Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) management in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) in the past quarter century has resulted in more than doubling of the population from around 200 to more than 500, expansion of range back into habitats where the bear has extirpated more than a century ago, and a move toward removal from the U.S. Endangered Species list. At the center of this success story are the management programs in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). Regulations that restrict human activity, camping, and food storage, elimination of human food and garbage as attractants, and ranger attendance of roadside bears have all resulted in the population of grizzlies in YNP approaching carrying capacity. Recent studies suggest, however, that YNP alone is too small to support the current population, making management beyond the park boundary important and necessary to the demographics of the population as a whole. Demographic analyses suggest a source-sink dynamic exists within the GYE, with YNP and lands outside the park within the Grizzly Bear Recovery Zone (RZ) representing source habitats, whereas lands beyond the RZ constitute sinks. The source-sink demography in the GYE is indicative of carnivore conservation issues worldwide where many national parks or preserves designed to protect out natural resources are inadequate in size or shape to provide all necessary life history requirements for these wide-ranging species. Additionally, wide-ranging behavior and long-distance dispersal seem inherent to large carnivores, so mortality around the edges is virtually inevitable, and conservation in the GYE is inextricably linked to management regimes not only within YNP, but within the GYE as a whole. We discuss those needs here.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife in Shiretoko and Yellowstone National Parks: Lessons in Wildlife Conservation from Two World Heritage Sites","language":"English, Japanese","publisher":"Shiretoko Nature Foundation","publisherLocation":"Hokkaido, Japan","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, C., and Gunther, K., 2006, Grizzly bear management in Yellowstone National Park: The heart of recovery in the Yellowstone Ecosystem, chap. of Wildlife in Shiretoko and Yellowstone National Parks: Lessons in Wildlife Conservation from Two World Heritage Sites, p. 232-238.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"232","endPage":"238","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289191,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312251,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.shiretoko.or.jp/en/publication/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 43.56447158721811\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 45.01918507438176\n ],\n [\n -108.97338867187499,\n 45.01918507438176\n ],\n [\n -108.97338867187499,\n 43.56447158721811\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 43.56447158721811\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286efe4b07b8813a554bb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"McCullough, Dale R.","contributorId":113841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCullough","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508319,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaji, Koichi","contributorId":111440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaji","given":"Koichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508317,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yamanaka, Masami","contributorId":111731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamanaka","given":"Masami","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508318,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, C.C.","contributorId":33658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gunther, K.","contributorId":89841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunther","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199127,"text":"70199127 - 2006 - Sampling and analytical methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-05T10:30:55","indexId":"70199127","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T10:28:24","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"12","title":"Sampling and analytical methods","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Use of chlorofluorocarbons in hydrology: A guidebook","language":"English","publisher":"IAEA","publisherLocation":"Vienna","isbn":"92-0-100805-8","usgsCitation":"Busenberg, E., and Plummer, L., 2006, Potential use of other atmospheric gases, chap. 10 of Use of chlorofluorocarbons in hydrology: A guidebook, p. 183-190.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"190","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357076,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98c453e4b0702d0e846147","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, L.N.","contributorId":206803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plummer","given":"L.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70242709,"text":"70242709 - 2006 - Geomorphological, depositional, and foraminiferal indicators of late Quaternary tectonic uplift in Iskenderun Bay, Turkey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-13T15:48:26.968614","indexId":"70242709","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T10:22:45","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geomorphological, depositional, and foraminiferal indicators of late Quaternary tectonic uplift in Iskenderun Bay, Turkey","docAbstract":"Iskenderun Bay is a major shallow embayment in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, where the African and Anatolian Plates converge. This tectonically active basin was investigated for oceanographic, sedimentological, geochemical, and foraminiferal parameters. On the basis of the data acquired, the distribution of living and fossil foraminifera in 284 grab and 54 gravity core samples was determined, the basin floor bathymetry of the bay constructed, radiocarbon ages of sediments and fossils ascertained, and depositional environments reconstructed. It has been discovered that for the last 13.5 k.y., water masses were stratified and sedimentation was discontinuous within the basin, which is characterized by irregular sea bottom morphology. The sedimentation rate was very slow, varying in time and space from 0 to 0.012 cm yr−1. The foraminiferal distributions were spatially varied and discontinuous and indicate a reversal from deep to shallow marine conditions in the cores. These irregularities were attributed to active tectonics in the bay and a major tectonic uplift of the bay since the late Pleistocene.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Postcollisional tectonics and magmatism in the Mediterranean region and Asia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2006.2409(27)","usgsCitation":"Yanko-Hombach, V., Koral, H., Avsar, N., Motnenko, I., and McGann, M., 2006, Geomorphological, depositional, and foraminiferal indicators of late Quaternary tectonic uplift in Iskenderun Bay, Turkey, chap. of Postcollisional tectonics and magmatism in the Mediterranean region and Asia, v. 409, p. 591-614, https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2409(27).","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"614","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415719,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Turkey","otherGeospatial":"Iskenderun Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 36.26597496685409,\n 37.0243965329219\n ],\n [\n 35.36353563899425,\n 37.0243965329219\n ],\n [\n 35.36353563899425,\n 36.224375964614055\n ],\n [\n 36.26597496685409,\n 36.224375964614055\n ],\n [\n 36.26597496685409,\n 37.0243965329219\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"409","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Dilek, Yilderim","contributorId":304146,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dilek","given":"Yilderim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869436,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pavlides, Spyros","contributorId":304147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pavlides","given":"Spyros","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869437,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Yanko-Hombach, Valentina","contributorId":304143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yanko-Hombach","given":"Valentina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koral, H.","contributorId":70955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koral","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Avsar, Niyazi","contributorId":304144,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Avsar","given":"Niyazi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Motnenko, Irena","contributorId":304145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Motnenko","given":"Irena","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McGann, Mary 0000-0002-3057-2945 mmcgann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3057-2945","contributorId":169540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGann","given":"Mary","email":"mmcgann@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":869435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70242736,"text":"70242736 - 2006 - A field guide to the central, creeping section of the San Andreas fault and the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-14T15:29:45.711273","indexId":"70242736","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T10:21:43","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"A field guide to the central, creeping section of the San Andreas fault and the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth","docAbstract":"This field trip is along the central section of the San Andreas fault and consists of eight stops that illustrate surface evidence of faulting, in general, and features associated with active fault creep, in particular. Fault creep is slippage along a fault that occurs either in association with small-magnitude earthquakes or without any associated large-magnitude earthquakes. Another aspect of the trip is to highlight where there are multiple fault traces along this section of the San Andreas fault zone in order to gain a better understanding of plate-boundary processes.
The first stop is along the Calaveras fault, part of the San Andreas fault system, at a location where evidence of active fault creep is abundant and readily accessible. The stops that follow are along the San Andreas fault and at convenient locations to present and discuss rock types juxtaposed across the fault that have been transported tens to hundreds of kilometers by right-lateral motion along the San Andreas fault. Stops 6 and 7 are examples of recent studies of different aspects of the fault: drilling into the fault at the depth of repeating magnitude (M) 2 earthquakes with the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) and the geological, geophysical, and seismological study of M 6 earthquakes near the town of Parkfield.
Along with the eight official stops on this field trip are 12 “rolling stops”—sites of geologic interest that add to the understanding of features and processes in the creeping section of the fault. Many of the rolling stops are located where stopping is difficult to dangerous; some of these sites are not appropriate for large vehicles (buses) or groups; some sites are not appropriate for people at all. We include photographs of or from many of these sites to add to the reader's experience without adding too many stops or hazards to the trip.
An extensive set of literature is available for those interested in the San Andreas fault or in the creeping section, in particular. For more scientifically oriented overviews of the fault, see Wallace (1990) and Irwin (1990); for a more generalized overview with abundant, colorful illustrations, see Collier (1999). Although the presence of small sections of the San Andreas fault was known before the great 1906 San Francisco earthquake, it was only after that event and subsequent geologic investigations reported in Lawson (1908) that showed the fault as a long structure, extending all the way from east of Los Angeles into northern California. Prentice (1999) described the importance of the 1908 “Lawson report” and how it pivotally influenced the understanding of the San Andreas. Hill (1981) presented a wonderful introduction to the evolution of thought on the San Andreas. Geologic maps and maps of the most recently active fault trace in the creeping section, or large parts of it, include those by Brown (1970), Dibblee (1971, 1980), and Wagner et al. (2002); detailed geologic maps are discussed at various stops in this guide. Various aspects of the creeping section of the San Andreas fault have been the focus of many geologic field trips in the past few decades. Guidebooks for some of those trips include those by Gribi (1963a, 1963b), Brabb et al. (1966), Rogers (1969), Bucknam and Haller (1989), Harden et al. (2001), and Stoffer (2005).
Features that we see on this trip include offset street curbs, closed depressions (sag ponds), fault scarps (steep slopes formed by movement along a fault), a split and displaced tree, offset fence lines, fresh fractures, and offset road lines (Fig. 3 is a sketch showing some of the landforms that represent deformation by an active fault). We also see evidence of long-term maturity of the San Andreas fault, as indicated by fault features and displaced rock types (Fig. 4). Finally, we will visit sites of ongoing research into the processes associated with earthquakes and their effects. Discussions include drilling into the San Andreas fault at the SAFOD drill site and the 2004 Parkfield earthquake and its effects and implications.
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