Consistency of δ13C measurements can be improved 39−47% by anchoring the δ13C scale with two isotopic reference materials differing substantially in 13C/12C. It is recommended thatδ13C values of both organic and inorganic materials be measured and expressed relative to VPDB (Vienna Peedee belemnite) on a scale normalized by assigning consensus values of −46.6‰ to L-SVEC lithium carbonate and +1.95‰ to NBS 19 calcium carbonate. Uncertainties of other reference material values on this scale are improved by factors up to two or more, and the values of some have been notably shifted: the δ13C of NBS 22 oil is −30.03%.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac052027c","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T.B., Brand, W.A., Gehre, M., Groning, M., Meijer, H.A., Toman, B., and Verkouteren, R.M., 2006, New guidelines for δ13C measurements: Analytical Chemistry, v. 78, no. 7, p. 2439-2441, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac052027c.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"2439","endPage":"2441","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":486921,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/88e873eb-21e1-4bfb-8628-6a9a0a4b0de9","text":"External Repository"},{"id":239320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211935,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac052027c"}],"volume":"78","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-02-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a658de4b0c8380cd72c17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":427959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brand, Willi A.","contributorId":33091,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brand","given":"Willi","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13365,"text":"Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":427958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gehre, Matthias","contributorId":34004,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gehre","given":"Matthias","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Groning, Manfred","contributorId":47659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groning","given":"Manfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meijer, Harro A. J.","contributorId":65684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meijer","given":"Harro","email":"","middleInitial":"A. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Toman, Blaza","contributorId":16718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toman","given":"Blaza","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Verkouteren, R. Michael","contributorId":21427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verkouteren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70030593,"text":"70030593 - 2006 - Peak discharge of a Pleistocene lava-dam outburst flood in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030593","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Peak discharge of a Pleistocene lava-dam outburst flood in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA","docAbstract":"The failure of a lava dam 165,000 yr ago produced the largest known flood on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. The Hyaloclastite Dam was up to 366 m high, and geochemical evidence linked this structure to outburst-flood deposits that occurred for 32 km downstream. Using the Hyaloclastite outburst-flood deposits as paleostage indicators, we used dam-failure and unsteady flow modeling to estimate a peak discharge and flow hydrograph. Failure of the Hyaloclastite Dam released a maximum 11 ?? 109 m3 of water in 31 h. Peak discharges, estimated from uncertainty in channel geometry, dam height, and hydraulic characteristics, ranged from 2.3 to 5.3 ?? 105 m3 s-1 for the Hyaloclastite outburst flood. This discharge is an order of magnitude greater than the largest known discharge on the Colorado River (1.4 ?? 104 m3 s-1) and the largest peak discharge resulting from failure of a constructed dam in the USA (6.5 ?? 104 m3 s-1). Moreover, the Hyaloclastite outburst flood is the oldest documented Quaternary flood and one of the largest to have occurred in the continental USA. The peak discharge for this flood ranks in the top 30 floods (>105 m3 s-1) known worldwide and in the top ten largest floods in North America. ?? 2005 University of Washington. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2005.09.006","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Fenton, C., Webb, R.H., and Cerling, T., 2006, Peak discharge of a Pleistocene lava-dam outburst flood in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 65, no. 2, p. 324-335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.09.006.","startPage":"324","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211844,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.09.006"},{"id":239214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7607e4b0c8380cd77ea7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenton, C.R.","contributorId":53155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenton","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, R. H.","contributorId":13648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cerling, T.E.","contributorId":85720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cerling","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003350,"text":"1003350 - 2006 - Polychlorinated biphenyl congener patterns in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in the Housatonic River watershed, western Massachusetts, USA, using a novel statistical approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:11","indexId":"1003350","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polychlorinated biphenyl congener patterns in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in the Housatonic River watershed, western Massachusetts, USA, using a novel statistical approach","docAbstract":"A novel application of a commonly used statistical approach was used to examine differences in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener Patterns among locations and sample matrices in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in the Housatonic River watershed in western Massachusetts. USA. The most prevalent PCB congeners in tree swallow tissue samples from the Housatonic River watershed were Ballsmitter Zell numbers 153. 138 180, 187 149, 101, and 170. These congeners were seven of the eight most prevalent congeners in Aroclor (R) 1260, the PCB mixture that was the primary source of contamination in the Housatonic River system. Using paired-Euclidean distances and tolerance limits, it was demonstrated that conuener patterns in swallow tissues from sites on the main stem of the Housatonic River were more similar to one another than to two sites upstream of the contamination or from a nearby reference area. The congener patterns also differed between the reference area and the two upstream tributaries and between the two tributaries. These pattern differences were the same in both pipper (eggs or just hatched nestlings) and 12-day-old nestling samples. Lower-chlorinated congeners appeared to be metabolized in nestlings and pippers compared to diet. and metabolized more in pippers compared to nestlings. Euclidean distances and tolerance limits provide a simple and statistically valid method to compare PCB congener patterns among groups. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Custer, C.M., and Read, L., 2006, Polychlorinated biphenyl congener patterns in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in the Housatonic River watershed, western Massachusetts, USA, using a novel statistical approach: Environmental Pollution, v. 142, no. 2, p. 235-245.","productDescription":"pp. 235-245","startPage":"235","endPage":"245","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"142","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684407","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, Christine M. 0000-0003-0500-1582","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-1582","contributorId":31330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Read, L.B.","contributorId":72328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Read","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70046619,"text":"70046619 - 2006 - Vulnerability of shallow groundwater and drinking-water wells to nitrate in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T16:33:21","indexId":"70046619","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vulnerability of shallow groundwater and drinking-water wells to nitrate in the United States","docAbstract":"Two nonlinear models were developed at the national scale to (1) predict contamination of shallow ground water (typically < 5 m deep) by nitrate from nonpoint sources and (2) to predict ambient nitrate concentration in deeper supplies used for drinking. The new models have several advantages over previous national-scale approaches. First, they predict nitrate concentration (rather than probability of occurrence), which can be directly compared with water-quality criteria. Second, the models share a mechanistic structure that segregates nitrogen (N) sources and physical factors that enhance or restrict nitrate transport and accumulation in ground water. Finally, data were spatially averaged to minimize small-scale variability so that the large-scale influences of N loading, climate, and aquifer characteristics could more readily be identified. Results indicate that areas with high N application, high water input, well-drained soils, fractured rocks or those with high effective porosity, and lack of attenuation processes have the highest predicted nitrate concentration. The shallow groundwater model (mean square error or MSE = 2.96) yielded a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.801, indicating that much of the variation in nitrate concentration is explained by the model. Moderate to severe nitrate contamination is predicted to occur in the High Plains, northern Midwest, and selected other areas. The drinking-water model performed comparably (MSE = 2.00, R2 = 0.767) and predicts that the number of users on private wells and residing in moderately contaminated areas (>5 to ≤10 mg/L nitrate) decreases by 12% when simulation depth increases from 10 to 50 m.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es060911u","usgsCitation":"Nolan, B.T., and Hitt, K.J., 2006, Vulnerability of shallow groundwater and drinking-water wells to nitrate in the United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 40, no. 24, p. 7834-7840, https://doi.org/10.1021/es060911u.","productDescription":"7 p.; Metadata","startPage":"7834","endPage":"7840","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":273792,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_ffer.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for farm fertilizer (gwava-s_ffer)"},{"id":273791,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_ddit.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for drainage ditch (gwava-s_ddit)"},{"id":273790,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_crpa.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for cropland/pasture/fallow (gwava-s_crpa)"},{"id":273789,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_crox.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for carbonate rocks (gwava-s_crox)"},{"id":273788,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_conf.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for confined manure (gwava-s_conf)"},{"id":273785,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-dw_twre.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for irrigation tailwater recovery (gwava-dw_twre)"},{"id":273784,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-dw_swus.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for fresh surface water withdrawal (gwava-dw_swus)"},{"id":273783,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-dw_sscb.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for sandstone and carbonate rocks (gwava-dw_sscb)"},{"id":273782,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-dw_semc.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for semiconsolidated sand aquifers (gwava-dw_semc)"},{"id":273773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273796,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_out.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Model output data set (gwava-s_out)"},{"id":273797,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_popd.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for population density (gwava-s_popd)"},{"id":273798,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_slop.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for slope (gwava-s_slop)"},{"id":273799,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_swus.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for fresh surface water withdrawal (gwava-s_swus)"},{"id":273786,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-dw_wtin.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for water input (gwava-dw_wtin)"},{"id":273787,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_clay.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for clay sediment (gwava-s_clay)"},{"id":273800,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_twre.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for irrigation tailwater recovery (gwava-s_twre)"},{"id":273801,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_vrox.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for basalt and volcanic rocks (gwava-s_vrox)"},{"id":273802,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_wetl.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for wetlands (gwava-s_wetl)"},{"id":273803,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_wtin.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for water input (gwava-s_wtin)"},{"id":273772,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-dw_conf.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for confined manure (gwava-dw_conf)"},{"id":273776,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-dw_ffer.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for farmfertilizer (gwava-dw_ffer)"},{"id":273777,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-dw_gtil.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for glacial till (gwava-dw_gtil)"},{"id":273778,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-dw_hor.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for Hortonian overland flow (gwava-dw_hor)"},{"id":273774,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-dw_ddit.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for drainageditch (gwava-dw_ddit)"},{"id":273775,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-dw_dun.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for Dunne overland flow (gwava-dw_dun)"},{"id":273779,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-dw_orvi.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for orchards/vineyards (gwava-dw_orvi)"},{"id":273780,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-dw_out.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Model output data set (gwava-dw_out)"},{"id":273781,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-dw_popd.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in U.S. ground water used for drinking (simulation depth 50 meters) -- Input data set for population density (gwava-dw_popd)"},{"id":273795,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_orvi.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for orchards/vineyards (gwava-s_orvi)"},{"id":273793,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_gtil.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for glacial till (gwava-s_gtil)"},{"id":273794,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwava-s_hist.xml","linkHelpText":"Model of predicted nitrate concentration in shallow, recently recharged ground water -- Input data set for histosols (gwava-s_hist)"}],"country":"United States","volume":"40","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51c02ff9e4b0ee1529ed3d83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, Bernard T. 0000-0002-6945-9659 btnolan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6945-9659","contributorId":2190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"Bernard","email":"btnolan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":479875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hitt, Kerie J.","contributorId":54565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"Kerie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030910,"text":"70030910 - 2006 - Drowned coralline algal dominated deposits off Lanai, Hawaii; carbonate accretion and vertical tectonics over the last 30 ka","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-31T18:21:23","indexId":"70030910","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drowned coralline algal dominated deposits off Lanai, Hawaii; carbonate accretion and vertical tectonics over the last 30 ka","docAbstract":"We present detailed bathymetry, remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and submersible observations, and sedimentary and radiocarbon age data from carbonate deposits recovered from two submerged terraces at − 150 m (T1) and − 230 m (T2) off Lanai, Hawaii. The tops of the terraces are veneered by relatively thin (<5 m) in situ accumulations of coralline algal nodule, coralgal nodule, Halimeda and a derived oolitic facies deposited in intermediate (30–60 m) to deep fore-reef slope settings (60–120 m). The data are used to develop a sedimentary facies model that is consistent with eustatic sea-level variations over the last 30 ka. Both nodule facies on T1 and T2 initiated growth 30–29 ka following a fall in sea level of ∼50 m and increase in bottom currents during the transition from Marine Isotope Stage 3 to 2. The nodules accreted slowly throughout the Last Glacial Maximum when sea-level was relatively stable. Drowning occurred during the early deglaciation (17–16 ka) and was marked by the complete drowning of coralline algal nodules facies on T2 and incipient drowning of coralgal facies on T1. Abrupt sea-level rise during the middle deglaciation, perhaps associated with global meltwater pulse 1A (14–15 ka), finally drowned the coralgal facies on T1, which in turn was overlain by a deep-water Halimeda facies or an oolitic facies derived from upslope. Our data indicates that Lanai has experienced relatively little vertical tectonic movement over the last 30 ka. Using paleobathymetric data derived from the sedimentary facies, age vs. depth relationships, and published sea-level curves, we estimate that Lanai could be either slowly uplifting or subsiding, but at rates <0.1 m/kyr (uplift) or <0.4 m/kyr (subsidence) over this 30 kyr period.
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2006 - Evaluating red-cockaded woodpeckers for exposure to West Nile Virus and blood parasites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-03T13:32:45","indexId":"1003571","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3444,"text":"Southeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating red-cockaded woodpeckers for exposure to West Nile Virus and blood parasites","docAbstract":"A marked decline in the Picoides borealis (Red-cockaded Woodpecker [RCW]) population at Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge, MS, was observed in 2002. Demographic changes - including absence of hatch-year birds, decreases in size of known groups, and loss of known groups-were identified during annual fall surveys and are uncharacteristic of RCW populations. In 2003, a serosurvey of 28 adult RCWs was conducted to investigate the presence of West Nile virus (WNV) exposure in the population, possibly providing insight into whether WNV may have been responsible for this decline. Blood smears were also examined from these birds for blood parasites. We found no evidence of West Nile virus exposure or blood parasites in any of the RCWs sampled. Further monitoring of the RCW population and WNV activity in other species at Noxubee NWR is recommended to further evaluate the potential role of WNV and blood parasites in their decline.
","language":"English","publisher":"Eagle Hill Institute","doi":"10.1656/1528-7092(2006)5[561:ERWFET]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dusek, R., Richardson, D., Egstad, K.F., and Heisey, D.M., 2006, Evaluating red-cockaded woodpeckers for exposure to West Nile Virus and blood parasites: Southeastern Naturalist, v. 5, no. 3, p. 561-565, https://doi.org/10.1656/1528-7092(2006)5[561:ERWFET]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"565","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.92196655273438,\n 33.4039312002347\n ],\n [\n -88.85261535644531,\n 33.444620186402545\n ],\n [\n -88.57589721679688,\n 33.18238738446303\n ],\n [\n -88.57589721679688,\n 33.15767283191024\n ],\n [\n -88.57933044433594,\n 33.12432588813153\n ],\n [\n -88.63838195800781,\n 33.100745405144245\n ],\n [\n -88.77159118652344,\n 33.101895819445275\n ],\n [\n -88.83132934570312,\n 33.106497326059845\n ],\n [\n -88.85467529296875,\n 33.11627472754512\n ],\n [\n -88.87596130371094,\n 33.271990955382115\n ],\n [\n -88.93020629882812,\n 33.354620418436255\n ],\n [\n -88.92127990722655,\n 33.40163829558248\n ],\n [\n -88.92196655273438,\n 33.4039312002347\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb084","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusek, Robert J. 0000-0001-6177-7479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-7479","contributorId":30203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusek","given":"Robert J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richardson, D.","contributorId":46065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Egstad, Kristina F. 0000-0002-2755-6098 kegstad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2755-6098","contributorId":5120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Egstad","given":"Kristina","email":"kegstad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":313560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heisey, Dennis M. dheisey@usgs.gov","contributorId":2455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heisey","given":"Dennis","email":"dheisey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1003348,"text":"1003348 - 2006 - Response of fishes to floodplain connectivity during and following a 500-year flood event in the unimpounded upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:48","indexId":"1003348","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of fishes to floodplain connectivity during and following a 500-year flood event in the unimpounded upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"We examined data collected on fish assemblage structure among three differing floodplain types (broad, moderate, and narrow) during the 1993 flood in the unimpounded reach of the upper Mississippi River. This 500 year flood event provided a unique opportunity to investigate fish-floodplain function because the main river channel is otherwise typically disjunct from approximately 82% of its floodplain by an extensive levee system. Fishes were sampled during three separate periods, and 42 species of adult and young-of-the-year (YOY) fishes were captured. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) revealed a significant and distinguishable difference between both adult and YOY assemblage structure among the three floodplain types. Analysis of variance revealed that Secchi transparency, turbidity, water velocity, and dissolved oxygen were significantly different among the floodplain types. However, only depth of gear deployment and Secchi transparency were significantly correlated with adult assemblage structure. None of these variables were significantly correlated with YOY assemblage structure. The numerically abundant families (adult and YOY catches combined) on the floodplain included Centrarchidae, Ictularidae, and Cyprinidae. Both native and non-native fishes were captured on the floodplain, and several of the numerically abundant species that were captured on the floodplain peaked in catch-per-unit-effort 1-3 years after the 1993 flood event. This suggests that some species may have used flooded terrestrial habitat for spawning, feeding, or both. The findings from our study provide much needed insight into fish-floodplain function in a temperate, channelized river system and suggest that lateral connectivity of the main river channel to less degraded reaches of its floodplain should become a management priority not only to maintain faunal biodiversity but also potentially reduce the impacts of non-native species in large river systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Barko, V., Herzog, D., and O’Connell, M.T., 2006, Response of fishes to floodplain connectivity during and following a 500-year flood event in the unimpounded upper Mississippi River: Wetlands, v. 26, no. 1, p. 244-257.","productDescription":"pp. 244-257","startPage":"244","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15585,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1672/0277-5212%282006%2926%5B244%3AROFTFC%5D2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4356.000000000000000"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629bf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barko, V.A.","contributorId":75477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barko","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herzog, D.P.","contributorId":103218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Connell, M. 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Here we present a Cenozoic palaeoceanographic record constructed from >400 m of sediment core from a recent drilling expedition to the Lomonosov ridge in the Arctic Ocean. Our record shows a palaeoenvironmental transition from a warm ‘greenhouse’ world, during the late Palaeocene and early Eocene epochs, to a colder ‘icehouse’ world influenced by sea ice and icebergs from the middle Eocene epoch to the present. For the most recent ∼14 Myr, we find sedimentation rates of 1–2 cm per thousand years, in stark contrast to the substantially lower rates proposed in earlier studies; this record of the Neogene reveals cooling of the Arctic that was synchronous with the expansion of Greenland ice (∼3.2 Myr ago) and East Antarctic ice (∼14 Myr ago). We find evidence for the first occurrence of ice-rafted debris in the middle Eocene epoch (∼45 Myr ago), some 35 Myr earlier than previously thought; fresh surface waters were present at ∼49 Myr ago, before the onset of ice-rafted debris. Also, the temperatures of surface waters during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum (∼55 Myr ago) appear to have been substantially warmer than previously estimated. The revised timing of the earliest Arctic cooling events coincides with those from Antarctica, supporting arguments for bipolar symmetry in climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publications","doi":"10.1038/nature04800","usgsCitation":"Moran, K., Backman, J., Brinkhuis, H., Clemens, S., Cronin, T.M., Dickens, G., Eynaud, F., Gattacceca, J., Jakobsson, M., Jordan, R., Kaminski, M., King, J., Koc, N., Krylov, A., Martinez, N., Matthiessen, J., McInroy, D., Moore, T., Onodera, J., O’Regan, M., Palike, H., Rea, B., Rio, D., Sakamoto, T., Smith, D.C., Stein, R., St, J.K., Suto, I., Suzuki, N., Takahashi, K., Watanabe, M.E., Yamamoto, M., Farrell, J., Frank, M., Kubik, P., Jokat, W., and Kristoffersen, Y., 2006, The Cenozoic palaeoenvironment of the Arctic Ocean: Nature, v. 441, no. 7093, p. 601-605, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04800.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"605","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487920,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04800","text":"Publisher Index 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C. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":31057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Stein, R.","contributorId":18507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"St, John K.","contributorId":14194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"St","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Suto, I.","contributorId":12263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suto","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Suzuki, N.","contributorId":49179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suzuki","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Takahashi, K.","contributorId":10998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takahashi","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Watanabe, M. E.","contributorId":82264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watanabe","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31},{"text":"Yamamoto, M.","contributorId":60854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamamoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":32},{"text":"Farrell, J.","contributorId":83334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrell","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":33},{"text":"Frank, M.","contributorId":103396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":34},{"text":"Kubik, P.","contributorId":92047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubik","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":35},{"text":"Jokat, W.","contributorId":59242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jokat","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":36},{"text":"Kristoffersen, Y.","contributorId":29986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kristoffersen","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":37}]}} ,{"id":70030869,"text":"70030869 - 2006 - First USGS urban seismic hazard maps predict the effects of soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:19","indexId":"70030869","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First USGS urban seismic hazard maps predict the effects of soils","docAbstract":"Probabilistic and scenario urban seismic hazard maps have been produced for Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee covering a six-quadrangle area of the city. The nine probabilistic maps are for peak ground acceleration and 0.2 s and 1.0 s spectral acceleration and for 10%, 5%, and 2% probability of being exceeded in 50 years. Six scenario maps for these three ground motions have also been generated for both an M7.7 and M6.2 on the southwest arm of the New Madrid seismic zone ending at Marked Tree, Arkansas. All maps include the effect of local geology. Relative to the national seismic hazard maps, the effect of the thick sediments beneath Memphis is to decrease 0.2 s probabilistic ground motions by 0-30% and increase 1.0 s probabilistic ground motions by ???100%. Probabilistic peak ground accelerations remain at levels similar to the national maps, although the ground motion gradient across Shelby County is reduced and ground motions are more uniform within the county. The M7.7 scenario maps show ground motions similar to the 5%-in-50-year probabilistic maps. As an effect of local geology, both M7.7 and M6.2 scenario maps show a more uniform seismic ground-motion hazard across Shelby County than scenario maps with constant site conditions (i.e., NEHRP B/C boundary).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seismological Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Cramer, C., Gomberg, J., Schweig, E., Waldron, B., and Tucker, K., 2006, First USGS urban seismic hazard maps predict the effects of soils: Seismological Research Letters, v. 77, no. 1, p. 23-29.","startPage":"23","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1050e4b0c8380cd53c02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cramer, C.H.","contributorId":100012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomberg, J.S.","contributorId":102095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweig, E.S.","contributorId":34538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweig","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waldron, B.A.","contributorId":33991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldron","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tucker, K.","contributorId":18159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70028110,"text":"70028110 - 2006 - Larval exposure to environmentally relevant mixtures of alkylphenolethoxylates reduces reproductive competence in male fathead minnows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T10:06:12","indexId":"70028110","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Larval exposure to environmentally relevant mixtures of alkylphenolethoxylates reduces reproductive competence in male fathead minnows","docAbstract":"The ubiquitous presence of nonylphenolethoxylate/octylphenolethoxylate (NPE/OPE) compounds in aquatic environments adjacent to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) warrants an assessment of the endocrine disrupting potential of these complex mixtures on aquatic vertebrates. In this study, fathead minnow larvae were exposed for 64 days to a mixture of NPE/OPE, which closely models the NPE/OPE composition of a major metropolitan WWTP effluent. Target exposure concentrations included a total NPE/OPE mixture load of 200% of the WWTP effluent concentration (148 μg/L), 100% of the WWTP effluent concentration (74 μg/L) and 50% of the WWTP effluent concentration (38 μg/L). The NPE/OPE mixture contained 0.2% 4-t-octylphenol, 2.8% 4-nonylphenol, 5.1% 4-nonylphenolmonoethoxylate, 9.3% 4-nonylphenoldiethoxylate, 0.9% 4-t-octylphenolmonoethoxylate, 3.1% 4-t-octylphenoldiethoxylate, 33.8% 4-nonylphenolmonoethoxycarboxylate, and 44.8% 4-nonylphenoldiethoxycarboxylate. An additional exposure of 5 μg/L 4-nonylphenol (nominal) was conducted. The exposure utilized a flow-through system supplied by ground water and designed to deliver consistent concentrations of applied chemicals. Following exposure, larvae were raised to maturity. Upon sexual maturation, exposed male fish were allowed to compete with control males in a competitive spawning assay. Nest holding ability of control and exposed fish was carefully monitored for 7 days. All male fish were then sacrificed and analyzed for plasma vitellogenin, developmental changes in gonadal tissues, alterations in the development of secondary sexual characters, morphometric changes, and changes to reproductive behavior. When exposed to the 200% NPE/OPE treatment most larvae died within the first 4 weeks of exposure. Both the 100% and 50% NPE/OPE exposures caused a significant decrease in reproductive behavior, as indicated by an inability of many of the previously exposed males to acquire and hold a nest site required for reproduction. In contrast, the 5 μg/L 4-nonylphenol exposure resulted in significantly enhanced reproductive behavior compared to that of control males and a majority of the nesting sites were held by previously exposed males. No significant change in the development of gonadal tissues was observed. The 100% NPE/OPE exposure resulted in a significant reduction in the gonadal somatic index and in the prominence of secondary sexual characteristics of exposed larvae. This study indicates that NPE/OPE mixtures have an effect on the reproductive competence of previously exposed male fathead minnows. In addition, 4-nonylphenol concentrations utilized in all exposures were below regulatory guidelines, suggesting that evaluation of 4-nonylphenol alone may not be sufficient for identifying potentially adverse effects of this suite of compounds usually found as mixtures in the aquatic environment.
In 2000, the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) was organized as a global disease watchdog group to coordinate disease outbreak information and health crisis response. The World Health Organization (WHO) is the headquarters for this network. Understandably, the primary focus for WHO is human health. However, diseases such as the H5N1 avian influenza epizootic in Asian bird populations demonstrate the need for integrating knowledge about disease emergence in animals and in humans.
Aside from human disease concerns, H5N1 avian influenza has major economic consequences for the poultry industry worldwide. Many other emerging diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), monkeypox, Ebola fever, and West Nile fever, also have an important wildlife component. Despite these wildlife associations, the true integration of the wildlife component in approaches towards disease emergence remains elusive. This separation between wildlife and other species’ interests is counterproductive because the emergence of zoonotic viruses and other pathogens maintained by wildlife reservoir hosts is poorly understood.
This book is about the wildlife component of emerging diseases. It is intended to enhance the reader’s awareness of the role of wildlife in disease emergence. By doing so, perhaps a more holistic approach to disease prevention and control will emerge for the benefit of human, domestic animal, and free-ranging wildlife populations alike. The perspectives offered are influenced by more than four decades of my experiences as a wildlife disease practitioner. Although wildlife are victims to many of the same disease agents affecting humans and domestic animals, many aspects of disease in free-ranging wildlife require different approaches than those commonly applied to address disease in humans or domestic animals. Nevertheless, the broader community of disease investigators and health care professionals has largely pursued a separatist approach for human, domestic animal, and wildlife rather than embracing the periodically proposed concept of “one medicine.” We especially need to embrace this concept as the human population increases because there will be more contact, direct and indirect, among humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. An “Ecology for a Crowded Planet” will be an even more pressing concern, and that includes increasing our understanding of disease ecology, especially that of the zoonoses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1285","isbn":"1411306643","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., Hurley, J.W., Nol, P., and Wesenberg, K.E., 2006, Disease emergence and resurgence—the wildlife-human connection: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1285, xii, 388 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1285.","productDescription":"xii, 388 p.","numberOfPages":"402","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1285.jpg"},{"id":352797,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1285/cir1285.pdf","text":"Report","size":"38.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIRC 1285"}],"contact":"Director, National Wildlife Health Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6006 Schroeder Road
Madison, WI 53711
The majority of the elk (Cervus elaphus) population of Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado summer in the park’s high-elevation alpine and subalpine meadows and willow krummholz. The park’s population of white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus altipetens) depends on both dwarf and krummholz willows for food and cover. Concern about the effects of elk herbivory on these communities prompted the monitoring of 12 vegetation transects in these regions from 1971 to 1996. Over this 25-year period, data were collected on plant species cover and frequency and shrub heights. These data have not been statistically analyzed for trends in the measured variables over time to determine changes in species abundance. Krummholz willow species (Salix planifolia, S. brachycarpa) declined 17–20 percent in cover and about 25 centimeters in height over the study period. Graminoids (particularly Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex, and Poa) increased slightly from 1971 to 1996. No significant increases of nonnative plant species were observed. An increase in presence of bare ground over the 25-year period warrants continued measurement of these transects. Lack of good data on elk density, distribution, or use levels precludes correlating changes in plant species cover, frequency, or heights with elk population trends. I recommend development of a more rigorously designed monitoring program that includes these transects as well as others chosen on a random or stratified design and consistent measurement protocol and sampling intervals. Some method of quantifying elk use, either through measurement of plant utilization, pellet counts, or census-type surveys, would allow correlation of changes in plant species over time with changes in elk distribution and density on the park’s alpine and subalpine regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061122","usgsCitation":"Zeigenfuss, L., 2006, Alpine plant community trends on the elk summer range of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado: An analysis of existing data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1122, iii, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061122.","productDescription":"iii, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194539,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20061122.PNG"},{"id":320229,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1122/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687fed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zeigenfuss, Linda 0000-0002-6700-8563 linda_zeigenfuss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-8563","contributorId":2079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeigenfuss","given":"Linda","email":"linda_zeigenfuss@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":77646,"text":"fs20063071 - 2006 - Tamarisk control, water salvage, and wildlife habitat restoration along rivers in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-26T14:53:38","indexId":"fs20063071","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3071","title":"Tamarisk control, water salvage, and wildlife habitat restoration along rivers in the western United States","docAbstract":"In the latter part of the 19th century, species of the nonnative shrub tamarisk (also called saltcedar; for example, Tamarix ramosissima, T. chinensis) were introduced to the United States for use as ornamental plants for erosion control. By 1877, some naturalized populations had become established, and by the 1960s, tamarisk was present along most rivers in the semi-arid and arid parts of the West and was quite abundant along downstream ranches of the major southwest rivers such as the Colorado, Rio Grande, Gila, and Pecos. The principal period of tamarisk invasion coincided with changing physical conditions along western rivers associated with the construction and operation of dams. In many cases, these altered physical conditions appear to have been more favorable for tamarisk than native riparian competitors like cottonwoods and willows (Populus and Salix; Glenn and Nagler, 2005).
\nThe great abundance of tamarisk along western rivers has led resource managers to seek to control it for various reasons, including a desire to (1) increase the flow of water in streams that might otherwise be lost to evapotranspiration (ET) (evapotranspiration is the combination of water lost as vapor from a soil or open water surface [evaporation] and water lost from the surface of the plant, usually from the stomata [transpiration]); (2) restore native riparian vegetation (here, “riparian” refers to the banks and flood plains of rivers, or shorelines of reservoirs or lakes); and (3) improve wildlife habitat.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20063071","usgsCitation":"Shafroth, P.B., 2006, Tamarisk control, water salvage, and wildlife habitat restoration along rivers in the western United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3071, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063071.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122338,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3071.jpg"},{"id":320234,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3071/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686d46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015176,"text":"1015176 - 2006 - Modeling post-fledging survival of lark buntings in response to ecological and biological factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-30T18:30:58","indexId":"1015176","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling post-fledging survival of lark buntings in response to ecological and biological factors","docAbstract":"We evaluated the influences of several ecological, biological, and methodological factors on post-fledging survival of a shortgrass prairie bird, the Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys). We estimated daily post-fledging survival (n = 206, 82 broods) using radiotelemetry and color bands to track fledglings. Daily survival probabilities were best explained by drought intensity, time in season (quadratic trend), ages ≤3 d post-fledging, and rank given drought intensity. Drought intensity had a strong negative effect on survival. Rank was an important predictor of fledgling survival only during the severe drought of 2002 when the smallest fledglings had lower survival. Recently fledged young (ages ≤3 d post-fledging) undergoing the transition from nest to surrounding habitat experienced markedly lower survival, demonstrating the vulnerable nature of this time period. Survival was greater in mid and late season than early season, corresponding to our assumptions of food availability. Neither mark type nor sex of attending parent influenced survival. The model-averaged product of the 22-d survival calculated using mean rank and median value of time in season was 0.360 ± 0.08 in 2001 and 0.276 ± 0.08 in 2002. Survival estimates that account for age, condition of young, ecological conditions, and other factors are important for parameterization of realistic population models. Biologists using population growth models to elucidate mechanisms of population declines should attempt to estimate species-specific of post-fledging survival rather than use generalized estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/04-1922","usgsCitation":"Yackel Adams, A., Skagen, S., and Savidge, J.A., 2006, Modeling post-fledging survival of lark buntings in response to ecological and biological factors: Ecology, v. 87, no. 1, p. 178-188, https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1922.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"188","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699845","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yackel Adams, A. A. 0000-0002-7044-8447","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-8447","contributorId":16792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackel Adams","given":"A. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skagen, S. K. 0000-0002-6744-1244","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":31348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savidge, J. A.","contributorId":36078,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savidge","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":77648,"text":"fs20063088 - 2006 - \"HIP\" new software: The Hydroecological Integrity Assessment Process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-01T16:52:26","indexId":"fs20063088","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3088","title":"\"HIP\" new software: The Hydroecological Integrity Assessment Process","docAbstract":"Managing rivers and streams to maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems is a challenge for resource managers across the country. Demand for competing uses of water resources grows with escalating development, increasing recreational use, and the vagaries of climate and weather. For many species of concern, instream flow and associated water quality are critical for survival. Balancing ecosystem needs with proposed changes in flow regimes requires a process managers can use to determine the ecological and hydrological effects of changes in streamflow.
\nCenter (FORT) have developed the Hydroecological Integrity Assessment Process (HIP) and a suite of software tools for conducting a hydrologic classification of streams, addressing instream flow needs, and assessing past and proposed hydrologic alterations on streamflow and other ecosystem components. The HIP recognizes that streamflow is strongly related to many critical physiochemical components of rivers, such as dissolved oxygen, channel geomorphology, and habitats. Streamflow is considered a “master variable” that limits the distribution, abundance, and diversity of many aquatic plant and animal species.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20063088","usgsCitation":"Henriksen, J., and Wilson, J.T., 2006, \"HIP\" new software: The Hydroecological Integrity Assessment Process: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3088, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063088.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3088.jpg"},{"id":320221,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3088/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4900e4b0b290850eecc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henriksen, Jim","contributorId":23638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henriksen","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Juliette T.","contributorId":86439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Juliette","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":77639,"text":"fs20063078 - 2006 - The Conservation Reserve Program: Planting for the future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T10:10:16","indexId":"fs20063078","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3078","title":"The Conservation Reserve Program: Planting for the future","docAbstract":"Proceedings are now available from a scientific and technical forum held to review ongoing and planned research, identify lessons learned, and determine future research needs for the purpose of developing a rigorous scientific basis for future CRP policy discussions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20063078","usgsCitation":"Hyberg, S., and Allen, A., 2006, The Conservation Reserve Program: Planting for the future: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3078, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063078.","productDescription":"1 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121251,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2006_3078.jpg"},{"id":8387,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/usgspubs/sir/sir20055145","text":"The Conservation Reserve Program: planting for the future. 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