At an active volcano, Very-Long-Period (VLP) seismicity (with typical periods in the range 2-100 s) reflects pressure fluctuations resulting from unsteady mass transport in the sub-surface plumbing system, and hence provides a glimpse of the internal dynamics of the volcanic edifice. Understanding the fundamental fluid-flow mechanisms involved in the generation of VLP seismic events is, therefore, key to improving eruption prediction and developing insight into the dynamics of fluid movement in volcanoes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Bureau de recherches géologiques et minières","publisherLocation":"Paris, France","issn":"1772094X","usgsCitation":"Chouet, B.A., 2006, Modelling and understanding volcanic processes using high-quality seismological data: Géosciences, v. 2006, no. 4, p. 56-63.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"56","endPage":"63","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236928,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2006","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c60e4b0c8380cd6fc41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chouet, Bernard A. 0000-0001-5527-0532 chouet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-0532","contributorId":3304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"Bernard","email":"chouet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":417846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170960,"text":"70170960 - 2006 - Trophic structure and avian communities across a salinity gradient in evaporation ponds of the San Francisco Bay estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T15:38:49","indexId":"70170960","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trophic structure and avian communities across a salinity gradient in evaporation ponds of the San Francisco Bay estuary","docAbstract":"Commercial salt evaporation ponds comprise a large proportion of baylands adjacent to the San Francisco Bay, a highly urbanized estuary. In the past two centuries, more than 79% of the historic tidal wetlands in this estuary have been lost. Resource management agencies have acquired more than 10 000 ha of commercial salt ponds with plans to undertake one of the largest wetland restoration projects in North America. However, these plans have created debate about the ecological importance of salt ponds for migratory bird communities in western North America. Salt ponds are unique mesohaline (5–18 g l−1) to hyperhaline (> 40 g l−1) wetlands, but little is known of their ecological structure or value. Thus, we studied decommissioned salt ponds in the North Bay of the San Francisco Bay estuary from January 1999 through November 2001. We measured water quality parameters (salinity, DO, pH, temperature), nutrient concentrations, primary productivity, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, fish, and birds across a range of salinities from 24 to 264 g l−1. Our studies documented how unique limnological characteristics of salt ponds were related to nutrient levels, primary productivity rates, invertebrate biomass and taxa richness, prey fish, and avian predator numbers. Salt ponds were shown to have unique trophic and physical attributes that supported large numbers of migratory birds. Therefore, managers should carefully weigh the benefits of increasing habitat for native tidal marsh species with the costs of losing these unique hypersaline systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10750-006-0061-z","usgsCitation":"Takekawa, J.Y., Miles, A., Schoellhamer, D., Athearn, N., Saiki, M.K., Duffy, W., Kleinschmidt, S., Shellenbarger, G., and Jannusch, C., 2006, Trophic structure and avian communities across a salinity gradient in evaporation ponds of the San Francisco Bay estuary: Hydrobiologia, v. 567, no. 1, p. 307-327, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0061-z.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"327","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321188,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.34718322753905,\n 38.21363682695095\n ],\n [\n -122.27920532226562,\n 38.205274034117814\n ],\n [\n -122.27783203125,\n 38.15426719087882\n ],\n [\n -122.2623825073242,\n 38.13860713787158\n ],\n [\n -122.28057861328124,\n 38.11970259728823\n ],\n [\n -122.39730834960938,\n 38.14940753418616\n ],\n [\n -122.35851287841797,\n 38.21417632897687\n ],\n [\n -122.34718322753905,\n 38.21363682695095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"567","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5735a95ce4b0dae0d5df518b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":629232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miles, A.K. 0000-0002-3108-808X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-808X","contributorId":85902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"A.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. 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K.","contributorId":28917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saiki","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Duffy, W.D.","contributorId":67279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffy","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kleinschmidt, S.","contributorId":104691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleinschmidt","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Shellenbarger, G.G.","contributorId":12678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shellenbarger","given":"G.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jannusch, C.A.","contributorId":66906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jannusch","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":1015171,"text":"1015171 - 2006 - Migration stopovers and the conservation of arctic-breeding Calidrine sandpipers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T13:20:39","indexId":"1015171","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migration stopovers and the conservation of arctic-breeding Calidrine sandpipers","docAbstract":"Long-distance migration, one of the most physically demanding events in the animal kingdom, is well developed in many species of Charadriidae and Scolopacidae. Some shorebirds renowned for their extraordinary long-distance migrations, notably American Golden-Plover (Pluvialis dominica), Red Knot (Calidris canutus rufa), and White-rumped Sandpiper (C. fuscicollis), travel as many as 15,000 km between southern South American wintering grounds and Canadian Arctic breeding areas. Migration strategies of shorebirds vary in many aspects. There are remarkable accounts of shorebirds, such as northbound Red Knots, that stage in a few key sites for 2–3 weeks and lay on extensive body stores, then fly nonstop for distances of ≤2,500 km (Harrington 2001, Piersma et al. 2005). Less well known are the examples of populations that refuel only briefly at stopover sites, disperse broadly on the landscape, and fly shorter distances between sites (Skagen 1997, Haig et al. 1998, Warnock et al. 1998). This latter pattern applies to many long-distance migrant shorebirds that cross the interior plains of North America during spring and fall migrations. For them, interior wetland complexes provide critical refueling resources along the direct routes between summering and wintering grounds (Skagen et al. 1999). In this issue of The Auk, Krapu et al. (2006) describe patterns and implications of fat deposition by Semipalmated Sandpipers (C. pusilla), White-rumped Sandpipers, and Baird's Sandpipers (C. bairdii) refueling during northward migration across the prairies of mid-continental North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[313:MSATCO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Skagen, S.K., 2006, Migration stopovers and the conservation of arctic-breeding Calidrine sandpipers: The Auk, v. 123, no. 2, p. 313-322, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[313:MSATCO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"322","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477569,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[313:msatco]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635556","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skagen, Susan K. 0000-0002-6744-1244 skagens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":2009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"Susan","email":"skagens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":322418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015173,"text":"1015173 - 2006 - Species richness and patterns of invasion in plants, birds, and fishes in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-27T10:46:58","indexId":"1015173","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1018,"text":"Biological Invasions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Species richness and patterns of invasion in plants, birds, and fishes in the United States","docAbstract":"We quantified broad-scale patterns of species richness and species density (mean # species/km2) for native and non-indigenous plants, birds, and fishes in the continental USA and Hawaii. We hypothesized that the species density of native and non-indigenous taxa would generally decrease in northern latitudes and higher elevations following declines in potential evapotranspiration, mean temperature, and precipitation. County data on plants (n = 3004 counties) and birds (n=3074 counties), and drainage (6 HUC) data on fishes (n = 328 drainages) showed that the densities of native and non-indigenous species were strongly positively correlated for plant species (r = 0.86, P < 0.0001), bird species (r = 0.93, P<0.0001), and fish species (r = 0.41, P<0.0001). Multiple regression models showed that the densities of native plant and bird species could be strongly predicted (adj. R2 = 0.66 in both models) at county levels, but fish species densities were less predictable at drainage levels (adj. R2 = 0.31,P<0.0001). Similarly, non-indigenous plant and bird species densities were strongly predictable (adj. R2 = 0.84 and 0.91 respectively), but non-indigenous fish species density was less predictable (adj. R2 = 0.38). County level hotspots of native and non-indigenous plants, birds, and fishes were located in low elevation areas close to the coast with high precipitation and productivity (vegetation carbon). We show that (1) native species richness can be moderately well predicted with abiotic factors; (2) human populations have tended to settle in areas rich in native species; and (3) the richness and density of non-indigenous plant, bird, and fish species can be accurately predicted from biotic and abiotic factors largely because they are positively correlated to native species densities. We conclude that while humans facilitate the initial establishment, invasions of non-indigenous species, the spread and subsequent distributions of non-indigenous species may be controlled largely by environmental factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10530-005-6422-0","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., Barnett, D., Flather, C., Fuller, P.L., Peterjohn, B.G., Kartesz, J., and Master, L.L., 2006, Species richness and patterns of invasion in plants, birds, and fishes in the United States: Biological Invasions, v. 8, no. 3, p. 427-447, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-005-6422-0.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"427","endPage":"447","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634fce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnett, David","contributorId":174944,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnett","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flather, Curtis","contributorId":104779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flather","given":"Curtis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fuller, Pamela L. 0000-0002-9389-9144 pfuller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9389-9144","contributorId":3217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Pamela","email":"pfuller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":322422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peterjohn, Bruce G. bpeterjohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":4493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"Bruce","email":"bpeterjohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":322425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kartesz, John","contributorId":11132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kartesz","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Master, Lawrence L.","contributorId":174945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Master","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1015174,"text":"1015174 - 2006 - Stakeholder opinions regarding management of Conservation Reserve Program lands to address environmental and wildlife issues","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-01T16:30:08","indexId":"1015174","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1909,"text":"Human Dimensions of Wildlife","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stakeholder opinions regarding management of Conservation Reserve Program lands to address environmental and wildlife issues","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
A new stochastic approach proposed by Zhang and Lu (2004), called the Karhunen‐Loeve decomposition‐based moment equation (KLME), has been extended to solving nonlinear, unconfined flow problems in randomly heterogeneous aquifers. This approach is on the basis of an innovative combination of Karhunen‐Loeve decomposition, polynomial expansion, and perturbation methods. The random log‐transformed hydraulic conductivity field (lnKS) is first expanded into a series in terms of orthogonal Gaussian standard random variables with their coefficients obtained as the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the covariance function of lnKS. Next, head h is decomposed as a perturbation expansion series Σh(m), where h(m) represents the mth‐order head term with respect to the standard deviation of lnKS. Then h(m) is further expanded into a polynomial series of m products of orthogonal Gaussian standard random variables whose coefficients hi1,i2,...,im(m) are deterministic and solved sequentially from low to high expansion orders using MODFLOW‐2000. Finally, the statistics of head and flux are computed using simple algebraic operations on hi1,i2,...,im(m). A series of numerical test results in 2‐D and 3‐D unconfined flow systems indicated that the KLME approach is effective in estimating the mean and (co)variance of both heads and fluxes and requires much less computational effort as compared to the traditional Monte Carlo simulation technique.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004766","usgsCitation":"Liu, G., Zhang, D., and Lu, Z., 2006, Stochastic uncertainty analysis for unconfined flow systems: Water Resources Research, v. 42, no. 9, Article W09412; 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004766.","productDescription":"Article W09412; 18 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005wr004766","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-09-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9855e4b08c986b31bf9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Gaisheng","contributorId":15158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Gaisheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, Dongxiao","contributorId":26409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongxiao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, Zhiming","contributorId":174148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhiming","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028381,"text":"70028381 - 2006 - Evidence for a polar ethane cloud on Titan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028381","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for a polar ethane cloud on Titan","docAbstract":"Spectra from Cassini's Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer reveal the presence of a vast tropospheric cloud on Titan at latitudes 51?? to 68?? north and all longitudes observed (10?? to 190?? west). The derived characteristics indicate that this cloud is composed of ethane and forms as a result of stratospheric subsidence and the particularly cool conditions near the moon's north pole. Preferential condensation of ethane, perhaps as ice, at Titan's poles during the winters may partially explain the lack of liquid ethane oceans on Titan's surface at middle and lower latitudes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1128245","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Griffith, C., Penteado, P., Rannou, P., Brown, R., Boudon, V., Baines, K.H., Clark, R., Drossart, P., Buratti, B., Nicholson, P., McKay, C., Coustenis, A., Negrao, A., and Jaumann, R., 2006, Evidence for a polar ethane cloud on Titan: Science, v. 313, no. 5793, p. 1620-1622, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128245.","startPage":"1620","endPage":"1622","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210028,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1128245"}],"volume":"313","issue":"5793","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d30e4b0c8380cd52e7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffith, C.A.","contributorId":10141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Penteado, P.","contributorId":105109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Penteado","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rannou, P.","contributorId":19761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rannou","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, R.","contributorId":101419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boudon, V.","contributorId":23745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boudon","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baines, K. 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SUPPL. 2, p. 56-57, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927606160365.","startPage":"56","endPage":"57","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210226,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1431927606160365"},{"id":237085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"SUPPL. 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a73ae4b0e8fec6cdc413","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowers, H.A. 0000-0001-5360-9264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":31843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"H.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rusk, B.G.","contributorId":48667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rusk","given":"B.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028373,"text":"70028373 - 2006 - Association of the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake and seismicity near Summervile with a 12º bend in the East Coast fault system and triple-fault junctions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-20T08:50:35","indexId":"70028373","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3443,"text":"Southeastern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Association of the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake and seismicity near Summervile with a 12º bend in the East Coast fault system and triple-fault junctions","docAbstract":"Seismic-reflection data were integrated with other geophysical, geologic, and seismicity data to better determine the location and nature of buried faults in the Charleston, South Carolina, region. Our results indicate that the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake and seismicity near Summerville are related to local stresses caused by a 12?? bend in the East Coast fault system (ECFS) and two triple-fault junctions. One triple junction is formed by the intersection of the northwest-trending Ashley River fault with the two segments of the ECFS north and south of the bend. The other triple junction is formed by the intersection of the northeast-trending Summerville fault and a newly discovered northwest-trending Berkeley fault with the ECFS about 10 km north of the bend. The Summerville fault is a northwest-dipping border fault of the Triassic-age Jedburg basin that is undergoing reverse-style reactivation. This reverse-style reactivation is unusual because the Summerville fault parallels the regional stress field axis, suggesting that the reactivation is from stresses applied by dextral motion on the ECFS. The southwest-dip and reverse-type motion of the Berkeley fault are interpreted from seismicity data and a seismic-reflection profile in the western part of the study area. Our results also indicate that the East Coast fault system is a Paleozoic basement fault and that its reactivation since early Mesozoic time has fractured through the overlying allochthonous terranes.
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If desired, the user may reproject only selected portions of the product (spatial or parameter subsetting). The software may also be used to convert MODIS products to file formats (generic binary and GeoTIFF) that are more readily compatible with existing software packages. The MODIS land products distributed by the Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC) are in the Hierarchical Data Format - Earth Observing System (HDF-EOS), developed by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign for the NASA EOS Program. Each HDF-EOS file is comprised of one or more science data sets (SDSs) corresponding to geophysical or biophysical parameters. Metadata are embedded in the HDF file as well as contained in a .met file that is associated with each HDF-EOS file. The MRT supports 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit integer data (both signed and unsigned), as well as 32-bit float data. 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Consecutive breeding locations were obtained for eleven female and 23 male King Eiders. All females exhibited breeding site fidelity by returning to sites within 15 km of first year breeding areas on the North Slope of Alaska. Breeding locations of males in a subsequent year were located on average >1000 km from their prior breeding sites and were primarily outside Alaska, on the coasts of Russia and Canada. Second-year wing molt locations were obtained for two female and six male King Eiders. Wing molt sites of males were located 6.2 ?? 3.1 km apart on average in successive years, while female wing molt locations averaged almost 50 km apart. Our results demonstrate site fidelity of female King Eiders to a breeding area on the North Slope of Alaska, document the dispersal of male King Eiders between breeding seasons, and present the first evidence for wing molt site fidelity in males.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[148:EFWMAB]2.0.CO;2","issn":"15244695","usgsCitation":"Phillips, L.M., and Powell, A., 2006, Evidence for wing molt and breeding site fidelity in King Eiders: Waterbirds, v. 29, no. 2, p. 148-153, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[148:EFWMAB]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"148","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210189,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[148:EFWMAB]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":237033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d58e4b0c8380cd52f7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Laura M.","contributorId":49497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phillips","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":417693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, A.N.","contributorId":66194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028354,"text":"70028354 - 2006 - Effects of permafrost melting on CO2 and CH4 exchange of a poorly drained black spruce lowland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T09:48:26","indexId":"70028354","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2319,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of permafrost melting on CO2 and CH4 exchange of a poorly drained black spruce lowland","docAbstract":"[1] Permafrost melting is occurring in areas of the boreal forest region where large amounts of carbon (C) are stored in organic soils. We measured soil respiration, net CO2 flux, and net CH4 flux during May–September 2003 and March 2004 in a black spruce lowland in interior Alaska to better understand how permafrost thaw in poorly drained landscapes affects land‐atmosphere CO2 and CH4 exchange. Sites included peat soils underlain by permafrost at ∼0.4 m depth (permafrost plateau, PP), four thermokarst wetlands (TW) having no permafrost in the upper 2.2 m, and peat soils bordering the thermokarst wetlands having permafrost at ∼0.5 m depth (thermokarst edges, TE). Soil respiration rates were not significantly different among the sites, and 5‐cm soil temperature explained 50–91% of the seasonal variability in soil respiration within the sites. Groundcover vegetation photosynthesis (calculated as net CO2 minus soil respiration) was significantly different among the sites (TW > TE > PP), which can be partly attributed to the difference in photosynthetically active radiation reaching the ground at each site type. Methane emission rates were 15 to 28 times greater from TW than from TE and PP. We modeled annual soil respiration and groundcover vegetation photosynthesis using soil temperature and radiation data, and CH4 flux by linear interpolation. We estimated all sites as net C gas sources to the atmosphere (not including tree CO2 uptake at PP and TE), although the ranges in estimates when accounting for errors were large enough that TE and TW may have been net C sinks.
Endogenous stores of energy allow birds to survive periods of severe weather and food shortage during winter. We documented changes in lipid, protein, moisture, and ash in body tissues of adult female Pacific Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) and modeled the energetic costs of wintering. Birds were collected at the extremes of their winter range, in Alaska and Baja California, Mexico. Body lipids decreased over winter for birds in Alaska but increased for those in Baja California. Conversely, body protein increased over winter for Brant in Alaska and remained stable for birds in Baja California. Lipid stores likely fuel migration for Brant wintering in Baja California and ensure winter survival for those in Alaska. Increases in body protein may support earlier reproduction for Brant in Alaska. Predicted energy demands were similar between sites during late winter but avenues of expenditure were different. Birds in Baja California spent more energy on lipid synthesis while those in Alaska incurred higher thermoregulatory costs. Estimated daily intake rates of eelgrass were similar between sites in early winter; however, feeding time was more constrained in Alaska because of high tides and short photoperiods. Despite differences in energetic costs and foraging time, Brant wintering at both sites appeared to be in good condition. We suggest that wintering in Alaska may be more advantageous than long-distance migration if winter survival is similar between sites and constraints on foraging time do not impair body condition. ?? The Cooper Ornithological Society 2006.
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Volcano eruption and earthquake frequencies are low, with indications of spatial and temporal clustering, making probabilistic assessments difficult. In an effort to identify the most likely intrusion sites, we based a three-dimensional finite-element model on the expectation that faulting and basalt intrusions are sensitive to the magnitude and orientation of the least principal stress in extensional terranes. We found that in the absence of fault slip, variation in overburden pressure caused a stress state that preferentially favored intrusions at Crater Flat. However, when we allowed central Yucca Mountain faults to slip in the model, we found that magmatic clustering was not favored at Crater Flat or in the central Yucca Mountain block. Instead, we calculated that the stress field was most encouraging to intrusions near fault terminations, consistent with the location of the most recent volcanism at Yucca Mountain, the Lathrop Wells cone. We found this linked fault and magmatic system to be mutually reinforcing in the model in that Lathrop Wells feeder dike inflation favored renewed fault slip. ?? 2006 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G22636.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., Thompson, G.A., and Cogbill, A., 2006, Earthquake and volcano clustering via stress transfer at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Geology, v. 34, no. 9, p. 785-788, https://doi.org/10.1130/G22636.1.","startPage":"785","endPage":"788","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210104,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G22636.1"}],"volume":"34","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a04bbe4b0c8380cd50ae6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, G. A.","contributorId":90332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cogbill, A.H.","contributorId":88917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cogbill","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028135,"text":"70028135 - 2006 - Effects of substrate and hydrodynamic conditions on the formation of mussel beds in a large river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70028135","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of substrate and hydrodynamic conditions on the formation of mussel beds in a large river","docAbstract":"A numerical model for simulation of freshwater mussel dynamics was used to investigate the effects of substrate and hydrodynamic conditions on the formation of mussel beds in a 10-km reach of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR). Suitable habitats for mussel survival were identified by creating a dimensionless parameter (shear stress ratio) combining shear force and substrate type. This parameter is a measure of substrate stability that could be used in many different applications. Dispersal of juvenile mussels with flow as they detach from their fish hosts was simulated by a particle-tracking mechanism that identified suitable areas for colonization with the potential to evolve into mussel beds. Simulated areas of mussel accumulation coincided with reported locations of mussel beds, and simulated densities were in the range of abundant mussel beds in other reaches of the UMR. These results, although more qualitative than quantitative, provide insight into factors influencing the formation of mussel beds in a large river. ?? 2006 by The North American Benthological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[664:EOSAHC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"08873593","usgsCitation":"Morales, Y., Weber, L., Mynett, A., and Newton, T., 2006, Effects of substrate and hydrodynamic conditions on the formation of mussel beds in a large river: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 25, no. 3, p. 664-676, https://doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[664:EOSAHC]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"664","endPage":"676","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477711,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1899/0887-3593%282006%2925%5B664%3AEOSAHC%5D2.0.CO%3B2","text":"External Repository"},{"id":210366,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[664:EOSAHC]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":237262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07e6e4b0c8380cd518b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morales, Y.","contributorId":47961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morales","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, L.J.","contributorId":79988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mynett, A.E.","contributorId":31188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mynett","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Newton, T.J.","contributorId":104428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028134,"text":"70028134 - 2006 - The composite method: An improved method for stream-water solute load estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70028134","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The composite method: An improved method for stream-water solute load estimation","docAbstract":"The composite method is an alternative method for estimating stream-water solute loads, combining aspects of two commonly used methods: the regression-model method (which is used by the composite method to predict variations in concentrations between collected samples) and a period-weighted approach (which is used by the composite method to apply the residual concentrations from the regression model over time). The extensive dataset collected at the outlet of the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW) near Atlanta, Georgia, USA, was used in data analyses for illustrative purposes. A bootstrap (subsampling) experiment (using the composite method and the PMRW dataset along with various fixed-interval and large storm sampling schemes) obtained load estimates for the 8-year study period with a magnitude of the bias of less than 1%, even for estimates that included the fewest number of samples. Precisions were always <2% on a study period and annual basis, and <2% precisions were obtained for quarterly and monthly time intervals for estimates that had better sampling. The bias and precision of composite-method load estimates varies depending on the variability in the regression-model residuals, how residuals systematically deviated from the regression model over time, sampling design, and the time interval of the load estimate. The regression-model method did not estimate loads precisely during shorter time intervals, from annually to monthly, because the model could not explain short-term patterns in the observed concentrations. Load estimates using the period-weighted approach typically are biased as a result of sampling distribution and are accurate only with extensive sampling. The formulation of the composite method facilitates exploration of patterns (trends) contained in the unmodelled portion of the load. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.6147","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Aulenbach, B., and Hooper, R.P., 2006, The composite method: An improved method for stream-water solute load estimation: Hydrological Processes, v. 20, no. 14, p. 3029-3047, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6147.","startPage":"3029","endPage":"3047","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210336,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6147"},{"id":237228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa49e4b08c986b3227af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aulenbach, Brent T.","contributorId":62766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulenbach","given":"Brent T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028230,"text":"70028230 - 2006 - Simulating the influences of various fire regimes on caribou winter habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-04T10:32:03","indexId":"70028230","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating the influences of various fire regimes on caribou winter habitat","docAbstract":"Caribou are an integral component of high‐latitude ecosystems and represent a major subsistence food source for many northern people. The availability and quality of winter habitat is critical to sustain these caribou populations. Caribou commonly use older spruce woodlands with adequate terrestrial lichen, a preferred winter forage, in the understory. Changes in climate and fire regime pose a significant threat to the long‐term sustainability of this important winter habitat. Computer simulations performed with a spatially explicit vegetation succession model (ALFRESCO) indicate that changes in the frequency and extent of fire in interior Alaska may substantially impact the abundance and quality of winter habitat for caribou. We modeled four different fire scenarios and tracked the frequency, extent, and spatial distribution of the simulated fires and associated changes to vegetation composition and distribution. Our results suggest that shorter fire frequencies (i.e., less time between recurring fires) on the winter range of the Nelchina caribou herd in eastern interior Alaska will result in large decreases of available winter habitat, relative to that currently available, in both the short and long term. A 30% shortening of the fire frequency resulted in a 3.5‐fold increase in the area burned annually and an associated 41% decrease in the amount of spruce–lichen forest found on the landscape. More importantly, simulations with more frequent fires produced a relatively immature forest age structure, compared to that which currently exists, with few stands older than 100 years. This age structure is at the lower limits of stand age classes preferred by caribou from the Nelchina herd. Projected changes in fire regime due to climate warming and/or additional prescribed burning could substantially alter the winter habitat of caribou in interior Alaska and lead to changes in winter range use and/or population dynamics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1730:STIOVF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rupp, T., Olson, M., Adams, L., Dale, B.W., Joly, K., Henkelman, J., Collins, W.B., and Starfield, A.M., 2006, Simulating the influences of various fire regimes on caribou winter habitat: Ecological Applications, v. 16, no. 5, p. 1730-1743, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1730:STIOVF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1730","endPage":"1743","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477373,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1730:stiovf]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fdbe4b08c986b31919d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rupp, T. Scott","contributorId":21395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupp","given":"T. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, Mark","contributorId":91009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, Layne G. 0000-0001-6212-2896 ladams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-2896","contributorId":2776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Layne G.","email":"ladams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":417150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dale, Bruce W.","contributorId":6769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dale","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Joly, Kyle","contributorId":53117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Joly","given":"Kyle","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12462,"text":"U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":417145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Henkelman, Jonathan","contributorId":55196,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henkelman","given":"Jonathan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Collins, William B.","contributorId":190452,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collins","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Starfield, Anthony M.","contributorId":17142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starfield","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70028301,"text":"70028301 - 2006 - Assimilation of snow covered area information into hydrologic and land-surface models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:53","indexId":"70028301","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assimilation of snow covered area information into hydrologic and land-surface models","docAbstract":"This paper describes a data assimilation method that uses observations of snow covered area (SCA) to update hydrologic model states in a mountainous catchment in Colorado. The assimilation method uses SCA information as part of an ensemble Kalman filter to alter the sub-basin distribution of snow as well as the basin water balance. This method permits an optimal combination of model simulations and observations, as well as propagation of information across model states. Sensitivity experiments are conducted with a fairly simple snowpack/water-balance model to evaluate effects of the data assimilation scheme on simulations of streamflow. The assimilation of SCA information results in minor improvements in the accuracy of streamflow simulations near the end of the snowmelt season. The small effect from SCA assimilation is initially surprising. It can be explained both because a substantial portion of snowmelts before any bare ground is exposed, and because the transition from 100% to 0% snow coverage occurs fairly quickly. Both of these factors are basin-dependent. Satellite SCA information is expected to be most useful in basins where snow cover is ephemeral. The data assimilation strategy presented in this study improved the accuracy of the streamflow simulation, indicating that SCA is a useful source of independent information that can be used as part of an integrated data assimilation strategy. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.10.001","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Clark, M., Slater, A., Barrett, A., Hay, L., McCabe, G., Rajagopalan, B., and Leavesley, G., 2006, Assimilation of snow covered area information into hydrologic and land-surface models: Advances in Water Resources, v. 29, no. 8, p. 1209-1221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.10.001.","startPage":"1209","endPage":"1221","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210291,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.10.001"},{"id":237169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee8ce4b0c8380cd49dfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, M.P.","contributorId":49558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slater, A.G.","contributorId":100601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slater","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barrett, A.P.","contributorId":18564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrett","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McCabe, G.J. 0000-0002-9258-2997","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":12961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rajagopalan, B.","contributorId":86947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rajagopalan","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70028325,"text":"70028325 - 2006 - Multiphase, multicomponent parameter estimation for liquid and vapor fluxes in deep arid systems using hydrologic data and natural environmental tracers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:54:09","indexId":"70028325","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiphase, multicomponent parameter estimation for liquid and vapor fluxes in deep arid systems using hydrologic data and natural environmental tracers","docAbstract":"Multiphase, multicomponent numerical models of long-term unsaturated-zone liquid and vapor movement were created for a thick alluvial basin at the Nevada Test Site to predict present-day liquid and vapor fluxes. The numerical models are based on recently developed conceptual models of unsaturated-zone moisture movement in thick alluvium that explain present-day water potential and tracer profiles in terms of major climate and vegetation transitions that have occurred during the past 10 000 yr or more. The numerical models were calibrated using borehole hydrologic and environmental tracer data available from a low-level radioactive waste management site located in a former nuclear weapons testing area. The environmental tracer data used in the model calibration includes tracers that migrate in both the liquid and vapor phases (δD, δ18O) and tracers that migrate solely as dissolved solutes (Cl), thus enabling the estimation of some gas-phase as well as liquid-phase transport parameters. Parameter uncertainties and correlations identified during model calibration were used to generate parameter combinations for a set of Monte Carlo simulations to more fully characterize the uncertainty in liquid and vapor fluxes. The calculated background liquid and vapor fluxes decrease as the estimated time since the transition to the present-day arid climate increases. However, on the whole, the estimated fluxes display relatively little variability because correlations among parameters tend to create parameter sets for which changes in some parameters offset the effects of others in the set. Independent estimates on the timing since the climate transition established from packrat midden data were essential for constraining the model calibration results. The study demonstrates the utility of environmental tracer data in developing numerical models of liquid- and gas-phase moisture movement and the importance of considering parameter correlations when using Monte Carlo analysis to characterize the uncertainty in moisture fluxes.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/vzj2006.0021","usgsCitation":"Kwicklis, E.M., Wolfsberg, A.V., Stauffer, P.H., Walvoord, M.A., and Sully, M.J., 2006, Multiphase, multicomponent parameter estimation for liquid and vapor fluxes in deep arid systems using hydrologic data and natural environmental tracers: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 5, no. 3, p. 934-950, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2006.0021.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"934","endPage":"950","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a605ae4b0c8380cd713c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kwicklis, Edward M.","contributorId":25970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwicklis","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolfsberg, Andrew V.","contributorId":22530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolfsberg","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Philip H.","contributorId":69262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13447,"text":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":417533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366 walvoord@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":147211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"walvoord@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":417536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sully, Michael J.","contributorId":82911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sully","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16973,"text":"Neptune and Company Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":417534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70028136,"text":"70028136 - 2006 - Erosion of steepland valleys by debris flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70028136","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Erosion of steepland valleys by debris flows","docAbstract":"Episodic debris flows scour the rock beds of many steepland valleys. Along recent debris-flow runout paths in the western United States, we have observed evidence for bedrock lowering, primarily by the impact of large particles entrained in debris flows. This evidence may persist to the point at which debris-flow deposition occurs, commonly at slopes of less than ???0.03-0.10. We find that debris-flow-scoured valleys have a topographic signature that is fundamentally different from that predicted by bedrock river-incision models. Much of this difference results from the fact that local valley slope shows a tendency to decrease abruptly downstream of tributaries that contribute throughgoing debris flows. The degree of weathering of valley floor bedrock may also decrease abruptly downstream of such junctions. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesize that valley slope is adjusted to the long-term frequency of debris flows, and that valleys scoured by debris flows should not be modeled using conventional bedrock river-incision laws. We use field observations to justify one possible debris-flow incision model, whose lowering rate is proportional to the integral of solid inertial normal stresses from particle impacts along the flow and the number of upvalley debris-flow sources. The model predicts that increases in incision rate caused by increases in flow event frequency and length (as flows gain material) downvalley are balanced by rate reductions from reduced inertial normal stress at lower slopes, and stronger, less weathered bedrock. These adjustments lead to a spatially uniform lowering rate. Although the proposed expression leads to equilibrium long-profiles with the correct topographic signature, the crudeness with which the debris-flow dynamics are parameterized reveals that we are far from a validated debris-flow incision law. However, the vast extent of steepland valley networks above slopes of ???0.03-0.10 illustrates the need to understand debris-flow incision if we hope to understand the evolution of steep topography around the world. ?? 2006 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B25902.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Stock, J., and Dietrich, W.E., 2006, Erosion of steepland valleys by debris flows: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, no. 9-10, p. 1125-1148, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25902.1.","startPage":"1125","endPage":"1148","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210367,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25902.1"},{"id":237263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-09-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a3ce4b0c8380cd5226f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stock, J. D. 0000-0001-8565-3577","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8565-3577","contributorId":79998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stock","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dietrich, W. E.","contributorId":47538,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dietrich","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}