No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds62G","usgsCitation":"United States Geological Survey, 2003, Global GIS database. Digital atlas of Europe: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 62, CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds62G.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502698,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0062/USGS_DDS62G.zip","text":"CD-ROM","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":386288,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Europe","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"United States Geological Survey","contributorId":128013,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"United States Geological Survey","id":817159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70223161,"text":"70223161 - 2003 - Soil seed banks and the potential restoration of forested wetlands after farming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-13T12:03:38.863059","indexId":"70223161","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-15T15:15:35","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil seed banks and the potential restoration of forested wetlands after farming","docAbstract":"Changes in farming practice provide an opportunity to restore once extensive forested wetlands on agricultural land. In some parts of the world, however, it has proved difficult to restore the full complement of plant species through natural regeneration. Similarly, the restoration of forested wetlands by replanting has often resulted in ecosystems of low diversity. Better methods of restoring these important ecosystems are now required and baldcypress swamps provide an opportunity to investigate alternative approaches to the restoration of forested wetlands. This study examined the composition of seed banks of farmed fields to determine their value in restoring swamps in the south-eastern United States.
A seed bank assay of soils from baldcypress swamps was conducted to determine the extent to which seeds are maintained during farming for various lengths of time. Soils from swamps that were farmed for 0–50 years were collected near the northern boundary of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley along the Cache River, Illinois. Soils were placed in a glasshouse setting in flooded and freely drained conditions, and the numbers and species of seeds germinating were recorded.
Woody species including trees, shrubs, and vines were poorly represented in seed banks of both farmed and intact sites (51 and 9 sites, respectively). Missing dominants in the seed banks included tree species with short-lived seeds such as Taxodium distichum and Nyssa aquatica. Cephalanthus occidentalis constituted the most abundantly dispersed seed of all woody species.
Herbaceous species were well represented in the seed banks of both farmed and intact swamps (species richness of 207 vs. 173 species, respectively) suggesting that herbaceous species may live longer than woody species in seed banks. Few of the herbaceous species decreased in seed density in seed banks with time under cultivation, although seed density was lower at sites that had not been farmed. Species that relied on vegetative organs for dispersal were absent in the seed banks of farmed sites including Heteranthera dubia, Hottonia inflata, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca and Wolffia columbiana. These species may require active reintroduction during restoration.
Synthesis and applications. Both restoration ecologists and managers of nature conservation areas need to be cognisant of seed bank and dispersal characteristics of species to effectively restore and manage forested wetlands. In the case of baldcypress swamps, critical components of the vegetation are not maintained in seed banks, which may make these floodplain wetlands difficult to restore via natural recolonization. Ultimately, the successful restoration of abandoned farm fields to forested wetlands may depend on the re-engineering of flood pulsing across landscapes to reconnect dispersal pathways.
In 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program collected water samples from 48 wells in the southern High Plains as part of a larger scientific effort to broadly characterize and understand factors affecting water quality of the High Plains aquifer across the entire High Plains. Water samples were collected primarily from domestic wells in Texas and eastern New Mexico. Depths of wells sampled ranged from 100 to 500 feet, with a median depth of 201 feet. Depths to water ranged from 34 to 445 feet below land surface, with a median depth of 134 feet. Of 240 properties or constituents measured or analyzed, 10 exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency public drinking-water standards or guidelines in one or more samples - arsenic, boron, chloride, dissolved solids, fluoride, manganese, nitrate, radon, strontium, and sulfate. Measured dissolved solids concentrations in 29 samples were larger than the public drinking-water guideline of 500 milligrams per liter. Fluoride concentrations in 16 samples, mostly in the southern part of the study area, were larger than the public drinking-water standard of 4 milligrams per liter. Nitrate was detected in all samples, and concentrations in six samples were larger than the public drinking-water standard of 10 milligrams per liter. Arsenic concentrations in 14 samples in the southern part of the study area were larger than the new (2002) public drinking-water standard of 10 micrograms per liter. Radon concentrations in 36 samples were larger than a proposed public drinking-water standard of 300 picocuries per liter. Pesticides were detected at very small concentrations, less than 1 microgram per liter, in less than 20 percent of the samples. The most frequently detected compounds were atrazine and breakdown products of atrazine, a finding similar to those of National Water-Quality Assessment aquifer studies across the Nation. Four volatile organic compounds were detected at small concentrations in six water samples. About 70 percent of the 48 primarily domestic wells sampled contained some fraction of recently (less than about 50 years ago) recharged ground water, as indicated by the presence of one or more pesticides, or tritium or nitrate concentrations greater than threshold levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03345","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Fahlquist, L., 2003, Ground-water quality of the southern High Plains aquifer, Texas and New Mexico, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-345, vii, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03345.","productDescription":"vii, 59 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340199,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0345/ofr03345.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 03-345"},{"id":174143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0345/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico, Texas ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.1671142578125,\n 35.49198366469642\n ],\n [\n -103.24951171875,\n 35.545635932499415\n ],\n [\n -103.4857177734375,\n 35.55457449014312\n ],\n [\n -103.64501953125,\n 35.55904339525896\n ],\n [\n -103.88671875,\n 35.44724605551148\n ],\n [\n -104.1119384765625,\n 35.34425514918409\n ],\n [\n -104.183349609375,\n 35.02099970111467\n ],\n [\n -104.3096923828125,\n 34.69194468425019\n ],\n [\n -104.27124023437499,\n 34.35704160076073\n ],\n [\n -104.205322265625,\n 34.02990029603907\n ],\n [\n -104.0899658203125,\n 33.261656767328006\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 32.89803818160521\n ],\n [\n -103.77685546875,\n 32.685619853722\n ],\n [\n -103.3428955078125,\n 32.48659682936049\n ],\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 32.27320009948135\n ],\n [\n -102.799072265625,\n 32.08257455954592\n ],\n [\n -102.2662353515625,\n 31.732839253650067\n ],\n [\n -102.030029296875,\n 31.62999849900255\n ],\n [\n -101.744384765625,\n 31.74685416292141\n ],\n [\n -101.53564453124999,\n 31.89621446335144\n ],\n [\n -101.4202880859375,\n 32.040676557717454\n ],\n [\n -101.3214111328125,\n 32.16631295696736\n ],\n [\n -101.304931640625,\n 32.25926542645933\n ],\n [\n -101.31591796875,\n 32.43097672054704\n ],\n [\n -101.4532470703125,\n 32.519026027827515\n ],\n [\n -101.590576171875,\n 32.708733368521585\n ],\n [\n -101.4862060546875,\n 32.773419354975175\n ],\n [\n -101.4971923828125,\n 33.0178760185549\n ],\n [\n -101.35986328125,\n 33.05932046347212\n ],\n [\n -101.3214111328125,\n 33.23868752757414\n ],\n [\n -101.3983154296875,\n 33.4039312002347\n ],\n [\n -101.18408203124999,\n 33.46810795527896\n ],\n [\n -101.1016845703125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -100.92041015625,\n 33.5963189611327\n ],\n [\n -100.87646484375,\n 33.779147331286474\n ],\n [\n -100.909423828125,\n 33.97980872872457\n ],\n [\n -101.10717773437499,\n 34.27083595165\n ],\n [\n -101.09619140625,\n 34.45674800347809\n ],\n [\n -101.0797119140625,\n 34.56990638085636\n ],\n [\n -101.326904296875,\n 34.687427949314845\n ],\n [\n -101.3818359375,\n 34.84085858477277\n ],\n [\n -101.72241210937499,\n 34.95799531086792\n ],\n [\n -101.8597412109375,\n 35.11990857099681\n ],\n [\n -102.0245361328125,\n 35.200744801724014\n ],\n [\n -102.3046875,\n 35.33977430038646\n ],\n [\n -102.5628662109375,\n 35.411438052435464\n ],\n [\n -102.8594970703125,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -103.0902099609375,\n 35.47856499535729\n ],\n [\n -103.1671142578125,\n 35.49198366469642\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is developing guidance to assist states with defining nutrient criteria for rivers and streams and to better describe nutrient-algal relations. As part of this effort, 13 wadeable stream sites were selected, primarily in eastern Massachusetts, for a nutrient-assessment study during the summer of 2001. The sites represent a range of water-quality impairment conditions (reference, moderately impaired, impaired) based on state regulatory agency assessments and previously assessed nitrogen, phosphorus, and dissolved-oxygen data. In addition, a combination of open- and closed-canopy locations were sampled at six of the sites to investigate the effect of sunlight on algal growth. Samples for nutrients and for chlorophyll I from phytoplankton and periphyton were collected at all stream sites.
Total nitrogen (dissolved nitrite + nitrate + total ammonia + organic nitrogen) and total phosphorus (phosphorus in an unfiltered water sample) concentrations were lowest at reference sites and highest at impaired sites. There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) among reference, moderately impaired, and impaired sites for total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Chlorophyll a concentrations from phytoplankton were not significantly different among site impairment designations. Concentrations of chlorophyll a from periphyton were highest at nutrient-impaired open-canopy sites. Chlorophyll a concentrations from periphyton samples were positively correlated with total nitrogen and total phosphorus at the open- and closed-canopy sites. Correlations were higher at open-canopy sites (p < 0.05, rho = 0.64 to 0.71) than at closed-canopy sites (p < 0.05, rho = 0.36 to 0.40). Statistically significant differences in the median concentrations of chlorophyll a from periphyton samples were observed between the open- and closed-canopy sites (p < 0.05).
Total nitrogen and total phosphorus data from moderately impaired and impaired sites in this study exceeded the preliminary U.S. Environmental Protection Agency nutrient criteria values for the coastal region of New England. In an effort to establish more appropriate nutrient and chlorophyll criteria for streams in the New England coastal region, relations between total nitrogen and total phosphorus to periphyton chlorophyll a in wadeable streams from this study were quantified to present potential techniques for determining nutrient concentrations. Linear regression was used to estimate the total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations that corresponded to various chlorophyll a concentrations. On the basis of this relation, a median concentration for moderately enriched streams of 21 milligrams per square meter (mg/m2) of periphyton chlorophyll a from the literature corresponded to estimated concentrations of 1.3 milligrams per liter (mg/L) for total nitrogen and 0.12 mg/L for total phosphorus. The median concentration for periphyton chlorophyll a from the literature is similar to the 50th-percentile concentration of periphyton chlorophyll a (17 mg/m2) calculated with the data from open-canopy sites in this study. The 25th-percentile concentration for periphyton chlorophyll a of all open-canopy sites (5.2 mg/m2) and the 75th-percentile concentration for periphyton chlorophyll a of open-canopy reference sites (16 mg/m2) also were plotted to provide additional estimates and methods for developing total nitrogen and total phosphorus criteria.
The 25th-percentile concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were calculated based on all sites in this study and were used as another potential criteria estimation. A concentration of 0.64 mg/L for total nitrogen and 0.030 mg/L for total phosphorus were calculated. As another possible method to develop threshold concentrations, the 10th-percentile concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were calculated based on all the impaired sites in this study. A concentration threshold of 0.73 mg/L for total nitrogen and 0.036 mg/L for total phosphorus were calculated. Ultimately, a combination of these techniques may be appropriate for water-resources managers to use to set regional nutrient criteria to limit undesirable levels of algal growth in streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034191","usgsCitation":"Riskin, M.L., Deacon, J.R., Liebman, M., and Robinson, K.W., 2003, Nutrient and chlorophyll relations in selected streams of the New England coastal basins in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, June-September 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4191, vii, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034191.","productDescription":"vii, 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177850,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414256,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_61980.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4764,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034191/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts, New Hampshire","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72,\n 43.0833\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 41.9\n ],\n [\n -70.8333,\n 41.9\n ],\n [\n -70.8333,\n 43.0833\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 43.0833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a7ffa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riskin, Melissa L. 0000-0001-6499-3775 mriskin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6499-3775","contributorId":654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riskin","given":"Melissa","email":"mriskin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deacon, J. R.","contributorId":67110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deacon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liebman, M. L.","contributorId":81926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liebman","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, K. W.","contributorId":27488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":53151,"text":"b2217 - 2003 - Field guide to hydrothermal alteration in the White River altered area and in the Osceola Mudflow, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T16:50:50.824949","indexId":"b2217","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2217","title":"Field guide to hydrothermal alteration in the White River altered area and in the Osceola Mudflow, Washington","docAbstract":"The Cenozoic Cascades arcs of southwestern Washington are the product of long-lived, but discontinuous, magmatism beginning in the Eocene and continuing to the present (for example, Christiansen and Yeats, 1992). This magmatism is the result of subduction of oceanic crust beneath the North American continent. The magmatic rocks are divided into two subparallel, north-trending continental-margin arcs, the Eocene to Pliocene Western Cascades, and the Quaternary High Cascades, which overlies, and is east of, the Western Cascades. Both arcs are calc-alkaline and are characterized by voluminous mafic lava flows (mostly basalt to basaltic andesite compositions) and scattered large stratovolcanoes of mafic andesite to dacite compositions. Silicic volcanism is relatively uncommon. Quartz diorite to granite plutons are exposed in more deeply eroded parts of the Western Cascades Arc (for example, Mount Rainier area and just north of Mt. St. Helens). Hydrothermal alteration is widespread in both Tertiary and Quaternary igneous rocks of the Cascades arcs. Most alteration in the Tertiary Western Cascades Arc resulted from hydrothermal systems associated with small plutons, some of which formed porphyry copper and related deposits, including copper-rich breccia pipes, polymetallic veins, and epithermal gold-silver deposits. Hydrothermal alteration also is present on many Quaternary stratovolcanoes of the High Cascades Arc. On some High Cascades volcanoes, this alteration resulted in severely weakened volcanic edifices that were susceptible to failure and catastrophic landslides. Most notable is the sector collapse of the northeast side of Mount Rainier that occurred about 5,600 yr. B.P. This collapse resulted in formation of the clay-rich Osceola Mudflow that traveled 120 km down valley from Mount Rainier to Puget Sound covering more than 200 km2. This field trip examines several styles and features of hydrothermal alteration related to Cenozoic magmatism in the Cascades arcs. The morning of the trip will examine the White River altered area, which includes high-level alteration related to a large, early Miocene magmatic-hydrothermal system exposed about 10 km east of Enumclaw, Washington. Here, vuggy silica alteration is being quarried for silica and advanced argillic alteration has been prospected for alunite. Clay-filled fractures and sulfide-rich, fine-grained sedimentary rocks of hydrothermal origin locally are enriched in precious metals. Many hydrothermal features common in high-sulfidation gold-silver deposits and in advanced argillic alteration zones overlying porphyry copper deposits (for example, Gustafson and Hunt, 1975; Hedenquist and others, 2000; Sillitoe, 2000) are exposed, although no economic base or precious metal mineralized rock has been discovered to date. The afternoon will be spent examining two exposures of the Osceola Mudflow along the White River. The Osceola Mudflow contains abundant clasts of altered Quaternary rocks from Mount Rainier that show various types of hydrothermal alteration and hydrothermal features. The mudflow matrix contains abundant hydrothermal clay minerals that added cohesiveness to the debris flow and helped allow it to travel much farther down valley than other, noncohesive debris flows from Mount Rainier (Crandell, 1971; Vallance and Scott, 1997). The White River altered area is the subject of ongoing studies by geoscientists from Weyerhaeuser Company and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The generalized descriptions of the geology, geophysics, alteration, and mineralization presented here represent the preliminary results of this study (Ashley and others, 2003). Additional field, geochemical, geochronologic, and geophysical studies are underway. The Osceola Mudflow and other Holocene debris flows from Mount Rainier also are the subject of ongoing studies by the USGS (for example, Breit and others, 2003; John and others, 2003; Plumlee and others, 2003, Sisson and others, 2003; Vallance and others, 2003). Studies of hydrothermal alteration in the Osceola Mudflow are being used to better understand fossil hydrothermal systems on Mount Rainier and potential hazards associated with this alteration.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/b2217","usgsCitation":"John, D.A., Rytuba, J.J., Ashley, R.P., Blakely, R.J., Vallance, J.W., Newport, G.R., and Heinemeyer, G.R., 2003, Field guide to hydrothermal alteration in the White River altered area and in the Osceola Mudflow, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2217, v, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2217.","productDescription":"v, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"58","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4735,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2217/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":179193,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/b2217.jpg"},{"id":280274,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2217/pdf/b2217.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":405317,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_59476.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"White River altered area and in the Osceola Mudflow","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.431640625,\n 46.73233101286786\n ],\n [\n -121.59667968749999,\n 46.73233101286786\n ],\n [\n -121.59667968749999,\n 47.301584511330795\n ],\n [\n -122.431640625,\n 47.301584511330795\n ],\n [\n -122.431640625,\n 46.73233101286786\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9882","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"John, David A. 0000-0001-7977-9106 djohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7977-9106","contributorId":1748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"David","email":"djohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rytuba, James J. jrytuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":3043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"James","email":"jrytuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ashley, Roger P. ashley@usgs.gov","contributorId":2749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashley","given":"Roger","email":"ashley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blakely, Richard J. 0000-0003-1701-5236 blakely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":1540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"Richard","email":"blakely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vallance, James W. 0000-0002-3083-5469 jvallance@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5469","contributorId":547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallance","given":"James","email":"jvallance@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Newport, Grant R.","contributorId":51843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newport","given":"Grant","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Heinemeyer, Gary R.","contributorId":31464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinemeyer","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":52924,"text":"wri034035 - 2003 - Residence times and nitrate transport in ground water discharging to streams in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-02T14:15:01.692846","indexId":"wri034035","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4035","title":"Residence times and nitrate transport in ground water discharging to streams in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed","docAbstract":"One of the major water-quality problems in the Chesapeake Bay is an overabundance of nutrients from the streams and rivers that discharge to the Bay. Some of these nutrients are from nonpoint sources such as atmospheric deposition, agricultural manure and fertilizer, and septic systems. The effects of efforts to control nonpoint sources, however, can be difficult to quantify because of the lag time between changes at the land surface and the response in the base-flow (ground water) component of streams. To help resource managers understand the lag time between implementation of management practices and subsequent response in the nutrient concentrations in the base-flow component of streamflow, a study of ground-water discharge, residence time, and nitrate transport in springs throughout the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and in four smaller watersheds in selected hydrogeomorphic regions (HGMRs) was conducted. The four watersheds were in the Coastal Plain Uplands, Piedmont crystalline, Valley and Ridge carbonate, and Valley and Ridge siliciclastic HGMRs.
A study of springs to estimate an apparent age of the ground water was based on analyses for concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons in water samples collected from 48 springs in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Results of the analysis indicate that median age for all the samples was 10 years, with the 25th percentile having an age of 7 years and the 75th percentile having an age of 13 years. Although the number of samples collected in each HGMR was limited, there did not appear to be distinct differences in the ages between the HGMRs. The ranges were similar between the major HGMRs above the Fall Line (modern to about 50 years), with only two HGMRs of small geographic extent (Piedmont carbonate and Mesozoic Lowland) having ranges of modern to about 10 years. The median values of all the HGMRs ranged from 7 to 11 years. Not enough samples were collected in the Coastal Plain for comparison. Spring samples showed slightly younger water under wet conditions than under dry conditions. The apparent age of water from wells, springs, and other ground-water discharge points in the four targeted watersheds was modern to 60 years, which was similar to the apparent ages from the spring study. In the Pocomoke River Watershed in the Coastal Plain Uplands HGMR, the apparent age of ground-water samples ranged from 0 to 60 years; the ages in the vicinity of the streams ranged from 0 to 23 years.
The apparent ages of ground water in the Polecat Creek Watershed in the Piedmont crystalline HGMR ranged from 2 to 30 years. The apparent ages of water from wells in the Muddy Creek Watershed in the Valley and Ridge carbonate HGMR ranged from 10 to 20 years (except for a single sample that was 45 years). The ages in the East Mahantango Creek Watershed in the Valley and Ridge siliciclastic HGMR ranged from 0 to 50 years. The distribution in apparent age of water from wells in the targeted watersheds, however, generally is older than that for water from the springs. The median age of water from wells in the Muddy Creek Watershed, for example, was 15 years, compared to 11 years for the water from the springs in that watershed, and less than 10 years for water from all springs in the spring study. The similarity in the ranges in apparent age of water from the wells and from the springs shows that the samples from the targeted watersheds and springs have bracketed the range of apparent ages that would be expected in the shallow ground-water-flow systems throughout the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.
The apparent age of water from individual wells does not necessarily represent the entire distribution of ages of the discharging ground water, and it is this distribution of ages that affects the response of nutrient concentrations in stream base flow. Nutrient-reduction scenarios were modeled for two watersheds for which the distribution of apparent ground-water ages was available, the East Mahantango Creek Watershed in the Valley and Ridge siliciclastic HGMR and the Locust Grove Watershed in the Coastal Plain Uplands HGMR. A nutrient-reduction scenario was created for East Mahantango Creek, where the average residence time was determined to be approximately 10 years on the basis of the output of particle tracking from a ground-water-flow model. This scenario showed decreases of nearly 50 percent in base-flow concentrations of nitrate in streams within the first year after the reduction in nitrogen input; smaller reductions in nitrate concentration occurred in each subsequent year. A second scenario for that same watershed, in which the same 10-year average residence time was assumed and an exponential model was used for analysis, showed that a 50-percent reduction in base-flow concentrations of nitrate could take up to 5 years. For the Locust Grove Watershed, in which an average residence time of 32 years was assumed, simulation with the exponential model showed that it may take more than 20 years to achieve a 50-percent reduction in base-flow concentra-tions of nitrate. Although it was not possible to construct such scenarios for all watersheds, these examples show the range of possible responses to changes in nutrient inputs in two very different types of watersheds.
Findings from this study include information on factors that affect ground-water age, spatial distribution of ages, and nitrogen transport. In the East Mahantango Creek Watershed and the Polecat Creek Watershed, the residence time varied spatially depending on the position of the flow path, and temporally depending on the recharge conditions. Generally, ground water in areas near the stream had short residence times and the water in upland areas had longer residence times. Water traveling through deep layers had longer residence times than water traveling through shallow layers, and residence times were faster under high recharge conditions than low recharge conditions. Ground water in the Pocomoke Watershed exhibits a similar pattern: younger water discharges to small order streams in headwater basins and older water discharges to larger streams near the basin outlet.
Factors affecting nitrogen transport in ground water include spatial and temporal variation in input sources, ground-water age, and aquifer processes that lead to denitrification. Spatial and temporal variations in nitrogen sources affect all the watersheds. Tributaries with higher inputs of nitrogen have higher concentrations in stream base flow. Areas where nitrogen application rates have increased over time show an age-nitrate relation in ground-water samples. The age-nitrate relation can be affected by denitrification, which occurs in Pocomoke and East Mahantango Creeks but is not evident in Polecat and Muddy Creeks. In East Mahantango Creek, the level of denitrification is significant in water with residence times greater than 20 years, but because this is a small component of overall ground-water discharge to a stream, it may not remove a significant quantity of nitrogen from the system. Denitrification in Pocomoke Creek is significant and appears to affect mostly older water discharging to streams. Therefore, if most of the nitrogen entering these two streams is associated with the discharge of younger ground water, denitrification may not greatly affect the overall nitrogen delivery to these streams.
Other findings of this study show that nitrate in ground water discharging along preferential flow paths may not be affected by natural processes, such as denitrification or uptake by riparian vegetation. Seeps to swales and ditches beneath the north uplands at Polecat Creek indicate a shallow water table and discharge of young ground water whereas the absence of such seeps on the south side indicates a deep water table and a lack of young ground water. Similarly, discharge at the base of the slope and to the valley wetland south of the creek but not north of the creek indicates a different role for the riparian forest on the two sides of the creek. In many of the systems where water discharges at the base of slopes to wetlands, ditches have been dug to drain the valley. Such drainage circumvents possible removal of nitrate by riparian vegetation.
Because ground-water residence times do not appear directly related to the HGMRs, the targeting of management practices will achieve the most rapid response in water quality if directed at 1) watersheds with large agricultural sources of nitrate, 2) areas with the shortest ground-water-flow paths and 3) areas not affected by significant denitrification. The fastest response in stream base-flow concentrations of nitrogen to implementation of management practices would be to implement practices in those areas with the highest loads rather than attempt to target practices on the basis of HGMR stratification. Overall findings of the study indicate that 1) ground-water contributions to nitrogen in streamflow are significant, 2) some response to management practices should be evident in base-flow concentrations of nitrogen and loads within 1 to 5 years in watersheds with the shortest average residence times, but response time may be closer to 20 years in watersheds with longer average ground-water residence times, 3) the majority of the response in ground-water discharge to any changes in management practices will be distributed over a 10-year time period even in the watersheds with the fastest response times, and 4) given that half the streamflow is from ground-water discharge and the other half is runoff or soil water, about 90 percent of total water being discharged to a stream will be less than about a decade old; therefore, full implementation of nutrient reductions may result in improved streamwater quality in about a decade. In the more-likely scenario of gradual source reduction, the reduction in concentrations of nitrate in streams and aquifers would take longer than the examples shown here.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034035","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chesapeake Bay Program","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., Phillips, S., Donnelly, C.A., Speiran, G.K., Plummer, N., Bohlke, J., Focazio, M.J., Burton, W.C., and Busenberg, E., 2003, Residence times and nitrate transport in ground water discharging to streams in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4035, xiv, 201 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034035.","productDescription":"xiv, 201 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5012,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4035/wri20034035.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 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An understanding of the magnitude and frequency of low-flow discharges is an important part of protecting surface-water resources and planning for municipal and industrial economic expansion. Low-flow characteristics are summarized for 12 continuous-record gaging stations and 44 partial-record measuring sites in the Rocky River basin in North Carolina. Records of discharge collected through the 2002 water year at continuous-record gaging stations and through the 2001 water year at partial-record measuring sites were used. Flow characteristics included in the summary are (1) average annual unit flow; (2) 7Q10 low-flow discharge, the minimum average discharge for a 7-consecutive-day period occurring, on average, once in 10 years; (3) 30Q2 low-flow discharge; (4) W7Q10 low-flow discharge, which is similar to 7Q10 discharge but is based only on flow during the winter months of November through March; and (5) 7Q2 low-flow discharge. The Rocky River basin drains 1,413 square miles (mi2) of the southern Piedmont Province in North Carolina. The Rocky River is about 91 miles long and merges with the Yadkin River in eastern Stanly County to form the Pee Dee River, which discharges into the Atlantic Ocean in South Carolina. Low-flow characteristics compiled for selected sites in the Rocky River basin indicated that the potential for sustained base flows in the upper half of the basin is relatively higher than for streams in the lower half of the basin. The upper half of the basin is underlain by the Charlotte Belt, where streams have been identified as having moderate potentials for sustained base flows. In the lower half of the basin, many streams were noted as having little to no potential for sustained base flows. Much of the decrease in base-flow potential is attributed to the underlying rock types of the Carolina Slate Belt. Of the 19 sites in the basin having minimal (defined as less than 0.05 cubic foot per second) or zero 7Q10 discharges, 18 sites are located in the lower half of the basin underlain by the Carolina Slate Belt. Assessment of these 18 sites indicates that streams that have drainage areas less than about 25 square miles are likely to have minimal or zero 7Q10 discharges. No drainage-area threshold for minimal or zero 7Q10 discharges was identified for the upper half of the basin, which is underlain by the Charlotte Belt. Tributaries to the Rocky River include the West Branch Rocky River (22.8 mi2), Clarke Creek (28.2 mi2), Mallard Creek (41.2 mi2), Coddle Creek (78.8 mi2), Reedy Creek (43.0 mi2), Irish Buffalo/Coldwater Creeks (110 mi2), Dutch Buffalo Creek (99 mi2), Long Creek (200 mi2), Richardson Creek (234 mi2), and Lanes Creek (135 mi2). In the 20-mile reach upstream from the mouth (about 22 percent of the river length), the drainage area increases by 648 mi2, or about 46 percent of the total drainage area as a result of the confluences with Long Creek, Richardson Creek, and Lanes Creek. Low-flow discharge profiles for the Rocky River include 7Q10, 30Q2, W7Q10, and 7Q2 discharges in a continuous profile with contributions from major tributaries included. At the gaging stations above Irish Buffalo Creek and near Stanfield, the 7Q10 discharges are 25.2 and 42.3 cubic feet per second, corresponding to 0.09 and 0.07 cubic feet per second per square mile, respectively. At the gaging station near Norwood, the 7Q10 discharge is 45.8 cubic feet per second, equivalent to 0.03 cubic foot per second per square mile. Low-flow discharge profiles reflect the presence of several major flow diversions in the reaches upstream from Stanfield and an apparent losing reach between the continuous-record gaging stations near Stanfield and Norwood, North Carolina.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034147","usgsCitation":"Weaver, J., and Fine, J.M., 2003, Low-flow characteristics and profiles for the Rocky River in the Yadkin-Pee Dee River basin, North Carolina, through 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4147, Report: v, 50 p.; 1 Plate: 14.33 x 20.96 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034147.","productDescription":"Report: v, 50 p.; 1 Plate: 14.33 x 20.96 inches","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5016,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034147/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":414148,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_59511.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":175176,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Yadkin-Pee Dee River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.8131,\n 35.5692\n ],\n [\n -80.8131,\n 34.8467\n ],\n [\n -80.0917,\n 34.8467\n ],\n [\n -80.0917,\n 35.5692\n ],\n [\n -80.8131,\n 35.5692\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a75e4b07f02db644b68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, J. 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Curtis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fine, Jason M. 0000-0002-6386-256X jmfine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6386-256X","contributorId":2238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fine","given":"Jason","email":"jmfine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53211,"text":"ofr03441 - 2003 - Data report: geology of reef-front carbonate sediment deposits around Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-13T13:14:50","indexId":"ofr03441","displayToPublicDate":"2003-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-441","title":"Data report: geology of reef-front carbonate sediment deposits around Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"This Open-File Report presents data and derivative products from an investigation of carbonate sediment deposits on the reef front in four areas around the island of Oahu, Hawaii - in Kailua Bay off Oahu's windward (east) side, off the leeward (west) coast from Makua to Kahe Point, off the north coast from Waimea to Camp Erdman, and off the south coast around Waikiki (Figure 1). The primary purpose of the investigation was to assess the resource potential of the deposits, particularly as a source of sand for beach nourishment. This work builds on previous studies by researchers from the University of Hawaii (Moberly et al., 1975; Coulbourn et al., 1988; Barry, 1995). The field program included collection of high-resolution acoustic-reflection profiles and vibracore sediment samples in Kailua Bay and off the leeward and north coasts. In a related project, in collaboration with the Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources and the University of Hawaii, sidescan images and vibracores were collected in the Halekulani channel and on the adjacent Makua Terrace off Waikiki along the south coast.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03441","usgsCitation":"Hampton, M.A., Blay, C.T., Murray, C., Torresan, L., Frazee, C.S., Richmond, B.M., and Fletcher, C., 2003, Data report: geology of reef-front carbonate sediment deposits around Oahu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-441, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03441.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4838,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0441/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283946,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0441/intro.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"O'ahu","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -158.342179,21.213876 ], [ -158.342179,21.754768 ], [ -157.597891,21.754768 ], [ -157.597891,21.213876 ], [ -158.342179,21.213876 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db67a18f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampton, Monty A. mhampton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"Monty","email":"mhampton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blay, Charles T.","contributorId":27130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blay","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, Christopher","contributorId":95133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Torresan, Laura Z.","contributorId":86840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torresan","given":"Laura Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Frazee, Cathy S.","contributorId":79170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frazee","given":"Cathy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Richmond, Bruce M. 0000-0002-0056-5832 brichmond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-5832","contributorId":2459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Bruce","email":"brichmond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fletcher, Charles H.","contributorId":30286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Charles H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":51552,"text":"ofr03148 - 2003 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 2. Low-flow (2001) and snowmelt (2002) synoptic/tracer water chemistry for the Red River, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-03T20:11:25.770014","indexId":"ofr03148","displayToPublicDate":"2003-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-148","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 2. Low-flow (2001) and snowmelt (2002) synoptic/tracer water chemistry for the Red River, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Water analyses are reported for 259 samples\r\ncollected from the Red River, New Mexico, and its\r\ntributaries during low-flow(2001) and spring snowmelt\r\n(2002) tracer studies. Water samples were collected\r\nalong a 20-kilometer reach of the Red River beginning\r\njust east of the town of Red River and ending at the U.S.\r\nGeological Survey streamflow-gaging station located\r\neast of Questa, New Mexico. The study area was\r\ndivided into three sections where separate injections\r\nand synoptic sampling events were performed during\r\nthe low-flow tracer study. During the spring snowmelt\r\ntracer study, three tracer injections and synoptic\r\nsampling events were performed bracketing the areas\r\nwith the greatest metal loading into the Red River as\r\ndetermined from the low-flow tracer study. The lowflow\r\ntracer synoptic sampling events were August 17,\r\n20, and 24, 2001. The synoptic sampling events for the\r\nspring snowmelt tracer were March 30, 31, and April 1,\r\n2002.\r\nStream and large inflow water samples were\r\nsampled using equal-width and depth-integrated\r\nsampling methods and composited into half-gallon\r\nbottles. Grab water samples were collected from\r\nsmaller inflows. Stream temperatures were measured at\r\nthe time of sample collection. Samples were\r\ntransported to a nearby central processing location\r\nwhere pH and specific conductance were measured and\r\nthe samples processed for chemical analyses. Cations,\r\ntrace metals, iron redox species, and fluoride were\r\nanalyzed at the U.S. Geological Survey laboratory in\r\nBoulder, Colorado. Cations and trace metal\r\nconcentrations were determined using inductively\r\ncoupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry and\r\ngraphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.\r\nArsenic concentrations were determined using hydride\r\ngeneration atomic absorption spectrometry, iron redox\r\nspecies were measured using ultraviolet-visible\r\nspectrometry, and fluoride concentrations were\r\ndetermined using an ion-selective electrode. Alkalinity\r\nwas measured by automated titration, and sulfate,\r\nchloride, and bromide were analyzed by ion\r\nchromatography at the U.S. Geological Survey\r\nlaboratory in Salt Lake City, Utah.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03148","usgsCitation":"McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Steiger, J.I., Kimball, B.A., and Verplanck, P.L., 2003, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 2. Low-flow (2001) and snowmelt (2002) synoptic/tracer water chemistry for the Red River, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-148, v, 166 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03148.","productDescription":"v, 166 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179480,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4586,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr03-148/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":415105,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62016.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Red River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.5717,\n 36.6539\n ],\n [\n -105.5717,\n 36.7339\n ],\n [\n -105.3914,\n 36.7339\n ],\n [\n -105.3914,\n 36.6539\n ],\n [\n -105.5717,\n 36.6539\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4867","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":243934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steiger, Judy I. jsteiger@usgs.gov","contributorId":3689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steiger","given":"Judy","email":"jsteiger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":243933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Verplanck, Philip L. 0000-0002-3653-6419 plv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"Philip","email":"plv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53071,"text":"ofr2003274 - 2003 - Archive of boomer seismic reflection data collected during USGS cruises 01SCC01 and 01SCC02, Timbalier Bay and offshore East Timbalier Island, Louisiana, June - August, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-19T20:48:18.236971","indexId":"ofr2003274","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-274","title":"Archive of boomer seismic reflection data collected during USGS cruises 01SCC01 and 01SCC02, Timbalier Bay and offshore East Timbalier Island, Louisiana, June - August, 2001","docAbstract":"In June, July, and August of 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the University of New Orleans (UNO), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, conducted a shallow geophysical and sediment core survey of Timbalier Bay and the Gulf of Mexico offshore East Timbalier Island, Louisiana. This report serves as an archive of unprocessed digital seismic reflection data, trackline navigation files, trackline navigation maps, observers' logbooks, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) information, and formal Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) metadata. In addition, a filtered and gained digital Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) image of each seismic profile is provided. Please see Kulp and others (2002), Flocks and others (2003), and Kulp and others (in prep.) for further information about the sediment cores collected and the geophysical results. For convenience, a list of acronyms and abbreviations frequently used in this report is also included.\r\n\r\nThis Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) document is readable on any computing platform that has standard DVD driver software installed. Documentation on this DVD was produced using Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) utilized by the World Wide Web (WWW) and allows the user to access the information using a web browser (i.e. Netscape, Internet Explorer). To access the information contained on this disc, open the file 'index.htm' located at the top level of the disc using a web browser. This report also contains WWW links to USGS collaborators and other agencies. These links are only accessible if access to the Internet is available while viewing this DVD.\r\n\r\nThe archived boomer seismic reflection data are in standard Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) SEG-Y format (Barry et al., 1975) and may be downloaded for processing with public domain software such as Seismic Unix (SU), currently located at http://www.cwp.mines.edu/cwpcodes/index.html. Examples of SU processing scripts are provided in the BOOM.tar file located in the SU subfolder of the SOFTWARE folder located at the top level of this disc. In-house (USGS) DOS and Microsoft Windows compatible software for viewing SEG-Y headers - DUMPSEGY.EXE (Zihlman, 1992) - is provided in the USGS subfolder of the SOFTWARE folder. Processed profile images, trackline navigation maps, logbooks, and formal metadata may be viewed with a web browser.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003274","usgsCitation":"Calderon, K., Dadisman, S.V., Flocks, J.G., Kindinger, J.L., and Wiese, D.S., 2003, Archive of boomer seismic reflection data collected during USGS cruises 01SCC01 and 01SCC02, Timbalier Bay and offshore East Timbalier Island, Louisiana, June - August, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-274, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003274.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2001-06-30","temporalEnd":"2001-08-18","costCenters":[{"id":159,"text":"Center for Coastal and Watershed Studies","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":181102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12037,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-274/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"East Timablier Island, Timbalier Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.5,28.916666666666668 ], [ -90.5,29.25 ], [ -90.16666666666667,29.25 ], [ -90.16666666666667,28.916666666666668 ], [ -90.5,28.916666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679df6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calderon, Karynna","contributorId":92739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calderon","given":"Karynna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dadisman, Shawn V. sdadisman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dadisman","given":"Shawn","email":"sdadisman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flocks, James G. 0000-0002-6177-7433 jflocks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-7433","contributorId":816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flocks","given":"James","email":"jflocks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kindinger, Jack L. jkindinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"Jack","email":"jkindinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wiese, Dana S. dwiese@usgs.gov","contributorId":2476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiese","given":"Dana","email":"dwiese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53092,"text":"ofr03377 - 2003 - Empirical modified Mercalli intensity site corrections for towns in eastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-07T13:56:58","indexId":"ofr03377","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-377","title":"Empirical modified Mercalli intensity site corrections for towns in eastern North America","docAbstract":"Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) assignments for earthquakes in eastern North America (ENA) were used by Bakun et al. (2003) and Bakun and Hopper (in press) to develop models for estimating the location and moment magnitude M of earthquakes in ENA from MMI observations. The MMI empirical site corrections developed and used by Bakun et al. (2003) and Bakun and Hopper (in press) are listed in this Open-file Report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03377","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., and Hopper, M.G., 2003, Empirical modified Mercalli intensity site corrections for towns in eastern North America: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-377, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03377.","productDescription":"33 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03377.jpg"},{"id":285837,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0377/"},{"id":285838,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0377/pdf/of03-377.pdf"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db603f41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopper, M. G.","contributorId":39389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53086,"text":"ofr03353 - 2003 - Geochemistry of bedrock and glacial deposits in the vicinity of the Bend massive sulfide deposit, north central Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:30:06","indexId":"ofr03353","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-353","title":"Geochemistry of bedrock and glacial deposits in the vicinity of the Bend massive sulfide deposit, north central Wisconsin","docAbstract":"In 1998 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) initiated a study to examine the natural regional environmental impact of sulfide mineralization exposed to episodic weathering and glaciation. The study focused on the Bend copper-gold massive sulfide deposit located in the Medford District of the Chequamegon National Forest in north central Wisconsin. The Bend massive sulfide deposit is a small, metal-rich sulfide body hosted by Paleoproterozoic metavolcanics. The mineralized horizon subcrops beneath 100-120 feet of glacial cover, and consists of massive pyrite and other sulfides. Bedrock and ore geochemistry are well characterized by analyses of diamond drill core provided to the USGS by Sharpe Energy and Resources.
\nIn July 1999, five rotasonic drillholes were completed through the unconsolidated Quaternary sediment, averaging about 100 feet thick, on a transect across the Bend deposit. Nearly continuous core was recovered from the surficial material along with several feet of the underlying bedrock. Samples representing the entire section were analyzed by the USGS to give a two-dimensional representation of element dispersal from the unmineralized bedrock. In addition, one hundred regional till samples were subsampled from the archives of the Quaternary Sediment Laboratory in the University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Geology and Geophysics. These regional samples were collected mainly from Taylor County, where the Bend deposit is located, as well as contiguous parts of Clark and Marathon Counties.
\nThis open file report presents all of the geochemical data collected for this study. Additional publications describing the data in more detail are being completed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03353","usgsCitation":"Woodruff, L.G., Attig, J.W., Cannon, W.F., Nicholson, S.W., and Schulz, K., 2003, Geochemistry of bedrock and glacial deposits in the vicinity of the Bend massive sulfide deposit, north central Wisconsin (Version 1.0, Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-353, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03353.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5284,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-353/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 45.359865333959746\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 45.81348649679971\n ],\n [\n -90.32958984375,\n 45.81348649679971\n ],\n [\n -90.32958984375,\n 45.359865333959746\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 45.359865333959746\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0, Online Only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab5bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Attig, John W.","contributorId":16832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attig","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cannon, William F. 0000-0002-2699-8118 wcannon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":1883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"William","email":"wcannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nicholson, Suzanne W. 0000-0002-9365-1894 swnich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9365-1894","contributorId":880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Suzanne","email":"swnich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schulz, Klaus","contributorId":41519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53081,"text":"ofr03330 - 2003 - North Alaska petroleum system analysis: The regional map compilation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T21:13:49.976535","indexId":"ofr03330","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-330","title":"North Alaska petroleum system analysis: The regional map compilation","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey initiated an effort to model north Alaskan petroleum systems. The geographic and geologic basis for modeling systems is provided by a set of regional digital maps that allow evaluation of the widest possible extent of each system. Accordingly, we laid out a rectangular map grid 1300 km (800 miles) east-west and 600 km (375 miles) north-south. The resulting map area extends from the Yukon Territory of Canada on the east to the Russian-U.S. Chukchi Sea on the west and from the Brooks Range on the south to the Canada basin-Chukchi borderland on the north. Within this map region, we combined disparate types of publicly available data to produce structure contour maps. Data types range from seismic-based mapping as in the National Petroleum Reserve to well penetrations in areas of little or no seismic data where extrapolation was required. With these types of data, we produced structure contour maps on three horizons: top of pre-Mississippian (basement), top of Triassic (Ellesmerian sequence), and top of Neocomian (Beaufortian sequence). These horizons, when combined with present-day topography and bathymetry, provide the bounding structural/stratigraphic surfaces of the north Alaskan petroleum province that mark major defining moments of the region's geologic history and allow regional portrayal of preserved sediment accumulations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03330","usgsCitation":"Saltus, R.W., and Bird, K.J., 2003, North Alaska petroleum system analysis: The regional map compilation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-330, 1 Plate: 93.75 x 37.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03330.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 93.75 x 37.50 inches","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":182126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03330.jpg"},{"id":5257,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0330/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110447,"rank":700,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0330/pdf/of03-330.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"59087"},{"id":394064,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_59087.htm"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Yukon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -172,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 73\n ],\n [\n -172,\n 73\n ],\n [\n -172,\n 68\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696dce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saltus, Richard W. saltus@usgs.gov","contributorId":777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"Richard","email":"saltus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53080,"text":"ofr2003329 - 2003 - Sandstone and shale compaction curves derived from sonic and gamma ray logs in offshore wells, North Slope, Alaska– Parameters for basin modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T19:25:39.950653","indexId":"ofr2003329","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-329","title":"Sandstone and shale compaction curves derived from sonic and gamma ray logs in offshore wells, North Slope, Alaska– Parameters for basin modeling","docAbstract":"Representative compaction curves for the principle lithologies are essential input for reliable models of basin history. Compaction curves influence estimates of maximum burial and erosion. Different compaction curves may produce significantly different thermal histories. Default compaction curves provided by basin modeling packages may or may not be a good proxy for the compaction properties in a given area. Compaction curves in the published literature span a wide range, even within one lithology, e.g., sandstone (see Panel 3). An abundance of geophysical well data for the North Slope, from both government and private sources, provides us with an unusually good opportunity to develop compaction curves for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Brookian sandstones, siltstones, and shales. We examined the sonic and gamma ray logs from 19 offshore wells (see map), where significant erosion is least likely to have occurred. Our data are primarily from the Cretaceous-Tertiary Brookian sequence and are less complete for older sequences. \r\n\r\nFor each well, the fraction of shale (Vsh) at a given depth was estimated from the gamma ray log, and porosity was computed from sonic travel time. By compositing porosities for the near-pure sand (Vsh<1%) and shale (Vsh>99%)from many individual wells we obtained data over sufficient depth intervals to define sandstone and shale 'master' compaction curves. A siltstone curve was defined using the sonic-derived porosities for Vsh values of 50%. These compaction curves generally match most of the sonic porosities with an error of 5% or less. \r\n\r\nOnshore, the curves are used to estimate the depth of maximum burial at the end of Brookian sedimentation. The depth of sonic-derived porosity profiles is adjusted to give the best match with the 'master' compaction curves. The amount of the depth adjustment is the erosion estimate. Using our compaction curves, erosion estimates on the North Slope range from zero in much of the offshore, to as much as 1500 ft along the coast, and to more than 10,000 ft in the foothills (Panel 3). Compaction curves provide an alternative to vitrinite reflectance for estimating erosion. Vitrinite reflectance data are often very sparse in contrast to well log data and are subject to inconsistencies when measurements are made by different labs. The phenomenon of 'recycling' can also make the reflectance values of dispersed vitrinite problematic for quantifying erosion. Recycling is suspected in dispersed vitrinite in North Slope rocks, particularly in the younger, Cretaceous-Tertiary section. The compaction curves defined here are being integrated into our burial history and thermal models to determine the timing of source rock maturation. An example on Panel 3 shows the results of calculating the maturity of the Shublik Fm. at the Tulaga well using two different sets of shale and siltstone compaction curves. Finally, accurate compaction curves improve a model's ability to realistically simulate the pressure regime during burial, including overpressures.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003329","usgsCitation":"Rowan, E.L., Hayba, D.O., Nelson, P.H., Burns, W.M., and Houseknecht, D.W., 2003, Sandstone and shale compaction curves derived from sonic and gamma ray logs in offshore wells, North Slope, Alaska– Parameters for basin modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-329, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003329.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":182041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8872,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-329/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":392867,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_59088.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -167,\n 68.8333\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 68.8333\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 71.4167\n ],\n [\n -167,\n 71.4167\n ],\n [\n -167,\n 68.8333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdcd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, Elisabeth L. 0000-0001-5753-6189 erowan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":2075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"Elisabeth","email":"erowan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayba, Daniel O. 0000-0003-4092-1894 dhayba@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-1894","contributorId":396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayba","given":"Daniel","email":"dhayba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, Philip H. pnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Philip","email":"pnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burns, W. Matthew","contributorId":56742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Houseknecht, David W. 0000-0002-9633-6910 dhouse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"David","email":"dhouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53076,"text":"ofr2003324 - 2003 - Alaskan North Slope petroleum systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T20:41:18.919069","indexId":"ofr2003324","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-324","title":"Alaskan North Slope petroleum systems","docAbstract":"Six North Slope petroleum systems are identified, described, and mapped using oil-to-oil and oil-to-source rock correlations, pods of active source rock, and overburden rock packages. To map these systems, we assumed that: a) petroleum source rocks contain 3.2 wt. % organic carbon (TOC); b) immature oil-prone source rocks have hydrogen indices (HI) >300 (mg HC/gm TOC); c) the top and bottom of the petroleum (oil plus gas) window occur at vitrinite reflectance values of 0.6 and 1.0% Ro, respectively; and d) most hydrocarbons are expelled within the petroleum window.
The six petroleum systems we have identified and mapped are: a) a southern system involving the Kuna-Lisburne source rock unit that was active during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous; b) two western systems involving source rock in the Kingak-Blankenship, and GRZ-lower Torok source rock units that were active during the Albian; and c) three eastern systems involving the Shublik-Otuk, Hue Shale and Canning source rock units that were active during the Cenozoic. The GRZ-lower Torok in the west is correlative with the Hue Shale to the east. Four overburden rock packages controlled the time of expulsion and gross geometry of migration paths: a) a southern package of Early Cretaceous and older rocks structurally-thickened by early Brooks Range thrusting; b) a western package of Early Cretaceous rocks that filled the western part of the foreland basin; c) an eastern package of Late Cretaceous and Paleogene rocks that filled the eastern part of the foreland basin; and d) an offshore deltaic package of Neogene rocks deposited by the Colville, Canning, and Mackenzie rivers.
This petroleum system poster is part of a series of Northern Alaska posters on modeling. The poster in this session by Saltus and Bird present gridded maps for the greater Northern Alaskan onshore and offshore that are used in the 3D modeling poster by Lampe and others. Posters on source rock units are by Keller and Bird as well as Peters and others. Sandstone and shale compaction properties used in sedimentary basin modeling are covered in a poster by Rowan and others. The results of this modeling exercise will be used in our next Northern Alaska oil and gas resource assessment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003324","usgsCitation":"Magoon, L.B., Lillis, P., Bird, K.J., Lampe, C., and Peters, K.E., 2003, Alaskan North Slope petroleum systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-324, 3 Sheets: 96.78 × 38.71 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003324.","productDescription":"3 Sheets: 96.78 × 38.71 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":181941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8873,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-324/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":407998,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_59066.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -146,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -146,\n 71.4167\n ],\n [\n -160,\n 71.4167\n ],\n [\n -160,\n 68\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6880c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magoon, L. B.","contributorId":44531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lillis, P. G. 0000-0002-7508-1699","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7508-1699","contributorId":17630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lillis","given":"P. G.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bird, K. J.","contributorId":57824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bird","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lampe, C.","contributorId":104138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lampe","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peters, K. E.","contributorId":17295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":51963,"text":"ofr03226 - 2003 - Helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic survey data and maps, Seco Creek area, Medina and Uvalde counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T18:57:28.934889","indexId":"ofr03226","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-226","title":"Helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic survey data and maps, Seco Creek area, Medina and Uvalde counties, Texas","docAbstract":"A helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic (HEM) survey was completed of a 209 square kilometer (81 square miles) area of the central Edwards aquifer. This open-file report is a release of the airborne geophysical data and a summary of the hydrologic application. The survey area was centered on the Valdina Farms sinkhole along the Seco Creek drainage in western Medina County, Texas. Flight lines were flown north south with three east west tie lines to aid in leveling the magnetic data. Additional lines were flown on each side of the Seco and Little Seco Creek drainages. A five kilometer (4 mile) extension of 15 lines was flown north of the main survey block centered on Seco Creek. This digital data release contains the flight line data, grids, and maps of the HEM survey data. The Edwards aquifer in this area consists of three hydrologic zones: catchment, recharge, and confined. The Glen Rose Formation is exposed in the catchment area. The recharge zone is situated in the Balcones fault zone where the Devils River Group of the Edwards aquifer has been exposed by normal faults. The magnetic data is not discussed in depth here, but does have high amplitude closed anomalies caused by shallow igneous intrusives. The Woodard Cave Fault that separates the recharge and catchment zones is in places associated with a weak linear magnetic low. The HEM data has been processed to produce apparent resistivities for each of the six EM coil pairs and frequencies. Maps of the apparent resistivity for the five horizontal coil pairs show that the catchment, recharge, and confined zones all have numerous linear features that are likely caused by structures, many of which have not been mapped. The distribution of high resistivity areas reflects the lithologic differences within the Trinity and Edwards aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03226","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.D., Smith, D.V., Hill, P.L., and Labson, V.F., 2003, Helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic survey data and maps, Seco Creek area, Medina and Uvalde counties, Texas (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-226, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03226.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110446,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_58976.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"58976"},{"id":4509,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-226","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":179314,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Medina County, Uvalde County","otherGeospatial":"Seco Creek area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.44686889648438,\n 29.401319510041485\n ],\n [\n -99.15985107421875,\n 29.401319510041485\n ],\n [\n -99.15985107421875,\n 29.630771207229\n ],\n [\n -99.44686889648438,\n 29.630771207229\n ],\n [\n -99.44686889648438,\n 29.401319510041485\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e90b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, David V. 0000-0003-0426-4401 dvsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-4401","contributorId":1306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"dvsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, Patricia L. pathill@usgs.gov","contributorId":1327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Patricia","email":"pathill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":244558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Labson, Victor F. 0000-0003-1905-1820 vlabson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1905-1820","contributorId":326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labson","given":"Victor","email":"vlabson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":349,"text":"International Water Resources Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":51968,"text":"wri034080 - 2003 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Cedar River alluvium, northwest Black Hawk County and southwest Bremer County, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-04T19:33:04.183409","indexId":"wri034080","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4080","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Cedar River alluvium, northwest Black Hawk County and southwest Bremer County, Iowa","docAbstract":"Flooding and high ground-water levels after large or frequent rainstorms have occurred in an area of about 30 square miles along the eastern bank of the Cedar River from Cedar Falls in northwest Black Hawk County to Janesville in southwest Bremer County, Iowa. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Black Hawk County, conducted a hydrologic study of the Cedar River alluvium in the northwest Black Hawk and southwest Bremer Counties, to improve understanding of the ground-water flow system and evaluate the effects of hypothetical variations in recharge and discharge conditions.
\nA steady-state ground-water flow model was constructed for the area using November 2001 hydrologic conditions. The model was discretized into an 83-row by 47-column grid of cells measuring approximately 500 feet by 500 feet. Two model layers, one for the alluvium and one for the underlying bedrock units, were used to represent flow in the area.
\nPrecipitation during 2001 was similar to historical normals. Precipitation during 1999, especially during the summer when flooding occurred, was well above the historical normals. Borings in the unconsolidated deposits in the study area confirmed the presence of a bedrock valley dipping to the south in the central part of the study area. Water-level measurements in 2001 indicate that ground-water flow in much of the alluvial aquifer parallels the direction of flow in the Cedar River toward the south rather than following shorter flow paths to the west toward the Cedar River.
\nUnder steady-state conditions and 2001 pumpage, primary sources of inflow to the ground-water flow system are the Cedar River (65.5 percent), recharge through infiltration of precipitation and upland runoff (31.4 percent), and subsurface flow across the lateral boundaries (3.1 percent). The primary components of outflow from the ground-water flow system are intermittent streams (56.0 percent) and the Cedar River (43.7 percent).
\nTwo hypothetical scenarios were used to assess the potential effects of higher river levels and increased recharge compared to the steadystate conditions. For one scenario, river levels were set to bankfull conditions, and a recharge of 1.2 times the steady-state rate was applied. This simulation was used to evaluate the effects of wet conditions. This scenario led to increased water levels, in general, and large areas of shallow (0 to 10 feet) depths to water along the eastern part of the model area near Highway 218. For the second scenario, conditions were the same as for the first scenario, but streambed conductance of intermittent streams modeled as drains was increased to 10 times the steady-state value to simulate increased flow of water from the shallow groundwater flow system. The area with depth to water of 0 to 10 feet along the eastern part of the model area was substantially smaller than that of the first scenario.
\nIn general, once high ground-water levels occur, either because of high Cedar River water Abstract levels or above normal local precipitation or both, ground-water in the central part of the study area along Highway 218 flows toward the south rather than following shorter flow paths to the Cedar River. Intermittent streams in the study area discharge substantial amounts of water from the ground-water flow system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034080","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Black Hawk County, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Schaap, B.D., Savoca, M.E., and Turco, M.J., 2003, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Cedar River alluvium, northwest Black Hawk County and southwest Bremer County, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4080, iv, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034080.","productDescription":"iv, 42 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415184,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_59085.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":86633,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4080/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":179445,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4080/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Black Hawk County, Bremer County","otherGeospatial":"Cedar River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.45853424072266,\n 42.54498667313236\n ],\n [\n -92.4502944946289,\n 42.53942170349745\n ],\n [\n -92.4386215209961,\n 42.543469003332994\n ],\n [\n -92.42660522460938,\n 42.55181573066109\n ],\n [\n -92.41802215576172,\n 42.56648303164409\n ],\n [\n -92.41287231445312,\n 42.57684921609549\n ],\n [\n 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mesavoca@usgs.gov","contributorId":1961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoca","given":"Mark","email":"mesavoca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turco, Michael J. mjturco@usgs.gov","contributorId":1011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turco","given":"Michael","email":"mjturco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":244572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53070,"text":"ofr2003271 - 2003 - Archive of chirp seismic reflection data collected during USGS cruises 01SCC01 and 01SCC02, Timbalier Bay and offshore East Timbalier Island, Louisiana, June 30 - July 9 and August 1 - 12, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T21:25:08.550555","indexId":"ofr2003271","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-271","title":"Archive of chirp seismic reflection data collected during USGS cruises 01SCC01 and 01SCC02, Timbalier Bay and offshore East Timbalier Island, Louisiana, June 30 - July 9 and August 1 - 12, 2001","docAbstract":"In June, July, and August of 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the University of New Orleans, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, conducted a shallow geophysical and sediment core survey of Timbalier Bay and the Gulf of Mexico offshore East Timbalier Island, Louisiana. This report serves as an archive of unprocessed digital seismic reflection data, trackline navigation files, trackline navigation maps, observers' logbooks, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) information, and formal Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) metadata. In addition, a gained digital Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) image of each seismic profile is provided. Please see Kulp and others (2002), Flocks and others (2003), and Kulp and others (in prep.) for further information about the sediment cores collected and the geophysical results. For convenience, a list of acronyms and abbreviations frequently used in this report is also included.\r\n\r\nThis Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) document is readable on any computing platform that has standard DVD driver software installed. Documentation on this DVD was produced using Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) utilized by the World Wide Web (WWW) and allows the user to access the information using a web browser (i.e. Netscape, Internet Explorer). To access the information contained on these discs, open the file 'index.htm' located at the top level of each disc using a web browser. This report also contains WWW links to USGS collaborators and other agencies. These links are only accessible if access to the internet is available while viewing these DVDs.\r\n\r\nThe archived chirp seismic reflection data are in standard Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) SEG-Y format (Barry et al., 1975) and may be downloaded for processing with public domain software such as Seismic Unix (SU), currently located at http://www.cwp.mines.edu/cwpcodes/index.html. Examples of SU processing scripts are provided in the CHIRP.tar file located in the SU subfolder of the SOFTWARE folder located at the top level of each disc. In-house (USGS) DOS and Microsoft Windows compatible software for viewing SEG-Y headers - DUMPSEGY.EXE (Zihlman, 1992) - is provided in the USGS subfolder of the SOFTWARE folder. Processed profile images, trackline navigation maps, logbooks, and formal metadata may be viewed with a web browser.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003271","usgsCitation":"Calderon, K., Dadisman, S.V., Flocks, J.G., Wiese, D.S., and Kindinger, J.L., 2003, Archive of chirp seismic reflection data collected during USGS cruises 01SCC01 and 01SCC02, Timbalier Bay and offshore East Timbalier Island, Louisiana, June 30 - July 9 and August 1 - 12, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-271, HTML Document; 4 DVD-ROMs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003271.","productDescription":"HTML Document; 4 DVD-ROMs","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2001-06-30","temporalEnd":"2001-08-12","costCenters":[{"id":159,"text":"Center for Coastal and Watershed Studies","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":12036,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-271/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":402724,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70847.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":181001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Timbalier Bay and offshore East Timbalier Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.34582519531249,\n 29.08977693862319\n ],\n [\n -90.1593017578125,\n 29.08977693862319\n ],\n [\n -90.1593017578125,\n 29.286398892934763\n ],\n [\n -91.34582519531249,\n 29.286398892934763\n ],\n [\n -91.34582519531249,\n 29.08977693862319\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679db6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calderon, Karynna","contributorId":92739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calderon","given":"Karynna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dadisman, Shawn V. sdadisman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dadisman","given":"Shawn","email":"sdadisman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flocks, James G. 0000-0002-6177-7433 jflocks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-7433","contributorId":816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flocks","given":"James","email":"jflocks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wiese, Dana S. dwiese@usgs.gov","contributorId":2476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiese","given":"Dana","email":"dwiese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kindinger, Jack L. jkindinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"Jack","email":"jkindinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53069,"text":"ofr03260 - 2003 - Geochemical characterization of slags, other mine waste, and their leachate from the Elizabeth and Ely Mines (Vermont), the Ducktown Mining District (Tennessee), and the Clayton Smelter Site (Idaho)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-16T20:56:13.720574","indexId":"ofr03260","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-260","title":"Geochemical characterization of slags, other mine waste, and their leachate from the Elizabeth and Ely Mines (Vermont), the Ducktown Mining District (Tennessee), and the Clayton Smelter Site (Idaho)","docAbstract":"Waste-rock material produced at historic metal mines contains elevated concentrations of potentially toxic trace elements. Two types of mine waste were examined in this study: sintered waste rock and slag. The samples were collected from the Elizabeth and Ely mines in the Vermont copper belt (Besshi-type massive sulfide deposits), from the Copper Basin mining district near Ducktown, Tennessee (Besshi-type massive sulfide deposits), and from the Clayton silver mine in the Bayhorse mining district, Idaho (polymetallic vein and replacement deposits). The data in this report are presented as a compilation with minimal interpretation or discussion. A detailed discussion and interpretation of the slag data are presented in a companion paper. Data collected from sintered waste rock and slag include: (1) bulk rock chemistry, (2) mineralogy, (3) and the distribution of trace elements among phases for the slag samples. In addition, the reactivity of the waste material under surficial conditions was assessed by examining secondary minerals formed on slag and by laboratory leaching tests using deionized water and a synthetic solution approximating precipitation in the eastern United States.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03260","usgsCitation":"Piatak, N., Seal, R., Hammarstrom, J.M., Meier, A.L., and Briggs, P.H., 2003, Geochemical characterization of slags, other mine waste, and their leachate from the Elizabeth and Ely Mines (Vermont), the Ducktown Mining District (Tennessee), and the Clayton Smelter Site (Idaho) (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-260, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03260.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":389370,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_59149.htm"},{"id":5249,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-260/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Tennessee, Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Clayton smelter site, Ducktown mining district, Elizabeth and Ely Mines","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.3417,\n 43.9386\n ],\n [\n -72.3417,\n 43.8125\n ],\n [\n -72.2667,\n 43.8125\n ],\n [\n -72.2667,\n 43.9386\n ],\n [\n -72.3417,\n 43.9386\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.2384033203125,\n 35.1053045805633\n ],\n [\n -80.93318939208984,\n 35.1053045805633\n ],\n [\n -80.93318939208984,\n 35.2408523788917\n ],\n [\n -81.2384033203125,\n 35.2408523788917\n ],\n [\n -81.2384033203125,\n 35.1053045805633\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.58740234375,\n 44.19205137735955\n ],\n [\n -114.23583984374999,\n 44.19205137735955\n ],\n [\n -114.23583984374999,\n 44.38865427337759\n ],\n [\n -114.58740234375,\n 44.38865427337759\n ],\n [\n -114.58740234375,\n 44.19205137735955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae631","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M.","contributorId":23621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seal, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammarstrom, Jane M. 0000-0003-2742-3460 jhammars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-3460","contributorId":1226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"Jane","email":"jhammars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meier, Allen L.","contributorId":14384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":30973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":52926,"text":"wri034029 - 2003 - Hydrogeology of shallow basin-fill deposits in areas of Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T15:53:38","indexId":"wri034029","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4029","title":"Hydrogeology of shallow basin-fill deposits in areas of Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah","docAbstract":"A study of recently developed residential/commercial areas of Salt Lake Valley, Utah, was done from 1999 to 2001 in areas in which shallow ground water has the potential to move to a deeper aquifer that is used for public supply. Thirty monitoring wells were drilled and sampled in 1999 as part of the study. The ground water was either under unconfined or confined conditions, depending on depth to water and the presence or absence of fine-grained deposits. The wells were completed in the shallowest water-bearing zone capable of supplying water. Monitoring-well depths range from 23 to 154 feet. Lithologic, geophysical, hydraulic-conductivity, transmissivity, water-level, and water-temperature data were obtained for or collected from the wells.
Silt and clay layers noted on lithologic logs correlate with increases in electrical conductivity and natural gamma radiation shown on many of the electromagnetic-induction and natural gamma logs. Relatively large increases in electrical conductivity, determined from the electromagnetic-induction logs, with no major changes in natural gamma radiation are likely caused by increased dissolved-solids content in the ground water. Some intervals with high electrical conductivity correspond to areas in which water was present during drilling.
Unconfined conditions were present at 7 of 20 monitoring wells on the west side and at 2 of 10 wells on the east side of Salt Lake Valley. Fine-grained deposits confine the ground water. Anthropogenic compounds were detected in water sampled from most of the wells, indicating a connection with the land surface. Data were collected from 20 of the monitoring wells to estimate the hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity of the shallow ground-water system. Hydraulic-conductivity values of the shallow aquifer ranged from 30 to 540 feet per day. Transmissivity values of the shallow aquifer ranged from 3 to 1,070 feet squared per day. There is a close linear relation between transmissivity determined from slug-test analysis and transmissivity estimated from specific capacity.
Water-level fluctuations were measured in the 30 monitoring wells from 1999 to July 2001. Generally, water-level changes measured in wells on the west side of the valley followed a seasonal trend and wells on the east side showed less fluctuation or a gradual decline during the 2-year period. This may indicate that a larger percentage of recharge to the shallow ground-water system on the west side is from somewhat consistent seasonal sources, such as canals and unconsumed irrigation water, as compared to sources on the east side. Water levels measured in monitoring wells completed in the shallow ground-water system near large-capacity public-supply wells varied in response to ground-water withdrawals from the deeper confined aquifer. Water temperature was monitored in 23 wells. Generally, little or no change in water temperature was measured in monitoring wells with a depth to water greater than about 40 feet. The shallower the water level in the well, the greater the water-temperature change measured during the study.
Comparison of water levels measured in the monitoring wells and deeper wells in the same area indicate a downward gradient on the east side of the valley. Water levels in the shallow and deeper aquifers in the secondary recharge area on the west side of the valley were similar to those on the east side. Water levels measured in the monitoring wells and nearby wells completed in the deeper aquifer indicate that the vertical gradient can change with time and stresses on the system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/wri034029","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., 2003, Hydrogeology of shallow basin-fill deposits in areas of Salt Lake Valley, Salt Lake County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4029, Report: viii, 23 p.; 1 Plate: 33.0 x 25.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034029.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 23 p.; 1 Plate: 33.0 x 25.0 inches","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334630,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034029/pdf/wri034029.pdf","size":"2.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":334631,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034029/pdf/plate_1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"3.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":5014,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034029/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Salt Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Salt Lake 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Lake\",\"state\":\"UT\"}}]}","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db6246a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69696,"text":"i2790 - 2003 - Crater Lake revealed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T09:40:00","indexId":"i2790","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2790","title":"Crater Lake revealed","docAbstract":"Around 500,000 people each year visit Crater Lake National Park in the Cascade Range of southern Oregon. Volcanic peaks, evergreen forests, and Crater Lake’s incredibly blue water are the park’s main attractions. Crater Lake partially fills the caldera that formed approximately 7,700 years ago by the eruption and subsequent collapse of a 12,000-foot volcano called Mount Mazama. The caldera-forming or climactic eruption of Mount Mazama drastically changed the landscape all around the volcano and spread a blanket of volcanic ash at least as far away as southern Canada.
Prior to the climactic event, Mount Mazama had a 400,000 year history of cone building activity like that of other Cascade volcanoes such as Mount Shasta. Since the climactic eruption, there have been several less violent, smaller postcaldera eruptions within the caldera itself. However, relatively little was known about the specifics of these eruptions because their products were obscured beneath Crater Lake’s surface. As the Crater Lake region is still potentially volcanically active, understanding past eruptive events is important to understanding future eruptions, which could threaten facilities and people at Crater Lake National Park and the major transportation corridor east of the Cascades.
Recently, the lake bottom was mapped with a high-resolution multibeam echo sounder. The new bathymetric survey provides a 2m/pixel view of the lake floor from its deepest basins virtually to the shoreline. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications, the bathymetry data can be visualized and analyzed to shed light on the geology, geomorphology, and geologic history of Crater Lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2790","isbn":"0607906502","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, D.W., Dartnell, P., Bacon, C.R., Robinson, J., and Gardner, J.V., 2003, Crater Lake revealed: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2790, 38.01 x 25.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2790.","productDescription":"38.01 x 25.01 inches","costCenters":[{"id":412,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280491,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2790/pdf/i2790.pdf","text":"Map","size":"6.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":110429,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_55153.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"55153"},{"id":6369,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2790/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Range, Crater Lake, Crater Lake National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.17964,42.891988 ], [ -122.17964,42.988538 ], [ -122.032809,42.988538 ], [ -122.032809,42.891988 ], [ -122.17964,42.891988 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683773","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, David W. 0000-0003-1698-2523 dramsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1698-2523","contributorId":3819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"David","email":"dramsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X pdartnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":2688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","email":"pdartnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, Joel E. 0000-0002-5193-3666 jrobins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-3666","contributorId":2757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Joel E.","email":"jrobins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":93035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":51523,"text":"ofr03293 - 2003 - Preliminary geologic map of the San Bernardino 30' x 60' quadrangle, California (includes preliminary GIS database)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-23T19:57:05.444366","indexId":"ofr03293","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-293","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the San Bernardino 30' x 60' quadrangle, California (includes preliminary GIS database)","docAbstract":"The San Bernardino 30'x60' quadrangle, southern California, is diagonally\r\n bisected by the San Andreas Fault Zone, separating the San Gabriel and San\r\n Bernardino Mountains, major elements of California's east-oriented Transverse\r\n Ranges Province. Included in the southern part of the quadrangle is the northern\r\n part of the Peninsular Ranges Province and the northeastern part of the\r\n oil-producing Los Angeles basin. The northern part of the quadrangle includes\r\n the southern part of the Mojave Desert Province. Pre-Quaternary rocks within the\r\n San Bernardino quadrangle consist of three extensive, well-defined basement rock\r\n assemblages, the San Gabriel Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains, and the\r\n Peninsular Ranges assemblages, and a fourth assemblage restricted to a narrow\r\n block bounded by the active San Andreas Fault and the Mill Creek Fault. Each of\r\n these basement rock assemblages is characterized by a relatively unique suite of\r\n rocks that was amalgamated by the end of the Cretaceous and (or) early Cenozoic.\r\n Some Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks are unique to specific assemblages,\r\n and some overlap adjacent assemblages. A few Miocene and Pliocene units cross\r\n the boundaries of adjacent assemblages, but are dominant in only one. Tectonic\r\n events directly and indirectly related to the San Andreas Fault system have\r\n partly dismembered the basement rocks during the Neogene, forming the modern-day\r\n physiographic provinces.\r\n \r\n Rocks of the four basement rock assemblages are divisible into an older suite of\r\n Late Cretaceous and older rocks and a younger suite of post-Late Cretaceous rocks.\r\n The age span of the older suite varies considerably from assemblage to assemblage,\r\n and the point in time that separates the two suites varies slightly. In the\r\n Peninsular Ranges, the older rocks were formed from the Paleozoic to the end of\r\n Late Cretaceous plutonism, and in the Transverse Ranges over a longer period of\r\n time extending from the Proterozoic to metamorphism at the end of the Cretaceous.\r\n Within the Peninsular Ranges a profound diachronous unconformity marks the\r\n pre-Late Cretaceous-post-Late Cretaceous subdivision, but within the Transverse\r\n Ranges the division appears to be slightly younger, perhaps coinciding with the\r\n end of the Cretaceous or extending into the early Cenozoic. Initial docking of\r\n Peninsular Ranges rocks with Transverse Ranges rocks appears to have occurred at\r\n the terminus of plutonism within the Peninsular Ranges. During the Paleogene\r\n there was apparently discontinuous but widespread deposition on the basement rocks\r\n and little tectonic disruption of the amalgamated older rocks. Dismemberment of\r\n these Paleogene and older rocks by strike-slip, thrust, and reverse faulting began\r\n in the Neogene and is ongoing. The Peninsular Ranges basement rock assemblage is\r\n made up of the Peninsular Ranges batholith and a variety of metasedimentary rocks.\r\n Most of the plutonic rocks of the batholith are granodiorite and tonalite in\r\n composition; primary foliation is common, mainly in the eastern part. Tertiary\r\n sedimentary rocks of the Los Angeles Basin crop out in the Puente and San Jose\r\n Hills along with the spatially associated Glendora Volcanics; both units span the\r\n boundary between the Peninsular Ranges and San Gabriel Mountains basement rock\r\n assemblages.\r\n \r\n The San Gabriel Mountains basement rock assemblage includes two discrete areas,\r\n the high standing San Gabriel Mountains and the relatively low San Bernardino\r\n basin east of the San Jacinto Fault. The basement rock assemblage is\r\n characterized by a unique suite of rocks that include anorthosite, Proterozoic\r\n and Paleozoic gneiss and schist, the Triassic","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03293","usgsCitation":"Morton, D.M., and Miller, F.K., 2003, Preliminary geologic map of the San Bernardino 30' x 60' quadrangle, California (includes preliminary GIS database): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-293, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03293.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110443,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_58935.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"58935"},{"id":4526,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-293/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Bernardino 30' x 60' quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.0,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -117.0,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -117.0,\n 34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47e3e4b07f02db4bb30c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Douglas M. scamp@usgs.gov","contributorId":4102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Douglas","email":"scamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":243830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Fred K.","contributorId":89503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51514,"text":"ofr03343 - 2003 - Tectonic Summaries for Web-served Earthquake Responses, Southeastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:27","indexId":"ofr03343","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-343","title":"Tectonic Summaries for Web-served Earthquake Responses, Southeastern North America","docAbstract":"This report documents the rationale and strategy used to write short summaries of the seismicity and tectonic settings of domains in southeastern North America. The summaries are used in automated responses to notable earthquakes that occur anywhere east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States or Canada. Specifically, the report describes the geologic and tectonic information, data sources, criteria, and reasoning used to determine the content and format of the summaries, for the benefit of geologists or seismologists who may someday need to revise the summaries or write others. These tectonic summaries are designed to be automatically posted on the World Wide Web as soon as an earthquake?s epicenter is determined. The summaries are part of a larger collection of summaries that is planned to cover the world.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr03343","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., 2003, Tectonic Summaries for Web-served Earthquake Responses, Southeastern North America (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-343, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03343.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4519,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-343/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685982","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52920,"text":"cir1249 - 2003 - Geothermal energy: clean power from the Earth's heat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-20T10:40:35","indexId":"cir1249","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1249","title":"Geothermal energy: clean power from the Earth's heat","docAbstract":"Societies in the 21st century require enormous amounts of energy to drive the machines of commerce and to sustain the lifestyles that many people have come to expect. Today, most of this energy is derived from oil, natural gas, and coal, supplemented by nuclear power. Local exceptions exist, but oil is by far the most common source of energy worldwide. Oil resources, however, are nonrenewable and concentrated in only a few places around the globe, creating uncertainty in long-term supply for many nations. At the time of the Middle East oil embargo of the 1970s, about a third of the United States oil supply was imported, mostly from that region. An interruption in the flow of this import disrupted nearly every citizen’s daily life, as well as the Nation’s economy. In response, the Federal Government launched substantial programs to accelerate development of means to increasingly harness “alternative energies”—primarily biomass, geothermal, solar, and wind. The new emphasis on simultaneously pursuing development of several sources of energy recognized the timeless wisdom found in the proverb of “not putting all eggs in one basket.” This book helps explain the role that geothermal resources can play in helping promote such diversity and in satisfying our Nation’s vast energy needs as we enter a new millennium. For centuries, people have enjoyed the benefits of geothermal energy available at hot springs, but it is only through technological advances made during the 20th century that we can tap this energy source in the subsurface and use it in a variety of ways, including the generation of electricity. Geothermal resources are simply exploitable concentrations of the Earth’s natural heat (thermal energy). The Earth is a bountiful source of thermal energy, continuously producing heat at depth, primarily by the decay of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes—principally of uranium, thorium, and potassium—that occur in small amounts in all rocks. This heat then rises to and through the Earth’s surface, where it escapes into the atmosphere. The amount of heat that flows annually from the Earth into the atmosphere is enormous—equivalent to ten times the annual energy consumption of the United States and more than that needed to power all nations of the world, if it could be fully harnessed. Even if only 1 percent of the thermal energy contained within the uppermost 10 kilometers of our planet could be tapped, this amount would be 500 times that contained in all oil and gas resources of the world. How might we benefit from this vast amount of thermal energy beneath our feet? Where, by what means, and how much of the Earth’s natural heat can be usefully harnessed? These are especially important questions to contemplate, because global population is expected to soon exceed seven billion and many scientists believe that the world’s fossilfuel resources may be substantially depleted within this century. Faced with such prospects, both the public and private sectors are working toward more fully utilizing the Earth’s abundant thermal energy and other alternative energy resources. A skeptic might question the wisdom of devoting much national effort to geothermal energy development, especially because many experts think that geothermal heat can contribute at most about 10 percent to the Nation’s energy supply using current technologies. However, ongoing advances in exploration and heat-extraction technologies are improving our ability to use the resource and may substantially increase the geothermal contribution to the Nation’s energy supply. In an attempt to help national planners and average citizens alike understand the nature and energy potential of geothermal resources, this book (1) describes the distribution and nature of geothermal energy, (2) reviews the common types of geothermal systems that provide useful energy with current technology, (3) considers potential geothermal resources that might someday be tapped with developing technologies, and (4) summarizes the role of earth-science information in assessing and harnessing geothermal resources wherever they occur worldwide. The predecessor to this book (Tapping the Earth’s Natural Heat, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1125, published in 1994) summarized the situation in the early 1990s. In an effort to support national energy planners, this new circular incorporates more recent advances in geothermal science and technology.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/cir1249","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., and Sass, J.H., 2003, Geothermal energy: clean power from the Earth's heat: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1249, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1249.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":299780,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1249.PNG"},{"id":8981,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1249/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":299779,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1249/c1249.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b043","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, Wendell A.","contributorId":14363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sass, John H.","contributorId":69596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}