Forecasting M ≥ 7.0 San Andreas fault earthquakes requires an assessment of their expected frequency. I used a three-dimensional finite element model of California to calculate volumetric static stress drops from scenario M ≥ 7.0 earthquakes on three San Andreas fault sections. The ratio of stress drop to tectonic stressing rate derived from geodetic displacements yielded recovery times at points throughout the model volume. Under a renewal model, stress recovery times on ruptured fault planes can be a proxy for earthquake recurrence. I show curves of magnitude versus stress recovery time for three San Andreas fault sections. When stress recovery times were converted to expected M ≥ 7.0 earthquake frequencies, they fit Gutenberg-Richter relationships well matched to observed regional rates of M ≤ 6.0 earthquakes. Thus a stress-balanced model permits large earthquake Gutenberg-Richter behavior on an individual fault segment, though it does not require it. Modeled slip magnitudes and their expected frequencies were consistent with those observed at the Wrightwood paleoseismic site if strict time predictability does not apply to the San Andreas fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2006JB004415","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T.E., 2006, M ≥ 7.0 earthquake recurrence on the San Andreas fault from a stress renewal model: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 111, no. 12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004415.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477474,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jb004415","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209695,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004415"}],"volume":"111","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4aa5e4b0c8380cd68f1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0582-4338 tparsons@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-4338","contributorId":2314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Thomas","email":"tparsons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":419693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70028771,"text":"70028771 - 2006 - Uranium distribution in the coastal waters and pore waters of Tampa Bay, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028771","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium distribution in the coastal waters and pore waters of Tampa Bay, Florida","docAbstract":"The geochemical reactivity of uranium (238U) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Fe, Mn, Ba, and V was investigated in the water column, pore waters, and across a river/estuarine mixing zone in Tampa Bay, Florida. This large estuary is impacted both by diverse anthropogenic activity and by extensive U-rich phosphatic deposits. Thus, the estuarine behavior of uranium may be examined relative to such known U enrichments and anthropogenic perturbations. Dissolved (< 0.45??m) uranium exhibited both removal and enrichment processes across the Alafia River/estuarine mixing zone relative to conservative mixing. Such non-conservative U behavior may be attributed to: i) physical mixing processes within the river; ii) U carrier phase reactivity; and/or iii) fluid exchange processes across sediment/water interface. In the bay proper, U concentrations were ?????2 to 3 times greater than those reported for other estuarine systems and are likely a result of erosional inputs from the extensive, underlying U-rich phosphatic deposits. Whereas dissolved U concentrations generally did not approach seawater values (13.6??nM) along the Alafia River salinity transect, water column U concentrations exceeded 16??nM in select regions of the bay. Within the hydrogeological framework of the bay, such enriched U may also be derived from advective fluid transport processes across the sediment/water interface, such as submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) or hyporheic exchange within coastal rivers. Pore water profiles of U in Tampa Bay show both a flux into and out of bottom sediments, and average, diffusive U pore water fluxes (Jdiff) ranged from - 82.0 to 116.6??mol d- 1. It is likely that negative U fluxes imply seawater entrainment or infiltration (i.e., submarine groundwater recharge), which may contribute to the removal of water column uranium. For comparison, a bay-wide, Ra-derived submarine groundwater discharge estimate for Tampa Bay (8??L m- 2 d- 1) yielded an average, advective (JSGD) U flux of 112.9??mol d- 1. In Tampa Bay, the estuarine distribution of U indicates a strong natural, geologic control that may also be influenced by enhanced fluid transport processes across the sediment/water interface. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.marchem.2006.06.016","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Swarzenski, P., and Baskaran, M., 2006, Uranium distribution in the coastal waters and pore waters of Tampa Bay, Florida: Marine Chemistry, v. 102, no. 3-4, p. 252-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.06.016.","startPage":"252","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209669,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.06.016"},{"id":236340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbda8e4b08c986b329157","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swarzenski, P.W. 0000-0003-0116-0578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":29487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baskaran, M.","contributorId":96627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskaran","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028762,"text":"70028762 - 2006 - Variables influencing the presence of subyearling fall Chinook salmon in shoreline habitats of the Hanford Reach, Columbia River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T16:06:57","indexId":"70028762","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variables influencing the presence of subyearling fall Chinook salmon in shoreline habitats of the Hanford Reach, Columbia River","docAbstract":"Little information currently exists on habitat use by subyearling fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha rearing in large, main-stem habitats. We collected habitat use information on subyearlings in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River during May 1994 and April-May 1995 using point abundance electrofishing. We analyzed measures of physical habitat using logistic regression to predict fish presence and absence in shoreline habitats. The difference between water temperature at the point of sampling and in the main river channel was the most important variable for predicting the presence and absence of subyearlings. Mean water velocities of 45 cm/s or less and habitats with low lateral bank slopes were also associated with a greater likelihood of subyearling presence. Intermediate-sized gravel and cobble substrates were significant predictors of fish presence, but small (<32-mm) and boulder-sized (>256-mm) substrates were not. Our rearing model was accurate at predicting fish presence and absence using jackknifing (80% correct) and classification of observations from an independent data set (76% correct). The habitat requirements of fall Chinook salmon in the Hanford Reach are similar to those reported for juvenile Chinook salmon in smaller systems but are met in functionally different ways in a large river.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/M04-161.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K., Clark, L., Garland, R., and Rondorf, D., 2006, Variables influencing the presence of subyearling fall Chinook salmon in shoreline habitats of the Hanford Reach, Columbia River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 26, no. 2, p. 351-360, https://doi.org/10.1577/M04-161.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"360","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488438,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2506806","text":"External Repository"},{"id":236755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Hanford Reach","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.83337402343749,\n 46.640008243515915\n ],\n [\n -119.81689453125,\n 46.61171462536894\n ],\n [\n -119.61639404296874,\n 46.6286925708375\n ],\n [\n -119.49005126953124,\n 46.6965511173143\n ],\n [\n -119.3609619140625,\n 46.511625395437925\n ],\n [\n -119.27581787109374,\n 46.40756396630067\n ],\n [\n -119.26208496093751,\n 46.240651955001695\n ],\n [\n -119.07257080078124,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -119.02862548828125,\n 46.231153027822046\n ],\n [\n -119.22088623046875,\n 46.32417161725694\n ],\n [\n -119.2236328125,\n 46.50217348354072\n ],\n [\n -119.39117431640625,\n 46.68336307047754\n ],\n [\n -119.50103759765625,\n 46.751153008636884\n ],\n [\n -119.68780517578125,\n 46.6795944656402\n ],\n [\n -119.80865478515625,\n 46.65132155014943\n ],\n [\n -119.83337402343749,\n 46.640008243515915\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc14be4b08c986b32a4f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, K.F.","contributorId":19327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, L.O.","contributorId":85745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"L.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garland, R.D.","contributorId":60806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garland","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028884,"text":"70028884 - 2006 - Effects of floods on fish assemblages in an intermittent prairie stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028884","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of floods on fish assemblages in an intermittent prairie stream","docAbstract":"1. Floods are major disturbances to stream ecosystems that can kill or displace organisms and modify habitats. Many studies have reported changes in fish assemblages after a single flood, but few studies have evaluated the importance of timing and intensity of floods on long-term fish assemblage dynamics. 2. We used a 10-year dataset to evaluate the effects of floods on fishes in Kings Creek, an intermittent prairie stream in north-eastern, Kansas, U.S.A. Samples were collected seasonally at two perennial headwater sites (1995-2005) and one perennial downstream flowing site (1997-2005) allowing us to evaluate the effects of floods at different locations within a watershed. In addition, four surveys during 2003 and 2004 sampled 3-5 km of stream between the long-term study sites to evaluate the use of intermittent reaches of this stream. 3. Because of higher discharge and bed scouring at the downstream site, we predicted that the fish assemblage would have lowered species richness and abundance following floods. In contrast, we expected increased species richness and abundance at headwater sites because floods increase stream connectivity and create the potential for colonisation from downstream reaches. 4. Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) was used to select among candidate regression models that predicted species richness and abundance based on Julian date, time since floods, season and physical habitat at each site. At the downstream site, AIC weightings suggested Julian date was the best predictor of fish assemblage structure, but no model explained >16% of the variation in species richness or community structure. Variation explained by Julian date was primarily attributed to a long-term pattern of declining abundance of common species. At the headwater sites, there was not a single candidate model selected to predict total species abundance and assemblage structure. AIC weightings suggested variation in assemblage structure was associated with either Julian date or local habitat characteristics. 5. Fishes rapidly colonised isolated or dry habitats following floods. This was evidenced by the occurrence of fishes in intermittent reaches and the positive association between maximum daily discharge and colonisation events at both headwater sites. 6. Our study suggests floods allow dispersal into intermittent habitats with little or no downstream displacement of fishes. Movement of fishes among habitats during flooding highlights the importance of maintaining connectivity of stream networks of low to medium order prairie streams. ?? 2006 The Authors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Freshwater Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01640.x","issn":"00465070","usgsCitation":"Franssen, N., Gido, K., Guy, C., Tripe, J., Shrank, S., Strakosh, T., Bertrand, K., Franssen, C., Pitts, K., and Paukert, C., 2006, Effects of floods on fish assemblages in an intermittent prairie stream: Freshwater Biology, v. 51, no. 11, p. 2072-2086, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01640.x.","startPage":"2072","endPage":"2086","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209720,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01640.x"},{"id":236412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06f6e4b0c8380cd514d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franssen, N.R.","contributorId":81300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franssen","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gido, K.B.","contributorId":106298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gido","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guy, C.S.","contributorId":59160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tripe, J.A.","contributorId":93258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripe","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shrank, S.J.","contributorId":41640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shrank","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Strakosh, T.R.","contributorId":45883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strakosh","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bertrand, K.N.","contributorId":52381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bertrand","given":"K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Franssen, C.M.","contributorId":104267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franssen","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Pitts, K.L.","contributorId":102255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitts","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Paukert, C.P.","contributorId":10151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70028885,"text":"70028885 - 2006 - Comparison of local grid refinement methods for MODFLOW","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028885","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparison of local grid refinement methods for MODFLOW","docAbstract":"Many ground water modeling efforts use a finite-difference method to solve the ground water flow equation, and many of these models require a relatively fine-grid discretization to accurately represent the selected process in limited areas of interest. Use of a fine grid over the entire domain can be computationally prohibitive; using a variably spaced grid can lead to cells with a large aspect ratio and refinement in areas where detail is not needed. One solution is to use local-grid refinement (LGR) whereby the grid is only refined in the area of interest. This work reviews some LGR methods and identifies advantages and drawbacks in test cases using MODFLOW-2000. The first test case is two dimensional and heterogeneous; the second is three dimensional and includes interaction with a meandering river. Results include simulations using a uniform fine grid, a variably spaced grid, a traditional method of LGR without feedback, and a new shared node method with feedback. Discrepancies from the solution obtained with the uniform fine grid are investigated. For the models tested, the traditional one-way coupled approaches produced discrepancies in head up to 6.8% and discrepancies in cell-to-cell fluxes up to 7.1%, while the new method has head and cell-to-cell flux discrepancies of 0.089% and 0.14%, respectively. Additional results highlight the accuracy, flexibility, and CPU time trade-off of these methods and demonstrate how the new method can be successfully implemented to model surface water-ground water interactions. Copyright ?? 2006 The Author(s).","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00192.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Mehl, S., Hill, M.C., and Leake, S.A., 2006, Comparison of local grid refinement methods for MODFLOW, in Ground Water, v. 44, no. 6, p. 792-796, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00192.x.","startPage":"792","endPage":"796","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209721,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00192.x"},{"id":236413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f870e4b0c8380cd4d0db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehl, S.","contributorId":20114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leake, S. A.","contributorId":52164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028886,"text":"70028886 - 2006 - Cloud-to-ground lightning and surface rainfall in warm-season Florida thunderstorms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028886","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cloud-to-ground lightning and surface rainfall in warm-season Florida thunderstorms","docAbstract":"Relationships between cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning and surface rainfall have been examined in nine isolated, warm-season thunderstorms on the east coast of central Florida. CG flashes and the associated rain volumes were measured as a function of time in storm-centered reference frames that followed each storm over a network of rain gauges. Values of the storm-average rain volume per CG flash ranged from 0.70 ?? 104 to 6.4 ?? 104 m3/CG flash, with a mean (and standard deviation) of 2.6 ?? 104 ?? 2.1 ?? 104 m3/CG flash. Values of the rain volume concurrent with CG flashes ranged from 0.11 ?? 104 to 4.9 ?? 104 m3/CG flash with a mean of 2.1 ?? 104 ?? 2.0 ?? 104 m3/CG flash. The lag-time between the peak CG flash rate and the peak rainfall rate (using 5 min bins), and the results of a lag correlation analysis, show that surface rainfall tends to follow the lightning (positive lag) by up to 20 min in six storms. In one storm the rainfall preceded the lightning by 5 min, and two storms had nonsignificant lags. Values of the lagged rain volume concurrent with CG flashes ranged from 0.43 ?? 104 to 4.9 ?? 104 m3/CG flash, and the mean was 1.9 ?? 104 ?? 1.7 ?? 104 m3/CG flash. For the five storms that produced 12 or more flashes and had significant lags, a plot of the optimum lag time versus the total number of CG flashes shows a linear trend (R2 = 0.56). The number of storms is limited, but the lag results do indicate that large storms tend to have longer lags. A linear fit to the lagged rain volume vs. the number of concurrent CG flashes has a slope of 1.9 ?? 104 m3/CG flash (R2 = 0.83). We conclude that warm-season Florida thunderstorms produce a roughly constant rain volume per CG flash and that CG lightning can be used to estimate the location and intensity of convective rainfall in that weather regime. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JD006802","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gungle, B., and Krider, E., 2006, Cloud-to-ground lightning and surface rainfall in warm-season Florida thunderstorms: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 111, no. 19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006802.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477402,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006802","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209746,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006802"},{"id":236447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f676e4b0c8380cd4c79d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gungle, B.","contributorId":90920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gungle","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krider, E.P.","contributorId":107914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krider","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028755,"text":"70028755 - 2006 - The origin of neap-spring tidal cycles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028755","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The origin of neap-spring tidal cycles","docAbstract":"The origin of oceanic tides is a basic concept taught in most introductory college-level sedimentology/geology, oceanography, and astronomy courses. Tides are typically explained in the context of the equilibrium tidal theory model. Yet this model does not take into account real tides in many parts of the world. Not only does the equilibrium tidal model fail to explicate amphidromic circulation, it also does not explain diurnal tides in low latitude positions. It likewise fails to explain the existence of tide-dominated areas where neap-spring cycles are synchronized with the 27.32-day orbital cycle of the Moon (tropical month), rather than with the more familiar 29.52-day cycle of lunar phases (synodic month). Both types of neap-spring cycles can be recognized in the rock record. A complete explanation of the origin of tides should include a discussion of dynamic tidal theory. In the dynamic tidal model, tides resulting from the motions of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth and the Earth in its orbit around the Sun are modeled as products of the combined effects of a series of phantom satellites. The movement of each of these satellites, relative to the Earth's equator, creates its own tidal wave that moves around an amphidromic point. Each of these waves is referred to as a tidal constituent. The geometries of the ocean basins determine which of these constituents are amplified. Thus, the tide-raising potential for any locality on Earth can be conceptualized as the result of a series of tidal constituents specific to that region. A better understanding of tidal cycles opens up remarkable opportunities for research on tidal deposits with implications for, among other things, a more complete understanding of the tidal dynamics responsible for sediment transport and deposition, changes in Earth-Moon distance through time, and the possible influences tidal cycles may exert on organisms. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2006.10.001","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Kvale, E., 2006, The origin of neap-spring tidal cycles: Marine Geology, v. 235, no. 1-4 SPEC. ISS., p. 5-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2006.10.001.","startPage":"5","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209900,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2006.10.001"},{"id":236646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"235","issue":"1-4 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae6ee4b08c986b3240bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvale, E.P.","contributorId":76076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvale","given":"E.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70028887,"text":"70028887 - 2006 - Findings of the Mars Special Regions Science Analysis Group","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028887","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":912,"text":"Astrobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Findings of the Mars Special Regions Science Analysis Group","docAbstract":"In summary, within the upper 5 m most of Mars is either too cold or too dry to support the propagation of terrestrial life. However, there are regions that are in disequilibrium, naturally or induced, and could be classified as \"special\" or, if enough uncertainty exist, could not be declared as \"non-special.\" ?? Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Astrobiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1089/ast.2006.6.677","issn":"15311074","usgsCitation":"Beaty, D., Buxbaum, K., Meyer, M., Barlow, N., Boynton, W., Clark, B., Deming, J., Doran, P., Edgett, K., Hancock, S., Head, J., Hecht, M., Hipkin, V., Kieft, T., Mancinelli, R., McDonald, E., McKay, C., Mellon, M., Newsom, H., Ori, G., Paige, D., Schuerger, A., Sogin, M., Spry, J., Steele, A., Tanaka, K., and Voytek, M., 2006, Findings of the Mars Special Regions Science Analysis Group: Astrobiology, v. 6, no. 5, p. 677-732, https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2006.6.677.","startPage":"677","endPage":"732","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209747,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ast.2006.6.677"},{"id":236448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a101ee4b0c8380cd53b25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beaty, D.W.","contributorId":106283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaty","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buxbaum, K.L.","contributorId":95666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxbaum","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, M.A.","contributorId":42768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barlow, N.","contributorId":73393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boynton, W.","contributorId":10595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boynton","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clark, B.","contributorId":30224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Deming, J.","contributorId":76532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deming","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Doran, P.T.","contributorId":52347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Edgett, K.","contributorId":101049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edgett","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hancock, S.","contributorId":71742,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hancock","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Head, J.","contributorId":6595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Hecht, M.","contributorId":55191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hecht","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Hipkin, V.","contributorId":29187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hipkin","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Kieft, T.","contributorId":99756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieft","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Mancinelli, R.","contributorId":10976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mancinelli","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"McDonald, E.","contributorId":47561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"McKay, C.","contributorId":82827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Mellon, M.","contributorId":43152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mellon","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Newsom, H.","contributorId":98934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newsom","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Ori, G.","contributorId":16634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ori","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Paige, D.","contributorId":36349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paige","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Schuerger, A.C.","contributorId":62393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuerger","given":"A.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Sogin, M.","contributorId":51966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sogin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Spry, J.A.","contributorId":26125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spry","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Steele, A.","contributorId":76115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Tanaka, K.","contributorId":6240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Voytek, M.","contributorId":24979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27}]}} ,{"id":70028888,"text":"70028888 - 2006 - Global phylogeographic limits of Hawaii's avian malaria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028888","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3174,"text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global phylogeographic limits of Hawaii's avian malaria","docAbstract":"The introduction of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) to Hawaii has provided a model system for studying the influence of exotic disease on naive host populations. Little is known, however, about the origin or the genetic variation of Hawaii's malaria and traditional classification methods have confounded attempts to place the parasite within a global ecological and evolutionary context. Using fragments of the parasite mitochondrial gene cytochrome b and the nuclear gene dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase obtained from a global survey of greater than 13 000 avian samples, we show that Hawaii's avian malaria, which can cause high mortality and is a major limiting factor for many species of native passerines, represents just one of the numerous lineages composing the morphological parasite species. The single parasite lineage detected in Hawaii exhibits a broad host distribution worldwide and is dominant on several other remote oceanic islands, including Bermuda and Moorea, French Polynesia. The rarity of this lineage in the continental New World and the restriction of closely related lineages to the Old World suggest limitations to the transmission of reproductively isolated parasite groups within the morphological species. ?? 2006 The Royal Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2006.3671","issn":"09628436","usgsCitation":"Beadell, J., Ishtiaq, F., Covas, R., Melo, M., Warren, B., Atkinson, C., Bensch, S., Graves, G., Jhala, Y., Peirce, M., Rahmani, A., Fonseca, D., and Fleischer, R., 2006, Global phylogeographic limits of Hawaii's avian malaria: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 273, no. 1604, p. 2935-2944, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3671.","startPage":"2935","endPage":"2944","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477413,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1639517","text":"External Repository"},{"id":209775,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3671"},{"id":236484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"273","issue":"1604","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2956e4b0c8380cd5a88e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beadell, J.S.","contributorId":8265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beadell","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ishtiaq, F.","contributorId":20960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishtiaq","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Covas, R.","contributorId":22555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covas","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Melo, M.","contributorId":73803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melo","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Warren, B.H.","contributorId":95249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"B.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Atkinson, C. T.","contributorId":29349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bensch, S.","contributorId":37699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bensch","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Graves, G.R.","contributorId":74937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jhala, Y.V.","contributorId":96889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jhala","given":"Y.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Peirce, M.A.","contributorId":105090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peirce","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rahmani, A.R.","contributorId":49308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rahmani","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Fonseca, D.M.","contributorId":13003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fonseca","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Fleischer, R.C.","contributorId":82259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70028889,"text":"70028889 - 2006 - Fate of fish production in a seasonally flooded saltmarsh","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028889","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fate of fish production in a seasonally flooded saltmarsh","docAbstract":"Although saltmarshes are thought to enhance the productivity of open estuarine waters, the mechanism by which energy transfer occurs has been debated for decades. One possible mechanism is the transfer of saltmarsh production to estuarine waters by vagile fishes and invertebrates. Monthly estimates of fish standing stock, net fish ingress, and predation were used to develop a biomass budget to estimate annual production of fishes and the relative yield to predatory fish, birds, and direct migration to the estuary. Annual production of saltmarsh fishes was estimated to be 31.0 g m-2 saltmarsh, which falls within the range of previously reported values for estuarine fish communities. The relative yields were 12 to 20% to piscivorous fishes, 8 to 13% to piscivorous birds, and 18 to 29% to export. Annual export of fish biomass was 5.6 g fish m-2 saltmarsh, representing about 1 to 2% of saltmarsh primary production. Saltmarsh fishes convert marsh production to high-quality vagile biomass (fishes concentrate energy, protein, and nutrients as body mass) and move this readily useable production to the estuary, providing an efficient link between saltmarshes and estuarine predators. ?? Inter-Research 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3354/meps327267","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Stevens, P.W., Montague, C., and Sulak, K., 2006, Fate of fish production in a seasonally flooded saltmarsh: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 327, p. 267-277, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps327267.","startPage":"267","endPage":"277","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477414,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps327267","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209776,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps327267"},{"id":236485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"327","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f11e4b0c8380cd53745","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Philip W.","contributorId":36092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montague, C.L.","contributorId":22130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montague","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sulak, K. J. 0000-0002-4795-9310","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-9310","contributorId":76690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sulak","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028753,"text":"70028753 - 2006 - Biodiversity management of fens and fen meadows by grazing, cutting and burning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028753","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Biodiversity management of fens and fen meadows by grazing, cutting and burning","docAbstract":"Question: Can the biodiversity of fens in Europe and North America be maintained through the use of grazing (especially cattle grazing), fire, and/or cutting? Location: European and North American fens. Methods: This paper is a review of the literature on the effects of grazing, fire and cutting on fens, to explore the relationship between management and biodiversity in fens. Results: A reduction of cattle grazing, mowing and burning in fens has led to a reduction in biodiversity in fens. The vegetation of abandoned fens shifts to trees and shrubs after 10-15 years, which shade the smaller and rarer species of these wetlands. While careful use of fire is used to manage fens in North America, it is not widely used in European fens, perhaps because the peat of drained fens may catch fire. Cattle grazing cannot be considered a natural disturbance in North America, since cattle did not evolve on that continent. In Europe, cattle do not generally graze in unaltered fens, but they do use slightly drained fen meadows. Conclusions: Three approaches have been used to control the dominance of tall woody and herbaceous species in abandoned fens, including the re-introduction of cattle, mowing, and burning. Overgrazing results in a permanent reduction in biodiversity, therefore cattle re-introduction must be approached cautiously. In Europe, but not in North America, mowing has been an important management tool, and mowing has been successful in maintaining species richness, particularly in fens that have been mowed annually for centuries. Fire has been the most common and successful management tool in North America although it is not effective in removing shrubs that have become large. Because the problems and solutions are similar, the literature of both European and North American fen management can be analyzed to better assess the management of fens on both continents. Many management questions require further study and these are listed in the paper. ?? IAVS; Opulus Press.","largerWorkTitle":"Applied Vegetation Science","language":"English","doi":"10.1658/1402-2001(2006)9[307:BMOFAF]2.0.CO;2","issn":"14022001","usgsCitation":"Middleton, B., Holsten, B., and Van Diggelen, R., 2006, Biodiversity management of fens and fen meadows by grazing, cutting and burning, in Applied Vegetation Science, v. 9, no. 2, p. 307-316, https://doi.org/10.1658/1402-2001(2006)9[307:BMOFAF]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"307","endPage":"316","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209871,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1658/1402-2001(2006)9[307:BMOFAF]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f14ae4b0c8380cd4ab74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Middleton, B.A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":89108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"B.A.","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holsten, B.","contributorId":77347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holsten","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Diggelen, R.","contributorId":88935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Diggelen","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028891,"text":"70028891 - 2006 - Plasma cholinesterase inhibition in the clay-colored robin (Turdus grayi) exposed to diazinon in maradol papaya crops in Yucatan, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-20T12:12:43","indexId":"70028891","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3291,"text":"Revista de Toxicologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plasma cholinesterase inhibition in the clay-colored robin (Turdus grayi) exposed to diazinon in maradol papaya crops in Yucatan, Mexico","docAbstract":"The use of organophosphorous pesticides in agriculture can result in intoxication of birds foraging in sprayed crops. Effects on birds resulting from pesticide intoxication are varied and include behavioral and reproductive effects, including death. One widely used insecticide in Maradol papaya crops is diazinon which has been associated with various incidents of intoxication and death of wild birds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of diazinon application to papaya crops on plasma cholinesterase activity of the clay-colored robin (Turdus grayi). We captured clay-colored robins foraging in a papaya crop the following day after the field had been sprayed with diazinon at a dose of 1.5 kg/ha during March and May, respectively. We took a blood sample from the brachialis vein of the birds captured and measured plasma enzymatic activity. The plasma samples from birds used as controls were taken during the same time period and were analyzed in a similar way. Enzymatic activity of males was greater than that of females (53,52%) and mean cholinesterase inhibition was 49.43%. Cholinesterase inhibition was greater during May than in March probably due to more continuous exposure and ingestion of the insecticide through food and possible absorption through the skin. This degree of enzymatic inhibition is possibly affecting the behavior of the clay-colored robin and could result in death in severe cases.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Revista de Toxicologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English, Spanish","issn":"02127113","usgsCitation":"Cobos, V., Mora, M., and Escalona, G., 2006, Plasma cholinesterase inhibition in the clay-colored robin (Turdus grayi) exposed to diazinon in maradol papaya crops in Yucatan, Mexico: Revista de Toxicologia, v. 23, no. 1, p. 17-21.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c0de4b0c8380cd79788","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cobos, V.M.","contributorId":66047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobos","given":"V.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mora, M.A.","contributorId":71923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mora","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Escalona, G.","contributorId":83728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escalona","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028751,"text":"70028751 - 2006 - Mallard brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during and following a prairie drought","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T11:43:54","indexId":"70028751","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mallard brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during and following a prairie drought","docAbstract":"We used radiotelemetry to study mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during a major drought (1988-1992) and during the first 2 years of the subsequent wet period (1993-1994) at 4 51-km2 sites in prairie pothole landscapes in eastern North Dakota, USA. About two-thirds of 69 radiomarked mallard broods initiated moves from the nest to water before noon, and all left the nest during daylight. On average, broods used fewer wetlands, but moved greater distances during the dry period than the wet period. Broods of all ages were more likely to make inter-wetland moves during the wet period and probabilities of inter-wetland moves decreased as duckling age increased, especially during the dry period. Brood use of seasonal wetlands nearly doubled from 22% to 43% and use of semi-permanent wetlands declined from 73% to 50% from the dry to the wet period. Eighty-one of 150 radiomarked ducklings died during 1,604 exposure days. We evaluated survival models containing variables related to water conditions, weather, duckling age, and hatch date. Model-averaged risk ratios indicated that, on any given date, radiomarked ducklings were 1.5 (95% CI = 0.8-2.8) times more likely to die when the percentage of seasonal basins containing water (WETSEAS) was ???18% than when WETSEAS was >40%. An interaction between duckling age and occurrence of rain on the current or 2 previous days indicated that rain effects were pronounced when ducklings were 0-7 days old but negligible when they were 8-30 days old. The TMIN (mean daily minimum temperature on the current and 2 previous days) effects generally were consistent between duckling age classes, and the risk of duckling death increased 9.3% for each 1??C decrease in TMIN across both age classes. Overall, the 30-day survival rate of ducklings equipped with radiotransmitters was about 0.23 lower than the survival rate of those without radiotransmitiers. Unmarked ducklings were 7.6 (95% CI = 2.7-21.3) times more likely to die on any given day when WETSEAS was ???18% than when WETSEAS was >40%. Higher duckling survival and increased use of seasonal wetlands during the wet period suggest that mallard production will benefit from programs that conserve and restore seasonal wetland habitat. Given adverse effects of low temperatures on duckling survival, managers may want to include this stochastic variable in models used to predict annual production of mallards in the Prairie Pothole Region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1436:MBMWUA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Krapu, G., Pietz, P., Brandt, D., and Cox, R.R., 2006, Mallard brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during and following a prairie drought: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 70, no. 5, p. 1436-1444, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1436:MBMWUA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1436","endPage":"1444","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209849,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1436:MBMWUA]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c44e4b0c8380cd69b24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krapu, Gary L.","contributorId":56994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pietz, P.J.","contributorId":6398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietz","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brandt, D.A.","contributorId":67448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, R. R. Jr.","contributorId":57006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028750,"text":"70028750 - 2006 - Pigs on the plains: Institutional analysis of a Colorado water quality initiative","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028750","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2066,"text":"International Journal of Public Administration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pigs on the plains: Institutional analysis of a Colorado water quality initiative","docAbstract":"We used the Legal-Institutional Analysis Model (LIAM) and Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) to analyze the campaign over passage of the Colorado Hogs Rule, an initiative passed by the voters in 1998 to require regulation of swine production facilities in Colorado. Used in tandem, LIAM and ACF provided an opportunity to develop a robust understanding of the obstacles and opportunities that face water quality managers in a state-centered multi-organizational decision process. We found that combining the LIAM with the ACF enhanced the understanding that could be achieved by using either model in isolation. The predictive capacity of the LIAM would have been reduced without information from the ACF, and the ACF by itself would have missed the importance of a single-case study.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Public Administration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/01900690600954405","issn":"01900692","usgsCitation":"King, D., Burkardt, N., and Lee, L.B., 2006, Pigs on the plains: Institutional analysis of a Colorado water quality initiative: International Journal of Public Administration, v. 29, no. 14, p. 1411-1430, https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690600954405.","startPage":"1411","endPage":"1430","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209848,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900690600954405"},{"id":236580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b54e4b0c8380cd793aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, D.","contributorId":84499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkardt, N.","contributorId":13913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkardt","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Lamb B.","contributorId":42008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Lamb","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028892,"text":"70028892 - 2006 - A gas-phase chemiluminescence-based analyzer for waterborne arsenic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70028892","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A gas-phase chemiluminescence-based analyzer for waterborne arsenic","docAbstract":"We show a practical sequential injection/zone fluidics-based analyzer that measures waterborne arsenic. The approach is capable of differentiating between inorganic As(III) and As(V). The principle is based on generating AsH 3 from the sample in a confined chamber by borohydride reduction at controlled pH, sparging the chamber to drive the AsH3 to a small reflective cell located atop a photomultiplier tube, allowing it to react with ozone generated from ambient air, and measuring the intense chemiluminescence that results. Arsine generation and removal from solution results in isolation from the sample matrix, avoiding the pitfalls encountered in some solution-based analysis techniques. The differential determination of As(III) and As(V) is based on the different pH dependence of the reducibility of these species to AsH3. At pH ???1, both As(III) and As(V) are quantitatively converted to arsine in the presence of NaBH4. At a pH of 4-5, only As(III) is converted to arsine. In the present form, the limit of detection (S/N = 3) is 0.05 ??g/L As at pH ???1 and 0.09 ??g/L As(III) at pH ???4-5 for a 3-mL sample. The analyzer is intrinsically automated and requires 4 min per determination. It is also possible to determine As(III) first at pH 4.5 and then determine the remaining As in a sequential manner; this requires 6 min. There are no significant practical interferences. A new borohydride solution formulation permits month-long reagent stability. ?? 2006 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/ac061439y","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Idowu, A., Dasgupta, P., Genfa, Z., Toda, K., and Garbarino, J., 2006, A gas-phase chemiluminescence-based analyzer for waterborne arsenic: Analytical Chemistry, v. 78, no. 20, p. 7088-7097, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac061439y.","startPage":"7088","endPage":"7097","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209826,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac061439y"},{"id":236554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-09-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3e6e4b0c8380cd462b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Idowu, A.D.","contributorId":90096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Idowu","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dasgupta, P.K.","contributorId":47143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dasgupta","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Genfa, Z.","contributorId":10979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Genfa","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Toda, K.","contributorId":40787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toda","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Garbarino, J.R.","contributorId":76326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70028893,"text":"70028893 - 2006 - Effects of water additions, chemical amendments, and plants on in situ measures of nutrient bioavailability in calcareous soils of southeastern Utah, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70028893","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3089,"text":"Plant and Soil","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of water additions, chemical amendments, and plants on in situ measures of nutrient bioavailability in calcareous soils of southeastern Utah, USA","docAbstract":"We used ion-exchange resin bags to investigate effects of water additions, chemical amendments, and plant presence on in situ measures of nutrient bioavailability in conjunction with a study examining soil controls of ecosystem invasion by the exotic annual grass Bromus tectorum L. At five dryland sites in southeastern Utah, USA, resin bags were buried in experimental plots randomly assigned to combinations of two watering treatments (wet and dry), four chemical-amendment treatments (KCl, MgO, CaO, and no amendment), and four plant treatments (B. tectorum alone, the perennial bunchgrass Stipa hymenoides R. & S. alone, B. tectorum and S. hymenoides together, and no plants). Resin bags were initially buried in September 1997; replaced in January, April, and June 1998; and removed at the end of the study in October 1998. When averaged across watering treatments, plots receiving KCl applications had lower resin-bag NO 3- than plots receiving no chemical amendments during three of four measurement periods-probably due to NO 3- displacement from resin bags by Cl- ions. During the January-April period, KCl application in wet plots (but not dry plots) decreased resin-bag NH 4+ and increased resin-bag NO 3- . This interaction effect likely resulted from displacement of NH 4+ from resins by K+ ions, followed by nitrification and enhanced NO 3- capture by resin bags. In plots not receiving KCl applications, resin-bag NH 4+ was higher in wet plots than in dry plots during the same period. During the January-April period, resin-bag measures for carbonate-related ions HPO 42- , Ca2+, and Mn2+ tended to be greater in the presence of B. tectorum than in the absence of B. tectorum. This trend was evident only in wet plots where B. tectorum densities were much higher than in dry plots. We attribute this pattern to the mobilization of carbonate-associated ions by root exudates of B. tectorum. These findings indicate the importance of considering potential indirect effects of soil amendments performed in conjunction with resource-limitation studies, and they suggest the need for further research concerning nutrient acquisition mechanisms of B. tectorum. ?? 2006 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Plant and Soil","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11104-006-9014-6","issn":"0032079X","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.E., Belnap, J., Beatty, S., and Webb, B., 2006, Effects of water additions, chemical amendments, and plants on in situ measures of nutrient bioavailability in calcareous soils of southeastern Utah, USA: Plant and Soil, v. 288, no. 1-2, p. 19-29, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9014-6.","startPage":"19","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209827,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9014-6"},{"id":236555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"288","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0835e4b0c8380cd51a0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M. E.","contributorId":104003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beatty, S.W.","contributorId":18323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beatty","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Webb, B.L.","contributorId":32343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028894,"text":"70028894 - 2006 - Comet 81P/wild 2 under a microscope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T17:29:13","indexId":"70028894","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comet 81P/wild 2 under a microscope","docAbstract":"The Stardust spacecraft collected thousands of particles from comet 81P/Wild 2 and returned them to Earth for laboratory study. The preliminary examination of these samples shows that the nonvolatile portion of the comet is an unequilibrated assortment of materials that have both presolar and solar system origin. The comet contains an abundance of silicate grains that are much larger than predictions of interstellar grain models, and many of these are high-temperature minerals that appear to have formed in the inner regions of the solar nebula. Their presence in a comet proves that the formation of the solar system included mixing on the grandest scales.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1135840","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Brownlee, D., Tsou, P., Aleon, J., O’D, A.C., Araki, T., Bajt, S., Baratta, G., Bastien, R., Bland, P., Bleuet, P., Borg, J., Bradley, J., Brearley, A., Brenker, F., Brennan, S., Bridges, J., Browning, N., Brucato, J., Bullock, E., Burchell, M., Busemann, H., Butterworth, A.L., Chaussidon, M., Cheuvront, A., Chi, M., Cintala, M., Clark, B.C., Clemett, S., Cody, G., Colangeli, L., Cooper, G., Cordier, P., Daghlian, C., Dai, Z., D’Hendecourt, L., Djouadi, Z., Dominguez, G., Duxbury, T., Dworkin, J., Ebel, D., Economou, T., Fakra, S., Fairey, S., Fallon, S., Ferrini, G., Ferroir, T., Fleckenstein, H., Floss, C., Flynn, G., Franchi, I., Fries, M., Gainsforth, Z., Gallien, J., Genge, M., Gilles, M., Gillet, P., Gilmour, J., Glavin, D., Gounelle, M., Grady, M.M., Graham, G., Grant, P., Green, S., Grossemy, F., Grossman, L., Grossman, J.N., Guan, Y., Hagiya, K., Harvey, R., Heck, P., Herzog, G., Hoppe, P., Horz, F., Huth, J., Hutcheon, I., Ignatyev, K., Ishii, H., Ito, M., Jacob, D., Jacobsen, C., Jacobsen, S., Jones, S., Joswiak, D., Jurewicz, A., Kearsley, A., Keller, L., Khodja, H., Kilcoyne, A., Kissel, J., Krot, A., Langenhorst, F., Lanzirotti, A., Le, L., Leshin, L., Leitner, J., Lemelle, L., Leroux, H., Liu, M., Luening, K., Lyon, I., MacPherson, G., Marcus, M., Marhas, K., Marty, B., Matrajt, G., McKeegan, K., Meibom, A., Mennella, V., Messenger, K., Messenger, S., Mikouchi, T., Mostefaoui, S., Nakamura, T., Nakano, T., Newville, M., Nittler, L., Ohnishi, I., Ohsumi, K., Okudaira, K., Papanastassiou, D., Palma, R., Palumbo, M., Pepin, R.O., Perkins, D., Perronnet, M., Pianetta, P., Rao, W., Rietmeijer, F., Robert, F., Rost, D., Rotundi, A., Ryan, R., Sandford, S., Schwandt, C., See, T., Schlutter, D., Sheffield-Parker, J., Simionovici, A., Simon, S., Sitnitsky, I., Snead, C., Spencer, M.K., Stadermann, F., Steele, A., and Stephan, T., 2006, Comet 81P/wild 2 under a microscope: Science, v. 314, no. 5806, p. 1711-1716, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1135840.","startPage":"1711","endPage":"1716","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477539,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/902310","text":"External Repository"},{"id":236589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209853,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1135840"}],"volume":"314","issue":"5806","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7e4e4b0c8380cd4cd66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brownlee, D.","contributorId":44726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownlee","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tsou, P.","contributorId":33909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsou","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aleon, J.","contributorId":88931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleon","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’D, Alexander C. 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This result contradicts conventional wisdom about the importance of scale in mineral exploration, at least for regional studies. In order to formally investigate aspects of scale, a weights-of-evidence analysis using known gold occurrences and deposits in the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt of Finland as training sites provided a test of the predictive power of the aeromagnetic data. These orogenic-mesothermal-type gold occurrences and deposits have strong lithologic and structural controls associated with long (up to several kilometers), narrow (up to hundreds of meters) hydrothermal alteration zones with associated magnetic lows. The aeromagnetic data were processed using conventional geophysical methods of successive upward continuation simulating terrane clearance or 'flight height' from the original 30 m to an artificial 2000 m. The analyses show, as expected, that the predictive power of aeromagnetic data, as measured by the weights-of-evidence contrast, decreases with increasing flight height. Interestingly, the Moran autocorrelation of aeromagnetic data representing differing flight height, that is spatial scales, decreases with decreasing resolution of source data. The Moran autocorrelation coefficient scems to be another measure of the quality of the aeromagnetic data for predicting exploration targets. ?? 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We analysed the routes taken over land of 45 individual raptors tracked by satellite-based radiotelemetry: 25 peregrine falcons, Falco peregrinus, on autumn migration between North and South America, and seven honey buzzards, Pernis apivorus, and 13 ospreys, Pandion haliaetus, on autumn migration between Europe and Africa. Overall, migration directions showed a better agreement with constant geographical than constant geomagnetic courses. Tracks deviated significantly from constant geomagnetic courses, but were not significantly different from geographical courses. After we removed movements directed far from the mean direction, which may not be migratory movements, migration directions still showed a better agreement with constant geographical than constant geomagnetic courses, but the directions of honey buzzards and ospreys were not significantly different from constant geomagnetic courses either. That migration routes of raptors followed by satellite telemetry are in closer accordance with constant geographical compass courses than with constant geomagnetic compass courses may indicate that geographical (e.g. based on celestial cues) rather than magnetic compass mechanisms are of dominating importance for the birds' long-distance orientation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Animal Behaviour","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.01.028","issn":"00033472","usgsCitation":"Thorup, K., Fuller, M., Alerstam, T., Hake, M., Kjellen, N., and Strandberg, R., 2006, Do migratory flight paths of raptors follow constant geographical or geomagnetic courses?: Animal Behaviour, v. 72, no. 4, p. 875-880, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.01.028.","startPage":"875","endPage":"880","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209879,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.01.028"}],"volume":"72","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0363e4b0c8380cd5047e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorup, K.","contributorId":82113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorup","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, M.","contributorId":30798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alerstam, T.","contributorId":15984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alerstam","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hake, M.","contributorId":97871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hake","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kjellen, N.","contributorId":42570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kjellen","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Strandberg, R.","contributorId":8275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strandberg","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70028747,"text":"70028747 - 2006 - Using digital photographs and object-based image analysis to estimate percent ground cover in vegetation plots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028747","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1701,"text":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using digital photographs and object-based image analysis to estimate percent ground cover in vegetation plots","docAbstract":"Ground vegetation influences habitat selection and provides critical resources for survival and reproduction of animals. Researchers often employ visual methods to estimate ground cover, but these approaches may be prone to observer bias. We therefore evaluated a method using digital photographs of vegetation to objectively quantify percent ground cover of grasses, forbs, shrubs, litter, and bare ground within 90 plots of 2m2. We carried out object-based image analysis, using a software program called eCognition, to divide photographs into different vegetation classes (based on similarities among neighboring pixels) to estimate percent ground cover for each category. We used the Kappa index of agreement (KIA) to quantify correctly classified, randomly selected segments of all images. Our KIA values indicated strong agreement (> 80%) of all vegetation categories, with an average of 90-96% (SE = 5%) of shrub, litter, forb, and grass segments classified correctly. We also created artificial plots with known percentages of each vegetation category to evaluate the accuracy of software predictions. Observed differences between true cover and eCognition estimates for each category ranged from 1 to 4%. This technique provides a repeatable and reliable way to estimate percent ground cover that allows quantification of classification accuracy. ?? The Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"15409295","usgsCitation":"Luscier, J., Thompson, W., Wilson, J.M., Gorham, B., and Dragut, L., 2006, Using digital photographs and object-based image analysis to estimate percent ground cover in vegetation plots: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, v. 4, no. 8, p. 408-413.","startPage":"408","endPage":"413","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236543,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc045e4b08c986b32a01f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luscier, J.D.","contributorId":20961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luscier","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, W.L.","contributorId":83234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, J. 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Short-term survival and 1-yr return rates after release were passively monitored using PIT tag detection hoops placed at selected buildings. Comparison of 14-day maximum likelihood survival estimates from bats not bled (142 adult females, 62 volant juveniles), and bats sampled for blood with anesthesia (96 adult females, 23 volant juveniles) and without anesthesia (112 adult females, 22 volant juveniles) indicated no adverse effects of either treatment (juveniles: X2=53.38, df=41, P=0.09; adults: X2=39.09, df=44, P=0.68). Return rates of bats one year after sampling were similar among adult female controls (75.4%, n=142, 95% CI=67.4-82.2%), females sampled for blood with anesthesia (83.0%, n=112, 95% CI=74.8-89.5%), and females sampled without anesthesia (87.5%, n=96, 95% CI=79.2-93.4%). Lack of an effect was also noted in 1-yr return rates of juvenile females. These data suggest that the use of anesthesia during sampling of blood has no advantages in terms of enhancement of survival in big brown bats. ?? Wildlife Disease Association 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00903558","usgsCitation":"Ellison, L., O'Shea, T., Wimsatt, J., Pearce, R., Neubaum, D., Neubaum, M., and Bowen, R.A., 2006, Sampling blood from big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in the field with and without anesthesia: Impacts on survival: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 42, no. 4, p. 849-852.","startPage":"849","endPage":"852","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab073e4b0c8380cd87afa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellison, L.E.","contributorId":103610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Shea, T. 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The most dramatic changes have occurred in middle elevation shrublands dominated by creosotebush (Larrea tridentata), Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia), and/or blackbrush (Coleogyne ramossissima), where most of the fires occurred between 1980 and 2004. This zone is more susceptible than other areas of the Mojave Desert to increased fire size following years of high rainfall. Increases in fire size are likely related to the flush of non-native annual grasses, Bromus rubens in particular, that produces continuous fuelbeds following years of high rainfall. This dynamic also has occurred to some degree at lower elevations, but the background cover of native perennial fuels there is already very low, muting the effects of the ephemeral fuels. At elevations above the middle elevation shrublands, fire size does not vary with rainfall, indicating that native woody fuels dictate fire regimes. These results suggest that an invasive plant/fire regime cycle is currently establishing in the middle and possibly the low elevation shrublands of the Mojave Desert, but not at higher elevations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Arid Environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.09.027","issn":"01401963","usgsCitation":"Brooks, M., and Matchett, J., 2006, Spatial and temporal patterns of wildfires in the Mojave Desert, 1980-2004: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 67, no. SUPPL., p. 148-164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.09.027.","startPage":"148","endPage":"164","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209934,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.09.027"},{"id":236694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"SUPPL.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9443e4b08c986b31a980","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, M.L.","contributorId":70322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matchett, J.R.","contributorId":11535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matchett","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028900,"text":"70028900 - 2006 - Survival of adult female elk in yellowstone following wolf restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T10:57:03","indexId":"70028900","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of adult female elk in yellowstone following wolf restoration","docAbstract":"Counts of northern Yellowstone elk (Cervus elaphus) in northwestern Wyoming and adjacent Montana, USA, have decreased at an average rate of 6-8% per year since wolves (Canis lupus) were reintroduced in 1995. Population growth rates of elk are typically sensitive to variations in adult female survival; populations that are stable or increasing exhibit high adult female survival. We used survival records for 85 radiocollared adult female elk 1-19 years old to estimate annual survival from March 2000 to February 2004. Weighted average annual survival rates were approximately 0.83 (95% CI = 0.77-0.89) for females 1-15 years old and 0.80 (95% CI = 0.73-0.86) for all females. Our estimates were much lower than the rate of 0.99 observed during 1969-1975 when fewer elk were harvested by hunters, wolves were not present, and other predators were less numerous. Of 33 documented deaths included in our analysis, we attributed 11 to hunter harvest, 14 to predation (10 wolf, 2 unknown, 1 cougar [Puma concolor], and 1 bear [Ursus sp.]), 6 to unknown causes, and 2 to winter-kill. Most deaths occurred from December through March. Estimates of cause-specific annual mortality rates were 0.09 (0.05-0.14) for all predators, 0.08 (0.04-0.13) for hunting, and 0.07 (0.03-0.11) for wolves specifically. Wolf-killed elk were typically older (median = 12 yr) than hunter-killed elk (median = 9 yr, P = 0.03). However, elk that winter outside the park where they were exposed to hunting were also younger (median = 7 yr) than elk that we did not observe outside the park (median = 9 yr, P < 0.01). Consequently, differences in ages of elk killed by wolves and hunters may reflect characteristics of elk exposed to various causes of mortality, as well as differences in susceptibility. Unless survival rates of adult females increase, elk numbers are likely to continue declining. Hunter harvest is the only cause of mortality that is amenable to management at the present time.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1372:SOAFEI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Evans, S., Mech, L., White, P., and Sargeant, G., 2006, Survival of adult female elk in yellowstone following wolf restoration: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 70, no. 5, p. 1372-1378, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1372:SOAFEI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1372","endPage":"1378","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209935,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1372:SOAFEI]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.0443115234375,\n 44.28453670601888\n ],\n [\n -110.1214599609375,\n 44.28453670601888\n ],\n [\n -110.1214599609375,\n 44.999767019181284\n ],\n [\n -111.0443115234375,\n 44.999767019181284\n ],\n [\n -111.0443115234375,\n 44.28453670601888\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2c4e4b08c986b31f948","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, S.B.","contributorId":19359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, P.J.","contributorId":91436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sargeant, G.A.","contributorId":51681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargeant","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028901,"text":"70028901 - 2006 - Differences between near-surface equivalent temperature and temperature trends for the Eastern United States. Equivalent temperature as an alternative measure of heat content","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70028901","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1844,"text":"Global and Planetary Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differences between near-surface equivalent temperature and temperature trends for the Eastern United States. Equivalent temperature as an alternative measure of heat content","docAbstract":"There is currently much attention being given to the observed increase in near-surface air temperatures during the last century. The proper investigation of heating trends, however, requires that we include surface heat content to monitor this aspect of the climate system. Changes in heat content of the Earth's climate are not fully described by temperature alone. Moist enthalpy or, alternatively, equivalent temperature, is more sensitive to surface vegetation properties than is air temperature and therefore more accurately depicts surface heating trends. The microclimates evident at many surface observation sites highlight the influence of land surface characteristics on local surface heating trends. Temperature and equivalent temperature trend differences from 1982-1997 are examined for surface sites in the Eastern U.S. Overall trend differences at the surface indicate equivalent temperature trends are relatively warmer than temperature trends in the Eastern U.S. Seasonally, equivalent temperature trends are relatively warmer than temperature trends in winter and are relatively cooler in the fall. These patterns, however, vary widely from site to site, so local microclimate is very important. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global and Planetary Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.11.002","issn":"09218181","usgsCitation":"Davey, C., Pielke, R., and Gallo, K.P., 2006, Differences between near-surface equivalent temperature and temperature trends for the Eastern United States. Equivalent temperature as an alternative measure of heat content: Global and Planetary Change, v. 54, no. 1-2, p. 19-32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.11.002.","startPage":"19","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209961,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.11.002"},{"id":236730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00eae4b0c8380cd4f9b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davey, C.A.","contributorId":43960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davey","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, R.A. Sr.","contributorId":96224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gallo, K. P.","contributorId":86527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallo","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}