{"pageNumber":"244","pageRowStart":"6075","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10462,"records":[{"id":79263,"text":"sir20065187 - 2006 - Simulation of Water Levels and Salinity in the Rivers and Tidal Marshes in the Vicinity of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, Coastal South Carolina and Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T10:26:13","indexId":"sir20065187","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5187","title":"Simulation of Water Levels and Salinity in the Rivers and Tidal Marshes in the Vicinity of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, Coastal South Carolina and Georgia","docAbstract":"The Savannah Harbor is one of the busiest ports on the East Coast of the United States and is located downstream from the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, which is one of the Nation?s largest freshwater tidal marshes. The Georgia Ports Authority and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers funded hydrodynamic and ecological studies to evaluate the potential effects of a proposed deepening of Savannah Harbor as part of the Environmental Impact Statement. These studies included a three-dimensional (3D) model of the Savannah River estuary system, which was developed to simulate changes in water levels and salinity in the system in response to geometry changes as a result of the deepening of Savannah Harbor, and a marsh-succession model that predicts plant distribution in the tidal marshes in response to changes in the water-level and salinity conditions in the marsh. Beginning in May 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey entered into cooperative agreements with the Georgia Ports Authority to develop empirical models to simulate the water level and salinity of the rivers and tidal marshes in the vicinity of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge and to link the 3D hydrodynamic river-estuary model and the marsh-succession model. \r\n\r\nFor the development of these models, many different databases were created that describe the complexity and behaviors of the estuary. The U.S. Geological Survey has maintained a network of continuous streamflow, water-level, and specific-conductance (field measurement to compute salinity) river gages in the study area since the 1980s and a network of water-level and salinity marsh gages in the study area since 1999. The Georgia Ports Authority collected water-level and salinity data during summer 1997 and 1999 and collected continuous water-level and salinity data in the marsh and connecting tidal creeks from 1999 to 2002. Most of the databases comprise time series that differ by variable type, periods of record, measurement frequency, location, and reliability. \r\n\r\nUnderstanding freshwater inflows, tidal water levels, and specific conductance in the rivers and marshes is critical to enhancing the predictive capabilities of a successful marsh succession model. Data-mining techniques, including artificial neural network (ANN) models, were applied to address various needs of the ecology study and to integrate the riverine predictions from the 3D model to the marsh-succession model. ANN models were developed to simulate riverine water levels and specific conductance in the vicinity of the tidal marshes for the full range of historical conditions using data from the river gaging networks. ANN models were also developed to simulate the marsh water levels and pore-water salinities using data from the marsh gaging networks. Using the marsh ANN models, the continuous marsh network was hindcasted to be concurrent with the long-term riverine network. The hindcasted data allow ecologists to compute hydrologic parameters?such as hydroperiods and exposure frequency?to help analyze historical vegetation data.\r\n\r\nTo integrate the 3D hydrodynamic model, the marsh-succession model, and various time-series databases, a decision support system (DSS) was developed to support the various needs of regulatory and scientific stakeholders. The DSS required the development of a spreadsheet application that integrates the database, 3D hydrodynamic model output, and ANN riverine and marsh models into a single package that is easy to use and can be readily disseminated. The DSS allows users to evaluate water-level and salinity response for different hydrologic conditions. Savannah River streamflows can be controlled by the user as constant flow, a percentage of historical flows, a percentile daily flow hydrograph, or as a user-specified hydrograph. The DSS can also use output from the 3D model at stream gages near the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge to simulate the effects in the tidal marshes. The DSS is distributed with a two-dimensional (","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065187","usgsCitation":"Conrads, P., Roehl, E.A., Daamen, R.C., and Kitchens, W.M., 2006, Simulation of Water Levels and Salinity in the Rivers and Tidal Marshes in the Vicinity of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, Coastal South Carolina and Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5187, x, 134 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065187.","productDescription":"x, 134 p.","numberOfPages":"144","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8742,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5187/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Savannah National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.51031494140625,\n              31.811062019751912\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.51031494140625,\n              32.55607364492026\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.60531616210938,\n              32.55607364492026\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.60531616210938,\n              31.811062019751912\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.51031494140625,\n              31.811062019751912\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648602","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roehl, Edwin A.","contributorId":89242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roehl","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daamen, Ruby C.","contributorId":105391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daamen","given":"Ruby","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kitchens, Wiley M. kitchensw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"Wiley","email":"kitchensw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70205980,"text":"70205980 - 2006 - Heat flow in Railroad Valley, Nevada and implications for geothermal resources in the south-central Great Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-12T16:18:56.226203","indexId":"70205980","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-14T13:34:39","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1827,"text":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat flow in Railroad Valley, Nevada and implications for geothermal resources in the south-central Great Basin","docAbstract":"<p>The Great Basin is a province of high average heat flow (approximately 90 mW m<sup>-2</sup>), with higher values characteristic of some areas and relatively low heat flow (&lt;60 mW m<sup>-2</sup>) characteristic of an area in south-central Nevada known as the Eureka Low. There is hydrologic and thermal evidence that the Eureka Low results from a relatively shallow, hydrologically controlled heat sink associated with interbasin water flow in the Paleozoic carbonate aquifers. Evaluating this hypothesis and investigating the thermal state of the Eureka Low at depth is a high priority for the US Geological Survey as it prepares a new national geothermal resource assessment. Part of this investigation is focused on Railroad Valley, the site of the largest petroleum reservoirs in Nevada and one of the few locations within the Eureka Low with a known geothermal system. Temperature and thermal conductivity data have been acquired from wells in Railroad Valley in order to determine heat flow in the basin. The results reveal a complex interaction of cooling due to shallow ground-water flow, relatively low (49 to 76 mW m <sup>-2</sup>) conductive heat flow at depth in most of the basin, and high (up to 234 mW m<sup>-2</sup>) heat flow associated with the 125°C geothermal system that encompasses the Bacon Flat and Grant Canyon oil fields. The presence of the Railroad Valley geothermal resource within the Eureka Low may be reflect the absence of deep ground-water flow sweeping heat out of the basin. If true, this suggests that other areas in the carbonate aquifer province may contain deep geothermal resources that are masked by ground-water flow. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, California","usgsCitation":"Williams, C.F., and Sass, J.H., 2006, Heat flow in Railroad Valley, Nevada and implications for geothermal resources in the south-central Great Basin: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 30, p. 111-116.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"116","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368309,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368308,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1025017"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Railroad Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.97167968750001,\n              38.33734763569314\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.90600585937499,\n              38.33734763569314\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.90600585937499,\n              39.342794408952365\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.97167968750001,\n              39.342794408952365\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.97167968750001,\n              38.33734763569314\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Colin F. 0000-0003-2196-5496 colin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-5496","contributorId":274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Colin","email":"colin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sass, John H.","contributorId":69596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":79199,"text":"sir20065207 - 2006 - Evaluation of baseline ground-water conditions in the Mosteiros, Ribeira Paul, and Ribeira Fajã Basins, Republic of Cape Verde, West Africa, 2005-06","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T19:56:39","indexId":"sir20065207","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5207","title":"Evaluation of baseline ground-water conditions in the Mosteiros, Ribeira Paul, and Ribeira Fajã Basins, Republic of Cape Verde, West Africa, 2005-06","docAbstract":"<p>This report documents current (2005-06) baseline ground-water conditions in three basins within the West African Republic of Cape Verde (Mosteiros on Fogo, Ribeira Paul on Santo Antão, and Ribeira Fajã on São Nicolau) based on existing data and additional data collected during this study. Ground-water conditions (indicators) include ground-water levels, ground-water recharge altitude, ground-water discharge amounts, ground-water age (residence time), and ground-water quality. These indicators are needed to evaluate (1) long-term changes in ground-water resources or water quality caused by planned ground-water development associated with agricultural projects in these basins, and (2) the feasibility of artificial recharge as a mitigation strategy to offset the potentially declining water levels associated with increased ground-water development.</p><p>Ground-water levels in all three basins vary from less than a few meters to more than 170 meters below land surface. Continuous recorder and electric tape measurements at three monitoring wells (one per basin) showed variations between August 2005 and June 2006 of as much as 1.8 meters. Few historical water-level data were available for the Mosteiros or Ribeira Paul Basins. Historical records from Ribeira Fajã indicate very large ground-water declines during the 1980s and early 1990s, associated with dewatering of the Galleria Fajã tunnel. More-recent data indicate that ground-water levels in Ribeira Fajã have reached a new equilibrium, remaining fairly constant since the late 1990s.</p><p>Because of the scarcity of observation wells within each basin, water-level data were combined with other techniques to evaluate ground-water conditions. These techniques include the quantification of ground-water discharge (well withdrawals, spring discharge, seepage to springs, and gallery drainage), field water-quality measurements, and the use of environmental tracers to evaluate sources of aquifer recharge, flow paths, and ground-water residence times.</p><p>In the Mosteiros Basin, measured well and spring discharge is about 220,000 cubic meters per year. For the Ribeira Paul Basin, measured well discharge, spring discharge, and ground-water seepage to springs is about 1,600,000 cubic meters per year. Ribeira Fajã Basin is the driest of the three basins with a precipitation rate of about half that of the other two basins. The only measurable ground-water discharge from this basin is from Galleria Fajã, estimated to be about 150,000 cubic meters per year. Measured discharge for all three basins does not include submarine outflow or agricultural/phreatophyte consumptive use (Paul Basin, only) and is assumed to be less than total ground-water discharge.</p><p>Ground-water ages indicate that recharge to wells and springs occurred from more than 50 years ago at some locations to within the past decade at other sites. Ground water in Paul is younger than that in the other two basins, indicating that recharge generally occurred within the past 50 years. Ground water at all the dateable sites using tritium/helium in both the Mosteiros and Ribeira Fajã Basins show that recharge occurred more than 50 years before the sampling dates. Ground-water tritium/helium age dating was not possible at some sites in Mosteiros and Ribeira Fajã Basins because of the presence of helium in the aquifer derived from the mantle or aquifer matrix. However, this helium was useful for accurate age dating of the unaffected ground-water sites.</p><p>Dissolved gases indicate that most ground-water recharge occurs at mid and high altitudes within all three basins; calculated recharge altitudes ranged from 700 to more than 2,000 meters. In the Mosteiros and Ribeira Fajã Basins, recharge altitudes are much higher than the wells and springs. This suggests that it may take many years for artificial recharge to result in a beneficial impact on the aquifer in areas where the agricultural projects are implemented. Recharge altitudes in Paul Basin also were generally higher than their respective ground-water discharge sampling sites except for one spring, Seladinha. This spring, in combination with generally younger ground-water ages in Paul, indicates the existence of some short flow paths where artificial recharge may possibly enhance available water resources within a few years.</p><p>The salinity of wells and springs is generally low in the Ribeira Paul and Ribeira Fajã Basins, but somewhat higher in Mosteiros Basin. Specific-conductance measurements of wells and springs in Ribeira Paul and Ribeira Fajã ranged from about 200 to 700 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. Although the Monte Vermelho spring in Mosteiros Basin also has very low salinity (200 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius), water from the wells along the coastal plain has specific-conductance measurements of as much as 16,000 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. These higher values indicate some brackish water intrusion. Additional ground-water development of the Mosteiros coastal plain may exacerbate this situation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065207","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Millenium Challenge Corporation, Millenium Challenge Account, and Instituto Nacional de Gestão dos Recursos Hídricos","usgsCitation":"Heilweil, V.M., Earle, J.D., Cederberg, J.R., Messer, M.M., Jorgensen, B.E., Verstraeten, I.M., Moura, M.A., Querido, A., , S., and Osorio, T., 2006, Evaluation of baseline ground-water conditions in the Mosteiros, Ribeira Paul, and Ribeira Fajã Basins, Republic of Cape Verde, West Africa, 2005-06: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5207, viii, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065207.","productDescription":"viii, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"53","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science 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D.","contributorId":34537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earle","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cederberg, Jay R. 0000-0001-6649-7353 cederber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6649-7353","contributorId":964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederberg","given":"Jay","email":"cederber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Messer, Mickey M.","contributorId":8956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Messer","given":"Mickey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jorgensen, Brent E.","contributorId":22446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Verstraeten, Ingrid M. imverstr@usgs.gov","contributorId":3630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstraeten","given":"Ingrid","email":"imverstr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5066,"text":"Office of the Director USGS","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moura, Miguel A.","contributorId":104586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moura","given":"Miguel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Querido, Arrigo","contributorId":101761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Querido","given":"Arrigo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":" Spencer","contributorId":55924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"given":"Spencer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Osorio, Tatiana","contributorId":50986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osorio","given":"Tatiana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70157059,"text":"70157059 - 2006 - Landsat-7 long-term acquisition plan radiometry - evolution over time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-03T12:11:01","indexId":"70157059","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat-7 long-term acquisition plan radiometry - evolution over time","docAbstract":"<p>The Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus instrument has two selectable gains for each spectral band. In the acquisition plan, the gains were initially set to maximize the entropy in each scene. One unintended consequence of this strategy was that, at times, dense vegetation saturated band 4 and deserts saturated all bands. A revised strategy, based on a land-cover classification and sun angle thresholds, reduced saturation, but resulted in gain changes occurring within the same scene on multiple overpasses. As the gain changes cause some loss of data and difficulties for some ground processing systems, a procedure was devised to shift the gain changes to the nearest predicted cloudy scenes. The results are still not totally satisfactory as gain changes still impact some scenes and saturation still occurs, particularly in ephemerally snow-covered regions. A primary conclusion of our experience with variable gain on Landsat-7 is that such an approach should not be employed on future global monitoring missions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","doi":"10.14358/PERS.72.10.1129","usgsCitation":"Markham, B.L., Goward, S., Arvidson, T., Barsi, J.A., and Scaramuzza, P., 2006, Landsat-7 long-term acquisition plan radiometry - evolution over time: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 72, no. 10, p. 1129-1135, https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.72.10.1129.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1129","endPage":"1135","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14358/pers.72.10.1129","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":307916,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e96f3ce4b0dacf699e788a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markham, Brian L. 0000-0002-9612-8169","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9612-8169","contributorId":121488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goward, Samuel","contributorId":97404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goward","given":"Samuel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arvidson, Terry","contributorId":97801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvidson","given":"Terry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barsi, Julia A.","contributorId":71822,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barsi","given":"Julia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12721,"text":"NASA GSFC SSAI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scaramuzza, Pat 0000-0002-2616-8456 pscar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2616-8456","contributorId":3970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scaramuzza","given":"Pat","email":"pscar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":79162,"text":"ofr20061219 - 2006 - National Assessment of Shoreline Change Part 3: Historical Shoreline Change and Associated Coastal Land Loss Along Sandy Shorelines of the California Coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:38","indexId":"ofr20061219","displayToPublicDate":"2006-09-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1219","title":"National Assessment of Shoreline Change Part 3: Historical Shoreline Change and Associated Coastal Land Loss Along Sandy Shorelines of the California Coast","docAbstract":"Beach erosion is a chronic problem along many open-ocean shores of the United States. As coastal populations continue to grow and community infrastructures are threatened by erosion, there is increased demand for accurate information regarding past and present trends and rates of shoreline movement. There is also a need for a comprehensive analysis of shoreline movement that is consistent from one coastal region to another. To meet these national needs, the U.S. Geological Survey is conducting an analysis of historical shoreline changes along open-ocean sandy shores of the conterminous United States and parts of Hawaii and Alaska. One purpose of this work is to develop standard repeatable methods for mapping and analyzing shoreline movement so that periodic updates regarding coastal erosion and land loss can be made nationally that are systematic and internally consistent. In the case of this study, the shoreline being measured is the boundary between the ocean water surface and the sandy beach.\r\n\r\nThis report on the California Coast represents the first of two reports on long-term sandy shoreline change for the western U.S., the second of which will include the coast of the Pacific NW, including Oregon and Washington. A report for the Gulf of Mexico shoreline was completed in 2004 and is available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1043/. This report summarizes the methods of analysis, interprets the results, provides explanations regarding long-term and short-term trends and rates of change, and describes how different coastal communities are responding to coastal erosion. Shoreline change evaluations are based on comparing three historical shorelines digitized from maps, with a recent shoreline derived from lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) topographic surveys. The historical shorelines generally represent the following periods: 1800s, 1920s-1930s, and 1950s-1970s, whereas the lidar shoreline is from 1998-2002. Long-term rates of change are calculated using all four shorelines (1800s to lidar shoreline), whereas short-term rates of change are calculated for only the most recent period (1950s-1970s to lidar shoreline). The rates of change presented in this report represent past conditions and therefore are not intended for predicting future shoreline positions or rates of change. Due to the geomorphology of the California Coast (rocky coastline instead of beach) as well as to data gaps in some areas, this report presents beach erosion rates for 45% of California's 1100 km of coast.\r\n\r\nThe average rate of long-term shoreline change for the State of California was 0.2?0.1 m/yr, an accretional trend. This is based on shoreline change rates averaged from 14,562 individual transects, of which 40% were eroding. Of the transects on which the shoreline was eroding, the long-term erosion rates were generally lowest in Southern California where coastal engineering projects have greatly altered the natural shoreline movement. On a regional scale, long-term accretion rates were either equal to (Central California) or greater than (Northern and Southern California) the long-term erosion rates, yielding the net accretional trend for the entire state. This accretional trend is most likely due to changes in the large volumes of sediment that are added to the system from large rivers and to the impact from coastal engineering and beach nourishment projects.\r\n\r\nThe average rate of short-term shoreline change for the state was erosional. The net short-term rate as averaged along 16,142 transects was -0.2?0.4 m/yr. Of the transects used to measure short-term change, 66% had erosional trends. In addition erosion rates were higher in the short-term period, possibly related to the localized artificial nourishment that occurred over much of the 20th century but that has recently slowed or stopped (Flick, 1993; Wiegel, 1994). Short-term accretion rates were highest in Northern California where the overall magnitudes of shoreline change are systematically higher than in Central and Southern California. The most stable (low erosion and accretion rates) California beaches were most commonly found in Central California.\r\n\r\nSeawalls and/or riprap revetments have been constructed in all three sections of California, although many of these structures were built to protect houses and infrastructures from the erosion of coastal cliffs and bluffs rather than to protect against long-term beach erosion. California permits shoreline stabilization structures where homes, buildings or other community infrastructure are imminently threatened by erosion.\r\n\r\nA second California report that is following this publication will include analyses and reports on long-term coastal cliff erosion, as this hazard is of equal or greater concern to coastal communities in many areas along the California Coast.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061219","collaboration":"see also OFRs 2004-1043, 2005-1401","usgsCitation":"Hapke, C.J., Reid, D., Richmond, B.M., Ruggiero, P., and List, J., 2006, National Assessment of Shoreline Change Part 3: Historical Shoreline Change and Associated Coastal Land Loss Along Sandy Shorelines of the California Coast: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1219, v, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061219.","productDescription":"v, 72 p.","numberOfPages":"77","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8617,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1219/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124,32 ], [ -124,42 ], [ -114,42 ], [ -114,32 ], [ -124,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69892a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hapke, Cheryl J. 0000-0002-2753-4075 chapke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2753-4075","contributorId":2981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hapke","given":"Cheryl","email":"chapke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":289257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, David","contributorId":63888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richmond, Bruce M. 0000-0002-0056-5832 brichmond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-5832","contributorId":2459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Bruce","email":"brichmond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruggiero, Peter","contributorId":15709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruggiero","given":"Peter","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":289258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"List, Jeff","contributorId":50610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":79108,"text":"sir20065014 - 2006 - Borehole geophysical logging and aquifer-isolation tests conducted in well MG-1693 at North Penn Area 5 Superfund Site near Colmar, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T15:53:25","indexId":"sir20065014","displayToPublicDate":"2006-09-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5014","title":"Borehole geophysical logging and aquifer-isolation tests conducted in well MG-1693 at North Penn Area 5 Superfund Site near Colmar, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>Borehole geophysical logging and aquifer-isolation (packer) tests were conducted in well MG-1693 (NP-87) at the North Penn Area 5 Superfund Site near Colmar, Montgomery County, Pa. Objectives of the study were to identify the depth and yield of water-bearing zones, occurrence of vertical borehole flow, and effects of pumping on water levels in nearby wells. Caliper, natural-gamma, single-point-resistance, fluidtemperature, fluid-resistivity, heatpulse-flowmeter, and borehole-video logs were collected. Vertical borehole-fluid movement direction and rate were measured under nonpumping conditions. The suite of logs was used to locate water-bearing fractures, determine zones of vertical borehole-fluid movement, and select depths to set packers. Aquifer-isolation tests were conducted to sample discrete intervals and to determine specific capacities of water-bearing zones and effects of pumping individual zones on water levels in two nearby monitor wells. Specific capacities of isolated zones during aquifer-isolation tests ranged from 0.03 to 3.09 (gal/min)/ft (gallons per minute per foot). Fractures identified by borehole geophysical methods as water-producing or water-receiving zones produced water when isolated and pumped.</p><p>Water enters the borehole primarily through high-angle fractures at 416 to 435 ft bls (feet below land surface) and 129 to 136 ft bls. Water exits the borehole through a high-angle fracture at 104 to 107 ft bls, a broken casing joint at 82 ft bls, and sometimes as artesian flow through the top of the well. Thirteen intervals were selected for aquifer-isolation testing, using a straddle-packer assembly. The specific capacity of interval 1 was 2.09 (gal/min)/ft. The specific capacities of intervals 2, 3, and 4 were similar—0.27, 0.30, and 0.29 (gal/min)/ft, respectively. The specific capacities of intervals 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10 were similar—0.03, 0.04, 0.09, 0.09, and 0.04 (gal/min)/ft, respectively. Intervals 9, 11, and 12 each showed a strong hydraulic connection outside the borehole with intervals above and below the isolated interval. The specific capacities of intervals 9, 11, 12, and 13 were similar—2.12, 2.17, 3.09, and 3.08 (gal/min)/ft, respectively. </p><p>The aquifer-isolation tests indicate that wells MG-1693 (NP-87) and MG-924 (NP-21) are connected primarily through the high-angle fracture from 416 to 435 ft bls. Pumping in either of these wells directly impacts the other well, allowing the pumped well to draw from water-bearing zones in the nonpumped well that are not present in or are not connected directly to the pumped well. The two boreholes act as a single, U-shaped well. The aquifer-isolation tests also show that the lower zones in well MG-1693 (NP-87) are a major source of hydraulic head in well MG-1661 (W-13) through the broken casing joint at 82 ft bls. Water moving upward from the lower intervals in well MG-1693 (NP-87) exits the borehole through the broken casing joint, moves upward outside the borehole, possibly around and (or) through a poor or damaged casing seal, and through the weathered zone above bedrock to well MG-1661 (W-13).</p><p>Samples for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected in nine isolated intervals. Six compounds were detected (1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trichloroethene (TCE)), and TCE was found in all nine isolated intervals. Intervals 4 (124-149 ft bls) and 6 (277-302 ft bls) had the highest total concentration of VOCs (6.66 and 6.2 micrograms per liter, respectively). Intervals 1 (68-93 ft bls) and 4 each had five compounds detected, which was the highest number of compounds detected. Interval 5 (252-277 ft bls) had the lowest total concentration of VOCs (0.08 microgram per liter) and the least number of VOCs detected (one). Detected compounds were not evenly distributed throughout the intervals. Contaminants were found in shallow, intermediate, and deep intervals and were associated with high-angle fractures and rough areas that showed no distinct fractures. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065014","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Bird, P.H., 2006, Borehole geophysical logging and aquifer-isolation tests conducted in well MG-1693 at North Penn Area 5 Superfund Site near Colmar, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5014, viii, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065014.","productDescription":"viii, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8543,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5014/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Montgomery County","city":"Colmar","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.5,40.333333333333336 ], [ -75.5,40.5 ], [ -75.33333333333333,40.5 ], [ -75.33333333333333,40.333333333333336 ], [ -75.5,40.333333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602a0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bird, Philip H. 0000-0003-2088-8644 phbird@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2088-8644","contributorId":2085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Philip","email":"phbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70242045,"text":"70242045 - 2006 - Catastrophe, recovery and range limitation in NE Pacific kelp forests: a large-scale perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-05T14:05:17.595285","indexId":"70242045","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-29T08:53:01","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2636,"text":"MEPS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Catastrophe, recovery and range limitation in NE Pacific kelp forests: a large-scale perspective","docAbstract":"<p><span>The 1997–98 El Niño was one of the strongest on record and resulted in widespread losses of the giant kelp&nbsp;</span><i>Macrocystis pyrifera</i><span>&nbsp;(Agardh) along the west coast of North America. Drawing on a rich history of studies that have shown abnormally large waves and warm nutrient-poor water associated with El Niños to negatively impact giant kelp populations at some locations in southern and Baja California, we examined (1) how these impacts scale up when considered across the species’ geographic range in the NE Pacific Ocean and (2) if these impacts are generalizable over broad spatial scales. Working at 56 sites in 14 study locations over a 3 yr period (1997 to 2000), we examined how giant kelp populations were impacted by and recovered following the 1997–98 El Niño over a ~1500 km span along the west coast of North America. Our results indicate that while nearly all giant kelp disappeared from the southern one-third of the species’ range along the coast of Baja California, Mexico, and heavy losses occurred throughout the central one-third of the species’ range in southern California, USA, only minor impacts were observed throughout the northern one-third of the species’ range in central California. Further, although highly variable among regions, these impacts were similar and generalizable among locations within each region. Our results also suggest that, as has been observed in local-scale studies, this large-scale variability in giant kelp mortality was driven by large-scale patterns in ocean temperature (nutrient concentration) and wave intensity. Recovery following El Niño, in contrast, was variable at multiple spatial scales and although not directly tested here, presumably influenced by numerous factors such as proximity to upwelling areas, competition with other algae, grazing, and propagule availability. Further, variability in the rates of recovery among locations resulted in a generally slow recovery of giant kelp throughout most of Baja California, and residual large-scale impacts of the El Niño were still evident 2 yr after the El Niño ended. As global climate change may lead to increases in the frequency and intensity of El Niños, our findings have broad implications for the ways in which ecosystems might be expected to respond to them and provide a measure by which their impacts to giant kelp ecosystems may be compared among events.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps320079","usgsCitation":"Edwards, M., and Estes, J.A., 2006, Catastrophe, recovery and range limitation in NE Pacific kelp forests: a large-scale perspective: MEPS, v. 320, p. 79-87, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps320079.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"87","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps320079","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":415228,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.90206252929181,\n              26.93094746896577\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.67166568069763,\n              27.662790573703916\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.9608437206309,\n              27.89072172650296\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.11835149746376,\n              28.671108944957027\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.65081281043813,\n              29.844869047267252\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.020006532164,\n              32.527864990612954\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.5958661248973,\n              33.62479806113656\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.48046528982154,\n              34.20260681727105\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.39217160783527,\n              34.59948659241695\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.71543441789687,\n              35.10449911869162\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.84920107488243,\n              36.3907045697502\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.79003067031844,\n              36.86030284506636\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.30373224598206,\n              37.13219674532428\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.66821292412838,\n              38.21062794517695\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.67348855772319,\n              39.00685957982992\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.30516118931818,\n              40.35184362323267\n            ],\n            [\n              -128.4195484715151,\n              40.01922675644212\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.36941509517033,\n              34.13294893416567\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.80640147383887,\n              27.848723477337685\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.87499943643222,\n              25.87023809119225\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.90206252929181,\n              26.93094746896577\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"320","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Matthew S.","contributorId":53293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Matthew S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":868697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":77015,"text":"sim2917 - 2006 - Under the Golden Gate Bridge — Views of the sea floor near the entrance to San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T21:25:44.366393","indexId":"sim2917","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2917","title":"Under the Golden Gate Bridge — Views of the sea floor near the entrance to San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<p>San Francisco Bay in Northern California is one of the largest and most altered estuaries within the United States. The sea floor within the bay as well as at its entrance is constantly changing due to strong tidal currents, aggregate mining, dredge disposal, and the creation of new land using artificial fill. Understanding this dynamic sea floor is critical for addressing local environmental issues, which include defining pollution transport pathways, deciphering tectonics, and identifying benthic habitats. Mapping commercial interests such as safe ship navigation and dredge disposal is also significantly aided by such understanding.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Over the past decade, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB) in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE) and the Center for Integrative Coastal Observation, Research and Education (CICORE) have partnered to map central San Francisco Bay and its entrance under the Golden Gate Bridge using multibeam echosounders. These sonar systems can continuously map to produce 100 percent coverage of the sea floor at meter-scale resolution and thus produce an unprecedented view of the floor of the bay.</p>\n<br>\n<p>This poster shows views of the sea floor in west-central San Francisco Bay around Alcatraz and Angel Islands, underneath the Golden Gate Bridge, and through its entrance from the Pacific Ocean. The sea floor is portrayed as a shaded relief surface generated from the multibeam data color-coded for depth from light blues for the shallowest values to purples for the deepest. The land regions are portrayed by USGS digital orthophotographs (DOQs) overlaid on USGS digital elevation models (DEMs). The water depths have a 4x vertical exaggeration while the land areas have a 2x vertical exaggeration.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim2917","isbn":"1411309723","usgsCitation":"Dartnell, P., Barnard, P.L., Chin, J., Hanes, D., Kvitek, R.G., Iampietro, P.J., and Gardner, J.V., 2006, Under the Golden Gate Bridge — Views of the sea floor near the entrance to San Francisco Bay, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2917, 1 Plate: 33.50 × 32.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2917.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 33.50 × 32.50 inches","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim2917.jpg"},{"id":392970,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76911.htm"},{"id":287662,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2917/sim2917.pdf"},{"id":8154,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2917/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.50717163085938,\n              37.78618210598413\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.46219635009764,\n              37.78618210598413\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.46219635009764,\n              37.835276322922695\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.50717163085938,\n              37.835276322922695\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.50717163085938,\n              37.78618210598413\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f5c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X pdartnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":2688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","email":"pdartnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L. 0000-0003-1414-6476 pbarnard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-6476","contributorId":2880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick","email":"pbarnard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chin, John L.","contributorId":98291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"John L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanes, Daniel","contributorId":73691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kvitek, Rikk G.","contributorId":107804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvitek","given":"Rikk","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Iampietro, Pat J.","contributorId":85679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iampietro","given":"Pat","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":93035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70259550,"text":"70259550 - 2006 - Dealing with uncertainty and sensitivity issues in process-based models of carbon and nitrogen cycles in northern forest ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T16:26:28.068244","indexId":"70259550","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-01T11:18:58","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Dealing with uncertainty and sensitivity issues in process-based models of carbon and nitrogen cycles in northern forest ecosystems","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many process-based models on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles have been developed for northern forest ecosystems. These models are widely used to evaluate the long-term decisions in forest management dealing with effects like particulate pollution, productivity and climate change. Regarding climate change, one of the key questions that have sensitive political implications is whether northern forests will sequester atmospheric C or not. Whilst many process-based models have been tested for accuracy by evaluating or validating against observed data, few have dealt with the complexity of the incorporated procedures to estimate uncertainties associated with model predictions or the sensitivity of these predictions to input factors in a systematic, inter-model comparison fashion. In general, models differ in their underlying attempts to match natural complexities with assumed or imposed model structure and process formulations to estimate model parameters, to gather data and to address issues on scope, scale and natural variations. Uncertainties may originate from model structure, estimation of model parameters, data input, representation of natural variation and scaling exercises. Model structure relates to the mathematical representation of the processes modelled and the type of state variables that a model contains. The modelling of partitioning among above- and below-ground C and N pools and the interdependence among these pools remain a major source of uncertainty in model structure and error propagation. Most soil C models use at least three state variables to represent the different types of soil organic matter (SOM). This approach results in creating three artificial SOM pools, assuming that each one contains C compounds with same turnover rate. In reality, SOM consists of many different types of C compounds with widely different turnover rates. Uncertainty in data and parameter estimates are closely linked. Data uncertainties are associated with high variations in estimating forest biomass, productivity and soil organic matter and may be incomplete for model initialization, calibration, validation and sensitivity analysis of generalized predictor models. The scale at which a model is being used also affects the level of uncertainty, as the errors in the prediction of the C and N dynamics differ from the site to the landscape levels and across climatic regions. If the spatial or temporal scale of a model application is changed, additional uncertainty arises from neglecting natural variability in system variables in time and space. Uncertainty issues are also intimately related to model validation and sensitivity analysis. The estimation of uncertainties is needed to inform decision process, in order to detect the possible corridor of development. Uncertainty in this context is an essential measure of quality for stakeholder and decision makers.</span></p>","conferenceTitle":"3rd International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software","conferenceDate":"July 9-13, 2006","conferenceLocation":"Burlington, VT","language":"English","publisher":"International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software","usgsCitation":"Larocque, G.R., Bhatti, J.S., Gordon, A., Luckai, N., Liu, J., Liu, S., Arp, P., Zhang, C., Komarov, A., Grabarnik, P., Wattenbach, M., Peng, C., Sun, J., and White, T., 2006, Dealing with uncertainty and sensitivity issues in process-based models of carbon and nitrogen cycles in northern forest ecosystems, 3rd International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, Burlington, VT, July 9-13, 2006, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference/2006/all/147/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462836,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larocque, Guy R.","contributorId":68139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larocque","given":"Guy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bhatti, Jagtar S.","contributorId":12720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhatti","given":"Jagtar","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gordon, A.M.","contributorId":221191,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gordon","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luckai, N.","contributorId":81727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luckai","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liu, Jinxun 0000-0003-0561-8988 jxliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-8988","contributorId":3414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Jinxun","email":"jxliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liu, Shuguang 0000-0002-6027-3479 sliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3479","contributorId":147403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shuguang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Arp, P.A.","contributorId":221193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arp","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zhang, C.F.","contributorId":221194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Komarov, A","contributorId":221178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Komarov","given":"A","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Grabarnik, P.","contributorId":221195,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grabarnik","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Wattenbach, M.","contributorId":221192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wattenbach","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Peng, C.","contributorId":44092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peng","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sun, Jianfeng","contributorId":345117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sun","given":"Jianfeng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"White, Thomas","contributorId":345118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":915725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70184346,"text":"70184346 - 2006 - Monitored natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents: Moving beyond reductive dechlorination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T09:00:53","indexId":"70184346","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3249,"text":"Remediation Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitored natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents: Moving beyond reductive dechlorination","docAbstract":"<p><span>Monitored natural attenuation (MNA), while a remedy of choice for many sites, can be challenging when the contaminants are chlorinated solvents. Even with many high-quality technical guidance references available, there continue to be challenges implementing MNA at some chlorinated solvent sites. The U.S. Department of Energy, as one organization facing such challenges, is leading a project that will incorporate developing concepts and tools into the existing toolbox for selecting and implementing MNA as a remediation option at sites with chlorinated solvent contamination. The structure and goals of this project were introduced in an article in the Winter 2004 issue of Remediation (Sink et al., 2004). This article is a summary of the three technical areas being developed through the project: mass balance, enhanced attenuation, and characterization and monitoring supporting the first two areas. </span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rem.20088","usgsCitation":"Vangelas, K.M., Looney, B.B., Early, T.O., Gilmore, T., Chapelle, F.H., Adams, K.M., and Sink, C.H., 2006, Monitored natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents: Moving beyond reductive dechlorination: Remediation Journal, v. 16, no. 3, p. 5-23, https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.20088.","productDescription":"19 p. ","startPage":"5","endPage":"23","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336982,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58bfd4fde4b014cc3a3ba521","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vangelas, Karen M.","contributorId":187621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vangelas","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Looney, Brian B.","contributorId":187622,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Looney","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Early, Tom O.","contributorId":187623,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Early","given":"Tom","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gilmore, Tyler","contributorId":187624,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gilmore","given":"Tyler","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Adams, Karen M.","contributorId":187626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sink, Claire H.","contributorId":187627,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sink","given":"Claire","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":76704,"text":"ofr20061073 - 2006 - USGS analysis of the Australian UNCLOS submission","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:11","indexId":"ofr20061073","displayToPublicDate":"2006-05-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1073","title":"USGS analysis of the Australian UNCLOS submission","docAbstract":"In November 2004, the Government of Australia made a submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) for 10 extended continental shelf (ECS) regions, utilizing Article-76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). With information provided in the Australian Executive Summary, the USGS examined the 10 regions of the submission from geological, morphological, and resource perspectives. By their own request, the Australians asked that CLCS take no action on the Australian-Antarctic Territory. The major limitation in this analysis is that no bathymetric soundings or detailed hydrographic profiles were provided in the Australian Executive Summary that might show why the Foot of the Slope (FOS) was chosen or where the 2,500-m contour is located. This represents a major limitation because more than half of the 4,205 boundary points utilize the bathymetric formula line and more than one-third of them utilize the bathymetric constraint line. CLCS decisions on the components of this submission may set a precedent for how ECSs are treated in future submissions. Some of the key decisions will cover (a) how a 'natural prolongation' of a continental margin is determined, particularly if a bathymetric saddle that appears to determine the prolongation is in deep water and is well outside of the 200-nm limit (Exmouth Plateau), (b) defining to what extent that plateaus, rises, caps, banks and spurs that are formed of oceanic crust and from oceanic processes can be considered to be 'natural prolongations' (Kerguelen Plateau), (c) to what degree UNCLOS recognizes reefs and uninhabited micro-islands (specifically, rocks and/or sand shoals) as islands that can have an EEZ (Middleton and Elizabeth Reefs north of Lord Howe Island), and (d) how the Foot of the Slope (FOS) is chosen (Great Australian Bight). The submission contains situations that are relevant to potential future U.S. submissions and are potentially analogous to certain features of the US margins. The Australian margin has significant geological and morphological variety, similar to the US margin and gives a good idea of the complexity of issues related to the U.S. margin. Decisions about basins and ridges in the Lord Howe Rise and Three Kings Ridge regions will likely bear on the status of ridges in the Arctic, such as Lomonosov Ridge. The Naturaliste Plateau and the South Tasman Rise appear to have parallels with the Chukchi Plateau in the Arctic and the Blake Plateau off the southeastern U.S. The ECS on Macquarie Island/Ridge may determine how boundaries along ridges such as the Mariannas are treated.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061073","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, D.R., and Rowland, R.W., 2006, USGS analysis of the Australian UNCLOS submission: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1073, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061073.","productDescription":"23 p.","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":7758,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1073/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611600","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah R. 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":287667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowland, Robert W.","contributorId":42200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowland","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70176784,"text":"70176784 - 2006 - Submarine radial vents on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-05T15:47:48","indexId":"70176784","displayToPublicDate":"2006-05-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Submarine radial vents on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"<p>A 2002 multibeam sonar survey of Mauna Loa's western flank revealed ten submarine radial vents and three submarine lava flows. Only one submarine radial vent was known previously. The ages of these vents are constrained by eyewitness accounts, geologic relationships, Mn-Fe coatings, and geochemical stratigraphy; they range from 128 years B.P. to possibly 47 ka. Eight of the radial vents produced degassed lavas despite eruption in water depths sufficient to inhibit sulfur degassing. These vents formed truncated cones and short lava flows. Two vents produced undegassed lavas that created “irregular” cones and longer lava flows. Compositionally and isotopically, the submarine radial vent lavas are typical of Mauna Loa lavas, except two cones that erupted alkalic lavas. He-Sr isotopes for the radial vent lavas follow Mauna Loa's evolutionary trend. The compositional and isotopic heterogeneity of these lavas indicates most had distinct parental magmas. Bathymetry and acoustic backscatter results, along with photography and sampling during four JASON2 dives, are used to produce a detailed geologic map to evaluate Mauna Loa's submarine geologic history. The new map shows that the 1877 submarine eruption was much larger than previously thought, resulting in a 10% increase for recent volcanism. Furthermore, although alkalic lavas were found at two radial vents, there is no systematic increase in alkalinity among these or other Mauna Loa lavas as expected for a dying volcano. These results refute an interpretation that Mauna Loa's volcanism is waning. The submarine radial vents and flows cover 29 km<sup>2</sup> of seafloor and comprise a total volume of ∼2×10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of lava, reinforcing the idea that submarine lava eruptions are important in the growth of oceanic island volcanoes even after they emerged above sea level.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005GC001086","usgsCitation":"Wanless, V.D., Garcia, M., Trusdell, F., Rhodes, J., Norman, M., Weis, D., Fornari, D., Kurz, M., and Guillou, H., 2006, Submarine radial vents on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai'i: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 7, no. 5, Q05001, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001086.","productDescription":"Q05001, 28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001086","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":329347,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.5,\n              19\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.5,\n              20\n            ],\n            [\n              -155,\n              20\n            ],\n            [\n              -155,\n              19\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.5,\n              19\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe8d32e4b0824b2d14b0e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wanless, V. Dorsey","contributorId":175158,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wanless","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"Dorsey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garcia, M.O.","contributorId":47868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"M.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trusdell, F. A.","contributorId":57471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rhodes, J.M.","contributorId":31110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Norman, M.D.","contributorId":175159,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Norman","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16807,"text":"Australian National University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":650295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weis, Dominique","contributorId":121531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weis","given":"Dominique","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fornari, D.J.","contributorId":49520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fornari","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kurz, M.D.","contributorId":66845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurz","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Guillou, Herve","contributorId":175160,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guillou","given":"Herve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70156276,"text":"70156276 - 2006 - New products from the shuttle radar topography mission","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T14:03:28","indexId":"70156276","displayToPublicDate":"2006-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New products from the shuttle radar topography mission","docAbstract":"<p>New data products with broad applicability to the Earth sciences are now available from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). SRTM, a joint project of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and NASA, flew aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour on an 11-day mission in February 2000 with the goal of collecting a near-global data set of high-resolution elevation data [<i>Fan and Kobrick</i>, 2000]. Data from the mission have been available to researchers for several years, but newly available products offer enhanced usability and applicability.</p>\n<p>Final products include elevation data resulting from a substantial editing effort by the NGA in which water bodies and coastlines were well defined and data artifacts known as spikes and wells (single pixel errors) were removed. This second version of the SRTM data set, also referred to as &lsquo;finished&rsquo; data, represents a significant improvement over earlier versions that had nonflat water bodies, poorly defined coastlines, and numerous noise artifacts. The edited data are available at a one-arc-second resolution (approximately 30 meters) for the United States and its territories, and at a three-arc-second resolution (approximately 90 meters) for non-U.S. areas.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2006EO180003","usgsCitation":"Gesch, D.B., Farr, T., Slater, J., Muller, J., and Cook, S., 2006, New products from the shuttle radar topography mission: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 87, no. 18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006EO180003.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"174","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006eo180003","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306888,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d45732e4b0518e354694da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gesch, Dean B. 0000-0002-8992-4933 gesch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-4933","contributorId":2956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gesch","given":"Dean","email":"gesch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farr, Tom","contributorId":24903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farr","given":"Tom","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slater, James","contributorId":86630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slater","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Muller, Jan-Peter","contributorId":26882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"Jan-Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cook, Sally","contributorId":76387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Sally","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":76668,"text":"sir20065062 - 2006 - Evaluation of hydrologic conditions and nitrate concentrations in the Rio Nigua de Salinas alluvial fan aquifer, Salinas, Puerto Rico, 2002-03","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:23","indexId":"sir20065062","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5062","title":"Evaluation of hydrologic conditions and nitrate concentrations in the Rio Nigua de Salinas alluvial fan aquifer, Salinas, Puerto Rico, 2002-03","docAbstract":"A ground-water quality study to define the potential sources and concentration of nitrate in the Rio Nigua de Salinas alluvial fan aquifer was conducted between January 2002 and March 2003. The study area covers about 3,600 hectares of the coastal plain within the municipality of Salinas in southern Puerto Rico, extending from the foothills to the Caribbean Sea. Agriculture is the principal land use and includes cultivation of diverse crops, turf grass, bioengineered crops for seed production, and commercial poultry farms.\r\n\r\nGround-water withdrawal in the alluvial fan was estimated to be about 43,500 cubic meters per day, of which 49 percent was withdrawn for agriculture, 42 percent for public supply, and 9 percent for industrial use. Ground-water flow in the study area was primarily to the south and toward a cone of depression within the south-central part of the alluvial fan. The presence of that cone of depression and a smaller one located in the northeastern quadrant of the study area may contribute to the increase in nitrate concentration within a total area of about 545 hectares by 'recycling' ground water used for irrigation of cultivated lands.\r\n\r\nIn an area that covers about 405 hectares near the center of the Salinas alluvial fan, nitrate concentrations increased from 0.9 to 6.7 milligrams per liter as nitrogen in 1986 to 8 to 12 milligrams per liter as nitrogen in 2002. Principal sources of nitrate in the study area are fertilizers (used in the cultivated farmlands) and poultry farm wastes. The highest nitrogen concentrations were found at poultry farms in the foothills area. In the area of disposed poultry farm wastes, nitrate concentrations in ground water ranged from 25 to 77 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. Analyses for the stable isotope ratios of nitrogen-15/nitrogen-14 in nitrate were used to distinguish the source of nitrate in the coastal plain alluvial fan aquifer.\r\n\r\nPotential nitrate loads from areas under cultivation were estimated for the principal crops in the area. The load estimates ranged from 18 kilograms per hectare per year as nitrogen for sorghum crops to 430 kilograms per hectare per year as nitrogen for turf-grass farms. Potential nitrate load from poultry farm wastes and from communities with septic tanks were estimated at about 580 and 47 kilograms per hectare per year as nitrogen, respectively. Results obtained from the analyses of the stable isotope ratios of nitrogen-15/nitrogen-14 in nitrate samples indicated that the high nitrate concentrations are from poultry wastes near the foothills, whereas artificial fertilizers were estimated to contribute between 39 to 97 percent of the total nitrate in the central part of the alluvial fan. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065062","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, J.M., 2006, Evaluation of hydrologic conditions and nitrate concentrations in the Rio Nigua de Salinas alluvial fan aquifer, Salinas, Puerto Rico, 2002-03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5062, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065062.","productDescription":"38 p.","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":538,"text":"Puerto Rico Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7719,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5062/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -66.03333333333333,18.55 ], [ -66.03333333333333,18 ], [ -66.05,18 ], [ -66.05,18.55 ], [ -66.03333333333333,18.55 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fad65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, Jose M. 0000-0002-4430-9929 jmrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4430-9929","contributorId":1318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Jose","email":"jmrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":76578,"text":"gip31 - 2006 - Facing the great disaster : How the men and women of the U.S. Geological Survey responded to the 1906 \"San Francisco Earthquake\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T09:28:25","indexId":"gip31","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"31","title":"Facing the great disaster : How the men and women of the U.S. Geological Survey responded to the 1906 \"San Francisco Earthquake\"","docAbstract":"<p>It was the most devastating earthquake in California’s history. At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the ground under the San Francisco Bay Area shook violently for more than 40 seconds. The magnitude 7.8 earthquake created a rupture along nearly 300 miles of the San Andreas Fault and was felt from southern Oregon to Los Angeles. Because the earthquake’s epicenter was just offshore from San Francisco, the impact on that city was catastrophic. Fragments of broken houses and buildings tumbled into the streets. The pipeline carrying water into the city was severed; fires triggered by broken gas mains raged out of control for 3 days. An area of almost 5 square miles in the heart of the city was destroyed by shaking and fire, and earthquake damage was widespread elsewhere. At least 3,000 people were killed, and 225,000 were left homeless. Drinking water, food, and supplies quickly became scarce.</p><p>In 1906, the only permanent U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) office in California was the Pacific Division topographic mapping office in Sacramento, 70 miles up the Sacramento River from San Francisco Bay. The office had been established just 3 years earlier and was the only USGS office ever created for the sole function of topographic mapping. At the time of the earthquake, many USGS topographers were in Sacramento preparing for a summer of field work.</p><p>Although moderate shaking was felt in Sacramento, then a town of about 30,000 people, detailed information about the earthquake was slow to reach the residents there. USGS topographic engineer George R. Davis, not knowing the full extent of the damage, was fearful that his 62-year-old father Edward Davis in San Francisco was caught up in the devastation. George therefore left Sacramento on the first train bound for the San Francisco Bay area. “He was very worried. The phones were down and he wasn’t sure whether or not the hotel his father was living in was damaged,” said George Davis’s daughter Anna (Davis) Rogers, then an octogenarian, in a 2005 interview. Recalling the stories she heard of these events while growing up, Anna added, “Fortunately [the hotel] hadn’t fallen down.”</p><p>George Davis, a tall man with a quiet demeanor and a dry wit, was accompanied to San Francisco by fellow USGS topographer Clarence L. Nelson. Both were 29 years old and in excellent physical condition after a year spent mapping the Mount Whitney quadrangle, which includes some of the most rugged terrain in the conterminous United States.</p><p>On their arrival in San Francisco, the pair was fortunate to find the elder Davis unharmed at the hotel where he had been living. Nelson—handsome, athletic, and artistic—had brought his camera in order to get photographs while things were still “hot” and began taking what were to become a memorable set of images. The three men wandered through San Francisco all night and through the following morning, moving from one dramatic scene to the next. Nelson captured the horse-mounted “dynamite squad,” soldiers marching on Van Ness Avenue, and a rare scene of two horsedrawn fire engines with one engine drawing water from a cistern on Union Street. One ironic photograph shows refugees making their way through rubble-filled streets in the direction of a wrecked City Hall. Flames from the burning heart of the city shone brightly against the darkness, and Nelson captured the surreal glow in several of his photographs, including one of Union Square with the Breuners building burning in the background.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip31","usgsCitation":"Colvard, E.M., and Rogers, J., 2006, Facing the great disaster : How the men and women of the U.S. Geological Survey responded to the 1906 \"San Francisco Earthquake\": U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 31, iii, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/gip31.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p.","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip_31.jpg"},{"id":7528,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/2006/31/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":345727,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/2006/31/gip-31.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f88dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvard, Elizabeth M.","contributorId":26675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvard","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rogers, James","contributorId":25251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":76313,"text":"ofr20061024 - 2006 - Petroleum system modeling capabilities for use in oil and gas resource assessments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T13:17:54","indexId":"ofr20061024","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1024","title":"Petroleum system modeling capabilities for use in oil and gas resource assessments","docAbstract":"Summary:  Petroleum resource assessments are among the most highly visible and frequently cited scientific products of the U.S. Geological Survey. The assessments integrate diverse and extensive information on the geologic, geochemical, and petroleum production histories of provinces and regions of the United States and the World. Petroleum systems modeling incorporates these geoscience data in ways that strengthen the assessment process and results are presented visually and numerically. The purpose of this report is to outline the requirements, advantages, and limitations of one-dimensional (1-D), two-dimensional (2-D), and three-dimensional (3-D) petroleum systems modeling that can be applied to the assessment of oil and gas resources. Primary focus is on the application of the Integrated Exploration Systems (IES) PetroMod? software because of familiarity with that program as well as the emphasis by the USGS Energy Program on standardizing to one modeling application. The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) is used to demonstrate the use of the PetroMod? software.\r\n\r\nPetroleum systems modeling quantitatively extends the 'total petroleum systems' (TPS) concept (Magoon and Dow, 1994; Magoon and Schmoker, 2000) that is employed in USGS resource assessments. Modeling allows integration of state-of-the-art analysis techniques, and provides the means to test and refine understanding of oil and gas generation, migration, and accumulation. Results of modeling are presented visually, numerically, and statistically, which enhances interpretation of the processes that affect TPSs through time. Modeling also provides a framework for the input and processing of many kinds of data essential in resource assessment, including (1) petroleum system elements such as reservoir, seal, and source rock intervals; (2) timing of depositional, hiatus, and erosional events and their influences on petroleum systems; (3) incorporation of vertical and lateral distribution and lithologies of strata that compose the petroleum systems; and (4) calculations of pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) histories. As digital data on petroleum systems continue to expand, the models can integrate these data into USGS resource assessments by building and displaying, through time, areas of petroleum generation, migration pathways, accumulations, and relative contributions of source rocks to the hydrocarbon components.\r\n\r\nIES PetroMod? 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D models are integrated such that each uses the same variables for petroleum systems modeling. 1-D burial history models are point locations, mainly wells. Maps and cross-sections model geologic information in two dimensions and can incorporate direct input of 2-D seismic data and interpretations using various formats. Both 1-D and 2-D models use data essential for assessments and, following data compilation, they can be completed in hours and retested in minutes. Such models should be built early in the geologic assessment process, inasmuch as they incorporate the petroleum system elements of reservoir, source, and seal rock intervals with associated lithologies and depositional and erosional ages. The models can be used to delineate the petroleum systems. A number of 1-D and 2-D models can be constructed across a geologic province and used by the assessment geologists as a 3-D framework of processes that control petroleum generation, migration, and accumulation. The primary limitation of these models is that they only represent generation, migration, and accumulation in two dimensions.\r\n\r\n3-D models are generally built at reservoir to basin scales. They provide a much more detailed and realistic representation of petroleum systems than 1-D or 2-D models because they portray more fully the temporal and physical relations among (1) burial history; (2) lithologies and associated changes through burial in porosity, permeability, and compaction; (3) hydrodynamic effects; and (4) other parameters that influence petroleum gen","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061024","usgsCitation":"Higley, D.K., Lewan, M., Roberts, L.N., and Henry, M.E., 2006, Petroleum system modeling capabilities for use in oil and gas resource assessments (Online only, Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1024, iii, 18 p.: ill., maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061024.","productDescription":"iii, 18 p.: ill., maps","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2006_1024.jpg"},{"id":7135,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1024/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only, Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db6871a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Higley, Debra K. 0000-0001-8024-9954 higley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-9954","contributorId":152663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higley","given":"Debra","email":"higley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewan, Michael","contributorId":10499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, Laura N.R.","contributorId":79530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"N.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Henry, Mitchell E.","contributorId":57447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Mitchell","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70196452,"text":"70196452 - 2006 - Occurrence of MTBE and other gasoline oxygenates in CWS source waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T11:00:33","indexId":"70196452","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2136,"text":"Journal - American Water Works Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of MTBE and other gasoline oxygenates in CWS source waters","docAbstract":"<p><span>Results from two national surveys indicate that the gasoline oxygenate methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is one of the most frequently detected volatile organic compounds in source waters used by community water systems in the United States. Three other ether oxygenates were detected infrequently but almost always co-occurred with MTBE. A random sampling of source waters across the United States found MTBE in almost 9% of samples. In geographic areas with high MTBE use, the compound was detected in 23% of source water samples. Although MTBE concentrations were low (&lt;1 µg/L) in most samples, some concentrations equaled or exceeded the drinking water advisory of 20 µg/L set by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The frequent detection of even low concentrations of MTBE demonstrates the vulnerability of US source waters to anthropogenic compounds, indicating a need to include MTBE in monitoring programs to track the trend of contamination.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":" American Water Works Association","doi":"10.1002/j.1551-8833.2006.tb07637.x","usgsCitation":"Carter, J.M., Grady, S.J., Delzer, G.C., Koch, B., and Zogorski, J.S., 2006, Occurrence of MTBE and other gasoline oxygenates in CWS source waters: Journal - American Water Works Association, v. 98, no. 4, p. 91-104, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2006.tb07637.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"104","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353251,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"98","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff01f9e4b0da30c1bfcc38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473 jmcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet","email":"jmcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":732962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grady, Stephen J.","contributorId":101636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Delzer, Gregory C. 0000-0002-7077-4963 gcdelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-4963","contributorId":986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delzer","given":"Gregory","email":"gcdelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":732964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koch, Bart","contributorId":22813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Bart","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":732966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70176918,"text":"70176918 - 2006 - The A.D. 1835 eruption of Volcán Cosigüina, Nicaragua: A guide for assessing local volcanic hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-15T11:30:54","indexId":"70176918","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The A.D. 1835 eruption of Volcán Cosigüina, Nicaragua: A guide for assessing local volcanic hazards","docAbstract":"<p><span>The January 1835 eruption of Volcán Cosigüina in northwestern Nicaragua was one of the largest and most explosive in Central America since Spanish colonization. We report on the results of reconnaissance stratigraphic studies and laboratory work aimed at better defining the distribution and character of deposits emplaced by the eruption as a means of developing a preliminary hazards assessment for future eruptions. On the lower flanks of the volcano, a basal tephra-fall deposit comprises either ash and fine lithic lapilli or, locally, dacitic pumice. An overlying tephra-fall deposit forms an extensive blanket of brown to gray andesitic scoria that is 35–60 cm thick at 5–10 km from the summit-caldera rim, except southwest of the volcano, where it is considerably thinner. The scoria fall produced the most voluminous deposit of the eruption and underlies pyroclastic-surge and -flow deposits that chiefly comprise gray andesitic scoria. In northern and southeastern sectors of the volcano, these flowage deposits form broad fans and valley fills that locally reach the Gulf of Fonseca. An arcuate ridge 2 km west of the caldera rim and a low ridge east of the caldera deflected pyroclastic flows northward and southeastward. Pyroclastic flows did not reach the lower west and southwest flanks, which instead received thick, fine-grained, accretionary-lapilli–rich ashfall deposits that probably derived chiefly from ash clouds elutriated from pyroclastic flows. We estimate the total bulk volume of erupted deposits to be ∼6 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>. Following the eruption, lahars inundated large portions of the lower flanks, and erosion of deposits and creation of new channels triggered rapid alluviation. Pre-1835 eruptions are poorly dated; however, scoria-fall, pyroclastic-flow, and lahar deposits record a penultimate eruption of smaller magnitude than that of 1835. It occurred a few centuries earlier—perhaps in the fifteenth century. An undated sequence of thick tephra-fall deposits on the west flank of the volcano records tens of eruptions, some of which were greater in magnitude than that of 1835. Weathering evidence suggests this sequence is at least several thousand years old. The wide extent of pyroclastic flows and thick tephra fall during 1835, the greater magnitude of some previous Holocene eruptions, and the location of Cosigüina on a peninsula limit the options to reduce risk during future unrest and eruption.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2006.2412(09)","usgsCitation":"Scott, W.E., Gardner, C.A., Devoli, G., and Alvarez, A., 2006, The A.D. 1835 eruption of Volcán Cosigüina, Nicaragua: A guide for assessing local volcanic hazards: GSA Special Papers, v. 412, p. 167-187, https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2412(09).","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"187","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329506,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Nicaragua","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.7642822265625,\n              12.62559781052759\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.7642822265625,\n              13.145015081626015\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.3028564453125,\n              13.145015081626015\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.3028564453125,\n              12.62559781052759\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.7642822265625,\n              12.62559781052759\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"412","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ff4bf9e4b0824b2d159771","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, Cynthia A. 0000-0002-6214-6182 cgardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6214-6182","contributorId":1959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Cynthia","email":"cgardner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Devoli, Graziella","contributorId":86002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Devoli","given":"Graziella","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alvarez, Antonio","contributorId":175290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alvarez","given":"Antonio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70242597,"text":"70242597 - 2006 - Temperature variations at diffuse and focused flow hydrothermal vent sites along the northern East Pacific Rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T16:39:29.781246","indexId":"70242597","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-03T11:24:14","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7143,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, and Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperature variations at diffuse and focused flow hydrothermal vent sites along the northern East Pacific Rise","docAbstract":"<p><span>In the decade following documented volcanic activity on the East Pacific Rise near 9°50′N, we monitored hydrothermal vent fluid temperature variations in conjunction with approximately yearly vent fluid sampling to better understand the processes and physical conditions that govern the evolution of seafloor hydrothermal systems. The temperature of both diffuse flow (low-temperature) and focused flow (high-temperature) vent fluids decreased significantly within several years of eruptions in 1991 and 1992. After mid-1994, focused flow vents generally exhibited periods of relatively stable, slowly varying temperatures, with occasional high- and low-temperature excursions lasting days to weeks. One such positive temperature excursion was associated with a crustal cracking event. Another with both positive and negative excursions demonstrated a subsurface connection between adjacent focused flow and diffuse flow vents. Diffuse flow vents exhibit much greater temperature variability than adjacent higher-temperature vents. On timescales of a week or less, temperatures at a given position within a diffuse flow field often varied by 5°–10°C, synchronous with near-bottom currents dominated by tidal and inertial forcing. On timescales of a week and longer, diffuse flow temperatures varied slowly and incoherently among different vent fields. At diffuse flow vent sites, the conceptual model of a thermal boundary layer immediately above the seafloor explains many of the temporal and spatial temperature variations observed within a single vent field. The thermal boundary layer is a lens of warm water injected from beneath the seafloor that is mixed and distended by lateral near-bottom currents. The volume of the boundary layer is delineated by the position of mature communities of sessile (e.g., tubeworms) and relatively slow-moving organisms (e.g., mussels). Vertical flow rates of hydrothermal fluids exiting the seafloor at diffuse vents are less than lateral flow rates of near-bottom currents (5–10 cm/s). The presence of a subsurface, shallow reservoir of warm hydrothermal fluids can explain differing temperature behaviors of adjacent diffuse flow and focused flow vents at 9°50′N. Different average temperatures and daily temperature ranges are explained by variable amounts of mixing of hydrothermal fluids with ambient seawater through subsurface conduits that have varying lateral permeability.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005GC001094","usgsCitation":"Scheirer, D., Shank, T., and Fornari, D.J., 2006, Temperature variations at diffuse and focused flow hydrothermal vent sites along the northern East Pacific Rise: Geochemistry, Geophysics, and Geosystems, v. 7, no. 3, Q03002, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001094.","productDescription":"Q03002, 23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001094","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":415499,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"East Pacific Rise","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.3,\n              9.841667\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.3,\n              9.825\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.2833,\n              9.825\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.2833,\n              9.841667\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.3,\n              9.841667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scheirer, Daniel S. dscheirer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheirer","given":"Daniel S.","email":"dscheirer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":869064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shank, Timothy M.","contributorId":100722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shank","given":"Timothy M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fornari, Daniel J.","contributorId":93556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fornari","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70029464,"text":"70029464 - 2006 - Conservation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in teleost fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T14:52:58","indexId":"70029464","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1290,"text":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part D: Genomics and Proteomics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in teleost fish","docAbstract":"<p>In mammals, toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize ligands, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and respond with ligand-specific induction of genes. In this study, we establish evolutionary conservation in teleost fish of key components of the TLR-signaling pathway that act as switches for differential gene induction, including MYD88, TIRAP, TRIF, TRAF6, IRF3, and IRF7. We further explore this conservation with a molecular phylogenetic analysis of MYD88. To the extent that current genomic analysis can establish, each vertebrate has one ortholog to each of these genes. For molecular tree construction and phylogeny inference, we demonstrate a methodology for including genes with only partial primary sequences without disrupting the topology provided by the high-confidence full-length sequences. Conservation of the TLR-signaling molecules suggests that the basic program of gene regulation by the TLR-signaling pathway is conserved across vertebrates. To test this hypothesis, leukocytes from a model fish, rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>), were stimulated with known mammalian TLR agonists including: diacylated and triacylated forms of lipoprotein, flagellin, two forms of LPS, synthetic double-stranded RNA, and two imidazoquinoline compounds (loxoribine and R848). Trout leukocytes responded in vitro to a number of these agonists with distinct patterns of cytokine expression that correspond to mammalian responses. Our results support the key prediction from our phylogenetic analyses that strong selective pressure of pathogenic microbes has preserved both TLR recognition and signaling functions during vertebrate evolution.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.cbd.2005.07.003","issn":"1744117X","usgsCitation":"Purcell, M.K., Smith, K., Aderem, A., Hood, L., Winton, J., and Roach, J., 2006, Conservation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in teleost fish: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part D: Genomics and Proteomics, v. 1, no. 1, p. 77-88, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2005.07.003.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"88","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477340,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1524722","text":"External Repository"},{"id":237777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9eee4b0c8380cd4d820","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purcell, M. K.","contributorId":78464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purcell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, K.D.","contributorId":64003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aderem, A.","contributorId":41645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aderem","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hood, L.","contributorId":40795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Roach, J.C.","contributorId":19362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roach","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70184343,"text":"70184343 - 2006 - The influence of hydrous Mn–Zn oxides on diel cycling of Zn in an alkaline stream draining abandoned mine lands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T15:48:41","indexId":"70184343","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of hydrous Mn–Zn oxides on diel cycling of Zn in an alkaline stream draining abandoned mine lands","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many mining-impacted streams in western Montana with pH near or above neutrality display large (up to 500%) diel cycles in dissolved Zn concentrations. The streams in question typically contain boulders coated with a thin biofilm, as well as black mineral crusts composed of hydrous Mn–Zn oxides. Laboratory mesocosm experiments simulating diel behavior in High Ore Creek (one of the Montana streams with particularly high Zn concentrations) show that the Zn cycles are not caused by 24-h changes in streamflow or hyporheic exchange, but rather to reversible in-stream processes that are driven by the solar cycle and its attendant influence on pH and water temperature (</span><i>T</i><span>). Laboratory experiments using natural Mn–Zn precipitates from the creek show that the mobilities of Zn and Mn increase nearly an order of magnitude for each unit decrease in pH, and decrease 2.4-fold for an increase in </span><i>T</i><span> from 5 to 20&nbsp;°C. The response of dissolved metal concentration to small changes in either pH or </span><i>T</i><span> was rapid and reversible, and dissolved Zn concentrations were roughly an order of magnitude higher than Mn. These observations are best explained by sorption of Zn</span><sup>2+</sup><span> and Mn</span><sup>2+</sup><span> onto the secondary Mn–Zn oxide surfaces. From the </span><i>T</i><span>-dependence of residual metal concentrations in solution, approximate adsorption enthalpies of +50&nbsp;kJ/mol (Zn) and +46&nbsp;kJ/mol (Mn) were obtained, which are within the range of enthalpy values reported in the literature for sorption of divalent metal cations onto hydrous metal oxides. Using the derived pH- and </span><i>T</i><span>-dependencies from the experiments, good agreement is shown between predicted and observed diel Zn cycles for several historical data sets collected from High Ore Creek.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.11.004","usgsCitation":"Shope, C.L., Xie, Y., and Gammons, C.H., 2006, The influence of hydrous Mn–Zn oxides on diel cycling of Zn in an alkaline stream draining abandoned mine lands: Applied Geochemistry, v. 21, no. 3, p. 476-491, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.11.004.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"476","endPage":"491","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336968,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58bfd4fee4b014cc3a3ba530","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shope, Christopher L. cshope@usgs.gov","contributorId":5016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shope","given":"Christopher","email":"cshope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xie, Ying","contributorId":187619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Xie","given":"Ying","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gammons, Christopher H.","contributorId":7822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gammons","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70174248,"text":"70174248 - 2006 - Eutrophication of freshwater and marine ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T09:24:01","indexId":"70174248","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eutrophication of freshwater and marine ecosystems","docAbstract":"<p>Initial understanding of the links between nutrients and aquatic productivity originated in Europe in the early 1900s, and our knowledge base has expanded greatly during the past 40 yr. This explosion of eutrophication-related research has made it unequivocally clear that a comprehensive strategy to prevent excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus from entering our waterways is needed to protect our lakes, rivers, and coasts from water quality deterioration. However, despite these very significant advances, cultural eutrophication remains one of the foremost problems for protecting our valuable surface water resources. The papers in this special issue provide a valuable cross section and synthesis of our current understanding of both freshwater and marine eutrophication science. They also serve to identify gaps in our knowledge and will help to guide future research.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0351","usgsCitation":"Smith, V.H., Joye, S.B., and Howarth, R.W., 2006, Eutrophication of freshwater and marine ecosystems: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 51, no. 1 part 2, p. 351-355, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0351.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"355","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324765,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1 part 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"577e2baee4b0ef4d2f4459e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Val H.","contributorId":168292,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Val","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6773,"text":"University of Kansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":641614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joye, Samantha B.","contributorId":172702,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Joye","given":"Samantha","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howarth, Robert W.","contributorId":32066,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howarth","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13003,"text":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":641616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70184416,"text":"70184416 - 2006 - Response to comment on “Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant”","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-05T07:35:19","indexId":"70184416","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response to comment on “Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant”","docAbstract":"<p><span>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Centers for Disease Control thank Dr. Till for her comments concerning our research (</span><span id=\"bbib8\">Till, 2005</span><span>) and welcome the opportunity to respond. The primary objective of our study was to evaluate the potential for organic wastewater-related contaminants (OWCs), including pharmaceuticals, to survive a conventional drinking-water-treatment process and persist in potable-water supplies (</span><span id=\"bbib7\">Stackelberg et al., 2004</span><span>). Our study was supported by two USGS laboratories: the National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL), which provided the HPLC/ESI-MS and CLLE GC/MS data and the Ocala Water Quality and Research Laboratory (OWQRL), which provided the LC/MS data (</span><span id=\"bbib7\">Stackelberg et al., 2004</span><span>). Although discussed as distinct techniques by Dr. Till and indicated by differing acronyms to distinguish the laboratories producing the data, as described in our paper, the two LC/MS methods are very similar; they consist of a solid-phase extraction method with analysis of the extract produced using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer operated in the positive mode. The NWQL and OWQRL report ‘trace’ and ‘ultratrace’ determinations of analytes that provide significant benefit for describing the presence and fate of low-level contaminants. For mass spectral methods, an analyte is qualitatively identified by its retention time on the chromatographic column as well as the presence of two or more confirming ions with area ratios that match that of the reference standard compounds. Because of a recognized increased risk of false positives, these qualitative identification criteria are used in conjunction with abundant quality-control samples (detailed below) to confirm detection prior to making an estimate of the concentration. These qualitative identification criteria must be met before a compound is considered present (or detected) in a sample (</span><span id=\"bbib4\">Oblinger Childress et al., 1999</span><span>). When a compound has been qualitatively identified in an environmental sample (whether above or below its reporting level [RL]), it is assessed in context with associated field and laboratory blanks, field and laboratory replicates, and other data, such as appropriate laboratory reagent spikes. An environmental concentration is calculated only after determining that field and laboratory procedures did not contaminate the samples. The concentrations are then calculated from 5- to 8-point calibration curves using internal standard quantitation. Our lowest calibration standard is intentionally much lower than the RL, typically 10 times lower. The most abundant molecular or fragment ion is used for quantitation, and, for the two LC/MS methods, at least one, and where possible two, qualifier ions are used for confirmation. For the GC/MS method, with its greater degree of fragmentation, one quantitation and two qualifier ions are used. When any of the abovementioned qualitative identification criteria are not met, the analyte is considered not present and is reported as “less than” the RL.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.012","usgsCitation":"Stackelberg, P.E., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Zaugg, S.D., Henderson, A.K., and Reissman, D.B., 2006, Response to comment on “Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant”: Science of the Total Environment, v. 354, no. 1, p. 93-97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.012.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"93","endPage":"97","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337106,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"354","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c1263de4b014cc3a3d34ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stackelberg, Paul E. 0000-0002-1818-355X pestack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1818-355X","contributorId":1069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackelberg","given":"Paul","email":"pestack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":681383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Henderson, Alden K.","contributorId":187696,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henderson","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reissman, Dori B.","contributorId":187697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reissman","given":"Dori","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70207772,"text":"70207772 - 2006 - Changes in the C storage in Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park (PNTD) in the last 1000 years [Cambios en el almacenamiento de C en el Parque Nacional de Las Tablas de Daimiel (PNTD) en los últimos 1000 años]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-15T17:11:48.630654","indexId":"70207772","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-09T15:55:45","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1065,"text":"Boletin Geologico y Minero","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in the C storage in Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park (PNTD) in the last 1000 years [Cambios en el almacenamiento de C en el Parque Nacional de Las Tablas de Daimiel (PNTD) en los últimos 1000 años]","docAbstract":"<p><span>Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park has suffered too many modifications throughout its history, natural as well as anthropic, which have affected the carbon storage in different ways. The study of those variations has been carried out by the analysis of sedimentary record and historical data. The sedimentary record has been studied from the core Ciguela 4. It was sampled with a systematic high resolution method (0.7 cm thickness average) to analyze geochemistry and pollen. The analysis of all data shows that the natural changes (linked with the climate) have more variation ranges than the anthropic ones, are directly related with the climate and not with the concentration of the atmospheric CO2, showing a natural cyclicity with a fast mitigation (decades) of the variations. In the other hand the anthropogenic impacts depend on the proximity and intensity of the impact. The usage changes produced during the second half of the 19th century were an indirect impact with medium intensity. The environment had the capacity to recover the values of a normal storage in less than 50 years. Nevertheless the dissication and overexploitation of the groundwater (second half of 20th century) were direct and high intensity impacts. These impacts caused a fast loss of the water table and the salinization of the environment. Due to that the ecosystem lost capacity to store C. recovery of the normal values by a natural way is difficult now.</span></p>","language":"Castilian","publisher":"Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana","issn":"0366-0176","usgsCitation":"Dominguez-Castro, F., Santisteban, J., Mediavilla, R., Dean, W.E., Lopez-Pamo, E., Ruiz-Zapata, M.B., and Gil-Garcia, M.J., 2006, Changes in the C storage in Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park (PNTD) in the last 1000 years [Cambios en el almacenamiento de C en el Parque Nacional de Las Tablas de Daimiel (PNTD) en los últimos 1000 años]: Boletin Geologico y Minero, v. 117, p. 537-544.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"537","endPage":"544","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371131,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Spain","otherGeospatial":"Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -3.779983520507812,\n              39.10182458484289\n            ],\n            [\n              -3.64471435546875,\n              39.10182458484289\n            ],\n            [\n              -3.64471435546875,\n              39.19448036993607\n            ],\n            [\n              -3.779983520507812,\n              39.19448036993607\n            ],\n            [\n              -3.779983520507812,\n              39.10182458484289\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"117","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dominguez-Castro, F.","contributorId":82996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dominguez-Castro","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Santisteban, J.I.","contributorId":56118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santisteban","given":"J.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mediavilla, R.","contributorId":43240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mediavilla","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lopez-Pamo, Enrique","contributorId":221636,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopez-Pamo","given":"Enrique","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ruiz-Zapata, Maria Blanca","contributorId":221637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruiz-Zapata","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"Blanca","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gil-Garcia, Maria Jose","contributorId":221638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gil-Garcia","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"Jose","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70207731,"text":"70207731 - 2006 - The significance of ground water to the accumulation of iron and manganese in the sediments of two hydrologically distinct lakes in north‐central Minnesota: A geological perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-16T15:16:17.162672","indexId":"70207731","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-08T12:53:09","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The significance of ground water to the accumulation of iron and manganese in the sediments of two hydrologically distinct lakes in north‐central Minnesota: A geological perspective","docAbstract":"<p><span>Williams and Shingobee lakes are at opposite ends of the local ground water flow system in the Shingobee River Headwaters Area (SRHA) in north‐central Minnesota. Williams Lake, situated near the highest point in the flow system, has no surface inlet or outlet, and ground water and precipitation are the only sources of water. Shingobee Lake, situated at the lowest point in the flow system, has the Shingobee River as an inlet and outlet. Ground water directly contributes an estimated one‐fourth of the water input to Shingobee Lake. The Shingobee River also receives large amounts of ground water discharge along its reach to Shingobee Lake providing a large, indirect source of ground water to the lake. Differences in nutrient concentrations reflect the residence times and nutrient supplies of these two lakes. The average phosphorus content of Shingobee Lake is about twice that of Williams Lake. Consequently, phy‐toplankton productivity in Shingobee Lake is much higher than in Williams Lake, leading to an oxygen‐deficient (&lt;1 ppm dissolved oxygen) hypolimnion within a month after overturn in both the spring and fall. Because of the extreme reducing conditions in the hypolimnion of Shingobee Lake, high concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese are present there during summer stratification. In some years, the manganese concentration in the hypolimnion of Shingobee Lake remains high throughout the year. Precipitation of iron and manganese minerals, presumed to be X‐ray amorphous oxyhydroxides, at periods of fall and spring overturn result in concentrations of iron and manganese in surface sediments of Shingobee Lake that are seven times and 27 times higher, respectively, than can be explained by contributions of iron and manganese from detrital aluminosilicates. These findings indicate that the source and amounts of this excess iron and manganese found in the sediments are correlated to the amount of iron‐ and manganese‐rich ground water discharging to Shingobee Lake. Because iron and manganese oxyhydroxides are efficient adsorbers of phosphorus, concentrations of phosphorus are also high in the sediments of Shingobee Lake. Without this sequestration of phosphorus, the productivity of Shingobee Lake would probably be much higher.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"NGWA","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02437.x","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Neff, B., Rosenberry, D.O., Winter, T.C., and Parkhurst, R.S., 2006, The significance of ground water to the accumulation of iron and manganese in the sediments of two hydrologically distinct lakes in north‐central Minnesota: A geological perspective: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 7, p. 951-963, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02437.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"951","endPage":"963","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371062,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"North-central Minnestoa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.9326171875,\n              49.03786794532644\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.712890625,\n              46.66451741754235\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.8125,\n              46.392411189814645\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.56054687499999,\n              47.931066347509784\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.94482421875,\n              48.29781249243716\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.40625,\n              48.151428143221224\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.21923828124999,\n              48.45835188280866\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.2958984375,\n              48.73445537176822\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.80126953124999,\n              48.63290858589535\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.52636718749999,\n              48.777912755501845\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.9658203125,\n              49.410973199695846\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.185546875,\n              49.439556958940855\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20751953125,\n              49.023461463214126\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.9326171875,\n              49.03786794532644\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neff, Brian 0000-0003-3718-7350 bneff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3718-7350","contributorId":198885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neff","given":"Brian","email":"bneff@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parkhurst, Renee S. rparkhur@usgs.gov","contributorId":4719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"Renee","email":"rparkhur@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":779107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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