viii, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065011.","productDescription":"viii, 63 p.","numberOfPages":"171","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194939,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8875,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5011/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":393867,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78436.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","county":"Sussex County","otherGeospatial":"Long Neck Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.21102905273438,\n 38.59943205050572\n ],\n [\n -75.08949279785156,\n 38.59943205050572\n ],\n [\n -75.08949279785156,\n 38.64449496232183\n ],\n [\n -75.21102905273438,\n 38.64449496232183\n ],\n [\n -75.21102905273438,\n 38.59943205050572\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69639d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koterba, Michael T.","contributorId":70419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koterba","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andres, A. Scott","contributorId":64750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andres","given":"A. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vrabel, Joseph 0000-0002-8773-0764 jvrabel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8773-0764","contributorId":1577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vrabel","given":"Joseph","email":"jvrabel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crilley, Dianna M. 0000-0003-0432-5948 dcrilley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0432-5948","contributorId":3896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crilley","given":"Dianna","email":"dcrilley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":287021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"DeWild, John F. 0000-0003-4097-2798 jfdewild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-2798","contributorId":2525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWild","given":"John","email":"jfdewild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Reyes-Padro, Betzaida","contributorId":59526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reyes-Padro","given":"Betzaida","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":75963,"text":"sir20055107 - 2006 - Water resources of Monroe County, New York, water years 2000-02: Atmospheric deposition, ground water, streamflow, trends in water quality, and chemical loads in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T11:23:06","indexId":"sir20055107","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5107","displayTitle":"Water Resources of Monroe County, New York, Water Years 2000-02: Atmospheric Deposition, Ground Water, Streamflow, Trends in Water Quality, and Chemical Loads in Streams","title":"Water resources of Monroe County, New York, water years 2000-02: Atmospheric deposition, ground water, streamflow, trends in water quality, and chemical loads in streams","docAbstract":"

This report, the fifth in a series that presents analyses of the hydrologic data collected in Monroe County since 1984, interprets data from four surface-water-monitoring sites in the Irondequoit Creek basin (Irondequoit Creek at Railroad Mills, East Branch Allen Creek at Pittsford, Allen Creek near Rochester, and Irondequoit Creek above Blossom Road); and from three sites on tributaries to the Genesee River (Oatka Creek at Garbutt, Honeoye Creek at Honeoye Falls, and Black Creek at Churchville) and from the Genesee River at Charlotte Docks. It also interprets data from a site on Northrup Creek, which provides information on nutrient loads delivered to Long Pond, a small eutrophic embayment of Lake Ontario. The report also includes water-level and water-quality data from nine observation wells in Ellison Park, and atmospheric-deposition data from a collection site at Mendon Ponds.

Atmospheric Deposition: Average annual precipitation for 2000–02 was 33.11 in., 0.94 in. below normal. Average annual loads of some chemical constituents in atmospheric deposition for 2000–02 differed considerably from those for the previous period of record. Loads of all nutrients except ammonia decreased by amounts ranging from 28 percent (ammonia + organic nitrogen and phosphorus) to 2 percent (nitrite + nitrate), whereas ammonia loads an increased by 8 percent. Loads of dissolved sodium and total zinc in atmospheric deposition increased by 56 percent, and 54, percent respectively, over the previous period of record. Average annual loads of other constituents showed decreases ranging from 41 percent (dissolved magnesium) to 17 percent (dissolved chloride).

Loads of all nutrients deposited in the Irondequoit Creek basin from atmospheric sources during 2000–02 greatly exceeded those transported by Irondequoit Creek. The ammonia load deposited in the basin was 165 times the load transported at Blossom Road (the most downstream site); the ammonia + organic nitrogen load was 2.8 times greater, orthophosphate 9.7 times greater, total phosphorus 1.2 times greater, and the nitrite + nitrate load was 1.6 times greater. Average yields of dissolved chloride and dissolved sulfate from atmosphoric sources were much less than those transported by streamflow at Blossom Road—chloride was about 1.5 percent and sulfate about 9.1 percent of the amount transported by Irondequoit Creek.

Ground water: Ground-water-levels and water quality data were collected from 9 observation wells in Ellison Park in Monroe County. All wells except Mo 2 and Mo 659 are in the flood plain of Irondequoit Creek. Water levels indicate frequent reversals in direction of lateral flow toward or away from Irondequoit Creek, and all wells except Mo2 and Mo 659 respond to water level fluctuations in the Creek. Trend tests on water levels for the period of record indicate a slight upward trend in water levels at all nine wells, two of which (Mo 3 and Mo 667) were statistically significant.

Concentrations of ammonia and ammonia + organic nitrogen showed a general decrease for the current period of record. Total phosphorus concentrations showed an increase at four wells and a decrease at four wells.

Water quality data showed that the highest median concentrations of nutrients continues to occur in Mo 667 and the highest median concentrations of common ions was at Mo 664.

Streamflow: Statistical analysis of long-term (greater than 15 years) streamflow records for unregulated streams in Monroe County indicated that annual mean flows for water years (A water year is the 12-month period from October 1 through September 30 of the following year.) 2000–02 generally were in the normal range (75th to 25th percentile), although Allen Creek continued to show a significant downward trend in mean monthly streamflow during the 1984–2002 water years.

Chemical Concentration in Streams: Concentrations of several constituents in streams of the Irondequoit Creek basin showed statistically significant (α = 0.05) trends from the beginning of their period of record through 2002. Three of the four Irondequoit Creek sites (Allen Creek, Blossom Road, and Railroad Mills) showed downward trends in ammonia (4.6 to 12.0 percent per year) and ammonia + organic nitrogen (2.8 to 5.3 percent per year). Allen Creek showed downward trends in nitrite + nitrate and total phosphorus (both 1.2 percent per year), and Irondequoit Creek above Blossom Road showed an upward trend in orthophosphate (1.8 percent per year). Three Irondequoit Creek sites showed upward trends in dissolved chloride: Railroad Mills (4.8 percent per year), Allen Creek, and Blossom Road (both 1.9 percent per year). Allen Creek showed a downward trend in sulfate of 0.98 percent per year, whereas Blossom Road showed a downward trend in suspended solids of 4.0 percent per year. Volatile suspended solids showed an upward trend of 3.2 percent per year at Allen Creek and a downward trend of 2.2 percent per year at Blossom Road.

Northrup Creek in western Monroe County, showed significant downward trends in concentrations of volatile suspended solids (2.5 percent per year), total phosphorus (5.3 percent per year), and orthophosphate (9.9 percent per year). The Genesee River at Charlotte Docks showed downward trends in volatile suspended solids (2.1 percent per year) and ammonia + organic nitrogen (4.5 percent per year). Oatka Creek at Garbutt showed an upward trend of 21.4 percent per year in turbidity.

Chemical Loads in Streams: Mean annual yields (pounds or tons per square mile) of many constituents at the Irondequoit Creek sites were lower than those in previous reporting periods. Suspended solids and nitrite + nitrate yields were lower at three of the sites, and yields of volatile suspended solids, ammonia, and total phosphorus were lower at two of the sites. East Branch Allen Creek showed lower yields for five of the nine constituents for 2000–02, than for previous reporting periods. The decreased yields at East Branch Allen Creek are likely due to the Jefferson Road stormflow-detention basin and the much lower than normal runoff for the 2000–02 period.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055107","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Monroe County Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, D.A., 2006, Water resources of Monroe County, New York, water years 2000-02: Atmospheric deposition, ground water, streamflow, trends in water quality, and chemical loads in streams: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5107, vi, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055107.","productDescription":"vi, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"65","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2005_5107.jpg"},{"id":7088,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5107/sir20055107.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.17 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2005-5107"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Monroe county","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.46710205078125,\n 42.88602714832883\n ],\n [\n -77.18719482421874,\n 42.88602714832883\n ],\n [\n -77.18719482421874,\n 43.369119087738554\n ],\n [\n -78.46710205078125,\n 43.369119087738554\n ],\n [\n -78.46710205078125,\n 42.88602714832883\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Director, New New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd.
Troy, NY 12180

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0761","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherwood, Donald A.","contributorId":103267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76083,"text":"sim2912 - 2006 - Water-surface elevations and boundaries of the 100-year and 500-year floods and floodway for the Jocko River, western Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:23","indexId":"sim2912","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2912","title":"Water-surface elevations and boundaries of the 100-year and 500-year floods and floodway for the Jocko River, western Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sim2912","usgsCitation":"Chase, K.J., and Parrett, C., 2006, Water-surface elevations and boundaries of the 100-year and 500-year floods and floodway for the Jocko River, western Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2912, 3 map sheets, approx 48 x 40 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2912.","productDescription":"3 map sheets, approx 48 x 40 in.","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110657,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76883.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"76883"},{"id":194471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8040,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2912/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chase, Katherine J. 0000-0002-5796-4148 kchase@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5796-4148","contributorId":454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Katherine","email":"kchase@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76023,"text":"fs20063006 - 2006 - Feral Cats: Too Long a Threat to Hawaiian Wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:20","indexId":"fs20063006","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3006","title":"Feral Cats: Too Long a Threat to Hawaiian Wildlife","docAbstract":"BACKGROUND\r\n\r\nDomestic cats (Felis catus) were first brought to Hawai`i aboard sailing ships of European explorers and colonists. The job of these predators was to control mice and rats on the ships during the long voyages. As in other places, cats were taken in and adopted by the families of Hawai`i and soon became household pets known as popoki. But cats have always been very well equipped to live and hunt on their own. On tropical archipelagos like the Hawaiian Islands where no other predatory mammals of comparable size existed, abundant and naive prey were particularly easy game, and cats soon thrived in the wild.\r\n\r\nAlthough the details of when cats first came to live in the wild remain little known, adventurers, writers, and naturalists of the day recorded some important observations. Feral cats were observed in remote wilderness around K?ilauea volcano on Hawai`i Island as early as 1840 by explorer William Brackenridge. Mark Twain was so impressed by the great abundance of cats when he visited Honolulu in 1866 that he reported his observations in the Sacramento Union newspaper, which were later reprinted in his book Roughing It: I saw... tame cats, wild cats, singed cats, individual cats, groups of cats, platoons of cats, companies of cats, regiments of cats, armies of cats, multitudes of cats, millions of cats...","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20063006","usgsCitation":"Hess, S., and Banko, P.C., 2006, Feral Cats: Too Long a Threat to Hawaiian Wildlife: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3006, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063006.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3006.jpg"},{"id":9241,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://biology.usgs.gov/pierc/Fact_Sheets/Feral_cats.pdf","size":"825","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5af2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, Steven C.","contributorId":74462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Steven C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banko, Paul C. 0000-0002-6035-9803 pbanko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-9803","contributorId":3179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banko","given":"Paul","email":"pbanko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":75883,"text":"fs20063037 - 2006 - Natural Hazards Support System (NHSS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:20","indexId":"fs20063037","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3037","title":"Natural Hazards Support System (NHSS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20063037","usgsCitation":"Cress, J., and Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, Natural Hazards Support System (NHSS) (Online only, Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3037, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063037.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":7083,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3037/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":120788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3037.jpg"}],"edition":"Online only, Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62cd66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cress, Jill","contributorId":55539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cress","given":"Jill","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":75943,"text":"sir20065056 - 2006 - Continued biodegradation of chloroethene compounds in ground water at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:20","indexId":"sir20065056","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5056","title":"Continued biodegradation of chloroethene compounds in ground water at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065056","usgsCitation":"Dinicola, R., 2006, Continued biodegradation of chloroethene compounds in ground water at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5056, vi, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065056.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7087,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5056/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699f7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinicola, R.S.","contributorId":64290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinicola","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":75873,"text":"ofr20061063 - 2006 - The Republic of the Philippines coalbed methane assessment: based on seventeen high pressure methane adsorption isotherms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:20","indexId":"ofr20061063","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1063","title":"The Republic of the Philippines coalbed methane assessment: based on seventeen high pressure methane adsorption isotherms","docAbstract":"Introduction: The Republic of the Philippines has some 19 coal districts that contain coal deposits ranging from Eocene to Pleistocene in age. These coal districts include: (1) Catanduanes (Eocene); (2) Cebu, Zamboanga Sibuguey, Bukidnon, Maguindanao, Sarangani, and Surigao (Oligocene to Miocene); (3) Batan Island, Masbate, Semirara (including Mindoro), and Quezon-Polilio (lower-upper Miocene); (4) Davao, Negros, and Sorsogon (middle-upper Miocene); (5) Cotabato (lower Miocene-lower Pliocene), Cagayan-Isabella, and Quirino (upper Miocene-Pliocene); (6) Sultan Kudarat (upper Miocene-Pleistocene); and (7) Samar-Leyte (lower Pliocene-Pleistocene). In general, coal rank is directly related to the age of the deposits - for example, the Eocene coal is semi-anthracite and the Pliocene-Pleistocene coal is lignite.\r\n\r\nTotal coal resources in these 19 coal districts, which are compiled by the Geothermal and Coal Resources Development Division (GCRDD) of the Department of Energy of the Philippines, are estimated at a minimum of 2,268.4 million metric tonnes (MMT) (approximately 2.3 billion metric tones). The largest resource (550 MMT) is the subbituminous coal in the Semirara (including Mindoro) coal district, and the smallest (0.7 MMT) is the lignite-subbituminous coal in the Quirino coal district. The combined lignite and subbituminous coal resources, using the classification by GCRDD and including Semirara and Surigao coal districts, are about 1,899.2 MMT, which make up about 84 percent of the total coal resources of the Philippines. The remaining resources are composed of bituminous and semi-anthracite coal.\r\n\r\nThe subbituminous coal of Semirara Island in the Mindoro-\r\nSemirara coal district (fig. 2) is known to contain coalbed\r\nmethane (CBM), with the coal being comparable in gas content and adsorption isotherms to the coal of the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in the Powder River Basin in Wyoming, USA (Flores and others, 2005). As a consequence, the presence of CBM in the Semirara coal led to the present study of determining the adsorption isotherms, or gas (CBM) holding or storage capacity, of coal beds of various ages from selected coal districts in the Philippines. Samples for the study were collected\r\nfrom the Batan Island, Catanduanes, Cagayan-Isabella, Cebu, Negros, Samar, Semirara, Cotabato, Surigao, and Malangas coalfield of the Zamboanga Sibuguey coal districts by five field geology teams from the GCRDD.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061063","usgsCitation":"Flores, R.M., Stricker, G.D., Papasin, R.F., Pendon, R.R., del Rosario, R.A., Malapitan, R.T., Pastor, M.S., Altomea, E.A., Cuaresma, F., Malapitan, A.S., Mortos, B.R., and Tilos, E.N., 2006, The Republic of the Philippines coalbed methane assessment: based on seventeen high pressure methane adsorption isotherms (Online only, Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1063, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061063.","productDescription":"70 p.","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7082,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1063/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only, Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67acb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flores, Romeo M. rflores@usgs.gov","contributorId":71984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"Romeo","email":"rflores@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":286994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stricker, Gary D. gstricker@usgs.gov","contributorId":87163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"Gary","email":"gstricker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":286997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Papasin, Ramon F.","contributorId":95164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papasin","given":"Ramon","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pendon, Ronaldo R.","contributorId":96377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pendon","given":"Ronaldo","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"del Rosario, Rogelio A.","contributorId":47043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"del Rosario","given":"Rogelio","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Malapitan, Ruel T.","contributorId":77621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malapitan","given":"Ruel","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pastor, Michael S.","contributorId":13710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pastor","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Altomea, Elmer A.","contributorId":31854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Altomea","given":"Elmer","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cuaresma, Federico","contributorId":78428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuaresma","given":"Federico","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Malapitan, Armando S.","contributorId":105815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malapitan","given":"Armando","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mortos, Benjamin R.","contributorId":60732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mortos","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Tilos, Elizabeth N.","contributorId":89997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilos","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":75893,"text":"sir20065058 - 2006 - Simulation of saltwater movement in the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Savannah, Georgia-Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, area, predevelopment-2004, and projected movement for 2000 pumping conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-23T20:32:30.661527","indexId":"sir20065058","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5058","title":"Simulation of saltwater movement in the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Savannah, Georgia-Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, area, predevelopment-2004, and projected movement for 2000 pumping conditions","docAbstract":"

A digital model was developed to simulate ground-water flow and solute transport for the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Savannah, Georgia–Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, area. The model was used to (1) simulate trends of saltwater intrusion from predevelopment to the present day (1885–2004), (2) project these trends from the present day into the future, and (3) evaluate the relative influence of different assumptions regarding initial and boundary conditions and physical properties. The model is based on a regional, single-density ground-water flow model of coastal Georgia and adjacent parts of South Carolina and Florida.

Variable-density ground-water flow and solute transport were simulated using the U.S. Geological Survey finite-element, variable-density solute-transport simulator SUTRA, 1885–2004. The model comprises seven layers: the surficial aquifer system, the Brunswick aquifer system, the Upper Floridan aquifer, the Lower Floridan aquifer, and the intervening confining units.

The model was calibrated to September 1998 water levels, for single-density freshwater conditions, then refined using variable density and chloride concentration to give a reasonable match to the trend in the chloride distribution in the Upper Floridan aquifer inferred from field measurements of specific conductance made during 2000, 2002, 2003, and 2004. The model was modified to simulate solute transport by allowing saltwater to enter the system through localized areas near the northern end of Hilton Head Island, at Pinckney Island, and near the Colleton River, and was calibrated to match chloride concentrations inferred from field measurements of specific conductance. This simulation is called the \"Base Case.\" Water-level residuals ranged from –5.3 to 23.4 feet for September 1998 conditions and single-density freshwater conditions. When chloride transport was simulated, water-level residuals ranged from –12.5 to 23.3 feet. The simulated chloride distribution captures the general trends in the field data. Chloride transport is sensitive to the permeabilities assigned to the confining units in the source areas and the porosity assigned to the Upper Floridan aquifer.

Results of the study indicate that

  1. if present-day (year 2000) pumping conditions are maintained, plumes of saltwater in the Upper Floridan aquifer will continue to expand and move toward Savannah and across Hilton Head Island;
  2. the rate of movement of the 250-mg/L (milligram per  liter) isochlor toward Savannah is between 144  feet per year and 190 feet per year and that the 250-mg/L isochlor could reach the pumping center at Savannah in 800 years;
  3. if effective porosities are lower than those used in the model, as is likely, higher rates of solute transport would result; and
  4. plumes may have occurred along the northern shore of Hilton Head Island before substantial development began in the mid-1960s, and lesser amounts of intrusion may have already occurred prior to the onset of pumping during 1885.

Model limitations include uncertainty in (1) field data, (2) the conceptual model, (3) the physical properties and representation of the hydrogeologic framework, and (4) uncertainty in the boundary and initial conditions. Results of simulations projected far into the future must be interpreted with caution because they are based on an assumed future pumping distribution and fixed boundary conditions, and because these conditions may differ substantially from those for which the model is calibrated.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065058","usgsCitation":"Provost, A., Payne, D.F., and Voss, C.I., 2006, Simulation of saltwater movement in the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Savannah, Georgia-Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, area, predevelopment-2004, and projected movement for 2000 pumping conditions (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5058, viii, 124 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065058.","productDescription":"viii, 124 p.","numberOfPages":"132","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194819,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7377,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5058/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":405498,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75980.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Savannah","otherGeospatial":"Georgia-Hilton Head Island, Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.287841796875,\n 31.893882567548644\n ],\n [\n -80.51055908203125,\n 31.893882567548644\n ],\n [\n -80.51055908203125,\n 32.25694277294588\n ],\n [\n -81.287841796875,\n 32.25694277294588\n ],\n [\n -81.287841796875,\n 31.893882567548644\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e498ee4b07f02db5b0b73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Provost, Alden M.","contributorId":85652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Provost","given":"Alden M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Payne, Dorothy F.","contributorId":88825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":75913,"text":"wdrID051 - 2006 - Water resources data, Idaho, 2005; Volume 1. Surface water records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:20","indexId":"wdrID051","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"ID-05-1","title":"Water resources data, Idaho, 2005; Volume 1. Surface water records","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrID051","usgsCitation":"Brennan, T., Lehmann, A., and O'Dell, I., 2006, Water resources data, Idaho, 2005; Volume 1. Surface water records: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report ID-05-1, 469 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrID051.","productDescription":"469 p.","numberOfPages":"469","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7085,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-id-05-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1397","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brennan, T.S.","contributorId":56708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brennan","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lehmann, A.K.","contributorId":8548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehmann","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Dell, I.","contributorId":80336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Dell","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":75933,"text":"sir20055243 - 2006 - Surface-water, water-quality, and ground-water assessment of the Municipio of Ponce, Puerto Rico, 2002-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:44","indexId":"sir20055243","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5243","title":"Surface-water, water-quality, and ground-water assessment of the Municipio of Ponce, Puerto Rico, 2002-2004","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20055243","usgsCitation":"Rodríguez-Martínez, J., Santiago-Rivera, L., Rodriguez, J.M., and Gómez-Gómez, F., 2006, Surface-water, water-quality, and ground-water assessment of the Municipio of Ponce, Puerto Rico, 2002-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5243, 96 p., 2 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055243.","productDescription":"96 p., 2 plates","numberOfPages":"96","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7086,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5243/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.1,18 ], [ -67.1,18.266666666666666 ], [ -66.96666666666667,18.266666666666666 ], [ -66.96666666666667,18 ], [ -67.1,18 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a545","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodríguez-Martínez, Jesús","contributorId":48149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Jesús","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Santiago-Rivera, Luis","contributorId":83888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santiago-Rivera","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rodriguez, Jose M. 0000-0002-4430-9929 jmrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4430-9929","contributorId":1318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Jose","email":"jmrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":75923,"text":"wdrID052 - 2006 - Water resources data, Idaho, 2005; Volume 2. Ground water records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:20","indexId":"wdrID052","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"ID-05-2","title":"Water resources data, Idaho, 2005; Volume 2. Ground water records","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrID052","usgsCitation":"Campbell, A., Conti, S., and O'Dell, I., 2006, Water resources data, Idaho, 2005; Volume 2. Ground water records: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report ID-05-2, 360 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrID052.","productDescription":"360 p.","numberOfPages":"360","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7378,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-id-05-2/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, A.M.","contributorId":55504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conti, S.N.","contributorId":39443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conti","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Dell, I.","contributorId":80336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Dell","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209294,"text":"70209294 - 2006 - Benthic foraminifera from a relict flood tidal delta along the Virginia/North Carolina Outer Banks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T12:47:10","indexId":"70209294","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-27T12:35:12","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Benthic foraminifera from a relict flood tidal delta along the Virginia/North Carolina Outer Banks","docAbstract":"

Examination of benthic foraminifera from six vibracores collected from a relict flood tidal delta near the Virginia/North Carolina border documents the assemblages associated with a former inlet and provides geologic evidence of this former inlet that once defined the boundary between Virginia and North Carolina along the Outer Banks. Three distinct foraminiferal assemblages were identified. The oldest assemblage contained abundant and diverse forms, dominated by Elphidium excavatum and several other calcareous species typical of shallow nearshore areas. Sediment immediately below and above this diverse calcareous assemblage was barren or nearly barren of foraminifera. A medium-salinity agglutinated marsh assemblage characterized mainly by Trochammina inflata with fewer Tiphotrocha comprimata overlies the uppermost barren unit. The core top assemblage was dominated by low-salinity marsh species Jadammina macrescens, Miliammina petila and Miliammina fusca.

A comparison of these vertically-stacked assemblages with the modern geographic distribution of assemblages in the Outer Banks estuarine system and on the nearby continental shelf reveals a succession of depositional environments proceeding from estuarine and flood tidal delta to medium salinity marsh to lower salinity marsh. These changes in depositional environments reflect a rapid and dramatic increase in salinity caused by the opening of an inlet followed by a gradual decrease in salinity due to inlet shoaling and eventual marsh colonization of the flood tidal delta. These changes cannot be determined through sedimentological studies alone; micropaleontological analysis is required.

We conclude this distinctive trend of changing depositional environments constitutes paleontological evidence of the origin and evolution of Old Currituck Inlet that breached the barrier spit prior to 1585AD, actively built a flood tidal delta for more than 145 years, and then closed in 1731AD allowing the flood tidal delta to become colonized by marsh species.

","language":"English","publisher":" American Museum of Natural History","doi":"10.2113/gsmicropal.52.1.67","usgsCitation":"Robinson, M.M., and McBride, R., 2006, Benthic foraminifera from a relict flood tidal delta along the Virginia/North Carolina Outer Banks: Micropaleontology, v. 52, no. 1, p. 67-80, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsmicropal.52.1.67.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"80","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373604,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Outer Banks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.0858154296875,\n 35.62381451392674\n ],\n [\n -75.41290283203125,\n 35.62381451392674\n ],\n [\n -75.41290283203125,\n 36.69044623523481\n ],\n [\n -76.0858154296875,\n 36.69044623523481\n ],\n [\n -76.0858154296875,\n 35.62381451392674\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Marci M. 0000-0002-9200-4097 mmrobinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9200-4097","contributorId":2082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Marci","email":"mmrobinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":785920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McBride, R.A.","contributorId":13257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70143009,"text":"70143009 - 2006 - Predicting toxic effects of copper on aquatic biota in mineralized areas by using the Biotic Ligand Model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-16T13:09:28","indexId":"70143009","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-26T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Predicting toxic effects of copper on aquatic biota in mineralized areas by using the Biotic Ligand Model","docAbstract":"

The chemical speciation of metals influences their biological effects. The Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) is a computational approach to predict chemical speciation and acute toxicological effects of metals on aquatic biota. Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency incorporated the BLM into their regulatory water-quality criteria for copper. Results from three different laboratory copper toxicity tests were compared with BLM predictions for simulated test-waters. This was done to evaluate the ability of the BLM to accurately predict the effects of hardness and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and iron on aquatic toxicity. In addition, we evaluated whether the BLM and the three toxicity tests provide consistent results. Comparison of BLM predictions with two types of Ceriodaphnia dubia toxicity tests shows that there is fairly good agreement between predicted LC50 values computed by the BLM and LC50 values determined from the two toxicity tests. Specifically, the effect of increasing calcium concentration (and hardness) on copper toxicity appears to be minimal. Also, there is fairly good agreement between the BLM and the two toxicity tests for test solutions containing elevated DOC, for which the LC50 is 3-to-5 times greater (less toxic) than the LC50 for the lower-DOC test water. This illustrates the protective effects of DOC on copper toxicity and demonstrates the ability of the BLM to predict these protective effects. In contrast, for test solutions with added iron there is a decrease in LC50 values (increase in toxicity) in results from the two C. dubia toxicity tests, and the agreement between BLM LC50 predictions and results from these toxicity tests is poor. The inability of the BLM to account for competitive iron binding to DOC or DOC fractionation may be a significant shortcoming of the BLM for predicting site- specific water-quality criteria in streams affected by iron-rich acidic drainage in mined and mineralized areas.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Seventh International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage","conferenceDate":"03/26/2006","conferenceLocation":"St. Louis, MO","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mining and Reclamation","publisherLocation":"Lexington, KY","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.S., Ranville, J., Adams, M., Choate, L.M., Church, S.E., Fey, D.L., Wanty, R.B., and Crock, J.G., 2006, Predicting toxic effects of copper on aquatic biota in mineralized areas by using the Biotic Ligand Model, in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, St. Louis, MO, 03/26/2006, p. 2055-2077.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"2055","endPage":"2077","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":298567,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5507fec8e4b02e76d757c15b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kathleen S. 0000-0001-8547-9804 ksmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathleen","email":"ksmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ranville, James F.","contributorId":31797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranville","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, M.","contributorId":81176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Choate, LaDonna M. 0000-0002-0229-7210 lchoate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0229-7210","contributorId":1176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"LaDonna","email":"lchoate@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Church, Stan E. schurch@usgs.gov","contributorId":803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Stan","email":"schurch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fey, David L. dfey@usgs.gov","contributorId":713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"David","email":"dfey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wanty, Richard B. 0000-0002-2063-6423 rwanty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"Richard","email":"rwanty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Crock, James G. jcrock@usgs.gov","contributorId":200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"James","email":"jcrock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":542430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70142990,"text":"70142990 - 2006 - Integrating bioavailability approaches into waste rock evaluations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-16T10:31:20","indexId":"70142990","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-26T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Integrating bioavailability approaches into waste rock evaluations","docAbstract":"

The presence of toxic metals in soils affected by mining, industry, agriculture and urbanization, presents problems to human health, the establishment and maintenance of plant and animal habitats, and the rehabilitation of affected areas. A key to managing these problems is predicting the fraction of metal in a given soil that will be biologically labile, and potentially harmful ('bioavailable'). The molecular form of metals and metalloids, particularly the uncomplexed (free) form, controls their bioavailability and toxicity in solution. One computational approach for determining bioavailability, the biotic ligand model (BLM), takes into account not only metal complexation by ligands in solution, but also competitive binding of hardness cations (Ca 2+,Mg 2+,) and metal ions to biological receptor sites. The more direct approach to assess bioavailability is to explicitly measure the response of an organism to a contaminant. A number of microbial enzyme tests have been developed to assess the impact of pollution in a rapid and procedurally simple way. These different approaches in making bioavailability predictions may have value in setting landuse priorities, remediation goals, and habitat reclamation strategies.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Seventh International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage","conferenceDate":"03/26/2006","conferenceLocation":"St. Louis, MO","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mining and Reclamation","publisherLocation":"Lexington, KY","usgsCitation":"Ranville, J., Blumenstein, E.P., Adams, M.J., Choate, L.M., Smith, K.S., and Wildeman, T.R., 2006, Integrating bioavailability approaches into waste rock evaluations, in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, St. Louis, MO, 03/26/2006, p. 1642-1653.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1642","endPage":"1653","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":298562,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5507fec1e4b02e76d757c14d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ranville, James F.","contributorId":31797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranville","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blumenstein, E. P.","contributorId":139595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blumenstein","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, M. J. 0000-0001-8844-042X mjadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8844-042X","contributorId":3133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"M.","email":"mjadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Choate, LaDonna M. 0000-0002-0229-7210 lchoate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0229-7210","contributorId":1176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"LaDonna","email":"lchoate@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Kathleen S. 0000-0001-8547-9804 ksmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathleen","email":"ksmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wildeman, Thomas R.","contributorId":57943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildeman","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70209574,"text":"70209574 - 2006 - Simulating Arctic climate warmth and icefield retreat in the last interglaciation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-17T12:30:43.379098","indexId":"70209574","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-26T08:08:23","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating Arctic climate warmth and icefield retreat in the last interglaciation","docAbstract":"

In the future, Arctic warming and the melting of polar glaciers will be considerable, but the magnitude of both is uncertain. We used a global climate model, a dynamic ice sheet model, and paleoclimatic data to evaluate Northern Hemisphere high-latitude warming and its impact on Arctic icefields during the Last Interglaciation. Our simulated climate matches paleoclimatic observations of past warming, and the combination of physically based climate and ice-sheet modeling with ice-core constraints indicate that the Greenland Ice Sheet and other circum-Arctic ice fields likely contributed 2.2 to 3.4 meters of sea-level rise during the Last Interglaciation.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.1120808","usgsCitation":"Otto-Bliesner, B.L., Marshall, S.J., Overpeck, J.T., Miller, G.H., Hu, A., Anderson, P., Bennike, O., Brigham-Grette, J., Duvall, M., Edwards, M., Frechette, B., Funder, S., Johnsen, S., Knies, J., Koerner, R., Lozhkin, A., MacDonald, G., Matthiessen, J., Montoya, M., Muhs, D., Reeh, N., Sejrup, H., Turner, C., and Velichko, A., 2006, Simulating Arctic climate warmth and icefield retreat in the last interglaciation: Science, v. 311, no. 5768, p. 1751-1753, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120808.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1751","endPage":"1753","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.728.3807","text":"External Repository"},{"id":373953,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"311","issue":"5768","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.","contributorId":85022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otto-Bliesner","given":"Bette","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marshall, Shawn J.","contributorId":75368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Shawn","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Overpeck, Jonathan T.","contributorId":28469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overpeck","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Gifford H.","contributorId":69402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Gifford","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hu, Aixue","contributorId":224077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hu","given":"Aixue","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anderson, P.","contributorId":102682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bennike, O.","contributorId":224078,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bennike","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Brigham-Grette, J.","contributorId":78869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham-Grette","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Duvall, M.","contributorId":224079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duvall","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Edwards, M.","contributorId":205196,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Edwards","given":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37052,"text":"SAHFOS, Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":786974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Frechette, B.","contributorId":224080,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frechette","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Funder, S.","contributorId":24243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funder","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Johnsen, S.","contributorId":224082,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnsen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Knies, J.","contributorId":224083,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knies","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Koerner, R.","contributorId":224094,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koerner","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Lozhkin, A.V.","contributorId":62782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lozhkin","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"MacDonald, G.","contributorId":224095,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacDonald","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Matthiessen, J.","contributorId":37531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthiessen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Montoya, M.","contributorId":224096,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Montoya","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Muhs, Daniel R. 0000-0001-7449-251X dmuhs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":168575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"Daniel R.","email":"dmuhs@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":786991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Reeh, N.","contributorId":56833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeh","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Sejrup, H.P.","contributorId":16569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sejrup","given":"H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Turner, C.","contributorId":74151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Velichko, A.A.","contributorId":40079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velichko","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24}]}} ,{"id":75833,"text":"ofr20061030 - 2006 - Completion reports, core logs, and hydrogeologic data from wells and piezometers in Prospect Gulch, San Juan County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:44","indexId":"ofr20061030","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1030","title":"Completion reports, core logs, and hydrogeologic data from wells and piezometers in Prospect Gulch, San Juan County, Colorado","docAbstract":"In the late nineteenth century, San Juan County, Colorado, was the center of a metal mining boom in the San Juan Mountains. Although most mining activity ceased by the 1990s, the effects of historical mining continue to contribute metals to ground water and surface water. Previous research by the U.S. Geological Survey identified ground-water discharge as a significant pathway for the loading of metals to surface water from both acid-mine drainage and acid-rock drainage. In an effort to understand the ground-water flow system in the upper Animas River watershed, Prospect Gulch was selected for further study because of the amount of previous data provided in and around that particular watershed. In support of this ground-water research effort, wells and piezometers were installed to allow for coring during installation, subsurface hydrologic testing, and the monitoring of ground-water hydraulic heads and geochemistry. This report summarizes the data that were collected during and after the installation of these wells and piezometers and includes (1) subsurface completion details, (2) locations and elevations, (3) geologic logs and elemental data, (4) slug test data for the estimation of subsurface hydraulic conductives, and (5) hydraulic head data.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061030","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.H., and Yager, D.B., 2006, Completion reports, core logs, and hydrogeologic data from wells and piezometers in Prospect Gulch, San Juan County, Colorado (Version 1.01): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1030, v, 32 p.; data files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061030.","productDescription":"v, 32 p.; data files","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7040,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1030/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8046,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1030/downloads/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.83416666666666,37.75 ], [ -107.83416666666666,37.96666666666667 ], [ -107.5,37.96666666666667 ], [ -107.5,37.75 ], [ -107.83416666666666,37.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a82c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Raymond H. rhjohnso@usgs.gov","contributorId":707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Raymond","email":"rhjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":286978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yager, Douglas B. 0000-0001-5074-4022 dyager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5074-4022","contributorId":798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Douglas","email":"dyager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":75823,"text":"b2204D - 2006 - Total Petroleum Systems of the North Carpathian Province of Poland, Ukraine, Czech Republic, and Austria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-28T16:48:17","indexId":"b2204D","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2204","chapter":"D","title":"Total Petroleum Systems of the North Carpathian Province of Poland, Ukraine, Czech Republic, and Austria","docAbstract":"Three total petroleum systems were identified in the North Carpathian Province (4047) that includes parts of Poland, Ukraine, Austria, and the Czech Republic. They are the Isotopically Light Gas Total Petroleum System, the Mesozoic-Paleogene Composite Total Petroleum System, and the Paleozoic Composite Total Petroleum System. The Foreland Basin Assessment Unit of the Isotopically Light Gas Total Petroleum System is wholly contained within the shallow sedimentary rocks of Neogene molasse in the Carpathian foredeep. The biogenic gas is generated locally as the result of bacterial activity on dispersed organic matter. Migration is also believed to be local, and gas is believed to be trapped in shallow stratigraphic traps.\r\n\r\nThe Mesozoic-Paleogene Composite Total Petroleum System, which includes the Deformed Belt Assessment Unit, is structurally complex, and source rocks, reservoirs, and seals are juxtaposed in such a way that a single stratigraphic section is insufficient to describe the geology. The Menilite Shale, an organic-rich rock widespread throughout the Carpathian region, is the main hydrocarbon source rock. Other Jurassic to Cretaceous formations also contribute to oil and gas in the overthrust zone in Poland and Ukraine but in smaller amounts, because those formations are more localized than the Menilite Shale.\r\n\r\nThe Paleozoic Composite Total Petroleum System is defined on the basis of the suspected source rock for two oil or gas fields in western Poland. The Paleozoic Reservoirs Assessment Unit encompasses Devonian organic-rich shale believed to be a source of deep gas within the total petroleum system. East of this field is a Paleozoic oil accumulation whose source is uncertain; however, it possesses geochemical similarities to oil generated by Upper Carboniferous coals.\r\n\r\nThe undiscovered resources in the North Carpathian Province are, at the mean, 4.61 trillion cubic feet of gas and 359 million barrels of oil. Many favorable parts of the province have been extensively explored for oil and gas. The lateral and vertical variability of the structure, the distribution and complex geologic nature of source rocks, and the depths of potential exploration targets, as well as the high degree of exploration, all indicate that future discoveries in this province are likely to be numerous but in small fields.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"World Petroleum Assessment 2000","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2204D","usgsCitation":"Pawlewicz, M., 2006, Total Petroleum Systems of the North Carpathian Province of Poland, Ukraine, Czech Republic, and Austria (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2204, v, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2204D.","productDescription":"v, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":174,"text":"Central Region Energy Resources Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7039,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2204/d/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 14,43 ], [ 14,52 ], [ 30,52 ], [ 30,43 ], [ 14,43 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4704","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pawlewicz, Mark","contributorId":69212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawlewicz","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":75843,"text":"ofr20061027 - 2006 - Concepts and procedures required for successful reduction of tensor magnetic gradiometer data obtained from an unexploded ordnance detection demonstration at Yuma Proving Grounds, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:20","indexId":"ofr20061027","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1027","title":"Concepts and procedures required for successful reduction of tensor magnetic gradiometer data obtained from an unexploded ordnance detection demonstration at Yuma Proving Grounds, Arizona","docAbstract":"On March 12, 2003, data were gathered at Yuma Proving Grounds, in Arizona, using a Tensor Magnetic Gradiometer System (TMGS). This report shows how these data were processed and explains concepts required for successful TMGS data reduction. Important concepts discussed include extreme attitudinal sensitivity of vector measurements, low attitudinal sensitivity of gradient measurements, leakage of the common-mode field into gradient measurements, consequences of thermal drift, and effects of field curvature. Spatial-data collection procedures and a spin-calibration method are addressed. Discussions of data-reduction procedures include tracking of axial data by mathematically matching transfer functions among the axes, derivation and application of calibration coefficients, calculation of sensor-pair gradients, thermal-drift corrections, and gradient collocation. For presentation, the magnetic tensor at each data station is converted to a scalar quantity, the I2 tensor invariant, which is easily found by calculating the determinant of the tensor. At important processing junctures, the determinants for all stations in the mapped area are shown in shaded relief map-view. Final processed results are compared to a mathematical model to show the validity of the assumptions made during processing and the reasonableness of the ultimate answer obtained.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061027","usgsCitation":"Bracken, R.E., and Brown, P.J., 2006, Concepts and procedures required for successful reduction of tensor magnetic gradiometer data obtained from an unexploded ordnance detection demonstration at Yuma Proving Grounds, Arizona (Online only, Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1027, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061027.","productDescription":"53 p.","numberOfPages":"53","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7041,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1027/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only, Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a487d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bracken, Robert E. 0000-0001-7759-2743 rbracken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7759-2743","contributorId":2640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bracken","given":"Robert","email":"rbracken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Philip J. II","contributorId":67936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Philip","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":75863,"text":"ofr20061070 - 2006 - Major- and trace-element concentrations in rock samples collected in 2004 from the Taylor Mountains 1:250,000-scale quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-19T19:30:45","indexId":"ofr20061070","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1070","title":"Major- and trace-element concentrations in rock samples collected in 2004 from the Taylor Mountains 1:250,000-scale quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Kuskokwim mineral belt of Bundtzen and Miller (1997) forms an important metallogenic region in southwestern Alaska that has yielded more than 3.22 million ounces of gold and 400,000 ounces of silver. Precious-metal and related deposits in this region associated with Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary igneous complexes extend into the Taylor Mountains 1:250,000-scale quadrangle. The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting geologic mapping and a mineral resource assessment of this area that will provide a better understanding of the geologic framework, regional geochemistry, and may provide targets for mineral exploration and development. During the 2004 field season 137 rock samples were collected for a variety of purposes. The 4 digital files accompanying this report reflect the type of analysis performed and its intended purpose and are available for download as an Excel workbook, comma delimited format (*.csv), dBase 4 files (*.dbf) or as point coverages in ArcInfo interchange format (*.e00). Data values are provided in percent, pct (1gram per 100grams), or parts per million, ppm (1gram per 1,000,000grams) per the column heading in the table. All samples were analyzed for a suite of 42 trace-elements (icp42.*) to provide data for use in geochemical exploration as well as some baseline data. Selected samples were analyzed by additional methods; 104 targeted geochemical exploration samples were analyzed for gold, arsenic, and mercury (auashg.*); 21 of these samples were also analyzed to obtain concentrations of 10 loosely bound metals (icp10.*); 33 rock samples were analyzed for major element oxides to support the regional mapping program (reg.*), of which 28 sedimentary rock samples were also analyzed for total carbon, and carbonate carbon.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061070","usgsCitation":"Klimasauskas, E.P., Miller, M.L., Bradley, D., Karl, S.M., Baichtal, J.F., and Blodgett, R., 2006, Major- and trace-element concentrations in rock samples collected in 2004 from the Taylor Mountains 1:250,000-scale quadrangle, Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1070, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061070.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":386,"text":"Mineral Resources - Alaska","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":7043,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1070/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":194895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9013,"rank":1000,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1175/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9014,"rank":1000,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1306/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9015,"rank":1000,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1361/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -159,60 ], [ -159,61 ], [ -156,61 ], [ -156,60 ], [ -159,60 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64987d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klimasauskas, Edward P.","contributorId":80366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klimasauskas","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942 mlmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti","email":"mlmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Karl, Susan M. 0000-0003-1559-7826 skarl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-7826","contributorId":502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Susan","email":"skarl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baichtal, James F.","contributorId":47875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baichtal","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Blodgett, Robert B.","contributorId":89612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70242596,"text":"70242596 - 2006 - Reply to comment by Y. Ben-Zion on “The wrinkle-like slip pulse is not important in earthquake dynamics”","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T16:16:30.950604","indexId":"70242596","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-24T11:13:14","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply to comment by Y. Ben-Zion on “The wrinkle-like slip pulse is not important in earthquake dynamics”","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2006GL025743","usgsCitation":"Andrews, D., and Harris, R.A., 2006, Reply to comment by Y. Ben-Zion on “The wrinkle-like slip pulse is not important in earthquake dynamics”: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 33, L06311, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025743.","productDescription":"L06311, 1 p.","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415498,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, D.J.","contributorId":7416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Ruth A. 0000-0002-9247-0768 harris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Ruth","email":"harris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":869063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":75783,"text":"ofr20061078 - 2006 - Review of lignite resources of western Tennessee and the Jackson Purchase area, western Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:20","indexId":"ofr20061078","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1078","title":"Review of lignite resources of western Tennessee and the Jackson Purchase area, western Kentucky","docAbstract":"Introduction: \r\nThis review of the lignite deposits of western Tennessee and the Jackson Purchase area in western Kentucky (Fig. 1) is a preliminary report on part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Coal Resource Assessment of the Gulf Coastal Plain Coal Province. Lignite deposits of western Kentucky and Tennessee are an extension of the Gulf Coastal Plain Coal Province (Cushing and others, 1964), and currently are not economic to mine. These deposits have not been extensively investigated or developed as an energy resource. This review includes a description of the geology of the lignite-bearing units, a discussion of the available coal quality data, and information on organic petrology. Palynological data for lignite samples collected in Kentucky and Tennessee as part of this work are presented in an Appendix.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061078","usgsCitation":"Hackley, P.C., Warwick, P.D., Thomas, R.E., and Nichols, D.J., 2006, Review of lignite resources of western Tennessee and the Jackson Purchase area, western Kentucky (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1078, 37 p. : ill., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061078.","productDescription":"37 p. : ill.","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7479,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1078/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604000","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":286965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, Roger E.","contributorId":87899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":286967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, Douglas J.","contributorId":87184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":75793,"text":"sir20065012 - 2006 - County-level estimates of nutrient inputs to the land surface of the conterminous United States, 1982-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T21:49:52.223682","indexId":"sir20065012","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5012","title":"County-level estimates of nutrient inputs to the land surface of the conterminous United States, 1982-2001","docAbstract":"

Nutrient input data for fertilizer use, livestock manure, and atmospheric deposition from various sources were estimated and allocated to counties in the conterminous United States for the years 1982 through 2001. These nationally consistent nutrient input data are needed by the National Water-Quality Assessment Program for investigations of stream- and ground-water quality. For nitrogen, the largest source was farm fertilizer; for phosphorus, the largest sources were farm fertilizer and livestock manure. Nutrient inputs from fertilizer use in nonfarm areas, while locally important, were an order of magnitude smaller than inputs from other sources. Nutrient inputs from all sources increased between 1987 and 1997, but the relative proportions of nutrients from each source were constant. Farm-fertilizer inputs were highest in the upper Midwest, along eastern coastal areas, and in irrigated areas of the West. Nonfarm-fertilizer use was similar in major metropolitan areas throughout the Nation, but was more extensive in the more populated Eastern and Central States and in California. Areas of greater manure inputs were located throughout the South-central and Southeastern States and in scattered areas of the West. Nitrogen deposition from the atmosphere generally increased from west to east and is related to the location of major sources and the effects of precipitation and prevailing winds. These nutrient-loading data at the county level are expected to be the fundamental basis for national and regional assessments of water quality for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program and other large-scale programs.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065012","usgsCitation":"Ruddy, B.C., Lorenz, D.L., and Mueller, D.K., 2006, County-level estimates of nutrient inputs to the land surface of the conterminous United States, 1982-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5012, v, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065012.","productDescription":"v, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423545,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81555.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":7480,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5012/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":319742,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20065012.JPG"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"conterminous United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n ],\n [\n -93.63087,\n 48.60926\n ],\n [\n -92.61,\n 48.45\n ],\n [\n -91.64,\n 48.14\n ],\n [\n -90.83,\n 48.27\n ],\n [\n -89.6,\n 48.01\n ],\n [\n -89.27292,\n 48.01981\n ],\n [\n -88.37811,\n 48.30292\n ],\n [\n -87.43979,\n 47.94\n ],\n [\n -86.46199,\n 47.55334\n ],\n [\n -85.65236,\n 47.22022\n ],\n [\n -84.87608,\n 46.90008\n ],\n [\n -84.77924,\n 46.6371\n ],\n [\n -84.54375,\n 46.53868\n ],\n [\n -84.6049,\n 46.4396\n ],\n [\n -84.3367,\n 46.40877\n ],\n [\n -84.14212,\n 46.51223\n ],\n [\n -84.09185,\n 46.27542\n ],\n [\n -83.89077,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.61613,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.46955,\n 45.99469\n ],\n [\n -83.59285,\n 45.81689\n ],\n [\n -82.55092,\n 45.34752\n ],\n [\n -82.33776,\n 44.44\n ],\n [\n -82.13764,\n 43.57109\n ],\n [\n -82.43,\n 42.98\n ],\n [\n -82.9,\n 42.43\n ],\n [\n -83.12,\n 42.08\n ],\n [\n -83.142,\n 41.97568\n ],\n [\n -83.02981,\n 41.8328\n ],\n [\n -82.69009,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -82.43928,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -81.27775,\n 42.20903\n ],\n [\n -80.24745,\n 42.3662\n ],\n [\n -78.93936,\n 42.86361\n ],\n [\n -78.92,\n 42.965\n ],\n [\n -79.01,\n 43.27\n ],\n [\n -79.17167,\n 43.46634\n ],\n [\n -78.72028,\n 43.62509\n ],\n [\n -77.73789,\n 43.62906\n ],\n [\n -76.82003,\n 43.62878\n ],\n [\n -76.5,\n 44.01846\n ],\n [\n -76.375,\n 44.09631\n ],\n [\n -75.31821,\n 44.81645\n ],\n [\n -74.867,\n 45.00048\n ],\n [\n -73.34783,\n 45.00738\n ],\n [\n -71.50506,\n 45.0082\n ],\n [\n -71.405,\n 45.255\n ],\n [\n -71.08482,\n 45.30524\n ],\n [\n -70.66,\n 45.46\n ],\n [\n -70.305,\n 45.915\n ],\n [\n -69.99997,\n 46.69307\n ],\n [\n -69.23722,\n 47.44778\n ],\n [\n -68.905,\n 47.185\n ],\n [\n -68.23444,\n 47.35486\n ],\n [\n -67.79046,\n 47.06636\n ],\n [\n -67.79134,\n 45.70281\n ],\n [\n -67.13741,\n 45.13753\n ],\n [\n -66.96466,\n 44.8097\n ],\n [\n -68.03252,\n 44.3252\n ],\n [\n -69.06,\n 43.98\n ],\n [\n -70.11617,\n 43.68405\n ],\n [\n -70.64548,\n 43.09024\n ],\n [\n -70.81489,\n 42.8653\n ],\n [\n -70.825,\n 42.335\n ],\n [\n -70.495,\n 41.805\n ],\n [\n -70.08,\n 41.78\n ],\n [\n -70.185,\n 42.145\n ],\n [\n -69.88497,\n 41.92283\n ],\n [\n -69.96503,\n 41.63717\n ],\n [\n -70.64,\n 41.475\n ],\n [\n -71.12039,\n 41.49445\n ],\n [\n -71.86,\n 41.32\n ],\n [\n -72.295,\n 41.27\n ],\n [\n -72.87643,\n 41.22065\n ],\n [\n -73.71,\n 40.9311\n ],\n [\n -72.24126,\n 41.11948\n ],\n [\n -71.945,\n 40.93\n ],\n [\n -73.345,\n 40.63\n ],\n [\n -73.982,\n 40.628\n ],\n [\n -73.95232,\n 40.75075\n ],\n [\n -74.25671,\n 40.47351\n ],\n [\n -73.96244,\n 40.42763\n ],\n [\n -74.17838,\n 39.70926\n ],\n [\n -74.90604,\n 38.93954\n ],\n [\n -74.98041,\n 39.1964\n ],\n [\n -75.20002,\n 39.24845\n ],\n [\n -75.52805,\n 39.4985\n ],\n [\n -75.32,\n 38.96\n ],\n [\n -75.07183,\n 38.78203\n ],\n [\n -75.05673,\n 38.40412\n ],\n [\n -75.37747,\n 38.01551\n ],\n [\n -75.94023,\n 37.21689\n ],\n [\n -76.03127,\n 37.2566\n ],\n [\n -75.72205,\n 37.93705\n ],\n [\n -76.23287,\n 38.31921\n ],\n [\n -76.35,\n 39.15\n ],\n [\n -76.54272,\n 38.71762\n ],\n [\n -76.32933,\n 38.08326\n ],\n [\n -76.99,\n 38.23999\n ],\n [\n -76.30162,\n 37.91794\n ],\n [\n -76.25874,\n 36.9664\n ],\n [\n -75.9718,\n 36.89726\n ],\n [\n -75.86804,\n 36.55125\n ],\n [\n -75.72749,\n 35.55074\n ],\n [\n -76.36318,\n 34.80854\n ],\n [\n -77.39763,\n 34.51201\n ],\n [\n -78.05496,\n 33.92547\n ],\n [\n -78.55435,\n 33.86133\n ],\n [\n -79.06067,\n 33.49395\n ],\n [\n -79.20357,\n 33.15839\n ],\n [\n -80.30132,\n 32.50935\n ],\n [\n -80.86498,\n 32.0333\n ],\n [\n -81.33629,\n 31.44049\n ],\n [\n -81.49042,\n 30.72999\n ],\n [\n -81.31371,\n 30.03552\n ],\n [\n -80.98,\n 29.18\n ],\n [\n -80.53558,\n 28.47213\n ],\n [\n -80.53,\n 28.04\n ],\n [\n -80.05654,\n 26.88\n ],\n [\n -80.08801,\n 26.20576\n ],\n [\n -80.13156,\n 25.81677\n ],\n [\n -80.38103,\n 25.20616\n ],\n [\n -80.68,\n 25.08\n ],\n [\n -81.17213,\n 25.20126\n ],\n [\n -81.33,\n 25.64\n ],\n [\n -81.71,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -82.24,\n 26.73\n ],\n [\n -82.70515,\n 27.49504\n ],\n [\n -82.85526,\n 27.88624\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 28.55\n ],\n [\n -82.93,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -83.70959,\n 29.93656\n ],\n [\n -84.1,\n 30.09\n ],\n [\n -85.10882,\n 29.63615\n ],\n [\n -85.28784,\n 29.68612\n ],\n [\n -85.7731,\n 30.15261\n ],\n [\n -86.4,\n 30.4\n ],\n [\n -87.53036,\n 30.27433\n ],\n [\n -88.41782,\n 30.3849\n ],\n [\n -89.18049,\n 30.31598\n ],\n [\n -89.59383,\n 30.15999\n ],\n [\n -89.41373,\n 29.89419\n ],\n [\n -89.43,\n 29.48864\n ],\n [\n -89.21767,\n 29.29108\n ],\n [\n -89.40823,\n 29.15961\n ],\n [\n -89.77928,\n 29.30714\n ],\n [\n -90.15463,\n 29.11743\n ],\n [\n -90.88022,\n 29.14854\n ],\n [\n -91.62678,\n 29.677\n ],\n [\n -92.49906,\n 29.5523\n ],\n [\n -93.22637,\n 29.78375\n ],\n [\n -93.84842,\n 29.71363\n ],\n [\n -94.69,\n 29.48\n ],\n [\n -95.60026,\n 28.73863\n ],\n [\n -96.59404,\n 28.30748\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 27.83\n ],\n [\n -97.37,\n 27.38\n ],\n [\n -97.38,\n 26.69\n ],\n [\n -97.33,\n 26.21\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -97.53,\n 25.84\n ],\n [\n -98.24,\n 26.06\n ],\n [\n -99.02,\n 26.37\n ],\n [\n -99.3,\n 26.84\n ],\n [\n -99.52,\n 27.54\n ],\n [\n -100.11,\n 28.11\n ],\n [\n -100.45584,\n 28.69612\n ],\n [\n -100.9576,\n 29.38071\n ],\n [\n -101.6624,\n 29.7793\n ],\n [\n -102.48,\n 29.76\n ],\n [\n -103.11,\n 28.97\n ],\n [\n -103.94,\n 29.27\n ],\n [\n -104.45697,\n 29.57196\n ],\n [\n -104.70575,\n 30.12173\n ],\n [\n -105.03737,\n 30.64402\n ],\n [\n -105.63159,\n 31.08383\n ],\n [\n -106.1429,\n 31.39995\n ],\n [\n -106.50759,\n 31.75452\n ],\n [\n -108.24,\n 31.75485\n ],\n [\n -108.24194,\n 31.34222\n ],\n [\n -109.035,\n 31.34194\n ],\n [\n -111.02361,\n 31.33472\n ],\n [\n -113.30498,\n 32.03914\n ],\n [\n -114.815,\n 32.52528\n ],\n [\n -114.72139,\n 32.72083\n ],\n [\n -115.99135,\n 32.61239\n ],\n [\n -117.12776,\n 32.53534\n ],\n [\n -117.29594,\n 33.04622\n ],\n [\n -117.944,\n 33.62124\n ],\n [\n -118.4106,\n 33.74091\n ],\n [\n -118.51989,\n 34.02778\n ],\n [\n -119.081,\n 34.078\n ],\n [\n -119.43884,\n 34.34848\n ],\n [\n -120.36778,\n 34.44711\n ],\n [\n -120.62286,\n 34.60855\n ],\n [\n -120.74433,\n 35.15686\n ],\n [\n -121.71457,\n 36.16153\n ],\n [\n -122.54747,\n 37.55176\n ],\n [\n -122.51201,\n 37.78339\n ],\n [\n -122.95319,\n 38.11371\n ],\n [\n -123.7272,\n 38.95166\n ],\n [\n -123.86517,\n 39.76699\n ],\n [\n -124.39807,\n 40.3132\n ],\n [\n -124.17886,\n 41.14202\n ],\n [\n -124.2137,\n 41.99964\n ],\n [\n -124.53284,\n 42.76599\n ],\n [\n -124.14214,\n 43.70838\n ],\n [\n -124.02053,\n 44.6159\n ],\n [\n -123.89893,\n 45.52341\n ],\n [\n -124.07963,\n 46.86475\n ],\n [\n -124.39567,\n 47.72017\n ],\n [\n -124.68721,\n 48.18443\n ],\n [\n -124.5661,\n 48.37971\n ],\n [\n -123.12,\n 48.04\n ],\n [\n -122.58736,\n 47.096\n ],\n [\n -122.34,\n 47.36\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 48.18\n ],\n [\n -122.84,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -117.03121,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -116.04818,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -110.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -107.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -104.04826,\n 48.99986\n ],\n [\n -100.65,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -97.22872,\n 49.0007\n ],\n [\n -95.15907,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -95.15609,\n 49.38425\n ],\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"United States\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6838d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruddy, Barbara C. bcruddy@usgs.gov","contributorId":4163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruddy","given":"Barbara","email":"bcruddy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":286970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorenz, David L. 0000-0003-3392-4034 lorenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3392-4034","contributorId":1384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"David","email":"lorenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mueller, David K. mueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"mueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}