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,{"id":70028916,"text":"70028916 - 2006 - Pathogens, nutritional deficiency, and climate influences on a declining moose population","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-08T15:04:47","indexId":"70028916","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pathogens, nutritional deficiency, and climate influences on a declining moose population","docAbstract":"<p>Several potential proximate causes may be implicated in a recent (post-1984) decline in moose (<i>Alces alces andersoni</i>) numbers at their southern range periphery in northwest Minnesota, USA. These causes include deleterious effects of infectious pathogens, some of which are associated with white-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>), negative effects of climate change, increased food competition with deer or moose, legal or illegal hunting, and increased predation by gray wolves (<i>Canis lupus</i>) and black bears (<i>Ursus americanus</i>). Long-standing factors that may have contributed to the moose decline include those typically associated with marginal habitat such as nutritional deficiencies. We examined survival and productivity among radiocollared (<i>n</i> = 152) adult female and juvenile moose in northwest Minnesota during 1995–2000, and assessed cause of death and pathology through carcass necropsy of radiocollared and non-radiocollared animals.</p><p>Aerial moose surveys suggested that hunting was an unlikely source of the numerical decline because the level of harvest was relatively low (i.e., approx. 15% / 2 yr) and the population usually grew in years following a hunt. The majority of moose mortalities (up to 87% of radiocollared moose [<i>n</i> = 76] and up to 65% of non-radiocollared moose [<i>n</i> = 84]) were proximally related to pathology associated with parasites and infectious disease. Liver fluke (<i>Fascioloides magna</i>) infections apparently constituted the greatest single source of mortality and caused significant pathology in the liver, thoracic and peritoneal cavities, pericardial sac, and lungs. Mortality due to meningeal worm (<i>Parelaphostrongylus tenuis</i>) was less prevalent and was manifested through characteristic neurological disease. Several mortalities apparently were associated with unidentified infectious disease, probably acting in close association with malnutrition. Bone-marrow fat was lower for moose dying of natural causes than those dying of anthropogenic factors or accidents, implying that acute malnutrition contributed to moose mortality. Blood profiles from live-captured animals indicated that those dying in the subsequent 18 months were chronically malnourished.</p><p>Relative to other populations, average annual survival rates for adult females (0.79 [0.74–0.84; 95% CI]) and yearlings (0.64 [0.48–0.86]) were low, whereas those for calves (0.66 [0.53–081]) were high. Pregnancy (48%) and twinning (19%) rates were among the lowest reported for moose, with reproductive senescence among females being apparent as early as 8 years. Pregnancy status was related to indices of acute (i.e., bone-marrow fat) and chronic (i.e., blood condition indices) malnutrition. Opportunistic carcass recovery indicated that there likely were few prime-aged males (&gt;5 yr old) in the population.</p><p class=\"last\">Analysis of protein content in moose browse and fecal samples indicated that food quality was probably adequate to support moose over winter, but the higher fecal protein among animals that died in the subsequent 18 months could be indicative of protein catabolism associated with malnutrition. Trace element analysis from moose livers revealed apparent deficiencies in copper and selenium, but there was limited evidence of direct association between trace element concentrations and moose disease, pathology, or mortality. Time-series analysis of regional moose counts (1961–2000) indicated that annual population growth rate was related negatively to mean summer temperature, with winter and summer temperatures increasing by an average of 6.8 and 2.1 C, respectively, during the 40-year period. This change may have increased moose thermoregulatory costs and disrupted their energy balance, and thereby reduced their fitness. Time-series analysis failed to show a relationship between annual population growth rate and moose or deer abundance, indicating that food limitation via resource competition was unlikely. Population viability analyses, using count data (1961–2000) and demographic data collected during this study, suggested that the northwest Minnesota moose population likely would not persist over the next 50 years. More broadly, we conclude that the southern distribution of moose may become restricted in areas where climate and habitat conditions are marginal, especially where deer are abundant and act as reservoir hosts for parasites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/0084-0173(2006)166[1:PNDACI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00840173","usgsCitation":"Murray, D., Cox, E., Ballard, W., Whitlaw, H.A., Lenarz, M., Custer, T., Barnett, T., and Fuller, T., 2006, Pathogens, nutritional deficiency, and climate influences on a declining moose population: Wildlife Monographs, no. 166, p. 1-30, https://doi.org/10.2193/0084-0173(2006)166[1:PNDACI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236382,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.822509765625,\n              47.286681888764214\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.822509765625,\n              48.99463598353408\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.04296874999999,\n              48.99463598353408\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.04296874999999,\n              47.286681888764214\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.822509765625,\n              47.286681888764214\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","issue":"166","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75a1e4b0c8380cd77c5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, D.L.","contributorId":104266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, E.W.","contributorId":70172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballard, W.B.","contributorId":101235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballard","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whitlaw, Heather A.","contributorId":13026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlaw","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lenarz, M.S.","contributorId":99923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenarz","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":420540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Barnett, T.","contributorId":89708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnett","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fuller, T.K.","contributorId":98252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70028792,"text":"70028792 - 2006 - Comprehensive genetic analyses reveal evolutionary distinction of a mouse (<i>Zapus hudsonius preblei</i>) proposed for delisting from the US Endangered Species Act","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T10:42:38","indexId":"70028792","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comprehensive genetic analyses reveal evolutionary distinction of a mouse (<i>Zapus hudsonius preblei</i>) proposed for delisting from the US Endangered Species Act","docAbstract":"Zapus hudsonius preblei, listed as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act (ESA), is one of 12 recognized subspecies of meadow jumping mice found in North America. Recent morphometric and phylogenetic comparisons among Z. h. preblei and neighbouring conspecifics questioned the taxonomic status of selected subspecies, resulting in a proposal to delist the Z. h. preblei from the ESA. We present additional analyses of the phylogeographic structure within Z. hudsonius that calls into question previously published data (and conclusions) and confirms the original taxonomic designations. A survey of 21 microsatellite DNA loci and 1380 base pairs from two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions (control region and cytochrome b) revealed that each Z. hudsonius subspecies is genetically distinct. These data do not support the null hypothesis of a homogeneous gene pool among the five subspecies found within the southwestern portion of the species' range. The magnitude of the observed differentiation was considerable and supported by significant findings for nearly every statistical comparison made, regardless of the genome or the taxa under consideration. Structuring of nuclear multilocus genotypes and subspecies-specific mtDNA haplotypes corresponded directly with the disjunct distributions of the subspecies investigated. Given the level of correspondence between the observed genetic population structure and previously proposed taxonomic classification of subspecies (based on the geographic separation and surveys of morphological variation), we conclude that the nominal subspecies surveyed in this study do not warrant synonymy, as has been proposed for Z. h. preblei, Z. h. campestris, and Z. h. intermedius. ?? 2006 The Authors.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03080.x","issn":"09621083","usgsCitation":"King, T.L., Switzer, J.F., Morrison, C., Eackles, M.S., Young, C., Lubinski, B., and Cryan, P.M., 2006, Comprehensive genetic analyses reveal evolutionary distinction of a mouse (<i>Zapus hudsonius preblei</i>) proposed for delisting from the US Endangered Species Act: Molecular Ecology, v. 15, no. 14, p. 4331-4359, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03080.x.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"4331","endPage":"4359","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209901,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03080.x"}],"volume":"15","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f943e4b0c8380cd4d527","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Tim L. tlking@usgs.gov","contributorId":3520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Tim","email":"tlking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":419774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Switzer, John F.","contributorId":48855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Switzer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morrison, Cheryl L. cmorrison@usgs.gov","contributorId":3355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Cheryl L.","email":"cmorrison@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eackles, Michael S. meackles@usgs.gov","contributorId":4371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eackles","given":"Michael","email":"meackles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":419773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Young, Colleen","contributorId":179103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Colleen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":419771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lubinski, Barbara A.","contributorId":79789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lubinski","given":"Barbara A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cryan, Paul M. 0000-0002-2915-8894 cryanp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-8894","contributorId":2356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cryan","given":"Paul","email":"cryanp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":419770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70028915,"text":"70028915 - 2006 - Coseismic and postseismic slip of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake from space-geodetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70028915","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coseismic and postseismic slip of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake from space-geodetic data","docAbstract":"We invert interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data jointly with campaign and continuous global positioning system (GPS) data for slip in the coseismic and postseismic periods of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake. The InSAR dataset consists of eight interferograms from data collected by the Envisat and Radarsat satellites spanning the time of the earthquake and variable amounts of the postseismic period. The two datasets complement each other, with the InSAR providing dense sampling of motion in the range direction of the satellite and the GPS providing more sparse, but three-dimensional measurements of ground motion. The model assumes exponential decay of the postseismic slip with a decay time constant of 0.087 years, determined from time series modeling of continuous GPS and creepmeter data. We find a geodetic moment magnitude of M 6.2 for a 1-day coseismic model and Mw 6.1 for the entire postseismic period. The coseismic rupture occurred mainly in two slip asperities; one near the hypocenter and the other 15-20 km north. Postseismic slip occurred on the shallow portions of the fault and near the rupture areas of two M 5.0 aftershocks. A comparison of the geodetic slip models with seismic moment estimates suggests that the coseismic moment release of the Parkfield earthquake is as little as 25% of the total. This underlines the importance of aseismic slip in the slip budget for the Parkfield segment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120050818","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Johanson, I., Fielding, E., Rolandone, F., and Burgmann, R., 2006, Coseismic and postseismic slip of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake from space-geodetic data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 4 B, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050818.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209701,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120050818"},{"id":236381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"4 B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc5be4b0c8380cd4e23d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johanson, I.A.","contributorId":36735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johanson","given":"I.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fielding, E.J.","contributorId":64871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fielding","given":"E.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rolandone, F.","contributorId":54783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rolandone","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burgmann, R.","contributorId":10167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028914,"text":"70028914 - 2006 - The influence of aridity and fire on Holocene prairie communities in the eastern Prairie Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70028914","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of aridity and fire on Holocene prairie communities in the eastern Prairie Peninsula","docAbstract":"The role of climate and fire in the development, maintenance, and species composition of prairie in the eastern axis of the tallgrass Prairie Peninsula intrigued early North American ecologists. However, evaluation of the long-standing hypotheses about the region's environmental history has been hampered by the scarcity of paleorecords. We conducted multiproxy analyses on early and middle Holocene sediments from two Illinois, USA, lakes to assess long-term climatic, vegetational, and fire variability in the region. Sediment mineral composition, carbonate ??18O, ostracode assemblages, and diatom assemblages were integrated to infer fluctuations in moisture availability. Pollen and charcoal ??13C were used to reconstruct vegetation composition, and charcoal influx was used to reconstruct fire. Results indicate that fire-sensitive trees (e.g., Ulmus, Ostrya, Fraxinus, and Acer saccharum) declined and prairie taxa expanded with increased aridity from 10 000 yr BP to 8500 yr BP. Between ???8500 yr BP and ???6200 yr BP, aridity declined, and prairie coexisted with fire-sensitive and fire-tolerant (e.g., Quercus and Carya) trees. After ???6200 yr BP, prairie taxa became dominant, although aridity was not more severe than it was around 8500 yr BP. Along with aridity, fire appears to have played an important role in the establishment and maintenance of prairie communities in the eastern Prairie Peninsula, consistent with the speculations of the early ecologists. Comparison of our data with results from elsewhere in the North American midcontinent indicates that spatial heterogeneity is a characteristic feature of climatic and vegetational variations on millennial time scales. ?? 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2523:TIOAAF]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Nelson, D., Feng, S., Grimm, E., Curry, B.B., and Slate, J., 2006, The influence of aridity and fire on Holocene prairie communities in the eastern Prairie Peninsula: Ecology, v. 87, no. 10, p. 2523-2536, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2523:TIOAAF]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"2523","endPage":"2536","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209676,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2523:TIOAAF]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad10e4b08c986b32395a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, D.M.","contributorId":104265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feng, S.H.","contributorId":24978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grimm, E.C.","contributorId":88136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimm","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Curry, B. Brandon","contributorId":104224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curry","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brandon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Slate, J.E.","contributorId":6644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slate","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028912,"text":"70028912 - 2006 - Ecology of a population of subsidized predators: Common ravens in the central Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70028912","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecology of a population of subsidized predators: Common ravens in the central Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"Human subsidies have resulted in the rapid growth of populations of common ravens (Corvus corax) in the Mojave Desert. This is a management concern because ravens prey on threatened desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). We conducted weekly counts for 29 months at 10 sites on the US Army's National Training Center, Fort Irwin, California to evaluate factors affecting the distribution of ravens. Raven abundance varied seasonally, diurnally, and with human abundance. It was greatest near resource subsidies, specifically the landfill and sewage ponds. Although other studies have documented heavy use of landfills by ravens, the use of sewage ponds had not been previously reported in the published literature. We suggest that raven management should focus on reducing access to anthropogenic resources. ?? 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Arid Environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.09.024","issn":"01401963","usgsCitation":"Boarman, W., Patten, M., Camp, R., and Collis, S., 2006, Ecology of a population of subsidized predators: Common ravens in the central Mojave Desert, California: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 67, no. SUPPL., p. 248-261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.09.024.","startPage":"248","endPage":"261","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209648,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.09.024"},{"id":236312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"SUPPL.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0570e4b0c8380cd50dd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boarman, W.I.","contributorId":73523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boarman","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patten, M.A.","contributorId":107912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patten","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Camp, R.J.","contributorId":89097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camp","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Collis, S.J.","contributorId":80061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collis","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028911,"text":"70028911 - 2006 - Attributes of desert tortoise populations at the National Training Center, Central Mojave Desert, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70028911","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Attributes of desert tortoise populations at the National Training Center, Central Mojave Desert, California, USA","docAbstract":"We sampled 21 study plots for desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) at the National Training Center, Fort Irwin, California. Each plot was sampled once between 1997 and 2003 to obtain a snapshot of population attributes, status, and relationships between tortoise densities and human activities. Densities ranged from <1 to 28 tortoises km-2; overall, tortoises were uncommon to rare at 16 of the 21 plots. Tortoise densities were negatively correlated with death rates, infectious disease (mycoplasmosis), surface disturbance and trash. Health status of tortoises was correlated with some anthropogenic uses. The presence of infectious disease in tortoises was negatively correlated with distances from offices, the Ft. Irwin cantonment, and paved roads. Also, significantly more tortoises with shell disease were found on plots with current and recent military use than on plots with no history of military use. Factors contributing to or causing deaths of tortoises included vehicles, vandalism, predation, mycoplasmosis and shell diseases. Annual death rates for subadult and adult tortoises ranged from 1.9% to 95.2% for the 4 years preceding surveys. Deaths from anthropogenic sources were significantly correlated with surface disturbances, trash, military ordnance, and proximity to offices and paved roads-typical characteristics of military training areas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Arid Environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.02.001","issn":"01401963","usgsCitation":"Berry, K., Bailey, T., and Anderson, K., 2006, Attributes of desert tortoise populations at the National Training Center, Central Mojave Desert, California, USA: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 67, no. SUPPL., p. 165-191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.02.001.","startPage":"165","endPage":"191","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209647,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.02.001"},{"id":236311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"SUPPL.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eed7e4b0c8380cd49fd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berry, K.H.","contributorId":17934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, T.Y.","contributorId":64008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"T.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, K.M.","contributorId":39996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028849,"text":"70028849 - 2006 - Age and duration of eclogite-facies metamorphism, North Qaidam HP/UHP terrane, Western China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028849","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and duration of eclogite-facies metamorphism, North Qaidam HP/UHP terrane, Western China","docAbstract":"Amphibolite-facies para-and orthogneisses near Dulan, at the southeast end of the North Qaidam terrane, enclose minor eclogite and peridotite which record ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphism associated with the Early Paleozoic continental collision of the Qilian and Qaidam microplates. Field relations and coesite inclusions in zircons from paragneiss suggest that felsic, mafic, and ultramafic rocks all experienced UHP metamorphism and a common amphibolite-facies retrogression. SHRIMP-RG U-Pb and REE analyses of zircons from four eclogites yield weighted mean ages of 449 to 422 Ma, and REE patterns (flat HREE, no Eu anomaly) and inclusions of garnet, omphacite, and rutile indicate these ages record eclogite-facies metamorphism. The coherent field relations of these samples, and the similar range of individual ages in each sample suggests that the ???25 m.y. age range reflects the duration of eclogite-facies conditions in the studied samples. Analyses from zircon cores in one sample yield scattered 433 to 474 Ma ages, reflecting partial overlap on rims, and constrain the minimum age of eclogite protolith crystallization. Inclusions of Th + REE-rich epidote, and zircon REE patterns are consistent with prograde metamorphic growth. In the Lu??liang Shan, approximately 350 km northwest in the North Qaidam terrane, ages interpreted to record eclogite-facies metamorphism of eclogite and garnet peridotite are as old as 495 Ma and as young as 414 Ma, which suggests that processes responsible for extended high-pressure residence are not restricted to the Dulan region. Evidence of prolonged eclogite-facies metamorphism in HP/UHP localities in the Northeast Greenland eclogite province, the Western Gneiss Region of Norway, and the western Alps suggests that long eclogite-facies residence may be globally significant in continental subduction/collision zones.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Journal of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2475/09.2006.01","issn":"00029599","usgsCitation":"Mattinson, C., Wooden, J.L., Liou, J.G., Bird, D., and Wu, C., 2006, Age and duration of eclogite-facies metamorphism, North Qaidam HP/UHP terrane, Western China: American Journal of Science, v. 306, no. 9, p. 683-711, https://doi.org/10.2475/09.2006.01.","startPage":"683","endPage":"711","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477590,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/09.2006.01","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209698,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2475/09.2006.01"},{"id":236378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"306","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8d8e4b0c8380cd47ef2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattinson, C.G.","contributorId":11391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattinson","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liou, J. G.","contributorId":87687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liou","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bird, D.K.","contributorId":24934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wu, C.L.","contributorId":91671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028929,"text":"70028929 - 2006 - Alternate corrections for estimating actual wetland evapotranspiration from potential evapotranspiration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T17:38:06","indexId":"70028929","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alternate corrections for estimating actual wetland evapotranspiration from potential evapotranspiration","docAbstract":"Corrections can be used to estimate actual wetland evapotranspiration (AET) from potential evapotranspiration (PET) as a means to define the hydrology of wetland areas. Many alternate parameterizations for correction coefficients for three PET equations are presented, covering a wide range of possible data-availability scenarios. At nine sites in the wetland Everglades of south Florida, USA, the relatively complex PET Penman equation was corrected to daily total AET with smaller standard errors than the PET simple and Priestley-Taylor equations. The simpler equations, however, required less data (and thus less funding for instrumentation), with the possibility of being corrected to AET with slightly larger, comparable, or even smaller standard errors. Air temperature generally corrected PET simple most effectively to wetland AET, while wetland stage and humidity generally corrected PET Priestley-Taylor and Penman most effectively to wetland AET. Stage was identified for PET Priestley-Taylor and Penman as the data type with the most correction ability at sites that are dry part of each year or dry part of some years. Finally, although surface water generally was readily available at each monitoring site, AET was not occurring at potential rates, as conceptually expected under well-watered conditions. Apparently, factors other than water availability, such as atmospheric and stomata resistances to vapor transport, also were limiting the PET rate. ?? 2006, The Society of Wetland Scientists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[528:ACFEAW]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, W., and Sumner, D.M., 2006, Alternate corrections for estimating actual wetland evapotranspiration from potential evapotranspiration: Wetlands, v. 26, no. 2, p. 528-543, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[528:ACFEAW]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"528","endPage":"543","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209855,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[528:ACFEAW]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e97ce4b0c8380cd482f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, W. Barclay bshoemak@usgs.gov","contributorId":1495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"W. Barclay","email":"bshoemak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":420599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sumner, D. M.","contributorId":100827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028869,"text":"70028869 - 2006 - Consumers limit the abundance and dynamics of a perennial shrub with a seed bank","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70028869","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":740,"text":"American Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Consumers limit the abundance and dynamics of a perennial shrub with a seed bank","docAbstract":"For nearly 30 years, ecologists have argued that predators of seeds and seedlings seldom have population-level effects on plants with persistent seed banks and density-dependent seedling survival. We parameterized stage-based population models that incorporated density dependence and seed dormancy with data from a 5.5-year experiment that quantified how granivorous mice and herbivorous voles influence bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus) demography. We asked how seed dormancy and density-dependent seedling survival mediate the impacts of these consumers in dune and grassland habitats. In dune habitat, mice reduced analytical ?? (the intrinsic rate of population growth) by 39%, the equilibrium number of above-ground plants by 90%, and the seed bank by 98%; voles had minimal effects. In adjacent grasslands, mice had minimal effects, but seedling herbivory by voles reduced analytical ?? by 15% and reduced both the equilibrium number of aboveground plants and dormant seeds by 63%. A bootstrap analysis demonstrated that these consumer effects were robust to parameter uncertainty. Our results demonstrate that the quantitative strengths of seed dormancy and density-dependent seedling survival-not their mere existence-critically mediate consumer effects. This study suggests that plant population dynamics and distribution may be more strongly influenced by consumers of seeds and seedlings than is currently recognized. ?? 2006 by The University of Chicago.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1086/507877","issn":"00030147","usgsCitation":"Kauffman, M.J., and Maron, J., 2006, Consumers limit the abundance and dynamics of a perennial shrub with a seed bank: American Naturalist, v. 168, no. 4, p. 454-470, https://doi.org/10.1086/507877.","startPage":"454","endPage":"470","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209933,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/507877"},{"id":236693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"168","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa23e4b0c8380cd4d954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauffman, M. J.","contributorId":44262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maron, J.L.","contributorId":87735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maron","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028748,"text":"70028748 - 2006 - Effects of increased feeding frequency on growth of hybrid bluegill in ponds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028748","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2885,"text":"North American Journal of Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of increased feeding frequency on growth of hybrid bluegill in ponds","docAbstract":"Increased feeding frequency has been used in aquaculture to increase growth and food conversion efficiency, and recent laboratory studies have indicated that feeding frequency could be used to reduce the size variation within groups of hybrid bluegills (F1: male bluegill Lepomis macrochirus x female green sunfish L. cyanellus). Our experiment evaluated the growth of pond-reared hybrid bluegills fed equal amounts of food either once or four times per day. We were particularly interested in reducing the size variation and increasing the percentage of harvestable-size fish (???110 g). After 194 d, there was no significant effect of feeding frequency on growth, food conversion efficiency, size variation, or percentage of harvestable-size fish.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Aquaculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/A05-066.1","issn":"15222055","usgsCitation":"Sager, C., and Winkelman, D., 2006, Effects of increased feeding frequency on growth of hybrid bluegill in ponds: North American Journal of Aquaculture, v. 68, no. 4, p. 313-316, https://doi.org/10.1577/A05-066.1.","startPage":"313","endPage":"316","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209818,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/A05-066.1"}],"volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0725e4b0c8380cd5159b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sager, C.R.","contributorId":9837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sager","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winkelman, D.L. 0000-0002-5247-0114","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5247-0114","contributorId":48739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winkelman","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028824,"text":"70028824 - 2006 - Distribution and abundance of American eels in the White Oak River estuary, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70028824","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3444,"text":"Southeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and abundance of American eels in the White Oak River estuary, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Apparent widespread declines in abundance of Anguilla rostrata (American eel) have reinforced the need for information regarding its life history and status. We used commercial eel pots and crab (peeler) pots to examine the distribution, condition, and abundance of American eels within the White Oak River estuary, NC, during summers of 2002-2003. Catch of American eels per overnight set was 0.35 (SE = 0.045) in 2002 and 0.49 (SE = 0.044) in 2003. There was not a significant linear relationship between catch per set and depth in 2002 (P = 0.31, depth range 0.9-3.4 m) or 2003 (P = 0.18, depth range 0.6-3.4 m). American eels from the White Oak River were in good condition, based on the slope of a length-weight relationship (3.41) compared to the median slope (3.15) from other systems. Estimates of population density from grid sampling in 2003 (300 mm and larger: 4.0-13.8 per ha) were similar to estimates for the Hudson River estuary, but substantially less than estimates from other (smaller) systems including tidal creeks within estuaries. Density estimates from coastal waters can be used with harvest records to examine whether overfishing has contributed to the recent apparent declines in American eel abundance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"15287092","usgsCitation":"Hightower, J., and Nesnow, C., 2006, Distribution and abundance of American eels in the White Oak River estuary, North Carolina: Southeastern Naturalist, v. 5, no. 4, p. 693-710.","startPage":"693","endPage":"710","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0258e4b0c8380cd4fff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hightower, J.E.","contributorId":16605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hightower","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nesnow, C.","contributorId":100176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nesnow","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028909,"text":"70028909 - 2006 - Giant sand waves at the mouth of San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T11:53:43","indexId":"70028909","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Giant sand waves at the mouth of San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"<p>A field of giant sand waves, among the largest in the world, recently was mapped in high resolution for the first time during a multibeam survey in 2004 and 2005 through the strait of the Golden Gate at the mouth of San Francisco Bay in California (Figure la). This massive bed form field covers an area of approximately four square kilometers in water depths ranging from 30 to 106 meters, featuring more than 40 distinct sand waves with crests aligned approximately perpendicular to the dominant tidally generated cross-shore currents, with wavelengths and heights that measure up to 220 meters and 10 meters, respectively.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Sand wave crests can be traced continuously for up to two kilometers across the mouth of this energetic tidal inlet, where depth-averaged tidal currents through the strait below the Golden Gate Bridge exceed 2.5 meters per second during peak ebb flows. Repeated surveys demonstrated that the sand waves are active and dynamic features that move in response to tidally generated currents. The complex temporal and spatial variations in wave and tidal current interactions in this region result in an astoundingly diverse array of bed form morphologies, scales, and orientations. Bed forms of approximately half the scale of those reported in this article previously were mapped inside San Francisco Bay during a multibeam survey in 1997 [Chin et al., 1997].</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2006EO290003","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Barnard, P., Hanes, D., Rubin, D.M., and Kvitek, R., 2006, Giant sand waves at the mouth of San Francisco Bay: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 87, no. 29, p. 287-289, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006EO290003.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"289","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295146,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006EO290003"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","volume":"87","issue":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28f0e4b0c8380cd5a556","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnard, P.L.","contributorId":20527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanes, D.M.","contributorId":22479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rubin, D. M.","contributorId":103689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kvitek, R.G.","contributorId":36384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvitek","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028908,"text":"70028908 - 2006 - Ripple effect: Unforeseen applications of sand studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70028908","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ripple effect: Unforeseen applications of sand studies","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Rubin, D.M., 2006, Ripple effect: Unforeseen applications of sand studies: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 87, no. 30, p. 295-296.","startPage":"295","endPage":"296","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad85e4b0c8380cd86f01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, D. M.","contributorId":103689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70028795,"text":"70028795 - 2006 - Non-invasive method to obtain DNA from freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028795","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2455,"text":"Journal of Shellfish Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Non-invasive method to obtain DNA from freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae)","docAbstract":"To determine whether DNA could be isolated from tissues obtained by brush-swabbing the mantle, viscera and foot, mantle-clips and swabbed cells were obtained from eight Quadrula pustulosa (Lea, 1831). DNA yields from clips and swabbings were 447.0 and 975.3 ??g/??L, respectively. Furthermore, comparisons of sequences from the ND-1 mitochondrial gene region showed a 100% sequence agreement of DNA from cells obtained by clips and swabs. To determine the number of swabs needed to obtain adequate yields of DNA for analyses, the visceras and feet of 5 Q. pustulosa each were successively swabbed 2, 4 and 6 times. DNA yields from the 2, 4 and 6 swabbed mussel groups were 399.4, 833.8 and 852.6 ng/??L, respectively. ND-1 sequences from the lowest yield still provided 846-901 bp for the ND-1 region. Nevertheless, to ensure adequate DNA yield from cell samples obtained by swabbing, we recommend that 4 swab-strokes of the viscera and foot be obtained. The use of integumental swabbing for collection of cells for determination of genetic relationships among freshwater mussels is noninvasive, when compared with tissue collection by mantle-clipping. Therefore, its use is recommended for freshwater mussels, especially state-protected or federally listed mussel species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Shellfish Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07308000","usgsCitation":"Henley, W., Grobler, P., and Neves, R.J., 2006, Non-invasive method to obtain DNA from freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae): Journal of Shellfish Research, v. 25, no. 3, p. 975-977.","startPage":"975","endPage":"977","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a674be4b0c8380cd73272","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henley, W.F.","contributorId":65276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henley","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grobler, P.J.","contributorId":88548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grobler","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neves, R. J.","contributorId":30936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neves","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028907,"text":"70028907 - 2006 - Net energy payback and CO2 emissions from three midwestern wind farms: An update","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70028907","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Net energy payback and CO2 emissions from three midwestern wind farms: An update","docAbstract":"This paper updates a life-cycle net energy analysis and carbon dioxide emissions analysis of three Midwestern utility-scale wind systems. Both the Energy Payback Ratio (EPR) and CO2 analysis results provide useful data for policy discussions regarding an efficient and low-carbon energy mix. The EPR is the amount of electrical energy produced for the lifetime of the power plant divided by the total amount of energy required to procure and transport the materials, build, operate, and decommission the power plants. The CO2 analysis for each power plant was calculated from the life-cycle energy input data. A previous study also analyzed coal and nuclear fission power plants. At the time of that study, two of the three wind systems had less than a full year of generation data to project the life-cycle energy production. This study updates the analysis of three wind systems with an additional four to eight years of operating data. The EPR for the utility-scale wind systems ranges from a low of 11 for a two-turbine system in Wisconsin to 28 for a 143-turbine system in southwestern Minnesota. The EPR is 11 for coal, 25 for fission with gas centrifuge enriched uranium and 7 for gaseous diffusion enriched uranium. The normalized CO2 emissions, in tonnes of CO2 per GW eh, ranges from 14 to 33 for the wind systems, 974 for coal, and 10 and 34 for nuclear fission using gas centrifuge and gaseous diffusion enriched uranium, respectively. ?? Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11053-007-9024-y","issn":"15207439","usgsCitation":"White, S., 2006, Net energy payback and CO2 emissions from three midwestern wind farms: An update: Natural Resources Research, v. 15, no. 4, p. 271-281, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-007-9024-y.","startPage":"271","endPage":"281","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209618,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11053-007-9024-y"},{"id":236273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a64eee4b0c8380cd72aa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, S.W.","contributorId":18557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70028906,"text":"70028906 - 2006 - Old-growth forests can accumulate carbon in soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T15:56:00","indexId":"70028906","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Old-growth forests can accumulate carbon in soils","docAbstract":"<div id=\"content-block-markup\" data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance=\"highwire_reflinks_tooltip\" data-highwire-glossary-tooltip-instance=\"highwire_reflinks_tooltip\"><div class=\"article abstract-view \"><div id=\"abstract-1\" class=\"section abstract\"><p id=\"p-1\">Old-growth forests have traditionally been considered negligible as carbon sinks because carbon uptake has been thought to be balanced by respiration. We show that the top 20-centimeter soil layer in preserved old-growth forests in southern China accumulated atmospheric carbon at an unexpectedly high average rate of 0.61 megagrams of carbon hectare-1 year-1 from 1979 to 2003. This study suggests that the carbon cycle processes in the belowground system of these forests are changing in response to the changing environment. The result directly challenges the prevailing belief in ecosystem ecology regarding carbon budget in old-growth forests and supports the establishment of a new, nonequilibrium conceptual framework to study soil carbon dynamics.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.1130168","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Zhou, G., Liu, S., Li, Z., Zhang, D., Tang, X., Zhou, C., Yan, J., and Mo, J., 2006, Old-growth forests can accumulate carbon in soils: Science, v. 314, no. 5804, p. 1417-1417, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1130168.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1417","endPage":"1417","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209617,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1130168"},{"id":236272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"314","issue":"5804","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6d5be4b0c8380cd750c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, G.","contributorId":12604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Li, Z.","contributorId":29160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, Dongxiao","contributorId":26409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongxiao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tang, X.","contributorId":43082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhou, C.","contributorId":88466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Yan, J.","contributorId":24480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mo, J.","contributorId":81299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mo","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70028905,"text":"70028905 - 2006 - Testing the junk-food hypothesis on marine birds: Effects of prey type on growth and development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:34:13","indexId":"70028905","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing the junk-food hypothesis on marine birds: Effects of prey type on growth and development","docAbstract":"<p>The junk-food hypothesis attributes declines in productivity of marine birds and mammals to changes in the species of prey they consume and corresponding differences in nutritional quality of those prey. To test this hypothesis nestling Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) and Tufted Puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) were raised in captivity under controlled conditions to determine whether the type and quality of fish consumed by young seabirds constrains their growth and development. Some nestlings were fed rations of Capelin (Mallotus villosus), Herring (Clupea pallasi) or Sand Lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) and their growth was compared with nestlings raised on equal biomass rations of Walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcograma). Nestlings fed rations of herring, sand lance, or capelin experienced higher growth increments than nestlings fed pollock. The energy density of forage fish fed to nestlings had a marked effect on growth increments and could be expected to have an effect on pre- and post-fledging survival of nestlings in the wild. These results provide empirical support for the junk-food hypothesis.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[407:TTJHOM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"15244695","usgsCitation":"Romano, M.D., Piatt, J.F., and Roby, D., 2006, Testing the junk-food hypothesis on marine birds: Effects of prey type on growth and development: Waterbirds, v. 29, no. 4, p. 407-414, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[407:TTJHOM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"414","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209616,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[407:TTJHOM]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5d5e4b08c986b320cf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Romano, Marc D.","contributorId":73528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romano","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":420496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":420497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roby, D.D. 0000-0001-9844-0992","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-0992","contributorId":70944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roby","given":"D.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028904,"text":"70028904 - 2006 - Fine-scale population genetic structure of a wildlife disease vector: The southern house mosquito on the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70028904","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fine-scale population genetic structure of a wildlife disease vector: The southern house mosquito on the island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"The southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, is a widespread tropical and subtropical disease vector. In the Hawaiian Islands, where it was introduced accidentally almost two centuries ago, it is considered the primary vector of avian malaria and pox. Avian malaria in particular has contributed to the extinction and endangerment of Hawaii's native avifauna, and has altered the altitudinal distribution of native bird populations. We examined the population genetic structure of Cx. quinquefasciatus on the island of Hawaii at a smaller spatial scale than has previously been attempted, with particular emphasis on the effects of elevation on population genetic structure. We found significant genetic differentiation among populations and patterns of isolation by distance within the island. Elevation per se did not have a limiting effect on gene flow; however, there was significantly lower genetic diversity among populations at mid elevations compared to those at low elevations. A recent sample taken from just above the predicted upper altitudinal distribution of Cx. quinquefasciatus on the island of Hawaii was confirmed as being a temporary summer population and appeared to consist of individuals from more than one source population. Our results indicate effects of elevation gradients on genetic structure that are consistent with known effects of elevation on population dynamics of this disease vector. ?? 2006 The Authors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Molecular Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03069.x","issn":"09621083","usgsCitation":"Keyghobadi, N., LaPointe, D., Fleischer, R., and Fonseca, D., 2006, Fine-scale population genetic structure of a wildlife disease vector: The southern house mosquito on the island of Hawaii: Molecular Ecology, v. 15, no. 13, p. 3919-3930, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03069.x.","startPage":"3919","endPage":"3930","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210008,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03069.x"},{"id":236795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1025e4b0c8380cd53b49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keyghobadi, N.","contributorId":102678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keyghobadi","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaPointe, D.","contributorId":43316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaPointe","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleischer, R.C.","contributorId":82259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fonseca, D.M.","contributorId":13003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fonseca","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028903,"text":"70028903 - 2006 - Complementary population dynamics of exotic and native Daphnia in North American reservoir communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028903","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":883,"text":"Archiv fur Hydrobiologie","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Complementary population dynamics of exotic and native Daphnia in North American reservoir communities","docAbstract":"During its invasion of North America, the exotic Daphnia lumholtzi has rapidly colonized numerous reservoirs, natural lakes, and large rivers. In the current study, we examine the overlap between D. lumholtzi and native Daphnia species through analysis of two data sets: co-occurrence in reservoirs of the south-central United States and population dynamics in one reservoir. In 171 reservoirs and oxbow lakes, D. lumholtzi was among the most prevalent species and its distribution was independent of other Daphnia species. Over a 28-month period in Stockton Lake, Missouri, D. lumholtzi was abundant only in late summer, a period when the epilimnion was warm (25-30??C) and cyanobacteria were common. Native Daphnia (D. mendotae, D. parvula, and D. retrocurva) complemented this pattern, being generally rare in summer and most abundant during winter and spring. Peak densities and average fecundities of native Daphnia during the cooler months were typically greater than densities and fecundities of D. lumholtzi in summer. The complementary population dynamics between native and exotic species may be significant for the food webs in warm reservoirs, with D. lumholtzi providing another food resource when the abundance of large zooplankton is ordinarily low. ?? 2006 E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archiv fur Hydrobiologie","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1127/0003-9136/2006/0167-0245","issn":"00039136","usgsCitation":"Havel, J., and Graham, J., 2006, Complementary population dynamics of exotic and native Daphnia in North American reservoir communities: Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, v. 167, no. 1-4, p. 245-264, https://doi.org/10.1127/0003-9136/2006/0167-0245.","startPage":"245","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210007,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0003-9136/2006/0167-0245"},{"id":236794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"167","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8f5e4b0c8380cd4d375","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Havel, J.E.","contributorId":72548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Havel","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graham, J.L. 0000-0002-6420-9335","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-9335","contributorId":79226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028779,"text":"70028779 - 2006 - Addition of simultaneous heat and solute transport and variable fluid viscosity to SEAWAT","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70028779","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Addition of simultaneous heat and solute transport and variable fluid viscosity to SEAWAT","docAbstract":"SEAWAT is a finite-difference computer code designed to simulate coupled variable-density ground water flow and solute transport. This paper describes a new version of SEAWAT that adds the ability to simultaneously model energy and solute transport. This is necessary for simulating the transport of heat and salinity in coastal aquifers for example. This work extends the equation of state for fluid density to vary as a function of temperature and/or solute concentration. The program has also been modified to represent the effects of variable fluid viscosity as a function of temperature and/or concentration. The viscosity mechanism is verified against an analytical solution, and a test of temperature-dependent viscosity is provided. Finally, the classic Henry-Hilleke problem is solved with the new code. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.cageo.2006.04.005","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Thorne, D., Langevin, C., and Sukop, M., 2006, Addition of simultaneous heat and solute transport and variable fluid viscosity to SEAWAT: Computers & Geosciences, v. 32, no. 10, p. 1758-1768, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2006.04.005.","startPage":"1758","endPage":"1768","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209769,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2006.04.005"},{"id":236477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6e7e4b0c8380cd47705","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorne, D.","contributorId":64009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorne","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langevin, C.D.","contributorId":25976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sukop, M.C.","contributorId":88468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sukop","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028739,"text":"70028739 - 2006 - DNA damage and external lesions in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) from contaminated habitats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T10:18:47","indexId":"70028739","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"DNA damage and external lesions in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) from contaminated habitats","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The Comet assay was used to compare levels of DNA damage in brown bullheads (<i>Ameiurus nebulosus</i>) collected from three known contaminated locations, the Cuyahoga River (OH, USA), Ashtabula River (OH, USA; both tributaries to Lake Erie, USA), and Ashumet Pond (Cape Cod, MA, USA), with brown bullheads collected from three paired reference sites, Old Woman Creek (OH, USA), Conneaut River (OH, USA; both tributaries to Lake Erie), and Great Herring Pond (mainland MA, USA), respectively. Blood was sampled from each fish, and the Comet assay was conducted on erythrocytes. The assay results demonstrate that fish from the three contaminated sites each suffered higher DNA damage compared with fish from their respective reference sites. The results also show that the genetic damage was associated with the occurrence of external lesions and deformities in fish. The Comet assay is sufficiently sensitive to detect exposure of natural fish populations to environmental levels of genotoxic contaminants.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"SETAC","doi":"10.1897/05-706R.1","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Yang, X., Meier, J., Chang, L., Rowan, M., and Baumann, P.C., 2006, DNA damage and external lesions in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) from contaminated habitats: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 25, no. 11, p. 3035-3038, https://doi.org/10.1897/05-706R.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3035","endPage":"3038","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209713,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/05-706R.1"}],"volume":"25","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd4ee4b0c8380cd4e766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, X.","contributorId":66894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meier, J.","contributorId":60004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chang, L.","contributorId":59607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rowan, M.","contributorId":21332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baumann, P. C.","contributorId":43297,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baumann","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028902,"text":"70028902 - 2006 - Mineralogy and petrology of comet 81P/wild 2 nucleus samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T17:28:42","indexId":"70028902","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy and petrology of comet 81P/wild 2 nucleus samples","docAbstract":"The bulk of the comet 81P/Wild 2 (hereafter Wild 2) samples returned to Earth by the Stardust spacecraft appear to be weakly constructed mixtures of nanometer-scale grains, with occasional much larger (over 1 micrometer) ferromagnesian silicates, Fe-Ni sulfides, Fe-Ni metal, and accessory phases. The very wide range of olivine and low-Ca pyroxene compositions in comet Wild 2 requires a wide range of formation conditions, probably reflecting very different formation locations in the protoplanetary disk. The restricted compositional ranges of Fe-Ni sulfides, the wide range for silicates, and the absence of hydrous phases indicate that comet Wild 2 experienced little or no aqueous alteration. Less abundant Wild 2 materials include a refractory particle, whose presence appears to require radial transport in the early protoplanetary disk.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1135842","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Zolensky, M., Zega, T., Yano, H., Wirick, S., Westphal, A., Weisberg, M., Weber, I., Warren, J., Velbel, M., Tsuchiyama, A., Tsou, P., Toppani, A., Tomioka, N., Tomeoka, K., Teslich, N., Taheri, M., Susini, J., Stroud, R., Stephan, T., Stadermann, F., Snead, C., Simon, S., Simionovici, A., See, T., Robert, F., Rietmeijer, F., Rao, W., Perronnet, M., Papanastassiou, D., Okudaira, K., Ohsumi, K., Ohnishi, I., Nakamura-Messenger, K., Nakamura, T., Mostefaoui, S., Mikouchi, T., Meibom, A., Matrajt, G., Marcus, M., Leroux, H., Lemelle, L., Le, L., Lanzirotti, A., Langenhorst, F., Krot, A., Keller, L., Kearsley, A., Joswiak, D., Jacob, D., Ishii, H., Harvey, R., Hagiya, K., Grossman, L., Grossman, J., Graham, G., Gounalle, M., Gillet, P., Genge, M., Flynn, G., Ferroir, T., Fallon, S., Ebel, D., Dai, Z., Cordier, P., Clark, B., Chi, M., Butterworth, A.L., Brownlee, D., Bridges, J., Brennan, S., Brearley, A., Bradley, J., Bleuet, P., Bland, P., and Bastien, R., 2006, Mineralogy and petrology of comet 81P/wild 2 nucleus samples: Science, v. 314, no. 5806, p. 1735-1739, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1135842.","startPage":"1735","endPage":"1739","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477410,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/169161","text":"External Repository"},{"id":236762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209982,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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,{"id":70028823,"text":"70028823 - 2006 - Geomorphic effects of large debris flows and flash floods, northern Venezuela, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028823","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3804,"text":"Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic effects of large debris flows and flash floods, northern Venezuela, 1999","docAbstract":"A rare, high-magnitude storm in northern Venezuela in December 1999 triggered debris flows and flash floods, and caused one of the worst natural disasters in the recorded history of the Americas. Some 15,000 people were killed. The debris flows and floods inundated coastal communities on alluvial fans at the mouths of a coastal mountain drainage network and destroyed property estimated at more than $2 billion. Landslides were abundant and widespread on steep slopes within areas underlain by schist and gneiss from near the coast to slightly over the crest of the mountain range. Some hillsides were entirely denuded by single or coalescing failures, which formed massive debris flows in river channels flowing out onto densely populated alluvial fans at the coast. The massive amount of sediment derived from 24 watersheds along 50 km of the coast during the storm and deposited on alluvial fans and beaches has been estimated at 15 to 20 million m3. Sediment yield for the 1999 storm from the approximately 200 km2 drainage area of watersheds upstream of the alluvial fans was as much as 100,000 m3/km2. Rapid economic development in this dynamic geomorphic environment close to the capital city of Caracas, in combination with a severe rain storm, resulted in the death of approximately 5% of the population (300,000 total prior to the storm) in the northern Venezuelan state of Vargas. ?? 2006 Gebru??der Borntraeger.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00442798","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., and Wieczorek, G.F., 2006, Geomorphic effects of large debris flows and flash floods, northern Venezuela, 1999: Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband, v. 145, p. 147-175.","startPage":"147","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"145","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2789e4b0c8380cd59996","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, M. C.","contributorId":66287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028901,"text":"70028901 - 2006 - Differences between near-surface equivalent temperature and temperature trends for the Eastern United States. Equivalent temperature as an alternative measure of heat content","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70028901","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1844,"text":"Global and Planetary Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differences between near-surface equivalent temperature and temperature trends for the Eastern United States. Equivalent temperature as an alternative measure of heat content","docAbstract":"There is currently much attention being given to the observed increase in near-surface air temperatures during the last century. The proper investigation of heating trends, however, requires that we include surface heat content to monitor this aspect of the climate system. Changes in heat content of the Earth's climate are not fully described by temperature alone. Moist enthalpy or, alternatively, equivalent temperature, is more sensitive to surface vegetation properties than is air temperature and therefore more accurately depicts surface heating trends. The microclimates evident at many surface observation sites highlight the influence of land surface characteristics on local surface heating trends. Temperature and equivalent temperature trend differences from 1982-1997 are examined for surface sites in the Eastern U.S. Overall trend differences at the surface indicate equivalent temperature trends are relatively warmer than temperature trends in the Eastern U.S. Seasonally, equivalent temperature trends are relatively warmer than temperature trends in winter and are relatively cooler in the fall. These patterns, however, vary widely from site to site, so local microclimate is very important. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global and Planetary Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.11.002","issn":"09218181","usgsCitation":"Davey, C., Pielke, R., and Gallo, K.P., 2006, Differences between near-surface equivalent temperature and temperature trends for the Eastern United States. Equivalent temperature as an alternative measure of heat content: Global and Planetary Change, v. 54, no. 1-2, p. 19-32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.11.002.","startPage":"19","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209961,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.11.002"},{"id":236730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00eae4b0c8380cd4f9b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davey, C.A.","contributorId":43960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davey","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, R.A. Sr.","contributorId":96224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gallo, K. P.","contributorId":86527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallo","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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