Experimental observations collected during meteorological field studies conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration near the Russian River of coastal northern California are combined with SSM/I satellite observations offshore to examine the role of landfalling atmospheric rivers in the creation of flooding. While recent studies have documented the characteristics and importance of narrow regions of strong meridional water vapor transport over the eastern Pacific Ocean (recently referred to as atmospheric rivers), this study describes their impact when they strike the U.S. West Coast. A detailed case study is presented, along with an assessment of all 7 floods on the Russian River since the experimental data were first available in October 1997. In all 7 floods, atmospheric river conditions were present and caused heavy rainfall through orographic precipitation. Not only do atmospheric rivers play a crucial role in the global water budget, they can also lead to heavy coastal rainfall and flooding, and thus represent a key phenomenon linkingweather and climate. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2006GL026689","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Ralph, F., Neiman, P., Wick, G., Gutman, S., Dettinger, M.D., Cayan, D., and White, A., 2006, Flooding on California's Russian River: Role of atmospheric rivers: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 33, no. 13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026689.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487562,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl026689","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210363,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026689"}],"volume":"33","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1188e4b0c8380cd54018","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ralph, F.M.","contributorId":39174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neiman, P.J.","contributorId":14991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neiman","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wick, G.A.","contributorId":22958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wick","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gutman, S.I.","contributorId":25748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutman","given":"S.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":416408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":416405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"White, A.B.","contributorId":45878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70028067,"text":"70028067 - 2006 - Shallow stratigraphy and sedimentation history during high-frequency sea-level changes on the central California shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70028067","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow stratigraphy and sedimentation history during high-frequency sea-level changes on the central California shelf","docAbstract":"Analyses of high-resolution seismic-reflection data and sediment cores indicate that an extensive sediment deposit on the central California continental shelf is comprised of several late-Pleistocene to Holocene age facies. Offshore of the littoral zone, in water depths of 30-90 m, a 3-6 m thick veneer of fine sediment referred to as the mid-shelf mudbelt has formed along 50-100 km of the coast. The mudbelt drapes a parasequence characterized by prograding clinoforms that in places overlies a 1-3 m thick basal transgressive lag deposit. These facies overlie a prominent erosional unconformity that extends from the shore to the outer shelf. Eighteen calibrated 14CAMS ages of marine molluscs and terrestrial wood detritus sampled in cores range 15,800 yr BP to modern indicating a postglacial age for these sediments (one >55,000 yr BP represents relict sand). We model accumulation of these facies using (1) the topography of the underlying erosional unconformity interpreted from seismic reflection profiles, (2) observed sediment facies (grain size) distribution across the shelf (a proxy for wave/current sediment partitioning), and published estimates of (3) eustatic sea-level history, and (4) regional tectonics. Our model and data indicate that deposition of the transgressive lag began during early, slow postglacial sea-level rise and that a notable change in depositional environment occurred across an area of more than 200 km2 of the outer shelf likely in response to abrupt drowning during Meltwater Pulse 1B (11,500 yr BP). We propose that rapid progradation of clinoforms may have occurred during transgression because of the unique interaction of modest rates of sediment input and tectonic uplift, variable rates of eustatic sea-level rise and a complex stepped antecedent topography.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2006.04.001","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Grossman, E.E., Eittreim, S., Field, M., and Wong, F.L., 2006, Shallow stratigraphy and sedimentation history during high-frequency sea-level changes on the central California shelf: Continental Shelf Research, v. 26, no. 10, p. 1217-1239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.04.001.","startPage":"1217","endPage":"1239","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210333,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.04.001"}],"volume":"26","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e3be4b08c986b3187e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossman, E. E.","contributorId":96046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eittreim, S.L.","contributorId":98730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eittreim","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wong, F. L.","contributorId":87515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028074,"text":"70028074 - 2006 - Multidecadal climate variability of global lands and oceans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70028074","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2032,"text":"International Journal of Climatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multidecadal climate variability of global lands and oceans","docAbstract":"Principal components analysis (PCA) and singular value decomposition (SVD) are used to identify the primary modes of decadal and multidecadal variability in annual global Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) values and sea-surface temperature (SSTs). The PDSI and SST data for 1925-2003 were detrended and smoothed (with a 10-year moving average) to isolate the decadal and multidecadal variability. The first two principal components (PCs) of the PDSI PCA explained almost 38% of the decadal and multidecadal variance in the detrended and smoothed global annual PDSI data. The first two PCs of detrended and smoothed global annual SSTs explained nearly 56% of the decadal variability in global SSTs. The PDSI PCs and the SST PCs are directly correlated in a pairwise fashion. The first PDSI and SST PCs reflect variability of the detrended and smoothed annual Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), as well as detrended and smoothed annual Indian Ocean SSTs. The second set of PCs is strongly associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). The SVD analysis of the cross-covariance of the PDSI and SST data confirmed the close link between the PDSI and SST modes of decadal and multidecadal variation and provided a verification of the PCA results. These findings indicate that the major modes of multidecadal variations in SSTs and land-surface climate conditions are highly interrelated through a small number of spatially complex but slowly varying teleconnections. Therefore, these relations may be adaptable to providing improved baseline conditions for seasonal climate forecasting. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Climatology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/joc.1289","issn":"08998418","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G., and Palecki, M., 2006, Multidecadal climate variability of global lands and oceans: International Journal of Climatology, v. 26, no. 7, p. 849-865, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1289.","startPage":"849","endPage":"865","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210418,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1289"},{"id":237328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a601fe4b0c8380cd712e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, G.J. 0000-0002-9258-2997","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":12961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palecki, M.A.","contributorId":74489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palecki","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028075,"text":"70028075 - 2006 - Detection and quantification of Renibacterium salmoninarum DNA in salmonid tissues by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-12T16:11:11","indexId":"70028075","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2492,"text":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection and quantification of Renibacterium salmoninarum DNA in salmonid tissues by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis","docAbstract":"Renibacterium salmoninarum is an important salmonid pathogen that is difficult to culture. We developed and assessed a real-time, quantitative, polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for the detection and enumeration of R. salmoninarum. The qPCR is based on TaqMan technology and amplifies a 69-base pair (bp) region of the gene encoding the major soluble antigen (MSA) of R. salmoninarum. The qPCR assay consistently detected as few as 5 R. salmoninarum cells per reaction in kidney tissue. The specificity of the qPCR was confirmed by testing the DNA extracts from a panel of microorganisms that were either common fish pathogens or reported to cause false-positive reactions in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Kidney samples from 38 juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in a naturally infected population were examined by real-time qPCR, a nested PCR, and ELISA, and prevalences of R. salmoninarum detected were 71, 66, and 71%, respectively. The qPCR should be a valuable tool for evaluating the R. salmoninarum infection status of salmonids.
","language":"English","publisher":"Sage Journals","doi":"10.1177/104063870601800409","issn":"10406387","usgsCitation":"Chase, D., Elliott, D., and Pascho, R., 2006, Detection and quantification of Renibacterium salmoninarum DNA in salmonid tissues by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis: Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, v. 18, no. 4, p. 375-380, https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870601800409.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"380","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477404,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870601800409","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff69e4b0c8380cd4f189","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chase, D.M.","contributorId":50317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, D.G.","contributorId":58226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028066,"text":"70028066 - 2006 - Niche evolution and adaptive radiation: Testing the order of trait divergence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70028066","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Niche evolution and adaptive radiation: Testing the order of trait divergence","docAbstract":"In the course of an adaptive radiation, the evolution of niche parameters is of particular interest for understanding modes of speciation and the consequences for coexistence of related species within communities. We pose a general question: In the course of an evolutionary radiation, do traits related to within-community niche differences (?? niche) evolve before or after differentiation of macrohabitat affinity or climatic tolerances (?? niche)? Here we introduce a new test to address this question, based on a modification of the method of independent contrasts. The divergence order test (DOT) is based on the average age of the nodes on a tree, weighted by the absolute magnitude of the contrast at each node for a particular trait. The comparison of these weighted averages reveals whether large divergences for one trait have occurred earlier or later in the course of diversification, relative to a second trait; significance is determined by bootstrapping from maximum-likelihood ancestral state reconstructions. The method is applied to the evolution of Ceanothus, a woody plant group in California, in which co-occurring species exhibit significant differences in a key leaf trait (specific leaf area) associated with contrasting physiological and life history strategies. Co-occurring species differ more for this trait than expected under a null model of community assembly. This ?? niche difference evolved early in the divergence of two major subclades within Ceanothus, whereas climatic distributions (?? niche traits) diversified later within each of the subclades. However, rapid evolution of climate parameters makes inferences of early divergence events highly uncertain, and differentiation of the ?? niche might have taken place throughout the evolution of the group, without leaving a clear phylogenetic signal. Similar patterns observed in several plant and animal groups suggest that early divergence of ?? niche traits might be a common feature of niche evolution in many adaptive radiations. ?? 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Ackerly, D., Schwilk, D., and Webb, C., 2006, Niche evolution and adaptive radiation: Testing the order of trait divergence: Ecology, v. 87, no. 7 SUPPL.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237189,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"7 SUPPL.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6637e4b0c8380cd72d55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackerly, D. D.","contributorId":94077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ackerly","given":"D. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwilk, D.W.","contributorId":29770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwilk","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webb, C.O.","contributorId":57255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"C.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028064,"text":"70028064 - 2006 - Comparing mean high water and high water line shorelines: Should prosy-datum offsets be incorporated into shoreline change analysis?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70028064","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing mean high water and high water line shorelines: Should prosy-datum offsets be incorporated into shoreline change analysis?","docAbstract":"More than one type of shoreline indicator can be used in shoreline change analyses, and quantifying the effects of this practice on the resulting shoreline change rates is important. Comparison of three high water line (proxy-based) shorelines and a mean high water intercept (datum-based) shoreline collected from simultaneous aerial photographic and lidar surveys of a relatively steep reflective beach (tan ?? = 0.07), which experiences a moderately energetic wave climate (annual average Hs = 1.2 m), reveals an average horizontal offset of 18.8 m between the two types of shoreline indicators. Vertical offsets are also substantial and are correlated with foreshore beach slope and corresponding variations in wave runup. Incorporating the average horizontal offset into both a short-term, endpoint shoreline change analysis and a long-term, linear regression analysis causes rates to be shifted an average of -0.5 m/y and -0.1 m/y, respectively. The rate shift increases with increasing horizontal offset and decreasing measurement intervals and, depending on the rapidity of shoreline change rates, is responsible for varying degrees of analysis error. Our results demonstrate that under many circumstances, the error attributable to proxy-datum offsets is small relative to shoreline change rates and thus not important. Furthermore, we find that when the error associated with proxy-datum offsets is large enough to be important, the shoreline change rates themselves are not likely to be significant. A total water level model reveals that the high water line digitized by three independent coastal labs for this study was generated by a combination of large waves and a high tide several days before the collection of aerial photography. This illustrates the complexity of the high water line as a shoreline indicator and calls into question traditional definitions, which consider the high water line a wetted bound or \"marks left by the previous high tide.\".","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2112/04-0401.1","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Moore, L.J., Ruggiero, P., and List, J.H., 2006, Comparing mean high water and high water line shorelines: Should prosy-datum offsets be incorporated into shoreline change analysis?: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 22, no. 4, p. 894-905, https://doi.org/10.2112/04-0401.1.","startPage":"894","endPage":"905","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210280,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2112/04-0401.1"},{"id":237155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f836e4b0c8380cd4cf4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, L. J.","contributorId":53132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moore","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruggiero, P.","contributorId":25995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggiero","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028063,"text":"70028063 - 2006 - Influence of propagule flotation longevity and light availability on establishment of introduced mangrove species in Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-18T12:29:07","indexId":"70028063","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2990,"text":"Pacific Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of propagule flotation longevity and light availability on establishment of introduced mangrove species in Hawai'i","docAbstract":"Although no mangrove species are native to the Hawaiian Archipelago, both Rbizopbora mangle and Bruguiera sexangula were introduced and have become naturalized. Rbizopbora mangle has spread to almost every major Hawaiian island, but B. sexangula has established only on O'ahu, where it was intentionally introduced. To examine the possibility that differences in propagule characteristics maintain these patterns of distribution, we first reviewed the literature on surface currents around the Hawaiian Islands, which suggest that propagules ought to disperse frequently from one island to another within 60. days. We then tested the ability of propagules of the two species to float for periods of up to 63 days and to establish under two light intensities. On average, R. mangle propagules floated for longer periods than those of B. sexangula, but at least some propagules of both species floated for a full 60 days and then rooted and grew for 4 months under relatively dense shade. A large percentage (???83%) of R. mangle propagules would be expected to float beyond 60 days, and approximately 10% of B. sexangula propagules also would have remained afloat. Therefore, it seems likely that factors other than flotation ability are responsible for the failure of B. sexangula to become established on other Hawaiian islands.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii Press","doi":"10.1353/psc.2006.0015","issn":"00308870","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.A., and Krauss, K., 2006, Influence of propagule flotation longevity and light availability on establishment of introduced mangrove species in Hawai'i: Pacific Science, v. 60, no. 3, p. 367-376, https://doi.org/10.1353/psc.2006.0015.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477566,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10125/22572","text":"External Repository"},{"id":237154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"60","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b69e4b0c8380cd624f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, J. A.","contributorId":82644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krauss, K. W. 0000-0003-2195-0729","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":19517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"K. W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":416383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79399,"text":"sir20055293 - 2006 - Recovery of the black-footed ferret: Progress and continuing challenges- Proceedings of the Symposium on the Status of the Black-footed Ferret and Its Habitat, Fort Collins, Colorado, January 28-29, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-14T12:50:29","indexId":"sir20055293","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5293","title":"Recovery of the black-footed ferret: Progress and continuing challenges- Proceedings of the Symposium on the Status of the Black-footed Ferret and Its Habitat, Fort Collins, Colorado, January 28-29, 2004","docAbstract":"The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) is a member of the weasel family (Mustelidae) and is closely related to the Siberian polecat (M. eversmannii) of Asian steppes and the European polecat (M. putorius). Compared to its relatives, the black-footed ferret is an extreme specialist, depending on the prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) of North American grasslands for food and using prairie dog burrows for shelter. The black-footed ferret’s close association with prairie dogs was an important factor in its decline. Prairie dogs were regarded as an agricultural pest as human settlement progressed westward, and they became important hosts for plague as that disease colonized eastward from its sources of introduction on the west coast. Prairie dog numbers were dramatically reduced by poisoning, cropland conversions, and plague during the first half of the 20th century, and black-footed ferret populations declined precipitously. The black-footed ferret was included on the first lists of endangered species, and its status was precarious by the time the Endangered Species Act of 1973 was passed. Its rebound from a low point of 10 known individuals in spring of 1985 (Biggins and others, 2006) is impressive, but the species is not yet “recovered” in either the biological or legal sense (for further details, see Lockhart and others, this volume).
","conferenceTitle":"Symposium on the Status of the Black-footed Ferret and Its Habitat","conferenceDate":"January 28-29, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055293","usgsCitation":"2006, Recovery of the black-footed ferret: Progress and continuing challenges- Proceedings of the Symposium on the Status of the Black-footed Ferret and Its Habitat, Fort Collins, Colorado, January 28-29, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5293, viii, 288 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055293.","productDescription":"viii, 288 p.","numberOfPages":"300","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2004-01-28","temporalEnd":"2004-01-29","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2005_5293.jpg"},{"id":13854,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5293/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"tableOfContents":"Acknowledgments.....v
\nDedication.....vii
\nSection I. Background.....1
\nThe Symposium in Context (Dean E. Biggins) .....3
\nA Historical Perspective on Recovery of the Black-footed Ferret and the Biological and Political Challenges Affecting Its Future (J. Michael Lockhart, E. Tom Thorne, and Donald R. Gober).....6
\nSection II. Managing Captive Populations.....21
\nAn Adaptive Management Approach for Black-footed Ferrets in Captivity (Paul E. Marinari and Julie S. Kreeger) .....23
\nUse of Reproductive Technology for Black-footed Ferret Recovery (JoGayle Howard, Rachel M. Santymire, Paul E. Marinari, Julie S. Kreeger, Linwood Williamson, and David E. Wildt) .....28
\nThe Genetic Legacy of the Black-footed Ferret: Past, Present, and Future (Samantha M. Wisely).....37
\nSection III. Searching for Wild Black-footed Ferrets......45
\nA History of Searches for Black-footed Ferrets (Louis R. Hanebury and Dean E. Biggins).....47
\nSection IV. Locating and Evaluating Habitat.....67
\nAreas Where Habitat Characteristics Could Be Evaluated To Identify Potential Black-footed Ferret Reintroduction Sites and Develop Conservation Partnerships (Robert J. Luce).....69 A Habitat-based Technique To Allocate Black-footed Ferret Recovery Among Jurisdictional Entities (Andrea E. Ernst, Aaron L. Clark, and Donald R. Gober) .....89
\nHabitat Restoration and Management (Joe C. Truett, Kristy Bly-Honness, Dustin H. Long, and Michael K. Phillips).....97
\nBlack-tailed Prairie Dog Interactions with Other Herbivores: Mediation via Alterations of Vegetation (James K. Detling).....111
\nShooting Prairie Dogs (Archie F. Reeve and Timothy C. Vosburgh).....119
\nHabitat Preferences and Intraspecific Competition in Black-footed Ferrets (Dean E. Biggins, Jerry L. Godbey, Marc R. Matchett, and Travis M. Livieri).....129
\nEvaluating Habitat for Black-footed Ferrets: Revision of an Existing Model (Dean E. Biggins, J. Michael Lockhart, and Jerry L. Godbey).....143
\nSection V. Reestablishing Populations .....153
\nMonitoring Black-footed Ferrets During Reestablishment of Free-ranging Populations: Discussion of Alternative Methods and Recommended Minimum Standards (Dean E. Biggins, Jerry L. Godbey, Marc R. Matchett, Louis R. Hanebury, Travis M. Livieri, and Paul E. Marinari).....155
\nRadio Telemetry for Black-footed Ferret Research and Monitoring (Dean E. Biggins, Jerry L. Godbey, Brian J. Miller, and Louis R. Hanebury).....175
\nPostrelease Movements and Survival of Adult and Young Black-footed Ferrets (Dean E. Biggins, Jerry L. Godbey, Travis M. Livieri, Marc R. Matchett, and Brent D. Bibles) .....191
\nDoes Predator Management Enhance Survival of Reintroduced Black-footed Ferrets? (Stewart W. Breck, Dean E. Biggins, Travis M. Livieri, Marc R. Matchett, and Valerie Kopcso).....203
\nSection VI. Managing Diseases .....211
\nRecent Trends in Plague Ecology (Kenneth L. Gage and Michael Y. Kosoy) .....213 iv
\nExposure of Captive Black-footed Ferrets to Plague and Implications for Species Recovery (Jerry L. Godbey, Dean E. Biggins, and Della Garelle).....233
\nUse of Pesticides To Mitigate the Effects of Plague (David B. Seery).....238
\nVaccination as a Potential Means To Prevent Plague in Black-footed Ferrets (Tonie E. Rocke, Pauline Nol, Paul E. Marinari, Julie S. Kreeger, Susan R. Smith, Gerard P. Andrews, and Arthur W. Friedlander) .....243
\nThe Quest for a Safe and Effective Canine Distemper Virus Vaccine for Black-footed Ferrets (Jeffrey Wimsatt, Dean E. Biggins, Elizabeth S. Williams, and Victor M. Becerra) .....248
\nSection VII. Extended Abstracts.....269
\nIdentifying Focal Areas for Conservation of Black-footed Ferrets and Prairie Dog Associates (Jonathan Proctor,Bill Haskins, and Steve Forrest).....271
\nWhite-tailed Prairie Dog Population Survey and Habitat Evaluation in Western Wyoming (John A. Baroch and David A. Plume) .....275
\nCan the Systemic Insecticide Nitenpyram Be Used for Flea Control on Black-tailed Prairie Dogs? (Jeff N. Borchert and Jeff J. Mach).....278
\nFleas and Small Mammal Hosts Within and Adjacent to the Coyote Basin White-tailed Prairie Dog Colony in Northeastern Utah (Lianna K. Etchberger, William E. Stroh, Brent D. Bibles, Matthew R. Dzialak, and Richard C. Etchberger) .....281
\nEffects of Moonlight on Cover Usage and Spatial Learning of Black-footed Ferrets (Samantha N. Marcum,Dean E. Biggins, and Jennifer A. Clarke) .....284
\nModeling Black-footed Ferret Energetics: Are Southern Release Sites Better? (Lauren A. Harrington, Dean E. Biggins, and A. William Alldredge) .....286
","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635438","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630688,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Brian J.","contributorId":73682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Brian J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630689,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godbey, Jerry L. godbeyj@usgs.gov","contributorId":5121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godbey","given":"Jerry","email":"godbeyj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":630690,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Biggins, Dean E. 0000-0003-2078-671X bigginsd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2078-671X","contributorId":2522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"Dean","email":"bigginsd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630691,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028062,"text":"70028062 - 2006 - Abundance of adult horseshoe crabs (Limulus polylphemus) in Delaware Bay estimated from a bay-wide mark-recapture study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-22T00:02:29.681845","indexId":"70028062","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Abundance of adult horseshoe crabs (Limulus polylphemus) in Delaware Bay estimated from a bay-wide mark-recapture study","title":"Abundance of adult horseshoe crabs (Limulus polylphemus) in Delaware Bay estimated from a bay-wide mark-recapture study","docAbstract":"Estimates of the abundance of American horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) are important to determine egg production and to manage populations for the energetic needs of shorebirds that feed on horseshoe crab eggs. In 2003, over 17,500 horseshoe crabs were tagged and released throughout Delaware Bay, and recaptured crabs came from spawning surveys that were conducted during peak spawning. We used two release cohorts to test for a temporary effect of tagging on spawning behavior and we adjusted the number of releases according to relocation rates from a telemetry study. The abundance estimate was 20 million horseshoe crabs (90% confidence interval: 13-28 million), of which 6.25 million (90% CI: 4.0-8.8 million) were females. The combined harvest rate for Delaware, New Jersey, Virginia, and Maryland in 2003 was 4% (90% CI: 3-6%) of the abundance estimate. Over-wintering of adults in Delaware Bay could explain, in part, differences in estimates from ocean-trawl surveys. Based on fecundity of 88,000 eggs per female, egg production was 5.5??1011 (90% CI: 3.5??1011, 7.7??1011), but egg availability for shorebirds also depended on overlap between horseshoe crab and shorebird migrations, density-dependent bioturbation, and wave-mediated vertical transport.","language":"English","publisher":"NOAA","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Millard, M.J., and Eyler, S., 2006, Abundance of adult horseshoe crabs (Limulus polylphemus) in Delaware Bay estimated from a bay-wide mark-recapture study: Fishery Bulletin, v. 104, no. 3, p. 456-464.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"456","endPage":"464","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267987,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/abundance-adult-horseshoe-crabs-limulus-polylphemus-delaware-bay-estimated-bay-wide-mark"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Delaware Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.6134033203125,\n 38.70694605159386\n ],\n [\n -74.849853515625,\n 38.70694605159386\n ],\n [\n -74.849853515625,\n 39.53370327008705\n ],\n [\n -75.6134033203125,\n 39.53370327008705\n ],\n [\n -75.6134033203125,\n 38.70694605159386\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"104","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e65de4b0c8380cd4737e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":416382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Millard, M. J.","contributorId":40555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Millard","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eyler, S.","contributorId":7487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eyler","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028076,"text":"70028076 - 2006 - Accumulation of As, Cd and selected trace elements in tubers of Scirpus aritimus L. from Doñana marshes (South Spain)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-20T11:52:58","indexId":"70028076","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accumulation of As, Cd and selected trace elements in tubers of Scirpus aritimus L. from Doñana marshes (South Spain)","docAbstract":"The collapse of a pyrite-mining, tailing dam on 1998 contaminated an area of 4286 ha along the Agrio and Guadiamar river valleys in southern Spain. Over 2700 ha of the Doñana marshes, an important wintering area for wetland European birds, were contaminated. This study reports analyses of the tubers of Scirpus maritimus (an important food for greylag geese, Anser anser) collected in 2000 in the “Entremuros” (spill-affected area) and in nearby unaffected Doñana marshes (control areas). In the spill-affected area mean tuber tissue concentrations of Cd (0.25 mg kg−1) and Zn (61 mg kg−1) were greater than in those tubers from the control area (0.02 mg kg−1 for Cd, and 22 mg kg−1 for Zn); values of Cd and Zn in “Entremuros” (samples collected two years after the mine spill) were much smaller than those reported only a few months after the accident. Trace elements (As, Fe, Mn and Tl, and to a lesser extent Cd and Pb) showed a preferential accumulation in the outer skin of tubers. Surprisingly, concentrations of As and Fe were greater in tubers from some marsh sites not affected by the mine-spill than in tubers from the “Entremuros”. We suggest that relic river channels within the Doñana marshes may be contaminated by trace elements from historic mining activities. An exhaustive study of macrophytes and other plant species in this area is recommended to identify potential risks to wildlife.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.032","issn":"00456535","usgsCitation":"Madejon, P., Murillo, J., Maranon, T., Espinar, J.L., and Cabrera, F., 2006, Accumulation of As, Cd and selected trace elements in tubers of Scirpus aritimus L. from Doñana marshes (South Spain): Chemosphere, v. 64, no. 5, p. 742-748, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.032.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"742","endPage":"748","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210016,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.032"}],"volume":"64","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e67fe4b0c8380cd47445","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madejon, P.","contributorId":63213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madejon","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murillo, J.M.","contributorId":78141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murillo","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maranon, T.","contributorId":45500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maranon","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Espinar, J. L.","contributorId":45105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Espinar","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cabrera, F.","contributorId":42770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cabrera","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70028061,"text":"70028061 - 2006 - Use of Picard and Newton iteration for solving nonlinear ground water flow equations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70028061","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of Picard and Newton iteration for solving nonlinear ground water flow equations","docAbstract":"This study examines the use of Picard and Newton iteration to solve the nonlinear, saturated ground water flow equation. Here, a simple three-node problem is used to demonstrate the convergence difficulties that can arise when solving the nonlinear, saturated ground water flow equation in both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems with and without nonlinear boundary conditions. For these cases, the characteristic types of convergence patterns are examined. Viewing these convergence patterns as orbits of an attractor in a dynamical system provides further insight. It is shown that the nonlinearity that arises from nonlinear head-dependent boundary conditions can cause more convergence difficulties than the nonlinearity that arises from flow in an unconfined aquifer. Furthermore, the effects of damping on both convergence and convergence rate are investigated. It is shown that no single strategy is effective for all problems and how understanding pitfalls and merits of several methods can be helpful in overcoming convergence difficulties. Results show that Picard iterations can be a simple and effective method for the solution of nonlinear, saturated ground water flow problems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00207.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Mehl, S., 2006, Use of Picard and Newton iteration for solving nonlinear ground water flow equations: Ground Water, v. 44, no. 4, p. 583-594, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00207.x.","startPage":"583","endPage":"594","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":498949,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00207.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":210254,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00207.x"},{"id":237121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe85e4b08c986b32961e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehl, S.","contributorId":20114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70176096,"text":"70176096 - 2006 - Spatial nonlinearities: Cascading effects in the earth system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T11:22:45","indexId":"70176096","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"14","title":"Spatial nonlinearities: Cascading effects in the earth system","docAbstract":"Nonlinear behavior is prevalent in all aspects of the Earth System, including ecological responses to global change (Gallagher and Appenzeller 1999; Steffen et al. 2004). Nonlinear behavior refers to a large, discontinuous change in response to a small change in a driving variable (Rial et al. 2004). In contrast to linear systems where responses are smooth, well-behaved, continuous functions, nonlinear systems often undergo sharp or discontinuous transitions resulting from the crossing of thresholds. These nonlinear responses can result in surprising behavior that makes forecasting difficult (Kaplan and Glass 1995). Given that many system dynamics are nonlinear, it is imperative that conceptual and quantitative tools be developed to increase our understanding of the processes leading to nonlinear behavior in order to determine if forecasting can be improved under future environmental changes (Clark et al. 2001).
Thellier–Thellier experiments were carried out on 216 lava samples collected by the USGS on the Big Island. 35 individual flows from the Kilauea, Mauna Loa and Hualalai volcanoes are represented and independent radiocarbon dating of the flows yields absolute ages ranging from 290 to 20,240 yrs old. The palaeomagnetic analysis was carried out at the Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement in Gif-sur-Yvette, France, in two custom built, large capacity furnaces that have been specifically designed to minimise oxidation. The temperature steps were adapted to accommodate the characteristic loss of magnetisation at low temperatures seen in the Curie balance results and the use of half-size samples allowed secondary experiments to be carried out where necessary. The strict PICRIT-03 selection criteria were rigorously applied to the data and a high success rate of 53% has been achieved on a sample level. The flow averaged results almost double the existing 14C-dated palaeointensity dataset for this time window and confirm a period of high intensity over the past 4 kyr preceded by a period in which the dipole moment was weaker. However, the values attained in this study are on average higher than previously published data; reliability of these values is discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.026","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Pressling, N., Laj, C., Kissel, C., Champion, D.E., and Gubbins, D., 2006, Palaeomagnetic intensities from 14C-dated lava flows on the Big Island, Hawaii: 0-21 kyr: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 247, no. 1-2, p. 26-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.026.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210253,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.026"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", 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between calcification and dissolution of carbonate sediments. Presently, there are insufficient published data that relate concentrations of pCO 2 and CO32- to in situ rates of reef calcification in natural settings to accurately predict the impact of elevated atmospheric pCO2 on calcification and dissolution processes. Rates of net calcification and dissolution, CO32- concentrations, and pCO2 were measured, in situ, on patch reefs, bare sand, and coral rubble on the Molokai reef flat in Hawaii. Rates of calcification ranged from 0.03 to 2.30 mmol CaCO3 m-2 h-1 and dissolution ranged from -0.05 to -3.3 mmol CaCO3 m-2 h-1. Calcification and dissolution varied diurnally with net calcification primarily occurring during the day and net dissolution occurring at night. These data were used to calculate threshold values for pCO2 and CO32- at which rates of calcification and dissolution are equivalent. Results indicate that calcification and dissolution are linearly correlated with both CO32- and pCO2. Threshold pCO2 and CO32- values for individual substrate types showed considerable variation. The average pCO2 threshold value for all substrate types was 654??195 ??atm and ranged from 467 to 1003 ??atm. The average CO32- threshold value was 152??24 ??mol kg-1, ranging from 113 to 184 ??mol kg-1. Ambient seawater measurements of pCO2 and CO32- indicate that CO32- and pCO2 threshold values for all substrate types were both exceeded, simultaneously, 13% of the time at present day atmospheric pCO2 concentrations. It is predicted that atmospheric pCO2 will exceed the average pCO2 threshold value for calcification and dissolution on the Molokai reef flat by the year 2100.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/bg-3-357-2006","issn":"17264170","usgsCitation":"Yates, K.K., and Halley, R.B., 2006, CO32- concentration and pCO2 thresholds for calcification and dissolution on the Molokai reef flat, Hawaii: Biogeosciences, v. 3, no. 3, p. 357-369, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-357-2006.","startPage":"357","endPage":"369","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477371,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-357-2006","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":266032,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-357-2006"},{"id":237084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2d5e4b0c8380cd4b401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yates, K. K.","contributorId":108056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halley, R. B.","contributorId":87941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028057,"text":"70028057 - 2006 - Spatial epidemiology of chronic wasting disease in Wisconsin white-tailed deer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-12T15:42:23","indexId":"70028057","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial epidemiology of chronic wasting disease in Wisconsin white-tailed deer","docAbstract":"Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal, emerging disease of cervids associated with transmissible protease-resistant prion proteins. The potential for CWD to cause dramatic declines in deer and elk populations and perceived human health risks associated with consuming CWD-contaminated venison have led wildlife agencies to embark on extensive CWD control programs, typically involving culling to reduce deer populations. We characterized the spatial distribution of CWD in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Wisconsin to facilitate CWD management. We found that CWD prevalence declined with distance from a central location, was locally correlated at a scale of 3.6 km, and was correlated with deer habitat abundance. The latter result is consistent with patterns expected for a positive relationship between density and prevalence of CWD. We recommend management activities focused on culling in geographic areas with high prevalence to have the greatest probability of removing infected individuals. Further research is needed to elucidate the factors in envolved in CWD spread and infection rates, especially the role of density-dependent transmission. ?? Wildlife Disease Association 2006.
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\"}}]}","volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9479e4b08c986b31aae9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joly, D.O.","contributorId":48131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joly","given":"D.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Samuel, M.D.","contributorId":13910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langenberg, J.A.","contributorId":91055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenberg","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blanchong, Julie A.","contributorId":6030,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanchong","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13018,"text":"Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":416363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Batha, C.A.","contributorId":102042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batha","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rolley, R.E.","contributorId":15986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rolley","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Keane, D.P.","contributorId":14626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keane","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ribic, C. A. 0000-0003-2583-1778","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-1778","contributorId":6026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribic","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70028056,"text":"70028056 - 2006 - Calcite-graphite thermometry of the Franklin Marble, New Jersey Highlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:42","indexId":"70028056","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calcite-graphite thermometry of the Franklin Marble, New Jersey Highlands","docAbstract":"We present new stable-isotope data for the Mesoproterozoic Franklin Marble from outcrops along an 80-km traverse parallel to and across strike of the structural grain of the western New Jersey Highlands. Calcite and dolomite from marble have an average ??13C of 0.35??? ?? 0.73??? PDB (n = 46) and a more limited range than other Mesoproterozoic marbles from the Adirondacks and the Canadian Grenville Province. The small range of ??13C values from the New Jersey samples is consistent with the preservation of a primary marine isotopic signature and limited postdepositional isotopic modification, except proximal to Zn or Fe ore deposits and fault zones. Fractionations between calcite and well-formed graphite (??13C[Cal-Gr]) for analyzed Franklin Marble samples average 3.31???. ?? 0.25??? (n = 34), and dolomite-graphite fractionations average 3.07??? ?? 0.30??? (n = 6). Taken together, these indicate an average temperature of 769?? ?? 43??C during metamorphism associated with the Ottawan Orogeny in the New Jersey Highlands. Thus, carbon isotope fractionations demonstrate that the Franklin Marble was metamorphosed at granulite facies conditions. Metamorphic temperatures are relatively constant for the area sampled and overprint the metamorphosed carbonatehosted Zn-Fe-Mn ore deposits. The results of this study support recent work proposing that pressure and temperature conditions during Ottawan orogenesis did not vary greatly across faults that partition the Highlands into structural blocks. ?? 2006 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1086/504181","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Peck, W., Volkert, R., Meredith, M., and Rader, E., 2006, Calcite-graphite thermometry of the Franklin Marble, New Jersey Highlands: Journal of Geology, v. 114, no. 4, p. 485-499, https://doi.org/10.1086/504181.","startPage":"485","endPage":"499","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210199,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/504181"},{"id":237048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2f6e4b0c8380cd4b4f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, W.H.","contributorId":74566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Volkert, R.A.","contributorId":90799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volkert","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meredith, M.T.","contributorId":40406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meredith","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rader, E.L.","contributorId":84558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rader","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028077,"text":"70028077 - 2006 - The influence of hazard models on GIS-based regional risk assessments and mitigation policies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:42","indexId":"70028077","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2069,"text":"International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of hazard models on GIS-based regional risk assessments and mitigation policies","docAbstract":"Geographic information systems (GIS) are important tools for understanding and communicating the spatial distribution of risks associated with natural hazards in regional economies. We present a GIS-based decision support system (DSS) for assessing community vulnerability to natural hazards and evaluating potential mitigation policy outcomes. The Land Use Portfolio Modeler (LUPM) integrates earth science and socioeconomic information to predict the economic impacts of loss-reduction strategies. However, the potential use of such systems in decision making may be limited when multiple but conflicting interpretations of the hazard are available. To explore this problem, we conduct a policy comparison using the LUPM to test the sensitivity of three available assessments of earthquake-induced lateral-spread ground failure susceptibility in a coastal California community. We find that the uncertainty regarding the interpretation of the science inputs can influence the development and implementation of natural hazard management policies. Copyright ?? 2006 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1504/IJRAM.2006.009537","issn":"14668297","usgsCitation":"Bernknopf, R., Rabinovici, S., Wood, N., and Dinitz, L., 2006, The influence of hazard models on GIS-based regional risk assessments and mitigation policies: International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, v. 6, no. 4-6, p. 369-387, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJRAM.2006.009537.","startPage":"369","endPage":"387","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210038,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJRAM.2006.009537"},{"id":236836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad26e4b08c986b3239f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernknopf, R. L.","contributorId":46082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rabinovici, S.J.M.","contributorId":103832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabinovici","given":"S.J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, N.J.","contributorId":7900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dinitz, L.B.","contributorId":16192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinitz","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028078,"text":"70028078 - 2006 - Current subsidence rates due to compaction of Holocene sediments in southern Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-02T10:51:19","indexId":"70028078","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Current subsidence rates due to compaction of Holocene sediments in southern Louisiana","docAbstract":"Relative contributions of geologic and anthropogenic processes to subsidence of southern Louisiana are vigorously debated. Of these, shallow sediment compaction is often considered dominant, although this has never been directly observed or effectively demonstrated. Quantitative understanding of subsidence is important for predicting relative sea level rise, storm surge flooding due to hurricanes, and for successful wetland restoration. Despite many shallow borings, few appropriate stratigraphic and geotechnical data are available for site-specific calculations. We overcome this by determining present compaction rates from Monte Carlo simulations of the incremental sedimentation and compaction of stratigraphies typical of the Holocene of southern Louisiana. This approach generates distributions of present compaction rates that are not expected to exceed 5 mm/yr, but may locally. Locations with present subsidence rates greater than the predicted maximum probable shallow compaction rates are likely influenced by additional processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/2006GL026300","usgsCitation":"Meckel, T., ten Brink, U., and Williams, S., 2006, Current subsidence rates due to compaction of Holocene sediments in southern Louisiana: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 33, no. 11, Article L11403; 5 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026300.","productDescription":"Article L11403; 5 p.","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486881,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl026300","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.25769042968749,\n 28.7965462417692\n ],\n [\n -88.9398193359375,\n 28.7965462417692\n ],\n [\n -88.9398193359375,\n 31.034108344903512\n ],\n [\n -92.25769042968749,\n 31.034108344903512\n ],\n [\n -92.25769042968749,\n 28.7965462417692\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd14e4b0c8380cd4e60f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meckel, T.A.","contributorId":91676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meckel","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":416431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, S.J.","contributorId":85203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028054,"text":"70028054 - 2006 - Radiometric ages of the Fire Clay tonstein [Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous), Westphalian, Duckmantian]: A comparison of U-Pb zircon single-crystal ages and 40Ar/39Ar sanidine single-crystal plateau ages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:42","indexId":"70028054","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiometric ages of the Fire Clay tonstein [Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous), Westphalian, Duckmantian]: A comparison of U-Pb zircon single-crystal ages and 40Ar/39Ar sanidine single-crystal plateau ages","docAbstract":"The Fire Clay tonstein [Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous), Westphalian Series, Duckmantian Stage]-a kaolinized, volcanic-ash deposit occurring in Kentucky, West Virginia, Tennessee, and Virginia-is the most widespread bed in the Middle Pennsylvanian of the central Appalachian basin, USA. A concordant single-crystal U-Pb zircon datum for this tonstein gives a 206Pb/238U age of 314.6 ?? 0.9 Ma (2??). This age is in approximate agreement with a mean sanidine plateau age of 311.5 ?? 1.3 Ma (1??, n = 11) for the Fire Clay tonstein. The difference between the two ages may be due to bias between the 40K and 238U decay constants and other factors. The age of the Fire Clay tonstein has important implications for Duckmantian Stage (Westphalian Series) sedimentation rates, correlations with the Westphalian Series of Europe, Middle Pennsylvanian volcanic events, and the late Paleozoic time scale. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2005.12.002","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Lyons, P., Krogh, T., Kwok, Y., Davis, D., Outerbridge, W., and Evans, H.T., 2006, Radiometric ages of the Fire Clay tonstein [Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous), Westphalian, Duckmantian]: A comparison of U-Pb zircon single-crystal ages and 40Ar/39Ar sanidine single-crystal plateau ages: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 67, no. 4, p. 259-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.12.002.","startPage":"259","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210172,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.12.002"},{"id":237013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9407e4b0c8380cd8116a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyons, P.C.","contributorId":87285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krogh, T.E.","contributorId":18915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krogh","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kwok, Y.Y.","contributorId":51970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwok","given":"Y.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, D.W.","contributorId":67945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Outerbridge, W.F.","contributorId":58646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Outerbridge","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70028053,"text":"70028053 - 2006 - Modeling habitat distribution from organism occurrences and environmental data: Case study using anemonefishes and their sea anemone hosts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:42","indexId":"70028053","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling habitat distribution from organism occurrences and environmental data: Case study using anemonefishes and their sea anemone hosts","docAbstract":"We demonstrate the KGSMapper (Kansas Geological Survey Mapper), a straightforward, web-based biogeographic tool that uses environmental conditions of places where members of a taxon are known to occur to find other places containing suitable habitat for them. Using occurrence data for anemonefishes or their host sea anemones, and data for environmental parameters, we generated maps of suitable habitat for the organisms. The fact that the fishes are obligate symbionts of the anemones allowed us to validate the KGSMapper output: we were able to compare the inferred occurrence of the organism to that of the actual occurrence of its symbiont. Characterizing suitable habitat for these organisms in the Indo-West Pacific, the region where they naturally occur, can be used to guide conservation efforts, field work, etc.; defining suitable habitat for them in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific is relevant to identifying areas vulnerable to biological invasions. We advocate distinguishing between these 2 sorts of model output, terming the former maps of realized habitat and the latter maps of potential habitat. Creation of a niche model requires adding biotic data to the environmental data used for habitat maps: we included data on fish occurrences to infer anemone distribution and vice versa. Altering the selection of environmental variables allowed us to investigate which variables may exert the most influence on organism distribution. Adding variables does not necessarily improve precision of the model output. KGSMapper output distinguishes areas that fall within 1 standard deviation (SD) of the mean environmental variable values for places where members of the taxon occur, within 2 SD, and within the entire range of values; eliminating outliers or data known to be imprecise or inaccurate improved output precision mainly in the 2 SD range and beyond. Thus, KGSMapper is robust in the face of questionable data, offering the user a way to recognize and clean such data. It also functions well with sparse datasets. These features make it useful for biogeographic meta-analyses with the diverse, distributed datasets that are typical for marine organisms lacking direct commercial value. ?? Inter-Research 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Guinotte, J., Bartley, J., Iqbal, A., Fautin, D., and Buddemeier, R., 2006, Modeling habitat distribution from organism occurrences and environmental data: Case study using anemonefishes and their sea anemone hosts: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 316, p. 269-283.","startPage":"269","endPage":"283","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"316","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bfde4b0c8380cd6f95e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guinotte, J.M.","contributorId":75317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guinotte","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartley, J.D.","contributorId":88533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartley","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iqbal, A.","contributorId":49172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iqbal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fautin, D.G.","contributorId":66029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fautin","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Buddemeier, R. W.","contributorId":86492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buddemeier","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70175942,"text":"70175942 - 2006 - Far-field effects of early Tertiary ridge subduction in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T13:54:41","indexId":"70175942","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Far-field effects of early Tertiary ridge subduction in Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs Specialty Meeting No 2:91","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bradley, D.C., Friedman, R., Layer, P., Haeussler, P.J., Till, A., Roeske, S.M., and Miller, M., 2006, Far-field effects of early Tertiary ridge subduction in Alaska, in Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs Specialty Meeting No 2:91, no. 2.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327263,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","issue":"2","edition":"91","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bc2267e4b03fd6b7de179a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, D. C.","contributorId":17634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, R.M.","contributorId":43997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Layer, P.W.","contributorId":42398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layer","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Till, A.B.","contributorId":37755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Till","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Roeske, S. M.","contributorId":96865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeske","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":89523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":646621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70175930,"text":"70175930 - 2006 - Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim Salmon Research and Restoration Plan\t","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T10:21:29","indexId":"70175930","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim Salmon Research and Restoration Plan\t","docAbstract":"The Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative (AYK SSI) is an innovative partnership between public and private institutions which provides a forum for non-governmental organizations and state and federal agencies to cooperatively identify and address salmon research and restoration needs. The affected region encompasses over 40% of the State of Alaska; the AYK region includes the watersheds of the Norton Sound region up to and including the village of Shishmaref, the Yukon River Watershed within Alaska, and the Kuskokwim River Watershed (including the coastal watersheds north of Cape Newenham), plus the Bering Sea marine ecosystem. The AYK SSI is a response to disastrously low salmon returns to western Alaska in the late 1990s and early 2000s, which created numerous hardships for the people and communities that depend heavily on the salmon fishery. Some stocks in the region have been in a decline for more than a decade and a half, leading to severe restrictions on commercial and subsistence fisheries. The first step for the AYK SSI has been to collaboratively develop and implement a comprehensive research plan to understand the causes of the declines and recoveries of AYK salmon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative","usgsCitation":"Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative, 2006, Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim Salmon Research and Restoration Plan\t, no. 2006, 93 p.","productDescription":"93 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327196,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.aykssi.org/wp-content/uploads/RRP.pdf","text":"http://www.aykssi.org/wp-content/uploads/RRP.pdf","size":"7.15MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":327207,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Artic","issue":"2006","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bc2246e4b03fd6b7de1779"} ,{"id":70175879,"text":"70175879 - 2006 - Fifty-two years of pineapple-express storms across the West Coast of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T13:15:26","indexId":"70175879","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"CEC-500-2005-004","subseriesTitle":"California Energy Commission PIER Energy-Related Environmental Research Report","title":"Fifty-two years of pineapple-express storms across the West Coast of North America","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"California Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., 2006, Fifty-two years of pineapple-express storms across the West Coast of North America, 15 p.","productDescription":"15 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82db6e4b03fd6b7da36a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":646484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70028052,"text":"70028052 - 2006 - Earthquakes triggered by silent slip events on Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-13T12:58:30","indexId":"70028052","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes triggered by silent slip events on Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Slow-slip events, or ‘silent earthquakes’, have recently been discovered in a number of subduction zones including the Nankai trough1, 2, 3 in Japan, Cascadia4, 5, and Guerrero6 in Mexico, but the depths of these events have been difficult to determine from surface deformation measurements. Although it is assumed that these silent earthquakes are located along the plate megathrust, this has not been proved. Slow slip in some subduction zones is associated with non-volcanic tremor7, 8, but tremor is difficult to locate and may be distributed over a broad depth range9. Except for some events on the San Andreas fault10, slow-slip events have not yet been associated with high-frequency earthquakes, which are easily located. Here we report on swarms of high-frequency earthquakes that accompany otherwise silent slips on Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii. For the most energetic event, in January 2005, the slow slip began before the increase in seismicity. The temporal evolution of earthquakes is well explained by increased stressing caused by slow slip, implying that the earthquakes are triggered. The earthquakes, located at depths of 7–8 km, constrain the slow slip to be at comparable depths, because they must fall in zones of positive Coulomb stress change. Triggered earthquakes accompanying slow-slip events elsewhere might go undetected if background seismicity rates are low. Detection of such events would help constrain the depth of slow slip, and could lead to a method for quantifying the increased hazard during slow-slip events, because triggered events have the potential to grow into destructive earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/nature04938","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Segall, P., Desmarais, E.K., Shelly, D., Mikijus, A., and Cervelli, P.F., 2006, Earthquakes triggered by silent slip events on Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii: Nature, v. 442, no. 7098, p. 71-74, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04938.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"74","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210146,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04938"}],"volume":"442","issue":"7098","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a052ae4b0c8380cd50caa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Segall, Paul","contributorId":75942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segall","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Desmarais, Emily K.","contributorId":108307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desmarais","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shelly, David","contributorId":73805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelly","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mikijus, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":80431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikijus","given":"Asta","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":416339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cervelli, Peter F. 0000-0001-6765-1009 pcervelli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6765-1009","contributorId":1936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cervelli","given":"Peter","email":"pcervelli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":416337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70028079,"text":"70028079 - 2006 - Confirmation of a meteoritic component in impact-melt rocks of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure, Virginia, USA - Evidence from osmium isotopic and PGE systematics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:43","indexId":"70028079","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Confirmation of a meteoritic component in impact-melt rocks of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure, Virginia, USA - Evidence from osmium isotopic and PGE systematics","docAbstract":"The osmium isotope ratios and platinum-group element (PGE) concentrations of impact-melt rocks in the Chesapeake Bay impact structure were determined. The impact-melt rocks come from the cored part of a lower-crater section of suevitic crystalline-clast breccia in an 823 m scientific test hole over the central uplift at Cape Charles, Virginia. The 187Os/188Os ratios of impact-melt rocks range from 0.151 to 0.518. The rhenium and platinum-group element (PGE) concentrations of these rocks are 30-270?? higher than concentrations in basement gneiss, and together with the osmium isotopes indicate a substantial meteoritic component in some impact-melt rocks. Because the PGE abundances in the impact-melt rocks are dominated by the target materials, interelemental ratios of the impact-melt rocks are highly variable and nonchondritic. The chemical nature of the projectile for the Chesapeake Bay impact structure cannot be constrained at this time. Model mixing calculations between chondritic and crustal components suggest that most impact-melt rocks include a bulk meteoritic component of 0.01-0.1% by mass. Several impact-melt rocks with lowest initial 187Os/188Os ratios and the highest osmium concentrations could have been produced by additions of 0.1%-0.2% of a meteoritic component. In these samples, as much as 70% of the total Os may be of meteoritic origin. At the calculated proportions of a meteoritic component (0.01-0.1% by mass), no mixtures of the investigated target rocks and sediments can reproduce the observed PGE abundances of the impact-melt rocks, suggesting that other PGE enrichment processes operated along with the meteoritic contamination. Possible explanations are 1) participation of unsampled target materials with high PGE abundances in the impact-melt rocks, and 2) variable fractionations of PGE during syn- to post-impact events. ?? The Meteoritical Society, 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10869379","usgsCitation":"Lee, S., Horton, J.W., and Walker, R., 2006, Confirmation of a meteoritic component in impact-melt rocks of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure, Virginia, USA - Evidence from osmium isotopic and PGE systematics: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 41, no. 6, p. 819-833.","startPage":"819","endPage":"833","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9c3e4b0c8380cd4d77e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, S.R.","contributorId":53148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":81184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wright","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}