In the latter part of the 19th century, species of the nonnative shrub tamarisk (also called saltcedar; for example, Tamarix ramosissima, T. chinensis) were introduced to the United States for use as ornamental plants for erosion control. By 1877, some naturalized populations had become established, and by the 1960s, tamarisk was present along most rivers in the semi-arid and arid parts of the West and was quite abundant along downstream ranches of the major southwest rivers such as the Colorado, Rio Grande, Gila, and Pecos. The principal period of tamarisk invasion coincided with changing physical conditions along western rivers associated with the construction and operation of dams. In many cases, these altered physical conditions appear to have been more favorable for tamarisk than native riparian competitors like cottonwoods and willows (Populus and Salix; Glenn and Nagler, 2005).
\nThe great abundance of tamarisk along western rivers has led resource managers to seek to control it for various reasons, including a desire to (1) increase the flow of water in streams that might otherwise be lost to evapotranspiration (ET) (evapotranspiration is the combination of water lost as vapor from a soil or open water surface [evaporation] and water lost from the surface of the plant, usually from the stomata [transpiration]); (2) restore native riparian vegetation (here, “riparian” refers to the banks and flood plains of rivers, or shorelines of reservoirs or lakes); and (3) improve wildlife habitat.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20063071","usgsCitation":"Shafroth, P.B., 2006, Tamarisk control, water salvage, and wildlife habitat restoration along rivers in the western United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3071, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063071.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122338,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3071.jpg"},{"id":320234,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3071/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686d46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79398,"text":"ofr20061122 - 2006 - Alpine plant community trends on the elk summer range of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado: An analysis of existing data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T15:12:16","indexId":"ofr20061122","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1122","title":"Alpine plant community trends on the elk summer range of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado: An analysis of existing data","docAbstract":"The majority of the elk (Cervus elaphus) population of Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado summer in the park’s high-elevation alpine and subalpine meadows and willow krummholz. The park’s population of white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus altipetens) depends on both dwarf and krummholz willows for food and cover. Concern about the effects of elk herbivory on these communities prompted the monitoring of 12 vegetation transects in these regions from 1971 to 1996. Over this 25-year period, data were collected on plant species cover and frequency and shrub heights. These data have not been statistically analyzed for trends in the measured variables over time to determine changes in species abundance. Krummholz willow species (Salix planifolia, S. brachycarpa) declined 17–20 percent in cover and about 25 centimeters in height over the study period. Graminoids (particularly Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex, and Poa) increased slightly from 1971 to 1996. No significant increases of nonnative plant species were observed. An increase in presence of bare ground over the 25-year period warrants continued measurement of these transects. Lack of good data on elk density, distribution, or use levels precludes correlating changes in plant species cover, frequency, or heights with elk population trends. I recommend development of a more rigorously designed monitoring program that includes these transects as well as others chosen on a random or stratified design and consistent measurement protocol and sampling intervals. Some method of quantifying elk use, either through measurement of plant utilization, pellet counts, or census-type surveys, would allow correlation of changes in plant species over time with changes in elk distribution and density on the park’s alpine and subalpine regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061122","usgsCitation":"Zeigenfuss, L., 2006, Alpine plant community trends on the elk summer range of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado: An analysis of existing data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1122, iii, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061122.","productDescription":"iii, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194539,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20061122.PNG"},{"id":320229,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1122/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687fed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zeigenfuss, Linda 0000-0002-6700-8563 linda_zeigenfuss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-8563","contributorId":2079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeigenfuss","given":"Linda","email":"linda_zeigenfuss@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76063,"text":"fs20063036 - 2006 - National Institute of Invasive Species Science (NIISS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-26T14:50:47","indexId":"fs20063036","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3036","title":"National Institute of Invasive Species Science (NIISS)","docAbstract":"The National Institute of Invasive Species Science (www.NIISS.org) is a consortium of governmental and nongovernmental partners, led by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), whose aim is to provide reliable information and advanced decision support tools for documenting, understanding, predicting, assessing, and addressing the threat of invasive species in the United States. The Institute coordinates the National Aeronautical and Space Administrationa??s (NASAa??s) Invasive Species National Application activities for the Department of the Interior and has al lead role in developing NASA-derived remote sensing and landscape-scale predictive modeling capabilities for the invasive species community.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20063036","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T., 2006, National Institute of Invasive Species Science (NIISS): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3036, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063036.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121348,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3036.jpg"},{"id":320223,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3036/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6987c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Tom","contributorId":24037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79399,"text":"sir20055293 - 2006 - Recovery of the black-footed ferret: Progress and continuing challenges- Proceedings of the Symposium on the Status of the Black-footed Ferret and Its Habitat, Fort Collins, Colorado, January 28-29, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-14T12:50:29","indexId":"sir20055293","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5293","title":"Recovery of the black-footed ferret: Progress and continuing challenges- Proceedings of the Symposium on the Status of the Black-footed Ferret and Its Habitat, Fort Collins, Colorado, January 28-29, 2004","docAbstract":"The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) is a member of the weasel family (Mustelidae) and is closely related to the Siberian polecat (M. eversmannii) of Asian steppes and the European polecat (M. putorius). Compared to its relatives, the black-footed ferret is an extreme specialist, depending on the prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) of North American grasslands for food and using prairie dog burrows for shelter. The black-footed ferret’s close association with prairie dogs was an important factor in its decline. Prairie dogs were regarded as an agricultural pest as human settlement progressed westward, and they became important hosts for plague as that disease colonized eastward from its sources of introduction on the west coast. Prairie dog numbers were dramatically reduced by poisoning, cropland conversions, and plague during the first half of the 20th century, and black-footed ferret populations declined precipitously. The black-footed ferret was included on the first lists of endangered species, and its status was precarious by the time the Endangered Species Act of 1973 was passed. Its rebound from a low point of 10 known individuals in spring of 1985 (Biggins and others, 2006) is impressive, but the species is not yet “recovered” in either the biological or legal sense (for further details, see Lockhart and others, this volume).
","conferenceTitle":"Symposium on the Status of the Black-footed Ferret and Its Habitat","conferenceDate":"January 28-29, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055293","usgsCitation":"2006, Recovery of the black-footed ferret: Progress and continuing challenges- Proceedings of the Symposium on the Status of the Black-footed Ferret and Its Habitat, Fort Collins, Colorado, January 28-29, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5293, viii, 288 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055293.","productDescription":"viii, 288 p.","numberOfPages":"300","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2004-01-28","temporalEnd":"2004-01-29","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2005_5293.jpg"},{"id":13854,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5293/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"tableOfContents":"Acknowledgments.....v
\nDedication.....vii
\nSection I. Background.....1
\nThe Symposium in Context (Dean E. Biggins) .....3
\nA Historical Perspective on Recovery of the Black-footed Ferret and the Biological and Political Challenges Affecting Its Future (J. Michael Lockhart, E. Tom Thorne, and Donald R. Gober).....6
\nSection II. Managing Captive Populations.....21
\nAn Adaptive Management Approach for Black-footed Ferrets in Captivity (Paul E. Marinari and Julie S. Kreeger) .....23
\nUse of Reproductive Technology for Black-footed Ferret Recovery (JoGayle Howard, Rachel M. Santymire, Paul E. Marinari, Julie S. Kreeger, Linwood Williamson, and David E. Wildt) .....28
\nThe Genetic Legacy of the Black-footed Ferret: Past, Present, and Future (Samantha M. Wisely).....37
\nSection III. Searching for Wild Black-footed Ferrets......45
\nA History of Searches for Black-footed Ferrets (Louis R. Hanebury and Dean E. Biggins).....47
\nSection IV. Locating and Evaluating Habitat.....67
\nAreas Where Habitat Characteristics Could Be Evaluated To Identify Potential Black-footed Ferret Reintroduction Sites and Develop Conservation Partnerships (Robert J. Luce).....69 A Habitat-based Technique To Allocate Black-footed Ferret Recovery Among Jurisdictional Entities (Andrea E. Ernst, Aaron L. Clark, and Donald R. Gober) .....89
\nHabitat Restoration and Management (Joe C. Truett, Kristy Bly-Honness, Dustin H. Long, and Michael K. Phillips).....97
\nBlack-tailed Prairie Dog Interactions with Other Herbivores: Mediation via Alterations of Vegetation (James K. Detling).....111
\nShooting Prairie Dogs (Archie F. Reeve and Timothy C. Vosburgh).....119
\nHabitat Preferences and Intraspecific Competition in Black-footed Ferrets (Dean E. Biggins, Jerry L. Godbey, Marc R. Matchett, and Travis M. Livieri).....129
\nEvaluating Habitat for Black-footed Ferrets: Revision of an Existing Model (Dean E. Biggins, J. Michael Lockhart, and Jerry L. Godbey).....143
\nSection V. Reestablishing Populations .....153
\nMonitoring Black-footed Ferrets During Reestablishment of Free-ranging Populations: Discussion of Alternative Methods and Recommended Minimum Standards (Dean E. Biggins, Jerry L. Godbey, Marc R. Matchett, Louis R. Hanebury, Travis M. Livieri, and Paul E. Marinari).....155
\nRadio Telemetry for Black-footed Ferret Research and Monitoring (Dean E. Biggins, Jerry L. Godbey, Brian J. Miller, and Louis R. Hanebury).....175
\nPostrelease Movements and Survival of Adult and Young Black-footed Ferrets (Dean E. Biggins, Jerry L. Godbey, Travis M. Livieri, Marc R. Matchett, and Brent D. Bibles) .....191
\nDoes Predator Management Enhance Survival of Reintroduced Black-footed Ferrets? (Stewart W. Breck, Dean E. Biggins, Travis M. Livieri, Marc R. Matchett, and Valerie Kopcso).....203
\nSection VI. Managing Diseases .....211
\nRecent Trends in Plague Ecology (Kenneth L. Gage and Michael Y. Kosoy) .....213 iv
\nExposure of Captive Black-footed Ferrets to Plague and Implications for Species Recovery (Jerry L. Godbey, Dean E. Biggins, and Della Garelle).....233
\nUse of Pesticides To Mitigate the Effects of Plague (David B. Seery).....238
\nVaccination as a Potential Means To Prevent Plague in Black-footed Ferrets (Tonie E. Rocke, Pauline Nol, Paul E. Marinari, Julie S. Kreeger, Susan R. Smith, Gerard P. Andrews, and Arthur W. Friedlander) .....243
\nThe Quest for a Safe and Effective Canine Distemper Virus Vaccine for Black-footed Ferrets (Jeffrey Wimsatt, Dean E. Biggins, Elizabeth S. Williams, and Victor M. Becerra) .....248
\nSection VII. Extended Abstracts.....269
\nIdentifying Focal Areas for Conservation of Black-footed Ferrets and Prairie Dog Associates (Jonathan Proctor,Bill Haskins, and Steve Forrest).....271
\nWhite-tailed Prairie Dog Population Survey and Habitat Evaluation in Western Wyoming (John A. Baroch and David A. Plume) .....275
\nCan the Systemic Insecticide Nitenpyram Be Used for Flea Control on Black-tailed Prairie Dogs? (Jeff N. Borchert and Jeff J. Mach).....278
\nFleas and Small Mammal Hosts Within and Adjacent to the Coyote Basin White-tailed Prairie Dog Colony in Northeastern Utah (Lianna K. Etchberger, William E. Stroh, Brent D. Bibles, Matthew R. Dzialak, and Richard C. Etchberger) .....281
\nEffects of Moonlight on Cover Usage and Spatial Learning of Black-footed Ferrets (Samantha N. Marcum,Dean E. Biggins, and Jennifer A. Clarke) .....284
\nModeling Black-footed Ferret Energetics: Are Southern Release Sites Better? (Lauren A. Harrington, Dean E. Biggins, and A. William Alldredge) .....286
","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635438","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630688,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Brian J.","contributorId":73682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Brian J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630689,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godbey, Jerry L. godbeyj@usgs.gov","contributorId":5121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godbey","given":"Jerry","email":"godbeyj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":630690,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Biggins, Dean E. 0000-0003-2078-671X bigginsd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2078-671X","contributorId":2522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"Dean","email":"bigginsd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630691,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":75903,"text":"cir1285 - 2006 - Disease emergence and resurgence—the wildlife-human connection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:42:45","indexId":"cir1285","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1285","title":"Disease emergence and resurgence—the wildlife-human connection","docAbstract":"In 2000, the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) was organized as a global disease watchdog group to coordinate disease outbreak information and health crisis response. The World Health Organization (WHO) is the headquarters for this network. Understandably, the primary focus for WHO is human health. However, diseases such as the H5N1 avian influenza epizootic in Asian bird populations demonstrate the need for integrating knowledge about disease emergence in animals and in humans.
Aside from human disease concerns, H5N1 avian influenza has major economic consequences for the poultry industry worldwide. Many other emerging diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), monkeypox, Ebola fever, and West Nile fever, also have an important wildlife component. Despite these wildlife associations, the true integration of the wildlife component in approaches towards disease emergence remains elusive. This separation between wildlife and other species’ interests is counterproductive because the emergence of zoonotic viruses and other pathogens maintained by wildlife reservoir hosts is poorly understood.
This book is about the wildlife component of emerging diseases. It is intended to enhance the reader’s awareness of the role of wildlife in disease emergence. By doing so, perhaps a more holistic approach to disease prevention and control will emerge for the benefit of human, domestic animal, and free-ranging wildlife populations alike. The perspectives offered are influenced by more than four decades of my experiences as a wildlife disease practitioner. Although wildlife are victims to many of the same disease agents affecting humans and domestic animals, many aspects of disease in free-ranging wildlife require different approaches than those commonly applied to address disease in humans or domestic animals. Nevertheless, the broader community of disease investigators and health care professionals has largely pursued a separatist approach for human, domestic animal, and wildlife rather than embracing the periodically proposed concept of “one medicine.” We especially need to embrace this concept as the human population increases because there will be more contact, direct and indirect, among humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. An “Ecology for a Crowded Planet” will be an even more pressing concern, and that includes increasing our understanding of disease ecology, especially that of the zoonoses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1285","isbn":"1411306643","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., Hurley, J.W., Nol, P., and Wesenberg, K.E., 2006, Disease emergence and resurgence—the wildlife-human connection: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1285, xii, 388 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1285.","productDescription":"xii, 388 p.","numberOfPages":"402","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1285.jpg"},{"id":352797,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1285/cir1285.pdf","text":"Report","size":"38.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIRC 1285"}],"contact":"Director, National Wildlife Health Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6006 Schroeder Road
Madison, WI 53711
To study transport and reactions of arsenic under field conditions, a small-scale tracer test was performed in an anoxic, iron-reducing zone of a sandy aquifer at the USGS research site on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. For four weeks, a stream of groundwater with added As(V) (6.7 μM) and bromide (1.6 mM), was injected in order to observe the reduction of As(V) to As(III). Breakthrough of bromide (Br−), As(V), and As(III) as well as additional parameters characterizing the geochemical conditions was observed at various locations downstream of the injection well over a period of 104 days. After a short lag period, nitrate and dissolved oxygen from the injectate oxidized ferrous iron and As(V) became bound to the freshly formed hydrous iron oxides. Approximately one week after terminating the injection, anoxic conditions had been reestablished and increases in As(III) concentrations were observed within 1 m of the injection. During the observation period, As(III) and As(V) were transported to a distance of 4.5 m downgradient indicating significant retardation by sorption processes for both species. Sediment assays as well as elevated concentrations of hydrogen reflected the presence of As(V) reducing microorganisms. Thus, microbial As(V) reduction was thought to be one major process driving the release of As(III) during the tracer test in the Cape Cod aquifer.
In this study, the presence, composition, and concentrations of organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) were determined in solid materials produced during wastewater treatment. This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of these solids, collectively referred to as biosolids, as a source of OWCs to soil and water in contact with soil. Nine different biosolid products, produced by municipal wastewater treatment plants in seven different states, were analyzed for 87 different OWCs. Fifty-five of the OWCs were detected in at least one biosolid product. The 87 different OWCs represent a diverse cross section of emerging organic contaminants that enter wastewater treatment plants and may be discharged without being completely metabolized or degraded. A minimum of 30 and a maximum of 45 OWCs were detected in any one biosolid. The biosolids used in this study are produced by several production methods, and the plants they originate from have differing population demographics, yet the percent composition of total OWC content, and of the most common OWCs, typically did not vary greatly between the biosolids tested. The summed OWC content ranged from 64 to 1811 mg/kg dry weight. Six biosolids were collected twice, 3−18 months apart, and the total OWC content of each biosolid varied by less than a factor of 2. These results indicate that the biosolids investigated in this study have OWC compositions and concentrations that are more similar than different and that biosolids are highly enriched in OWCs (as mass-normalized concentrations) when compared to effluents or effluent-impacted water. These results demonstrate the need to better describe the composition and fate of OWCs in biosolids since about 50% of biosolids are land applied and thus become a potentially ubiquitous nonpoint source of OWCs into the environment.
Near-field observations of high-precision borehole strain and pore pressure, show no indication of coherent accelerating strain or pore pressure during the weeks to seconds before the 28 September 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield earthquake. Minor changes in strain rate did occur at a few sites during the last 24 hr before the earthquake but these changes are neither significant nor have the form expected for strain during slip coalescence initiating fault failure. Seconds before the event, strain is stable at the 10−11 level. Final prerupture nucleation slip in the hypocentral region is constrained to have a moment less than 2 × 1012 N m (M 2.2) and a source size less than 30 m. Ground displacement data indicate similar constraints. Localized rupture nucleation and runaway precludes useful prediction of damaging earthquakes. Coseismic dynamic strains of about 10 microstrain peak-to-peak were superimposed on volumetric strain offsets of about 0.5 microstrain to the northwest of the epicenter and about 0.2 microstrain to the southeast of the epicenter, consistent with right lateral slip. Observed strain and Global Positioning System (gps) offsets can be simply fit with 20 cm of slip between 4 and 10 km on a 20-km segment of the fault north of Gold Hill (M0 = 7 × 1017 N m). Variable slip inversion models using gps data and seismic data indicate similar moments. Observed postseismic strain is 60% to 300% of the coseismic strain, indicating incomplete release of accumulated strain. No measurable change in fault zone compliance preceding or following the earthquake is indicated by stable earth tidal response. No indications of strain change accompany nonvolcanic tremor events reported prior to and following the earthquake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120050822","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Johnston, M., Borcherdt, R., Linde, A.T., and Gladwin, M.T., 2006, Continuous borehole strain and pore pressure in the near field of the 28 September 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield, California, earthquake: Implications for nucleation, fault response, earthquake prediction and tremor: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 4B, p. S56-S72, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050822.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"S56","endPage":"S72","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.73905944824217,\n 35.69187929931617\n ],\n [\n -120.16227722167967,\n 35.69187929931617\n ],\n [\n -120.16227722167967,\n 36.05964632692448\n ],\n [\n -120.73905944824217,\n 36.05964632692448\n ],\n [\n -120.73905944824217,\n 35.69187929931617\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"4B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa5ae4b0c8380cd4da74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borcherdt, R. 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C. 0000-0002-4166-6234","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4166-6234","contributorId":76250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esque","given":"T. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwalbe, C.R.","contributorId":35259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwalbe","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lissow, J.A.","contributorId":92854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lissow","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haines, D.F.","contributorId":80602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Foster, D.","contributorId":36892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Garnet, M.C.","contributorId":18558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garnet","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70028613,"text":"70028613 - 2006 - Occurrence of organic wastewater compounds in effluent-dominated streams in Northeastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028613","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of organic wastewater compounds in effluent-dominated streams in Northeastern Kansas","docAbstract":"Fifty-nine stream-water samples and 14 municipal wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) discharge samples in Johnson County, northeastern Kansas, were analyzed for 55 compounds collectively described as organic wastewater compounds (OWCs). Stream-water samples were collected upstream, in, and downstream from WWTF discharges in urban and rural areas during base-flow conditions. The effect of secondary treatment processes on OWC occurrence was evaluated by collecting eight samples from WWTF discharges using activated sludge and six from WWTFs samples using trickling filter treatment processes. Samples collected directly from WWTF discharges contained the largest concentrations of most OWCs in this study. Samples from trickling filter discharges had significantly larger concentrations of many OWCs (p-value < 0.05) compared to samples collected from activated sludge discharges. OWC concentrations decreased significantly in samples from WWTF discharges compared to stream-water samples collected from sites greater than 2000??m downstream. Upstream from WWTF discharges, base-flow samples collected in streams draining predominantly urban watersheds had significantly larger concentrations of cumulative OWCs (p-value = 0.03), caffeine (p-value = 0.01), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (p-value < 0.01) than those collected downstream from more rural watersheds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.07.023","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Lee, C., and Rasmussen, T., 2006, Occurrence of organic wastewater compounds in effluent-dominated streams in Northeastern Kansas: Science of the Total Environment, v. 371, no. 1-3, p. 258-269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.07.023.","startPage":"258","endPage":"269","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209921,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.07.023"},{"id":236675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"371","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6bffe4b0c8380cd749ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, C.J.","contributorId":37221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rasmussen, T. J. 0000-0002-7023-3868","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-3868","contributorId":10464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028635,"text":"70028635 - 2006 - Importance of spatial autocorrelation in modeling bird distributions at a continental scale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70028635","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1445,"text":"Ecography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of spatial autocorrelation in modeling bird distributions at a continental scale","docAbstract":"Spatial autocorrelation in species' distributions has been recognized as inflating the probability of a type I error in hypotheses tests, causing biases in variable selection, and violating the assumption of independence of error terms in models such as correlation or regression. However, it remains unclear whether these problems occur at all spatial resolutions and extents, and under which conditions spatially explicit modeling techniques are superior. Our goal was to determine whether spatial models were superior at large extents and across many different species. In addition, we investigated the importance of purely spatial effects in distribution patterns relative to the variation that could be explained through environmental conditions. We studied distribution patterns of 108 bird species in the conterminous United States using ten years of data from the Breeding Bird Survey. We compared the performance of spatially explicit regression models with non-spatial regression models using Akaike's information criterion. In addition, we partitioned the variance in species distributions into an environmental, a pure spatial and a shared component. The spatially-explicit conditional autoregressive regression models strongly outperformed the ordinary least squares regression models. In addition, partialling out the spatial component underlying the species' distributions showed that an average of 17% of the explained variation could be attributed to purely spatial effects independent of the spatial autocorrelation induced by the underlying environmental variables. We concluded that location in the range and neighborhood play an important role in the distribution of species. Spatially explicit models are expected to yield better predictions especially for mobile species such as birds, even in coarse-grained models with a large extent. ?? Ecography.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04621.x","issn":"09067590","usgsCitation":"Bahn, V., O’Connor, R., and Krohn, W., 2006, Importance of spatial autocorrelation in modeling bird distributions at a continental scale: Ecography, v. 29, no. 6, p. 835-844, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04621.x.","startPage":"835","endPage":"844","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209734,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04621.x"},{"id":236431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3943e4b0c8380cd61876","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bahn, V.","contributorId":23741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahn","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connor, R.J.","contributorId":37861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krohn, W.B.","contributorId":64355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028642,"text":"70028642 - 2006 - Pelagic seabird surveys in the Tuamotu and Gambier Archipelagos, French Polynesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T13:08:10","indexId":"70028642","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2675,"text":"Marine Ornithology: Journal of Seabird Research and Conservation","onlineIssn":"2074-1235","printIssn":"1018-3337","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pelagic seabird surveys in the Tuamotu and Gambier Archipelagos, French Polynesia","docAbstract":"We conducted pelagic seabird surveys in the Gambier and Tuamotu Archipelagos in the southeastern Pacific Ocean totaling 40 hours during 7-27 March 2003 and 22.5 hours during 22-27 July 2001. We used a 300-m-wide strip transect to estimate seabird density, and we estimated relative abundance of birds at all distances. In 2001, we observed a total of 326 birds of 18 species. The mean relative abundance of all birds was 14.3 ?? 3.1/h. Red-footed Booby Sula sula was the most abundant species (5.6/h), followed by White Tern Gygis alba (3.4/h), and Great Crested or Swift Tern Sterna bergii (1.2/h). In 2003, we observed a total of 1463 birds of 25 species. The mean relative abundance of all birds was 36.6 ?? 11.4/h and the mean density of all birds was 4.14 ?? 0.72/km2. Brown Noddy Anous stolidus was the most abundant species (17.6/h, 1.5/km2), followed by White Tern (8.4/h, 1.3/km2), and Red-footed Booby (4.6/h, 0.8/km2). Several globally or locally rare species were observed infrequently, including Phoenix Petrel Pterodroma alba (0.1/h, 0.03/km2). Distribution of birds was uneven, with long periods of no birds punctuated by occasional feeding flocks. In 2003, species diversity was related to length of observation period, with more species observed on longer segments (r2 = 0.58, F1.5 = 6.03, P = 0.05). Although the duration and extent of our surveys were limited, these data are valuable because little published information is available on pelagic seabirds in southeastern Polynesia.","language":"English","publisher":"Pacific Seabird Group","issn":"10183337","usgsCitation":"Vanderwerf, E.A., Pierce, R.J., Gill, V., Wragg, G., Raust, P., and Tibbitts, T.L., 2006, Pelagic seabird surveys in the Tuamotu and Gambier Archipelagos, French Polynesia: Marine Ornithology: Journal of Seabird Research and Conservation, v. 34, no. 1, p. 65-70.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"70","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337053,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.marineornithology.org/content/get.cgi?rn=684"}],"country":"France","state":"French Polynesia","otherGeospatial":"Gambier Archipelago, Tuamotu Archipelago","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150,\n -10\n ],\n [\n -134,\n -10\n ],\n [\n -134,\n -25\n ],\n [\n -150,\n -25\n ],\n [\n -150,\n -10\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a763ce4b0c8380cd77fd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vanderwerf, Eric A.","contributorId":104689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vanderwerf","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, Ray J.","contributorId":16635,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pierce","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, Verena A.","contributorId":140658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gill","given":"Verena A.","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":418986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wragg, Graham","contributorId":8272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wragg","given":"Graham","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Raust, Philippe","contributorId":46288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raust","given":"Philippe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tibbitts, T. Lee 0000-0002-0290-7592 ltibbitts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0290-7592","contributorId":140455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbitts","given":"T.","email":"ltibbitts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":418985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70028614,"text":"70028614 - 2006 - Paleotsunami research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028614","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleotsunami research","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Rhodes, B., Tuttle, M., Horton, B., Doner, L., Kelsey, H., Nelson, A., and Cisternas, M., 2006, Paleotsunami research: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 87, no. 21, p. 208-209.","startPage":"208","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a745ce4b0c8380cd775de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rhodes, B.","contributorId":79689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tuttle, M.","contributorId":26397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horton, B.","contributorId":25341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doner, L.","contributorId":46290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doner","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kelsey, H.","contributorId":84556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelsey","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nelson, A.","contributorId":50343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cisternas, M.","contributorId":33911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cisternas","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70028739,"text":"70028739 - 2006 - DNA damage and external lesions in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) from contaminated habitats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T10:18:47","indexId":"70028739","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"DNA damage and external lesions in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) from contaminated habitats","docAbstract":"The Comet assay was used to compare levels of DNA damage in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) collected from three known contaminated locations, the Cuyahoga River (OH, USA), Ashtabula River (OH, USA; both tributaries to Lake Erie, USA), and Ashumet Pond (Cape Cod, MA, USA), with brown bullheads collected from three paired reference sites, Old Woman Creek (OH, USA), Conneaut River (OH, USA; both tributaries to Lake Erie), and Great Herring Pond (mainland MA, USA), respectively. Blood was sampled from each fish, and the Comet assay was conducted on erythrocytes. The assay results demonstrate that fish from the three contaminated sites each suffered higher DNA damage compared with fish from their respective reference sites. The results also show that the genetic damage was associated with the occurrence of external lesions and deformities in fish. The Comet assay is sufficiently sensitive to detect exposure of natural fish populations to environmental levels of genotoxic contaminants.
This report describes research conducted primarily in 2003 and 2004 to evaluate the effects of upstream dam operations on spawning and rearing conditions for fall Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. Results from habitat modeling tasks which continued in 2005 and 2006 are also included in this report. This study is focused on the effects of streamflows and streamflow fluctuations on 1) entrapment and entrapment mortality of juveniles, 2) adult spawning habitat, and 3) juvenile rearing habitat. An independent peer review was conducted on the draft version of this report utilizing three reviewers, each with different areas of expertise and different levels of knowledge regarding hydrodynamic modeling, fall Chinook biology, life history, and habitat requirements, and fishery issues relating to hydropower development and operations. Peer review comments have been incorporated into this final version.
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R.","contributorId":177725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anglin","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeseker, Steven L.","contributorId":177726,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haeseker","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":193,"text":"Columbia River Fisheries Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":657535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skalicky, Joseph J.","contributorId":91386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skalicky","given":"Joseph J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schaller, Howard","contributorId":177727,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schaller","given":"Howard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tiffan, Kenneth F. 0000-0002-5831-2846 ktiffan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-2846","contributorId":3200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktiffan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hatten, James R. 0000-0003-4676-8093 jhatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-8093","contributorId":3431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatten","given":"James","email":"jhatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hoffarth, Paul","contributorId":177927,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoffarth","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Nugent, John","contributorId":177928,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nugent","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Benner, David","contributorId":177929,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Benner","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Yoshinaka, Marv","contributorId":177930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yoshinaka","given":"Marv","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70028661,"text":"70028661 - 2006 - Adsorption site analysis of impurity embedded single-walled carbon nanotube bundles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70028661","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1182,"text":"Carbon","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adsorption site analysis of impurity embedded single-walled carbon nanotube bundles","docAbstract":"Bundle morphology and adsorptive contributions from nanotubes and impurities are studied both experimentally and by simulation using a computer-aided methodology, which employs a small physisorbed probe molecule to explore the porosity of nanotube samples. Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation of nitrogen adsorption on localized sites of a bundle is carried out to predict adsorption in its accessible internal pore volume and on its external surface as a function of tube diameter. External adsorption is split into the contributions from the clean surface of the outermost nanotubes of the bundle and from the surface of the impurities. The site-specific isotherms are then combined into a global isotherm for a given sample using knowledge of its tube-diameter distribution obtained by Raman spectroscopy. The structural parameters of the sample, such as the fraction of open-ended nanotubes and the contributions from impurities and nanotube bundles to total external surface area, are determined by fitting the experimental nitrogen adsorption data to the simulated isotherm. The degree of closure between experimental and calculated adsorption isotherms for samples manufactured by two different methods, to provide different nanotube morphology and contamination level, further strengthens the validity and resulting interpretations based on the proposed approach. The average number of nanotubes per bundle and average bundle size, within a sample, are also quantified. The proposed method allows for extrapolation of adsorption properties to conditions where the purification process is 100% effective at removing all impurities and opening access to all intrabundle adsorption sites. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Carbon","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.carbon.2006.05.038","issn":"00086223","usgsCitation":"Agnihotri, S., Mota, J., Rostam-Abadi, M., and Rood, M., 2006, Adsorption site analysis of impurity embedded single-walled carbon nanotube bundles: Carbon, v. 44, no. 12, p. 2376-2383, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.05.038.","startPage":"2376","endPage":"2383","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209691,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.05.038"},{"id":236367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6fee4b0c8380cd477a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Agnihotri, S.","contributorId":19344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agnihotri","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mota, J.P.B.","contributorId":18937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mota","given":"J.P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rostam-Abadi, M.","contributorId":37061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostam-Abadi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rood, M.J.","contributorId":15354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rood","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028610,"text":"70028610 - 2006 - Development of the performance confirmation program at YUCCA mountain, nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028610","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of the performance confirmation program at YUCCA mountain, nevada","docAbstract":"The Yucca Mountain Performance Confirmation program consists of tests, monitoring activities, experiments, and analyses to evaluate the adequacy of assumptions, data, and analyses that form the basis of the conceptual and numerical models of flow and transport associated with a proposed radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The Performance Confirmation program uses an eight-stage risk-informed, performance-based approach. Selection of the Performance Confirmation activities for inclusion in the Performance Confirmation program was done using a risk-informed performance-based decision analysis. The result of this analysis was a Performance Confirmation base portfolio that consists of 20 activities. The 20 Performance Confirmation activities include geologic, hydrologie, and construction/engineering testing. Some of the activities began during site characterization, and others will begin during construction, or post emplacement, and continue until repository closure.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 11th International High Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM","conferenceTitle":"11th International High Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference","conferenceDate":"30 April 2006 through 4 May 2006","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","isbn":"0894486918; 9780894486913","usgsCitation":"LeCain, G., Barr, D., Weaver, D., Snell, R., Goodin, S., and Hansen, F., 2006, Development of the performance confirmation program at YUCCA mountain, nevada, in Proceedings of the 11th International High Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM, v. 2006, Las Vegas, NV, 30 April 2006 through 4 May 2006, p. 1058-1065.","startPage":"1058","endPage":"1065","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2006","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a007ce4b0c8380cd4f773","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeCain, G.D.","contributorId":22810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeCain","given":"G.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barr, D.","contributorId":100177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barr","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weaver, D.","contributorId":71750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snell, R.","contributorId":106690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snell","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goodin, S.W.","contributorId":100597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodin","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hansen, F.D.","contributorId":6241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"F.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70028609,"text":"70028609 - 2006 - The fifth International Geological Congress, Washington, 1891","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028609","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The fifth International Geological Congress, Washington, 1891","docAbstract":"The 5th International Geological Congress (IGC), the initial meeting in North America, was the first of the three IGCs that have been held in the United States of America (USA). Of the 538 registrants alive when the 5th IGC convened in Washington, 251 persons, representing fifteen countries, actually attended the meeting. These participants included 173 people from the USA, of whom forty-two represented the US Geological Survey (USGS). Fourteen of the US State geological surveys sent representatives to Washington. Eight participants came from other countries in the Western Hemisphere - Canada (3), Chile (1), Mexico (3), and Peru (1). The sixty-six European geologists and naturalists at the 5th IGC represented Austro-Hungary (3), Belgium (3), Britain (12), France (7), Germany (23), Norway (1), Romania (3), Russia (8), Sweden (4), and Switzerland (2). The USGS and the Columbian College (now the George Washington University) acted as the principal hosts. The American Association for the Advancement of Science and then the Geological Society of America (GSA) met in the Capital immediately before the Congress convened (26 August-1 September 1891). The 5th IGC's formal discussions treated the genetic classification of Pleistocene rocks, the chronological correlation of clastic rocks, and the international standardization of colors, symbols, and names used on geologic maps. The third of those topics continued key debates at the 1st through 4th IGCs. The GSA, the Korean Embassy, the Smithsonian Institution's US National Museum, the USGS, and one of the two Secretaries-General hosted evening receptions. Field excursions examined Paleozoic exposures in New York (18-25 August), Cretaceous-Pleistocene localities along the Potomac River south of Washington (30 August), and classic Precambrian-Pleistocene sequences and structures in the Great Plains, Yellowstone, Rocky Mountains, and Great Basin (2-26 September), with optional trips to the Grand Canyon (19-28 September) and Lake Superior (23 September-2 October). The single-volume report of the 5th IGC was published in Washington in 1893.","largerWorkTitle":"Episodes","language":"English","issn":"07053797","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C., 2006, The fifth International Geological Congress, Washington, 1891, in Episodes, v. 29, no. 4, p. 279-286.","startPage":"279","endPage":"286","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac03e4b08c986b3231fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C.M.","contributorId":31115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70028554,"text":"70028554 - 2006 - Testing the concept of drift shadow at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70028554","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Testing the concept of drift shadow at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"If proven, the concept of drift shadow, a zone of reduced water content and slower ground-water travel time beneath openings in fractured rock of the unsaturated zone, may increase performance of a proposed geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste at Yucca Mountain, To test this concept under natural-flow conditions present in the proposed repository horizon, isotopes within the uranium-series decay chain (uranium-238, uranium-234, and thorium-230, or 238U-234U-230Th) have been analyzed in samples of rock from beneath four naturally occurring lithophysal cavities. All rock samples show 234U depletion relative to parent 238U indicating varying degrees of water-rock interaction over the past million years. Variations in 234U/238U activity ratios indicate that depletion of 234U relative to 238U can be either smaller or greater in rock beneath cavity floors relative to rock near cavity margins. These results are consistent with the concept of drift shadow and with numerical simulations of meter-scale spherical cavities in fractured tuff. Differences in distribution patterns of 234U/ 238U activity ratios in rock beneath the cavity floors are interpreted to reflect differences in the amount of past seepage into lithophysal cavities, as indicated by the abundance of secondary mineral deposits present on the cavity floors.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 11th International High Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM","conferenceTitle":"11th International High Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference","conferenceDate":"30 April 2006 through 4 May 2006","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","isbn":"0894486918; 9780894486913","usgsCitation":"Paces, J., Neymark, L., Ghezzehei, T., and Dobson, P., 2006, Testing the concept of drift shadow at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, in Proceedings of the 11th International High Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM, v. 2006, Las Vegas, NV, 30 April 2006 through 4 May 2006, p. 278-285.","startPage":"278","endPage":"285","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2006","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5d2e4b08c986b320cdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paces, J.B. 0000-0002-9809-8493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":27482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neymark, L.A. 0000-0003-4190-0278","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-0278","contributorId":56673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ghezzehei, T.","contributorId":86160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ghezzehei","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dobson, P.F.","contributorId":68466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobson","given":"P.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028620,"text":"70028620 - 2006 - Comparing historical catch rates of American shad in multifilament and monofilament nets: A step toward setting restoration targets for Virginia stocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:43","indexId":"70028620","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing historical catch rates of American shad in multifilament and monofilament nets: A step toward setting restoration targets for Virginia stocks","docAbstract":"Recreational and commercial harvest of American shad Alosa sapidissima in the Virginia waters of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries has been prohibited since 1994. The Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Shad and River Herring Management Plan requires that Virginia develop restoration targets for its shad populations, but estimates of their sizes are not available and there is little information about historic population levels. Thus, establishing restoration targets based on population size is problematic. A current spawning stock monitoring program yields catch rate information that can be compared with historic catch rate information recorded in commercial fishery logbooks from the 1950s and the 1980s. However, multifilament gill nets were used in the 1950s and monofilament nets were used in the 1980s (as well as in the current monitoring program). A Latin square design was employed to test the differences in relative fishing power of the two gear types over 2 years of seasonal sampling on the York River, Virginia. Estimates are that the monofilament nets are roughly twice as efficient as the multifilament nets. Reported catch rates in the 1950s and 1980s are roughly equivalent. However, when adjustments are made for the differences in fishing gear, catch rates for the 1950s are twice as high as those during the 1980s. These results provide valuable information for setting restoration targets for Virginia stocks of American shad. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/M05-025.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Maki, K., Hoenig, J., Olney, J., and Heisey, D., 2006, Comparing historical catch rates of American shad in multifilament and monofilament nets: A step toward setting restoration targets for Virginia stocks: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 26, no. 2, p. 282-288, https://doi.org/10.1577/M05-025.1.","startPage":"282","endPage":"288","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209973,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M05-025.1"},{"id":236748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f835e4b0c8380cd4cf3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maki, K.L.","contributorId":30807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maki","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoenig, J.M.","contributorId":54007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoenig","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olney, J.E.","contributorId":94842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olney","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heisey, D.M.","contributorId":77496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heisey","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028674,"text":"70028674 - 2006 - High-resolution CASSINI-VIMS mosaics of Titan and the icy Saturnian satellites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70028674","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution CASSINI-VIMS mosaics of Titan and the icy Saturnian satellites","docAbstract":"The Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) onboard the CASSINI spacecraft obtained new spectral data of the icy satellites of Saturn after its arrival at Saturn in June 2004. VIMS operates in a spectral range from 0.35 to 5.2 ??m, generating image cubes in which each pixel represents a spectrum consisting of 352 contiguous wavebands. As an imaging spectrometer VIMS combines the characteristics of both a spectrometer and an imaging instrument. This makes it possible to analyze the spectrum of each pixel separately and to map the spectral characteristics spatially, which is important to study the relationships between spectral information and geological and geomorphologic surface features. The spatial analysis of the spectral data requires the determination of the exact geographic position of each pixel on the specific surface and that all 352 spectral elements of each pixel show the same region of the target. We developed a method to reproject each pixel geometrically and to convert the spectral data into map projected image cubes. This method can also be applied to mosaic different VIMS observations. Based on these mosaics, maps of the spectral properties for each Saturnian satellite can be derived and attributed to geographic positions as well as to geological and geomorphologic surface features. These map-projected mosaics are the basis for all further investigations. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary and Space Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.034","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Jaumann, R., Stephan, K., Brown, R.H., Buratti, B.J., Clark, R.N., McCord, T.B., Coradini, A., Capaccioni, F., Filacchione, G., Cerroni, P., Baines, K.H., Bellucci, G., Bibring, J., Combes, M., Cruikshank, D.P., Drossart, P., Formisano, V., Langevin, Y., Matson, D.L., Nelson, R., Nicholson, P.D., Sicardy, B., Sotin, C., Soderblom, L.A., Griffith, C., Matz, K., Roatsch, T., Scholten, F., and Porco, C., 2006, High-resolution CASSINI-VIMS mosaics of Titan and the icy Saturnian satellites: Planetary and Space Science, v. 54, no. 12, p. 1146-1155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.034.","startPage":"1146","endPage":"1155","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209843,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.034"},{"id":236574,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30f9e4b0c8380cd5db10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jaumann, R.","contributorId":81232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephan, K.","contributorId":8976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephan","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, R. 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