Redoubt Volcano, located on the west side of Cook Inlet in south-central Alaska, erupted explosively on over 20 separate occasions between December 14, 1989 and April 21, 1990. Fourteen lava domes were emplaced in the summit area, thirteen of which were subsequently destroyed. The eruption caused economic losses estimated at over $160,000,000 making this the second most costly eruption in U.S. history. This economic impact provided the impetus for a integrated comprehensive account of an erupting volcano using both modern and classical research and modern techniques which in turn led to advances in eruption monitoring and interpretation. Research on such topics as dome formation and collapse and the resulting pyroclastic flows, elutriated ash, lightning, tephra, and flooding was blended with the rapid communication of associated hazards to a large user group. The seismology successes in predicting and monitoring eruption dynamics were due in part to (1) the recognition of long-period seismic events as indicators of the readiness of the volcano to erupt, and (2) to the development of new tools that allowed the seismicity to be assessed instantaneously. Integrated studies of the petrology of erupted products and volatile content over time gave clues as to the progress of the eruption towards completion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)90025-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.P., and Chouet, B., 1994, The 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano: an introduction: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)90025-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook inlet, Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -149,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -149,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 59\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba62fe4b08c986b320f4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33962,"text":"b2082 - 1994 - Geochemical survey of the Craig study area: Craig and Dixon Entrance quadrangles and the western edges of the Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles, southeast Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T19:25:06.441722","indexId":"b2082","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2082","title":"Geochemical survey of the Craig study area: Craig and Dixon Entrance quadrangles and the western edges of the Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles, southeast Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2082","usgsCitation":"Cathrall, J.B., 1994, Geochemical survey of the Craig study area: Craig and Dixon Entrance quadrangles and the western edges of the Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles, southeast Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2082, Report: vi, 52 p.; 1 Plate: 50.33 × 31.49 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b2082.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 52 p.; 1 Plate: 50.33 × 31.49 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":247452,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2082/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247451,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2082/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2082/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":109827,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22379.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"22379"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Craig and Dixon Entrance quadrangles and the western edges of the Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -131.5,\n 56\n ],\n [\n -134.667,\n 56\n ],\n [\n -134.667,\n 54.658\n ],\n [\n -131.5,\n 54.658\n ],\n [\n -131.5,\n 56\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abab9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cathrall, John B.","contributorId":26668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cathrall","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1013297,"text":"1013297 - 1994 - Navigating aerial transects with a laptop computer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:04","indexId":"1013297","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Navigating aerial transects with a laptop computer","docAbstract":"SUMMARY: A comparison is made of different methods of determining size of home range from grid trapping data. Studies of artificial populations show that a boundary strip method of measuring area and an adjusted range length give sizes closer to the true range than do minimum area or observed range length methods. In simulated trapping of artificial populations, the known range size increases with successive captures until a level is reached that approximates the true range. The same general pattern is followed whether traps are visited at random or traps nearer the center of the range are favored; but when central traps are favored the curve levels more slowly. Range size is revealed with fewer captures when traps are far apart than when they are close together. The curve levels more slowly for oblong ranges than for circular ranges of the same area. Fewer captures are required to determine range length than to determine range area. Other examples of simulated trapping in artificial populations are used to provide measurements of distances from the center of activity and distances between successive captures. These are compared with similar measurements taken from Peromyscus trapping data. The similarity of range sizes found in certain field comparisons of area trapping, colored scat collections, and trailing is cited. A comparison of home range data obtained by area trapping and nest box studies is discussed. It is shown that when traps are set too far apart to include two or more in the range of each animal, calculation of average range size gives biased results. The smaller ranges are not expressed and cannot be included in the averages. The result is that range estimates are smaller at closer spacings and greater at wider spacings, purely as a result of these erroneous calculations and not reflecting any varying behavior of the animals. The problem of variation in apparent home range with variation in trap spacing is considered further by trapping in an artificial population. It is found that trap spacing can alter the apparent size of range even when biological factors are excluded and trap visiting is random. The desirability of excluding travels outside the normal range from home range calculations is discussed. Effects of varying the trapping plan by setting alternate rows of traps, or setting two traps per site, are discussed briefly.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Anthony, R.M., and Stehn, R., 1994, Navigating aerial transects with a laptop computer: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 22, no. 4, p. 674-676.","productDescription":"pp. 674-676","startPage":"674","endPage":"676","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d0e4b07f02db54661e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, R. Michael","contributorId":54535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stehn, R.A.","contributorId":107642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehn","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017183,"text":"70017183 - 1994 - Artifacts resembling budding bacteria produced in placer-gold amalgams by nitric acid leaching","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T12:52:57.036484","indexId":"70017183","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Artifacts resembling budding bacteria produced in placer-gold amalgams by nitric acid leaching","docAbstract":"Microscopic filiform morphologies in gold which are indistinguishable from forms originally interpreted as bacterial in origin were produced in the laboratory by treating amalgams made from natural and artificial gold with hot nitric acid. Textures ranging from cobblestone to deeply crenulated to nodular filiform were produced in the laboratory from all tested natural and artificial gold amalgams; analogous textures widespread in Alaskan placer gold may have a similar inorganic origin. These results indicate that morphology alone cannot be considered adequate evidence of microbial involvement in gold formation.
Mount Drum is one of the youngest volcanoes in the subduction-related Wrangell volcanic field (80x200 km) of southcentral Alaska. It lies at the northwest end of a series of large, andesite-dominated shield volcanoes that show a northwesterly progression of age from 26 Ma near the Alaska-Yukon border to about 0.2 Ma at Mount Drum. The volcano was constructed between 750 and 250 ka during at least two cycles of cone building and ring-dome emplacement and was partially destroyed by violent explosive activity probably after 250 ka. Cone lavas range from basaltic andesite to dacite in composition; ring-domes are dacite to rhyolite. The last constructional activity occurred in the vicinity of Snider Peak, on the south flank of the volcano, where extensive dacite flows and a dacite dome erupted at about 250 ka. The climactic explosive eruption, that destroyed the top and a part of the south flank of the volcano, produced more than 7 km3 of proximal hot and cold avalanche deposits and distal mudflows. The Mount Drum rocks have medium-K, calc-alkaline affinities and are generally plagioclase phyric. Silica contents range from 55.8 to 74.0 wt%, with a compositional gap between 66.8 and 72.8 wt%. All the rocks are enriched in alkali elements and depleted in Ta relative to the LREE, typical of volcanic arc rocks, but have higher MgO contents at a given SiO2, than typical orogenic medium-K andesites. Strontium-isotope ratios vary from 0.70292 to 0.70353. The compositional range of Mount Drum lavas is best explained by a combination of diverse parental magmas, magma mixing, and fractionation. The small, but significant, range in 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the basaltic andesites and the wide range of incompatible-element ratios exhibited by the basaltic andesites and andesites suggests the presence of compositionally diverse parent magmas. The lavas show abundant petrographic evidence of magma mixing, such as bimodal phenocryst size, resorbed phenocrysts, reaction rims, and disequilibrium mineral assemblages. In addition, some dacites and andesites contain Mg and Ni-rich olivines and/or have high MgO, Cr, Ni, Co, and Sc contents that are not in equilibrium with the host rock and indicate mixing between basalt or cumulate material and more evolved magmas. Incompatible element variations suggest that fractionation is responsible for some of the compositional range between basaltic andesite and dacite, but the rhyolites have K, Ba, Th, and Rb contents that are too low for the magmas to be generated by fractionation of the intermediate rocks. Limited Sr-isotope data support the possibility that the rhyolites may be partial melts of underlying volcanic rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00279727","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Richter, D., Moll-Stalcup, E.J., Miller, T.P., Lanphere, M.A., Dalrymple, G.B., and Smith, R.L., 1994, Eruptive history and petrology of Mount Drum volcano, Wrangell Mountains, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 56, no. 1, p. 29-46, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00279727.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"29","endPage":"46","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.025390625,\n 57.040729838360875\n ],\n [\n -141.328125,\n 57.040729838360875\n ],\n [\n -141.328125,\n 70.55417853776078\n ],\n [\n -166.025390625,\n 70.55417853776078\n ],\n [\n -166.025390625,\n 57.040729838360875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"56","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a56e4b0c8380cd522f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richter, D.H.","contributorId":43325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moll-Stalcup, E. J.","contributorId":26698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moll-Stalcup","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dalrymple, G. B.","contributorId":10407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":27931,"text":"wri934179 - 1994 - Magnitude and frequency of floods in Alaska and conterminous basins of Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-10T10:24:28","indexId":"wri934179","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4179","title":"Magnitude and frequency of floods in Alaska and conterminous basins of Canada","docAbstract":"Equations for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods at ungaged sites on streams in Alaska and conterminous basins of Canada were developed using multipleregression analyses of basin climatic and physical characteristics and peak-flow statistics from 260 gaged locations in Alaska and 72 gaged locations in Canada. Methods are presented for estimating flood magnitude and frequency at sites on gaged streams. Flood-frequency data based on observed peaks and basin physical and climatic characteristics are given for 332 gaged locations on streams with natural flow. The State of Alaska and conterminous basins of Canada were divided into five flood-frequency areas having similar flood characteristics on the basis of statistical cluster analyses and regional regression analyses. Generalized skew coefficients were determined for each of the five flood-frequency areas using at-site unbiased skew coefficients computed for 82 stations in Alaska having 22 or more annual peaks through the 1987 water year and 31 stations in Canada having 22 or more annual peaks through the 1984 calendar year. A set of equations for estimating peak discharge having recurrence intervals of 2,5,10,25, 50,100, 200, and 500 years was developed for each flood-frequency area. Significant basin characteristics in the equations are drainage area, mean annual precipitation, percentage of lakes and ponds, mean minimum January temperature, mean basin elevation, and percentage of forest. Drainage basin sizes range from 1.02 to 321,000 square miles. Average standard errors of prediction for the equations range from 26 to 77 percent.
A regionalized mean annual precipitation map for the climatic normal period of 1951-80 was developed for Alaska west of longitude 141° and modified from published maps for southeastern Alaska and conterminous basins of Canada. Maximum known floods at 722 sites in Alaska and conterminous basins of Canada are tabulated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Alaska, Department of Transportation and Public Facilities and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Jones, S.H., and Fahl, C.B., 1994, Magnitude and frequency of floods in Alaska and conterminous basins of Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4179, Report: v, 122 p.; 2 Plates: 47.47 x 34.36 inches and 47.62 x 34.08 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934179.","productDescription":"Report: v, 122 p.; 2 Plates: 47.47 x 34.36 inches and 47.62 x 34.08 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":350411,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4179/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":350412,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4179/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4179/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56747,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4179/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Polyconic projection","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -179.296875,\n 49.439556958940855\n ],\n [\n -129.7265625,\n 49.439556958940855\n ],\n [\n -129.7265625,\n 71.32895017791999\n ],\n [\n -179.296875,\n 71.32895017791999\n ],\n [\n -179.296875,\n 49.439556958940855\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64953a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Stanley H.","contributorId":98729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fahl, Charles B.","contributorId":201462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahl","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54364,"text":"wdrAK931 - 1994 - Water Resources Data, Alaska, Water Year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:57","indexId":"wdrAK931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"AK-93-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Alaska, Water Year 1993","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrAK931","usgsCitation":"Linn, K., Kemnitz, R., Bailey, B.J., Rickman, R.L., and Swanner, W., 1994, Water Resources Data, Alaska, Water Year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report AK-93-1, 402 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrAK931.","productDescription":"402 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc64b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Linn, K.R.","contributorId":7351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linn","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kemnitz, R.T.","contributorId":70849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemnitz","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, B. J.","contributorId":82721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rickman, R. L.","contributorId":24803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rickman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swanner, W.C.","contributorId":41508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanner","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017564,"text":"70017564 - 1994 - Pliocene terrace gravels of the ancestral Yukon River near Circle, Alaska: Palynology, paleobotany, paleoenvironmental reconstruction and regional correlation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T16:39:38","indexId":"70017564","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene terrace gravels of the ancestral Yukon River near Circle, Alaska: Palynology, paleobotany, paleoenvironmental reconstruction and regional correlation","docAbstract":"Gravels deposited by the ancestral Yukon River are preserved in terrace remnants on the margins of the Yukon River valley near the village of Circle in east-central Alaska. Plant fossils recovered from sandy silt lenses within these gravels include cones and needles of Picea and Larix and a variety of seeds. Seed types include several taxa which no longer grow in Alaska, such as Epipremnum, Prunus and Weigela. Pollen types recovered from these deposits represent tree and shrub taxa that grow in interior Alaska today, such as Picea, Larix, Betula and Alnus, as well as several taxa that no longer grow in interior Alaska today, such as Pinus, Tsuga, Abies and Corylus. Pollen of herb taxa identified include Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Compositae, Polemonium and Epilobium. The fossil flora from the gravels near Circle are similar and probably age-equivalent to the flora recovered from the Nenana Gravel in the Alaska Range 250 km to the south. Palynological and tectonic evidence summarized in this paper now suggests that the Nenana Gravel was deposited during the early and middle Pliocene. The presence of plant fossils of Tsuga, Abies, Pinus, Weigela and Prunus suggests that the mean annual temperature (MAT) of eastern interior Alaska during the early and middle Pliocene was perhaps 7-9??C warmer and less continental than today's MAT of -6.4??C. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(94)90012-4","issn":"10406182","usgsCitation":"Ager, T.A., Matthews, J., and Yeend, W., 1994, Pliocene terrace gravels of the ancestral Yukon River near Circle, Alaska: Palynology, paleobotany, paleoenvironmental reconstruction and regional correlation: Quaternary International, v. 22-23, no. C, p. 185-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90012-4.","startPage":"185","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":270058,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90012-4"},{"id":228711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22-23","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c7ee4b0c8380cd799f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ager, T. A.","contributorId":88386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matthews, J.V. Jr.","contributorId":72931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthews","given":"J.V.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yeend, W.","contributorId":88898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeend","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":87174,"text":"87174 - 1994 - An intersection model for estimating sea otter mortality along the Kenai Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T15:47:50","indexId":"87174","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"An intersection model for estimating sea otter mortality along the Kenai Peninsula","docAbstract":"We developed an intersection model to integrate parameters estimated from three distinct data sets that resulted from the Exxon Valdez oil spill: (1) the distribution,\r\namount, and movements of spilled oil; (2) the distribution and abundance of sea otters along the Kenai Peninsula; and (3) the estimates of site-specific sea otter\r\nmortality relative to oil exposure from otters captured for rehabilitation and from collected carcasses. In this chapter, we describe the data sets and provide examples\r\nof how they can be used in the model to generate acute loss estimates. We also examine the assumptions required for the model and provide suggestions for\r\nimproving and applying the model. ","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"San Diego, CA","isbn":"9781483288819","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., and Udevitz, M.S., 1994, An intersection model for estimating sea otter mortality along the Kenai Peninsula, chap. of Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez, p. 81-95.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339229,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.elsevier.com/books/marine-mammals-and-the-exxon-valdez/loughlin/978-0-12-456160-1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684437","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Loughlin, Thomas R.","contributorId":18885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loughlin","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504828,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":87171,"text":"87171 - 1994 - An overview of sea otter studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T13:36:14","indexId":"87171","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"3","title":"An overview of sea otter studies","docAbstract":"The Exxron Valdez oil spill (EVOS) on 24 March 1989 threatened extensive areas of prime sea otter (Enhydra lutris) habitat along the coasts of south-central Alaska. The spill occurred in northeastern Prince William Sound (PWS), and oil moved rapidly south and west through PWS into the Gulf of Alaska. Much of the coastline of western PWS was heavily oiled, and the slick eventually spread as far southwest as Kodiak Island and the Alaska Peninsula (Galt and Payton 1990; Morris and Loughlin, Chapter 1). All coastal waters affected by the spill were inhabited by sea otters.
Concern for the survival of sea otters following the oil spill was immediate and well founded. Sea otters are particularly vulnerable to oil contamination because they rely on pelage rather than blubber for insulation, and oiling drastically reduces the insulative value of the fur (Costa and Kooyman 1982; Siniff et al. 1982; Geraci and Williams 1990). Within days of the spill, recovery of oiled live otters and carcasses began. During the several months following the spill, sea otters became symbolic of the mortality associated with the spilled oil, and of the hope for rescue and recovery of injured wildlife (Batten 1990).
An extensive sea otter rescue and rehabilitation effort was mounted in the weeks and months following the spill. Handling and treatment of the captive sea otters posed an enormous and difficult challenge, given the large number of otters held at the facilities and minimal prior experience in caring for oiled sea otters. Rehabilitation of sea otters was a separate effort from the postspill studies designed to evaluate injury to the otter populations and is not addressed in this chapter only as it relates to evaluation of damage assessment studies. Detailed information on the rehabilitation effort is presented in Bayha and Kormendy (1990) and Williams and Davis (1990).
Sea otters retained a high profile in the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) studies largely because the initial injury to the sea otter population was readily demonstrable, but also because of concerns about long-term damages. The scope of the postspill studies to assess oil-related damages to sea otters was extensive: From 1989 through 1993, more than $3,000,000 was spent, and more than 20 scientists were involved in a comprehensive research program. The studies were predominantly directed at sea otter populations in PWS.
Damages to sea otters generally can be classified as either acute, defined as spill-related deaths occurring during the spill, or chronic, defined as longer term lethal or sublethal oil-related injuries. Studies of acute damages focused on estimating the total initial loss of sea otters. Characterization of the pathologies associated with exposure to oil was a secondary goal of studies of acute effects. Chronic or longer term damages may have resulted from sublethal initial exposure or continued exposure to hydrocarbons persisting in the environment. Studies of chronic effects included evaluating abundance and distribution, survival and reproduction rates, foraging behavior, and pathological, physiological, and toxicological changes in the years following the spill.
The objective of this chapter is to review the studies conducted on sea otters in response to the EVOS and to synthesize the major findings of those studies relative to injury to the sea otter population associated with exposure to oil. We also provide recommendations for research to improve our understanding of the effects of future oil spills on Sea otter populations.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"San Diego, CA","isbn":"9781483288819","usgsCitation":"Ballachey, B.E., Bodkin, J.L., and DeGange, A.R., 1994, An overview of sea otter studies, chap. 3 of Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez, p. 47-59.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"59","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339230,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.elsevier.com/books/marine-mammals-and-the-exxon-valdez/loughlin/978-0-12-456160-1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684162","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Loughlin, Thomas R.","contributorId":18885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loughlin","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504826,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeGange, Anthony R. tdegange@usgs.gov","contributorId":139765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGange","given":"Anthony","email":"tdegange@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":297468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186561,"text":"70186561 - 1994 - Sea otter foraging behavior and hydrocarbon levels in prey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T12:38:42","indexId":"70186561","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"11","title":"Sea otter foraging behavior and hydrocarbon levels in prey","docAbstract":"Following the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), Prudhoe Bay crude oil from the vessel spread on the sea surface and covered coastal shores from western Prince William Sound (PWS) to the Alaska Peninsula. In PWS alone. acute mortality of sca otters at the time of the spill was estimated to be greater than 2000 (Doroff et al. 1993; Garrott et al. 1993).
Shoreline oiling was observed on approximately 24% of the 1891 km of coastline surveyed within PWS (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Damage Assessment Geoprocessing Group 1991). The effect of oil on the abundance of nearshore marine invertebrate populations is unclear, and the concentration and persistence of hydrocarbons present in tissues of most of these invertebrate species still remains unknown. What is known is that marine bivalves can accumulate petroleum hydrocarbons from both chronic and acute sources (Blumer et al. 1970; Ehrhardt 1972; Boehun and Quinn 1977). Potential long-term chronic effects of oiled intertidal and subtidal prey on the sea otter population are of concern.
Sea otters prey on a wide variety of benthic marine invertebrates (Riedman and Estes 1990) and forage in shallow coastal waters (Wild and Arnes 1974), which vary widely in exposure to the open ocean, substrate type, and community composition. Sea otters have high metabolic demands relative to other marine mammals and can consume 20-25% of their body weight per day in invertebrate prey (Kenyon 1969: Costa and Kooyman 1984). Sca otters have occupied southwestern PWS since at least the early 1950s (Lensink 1962; Garshelis et al. 1986). The sea otter population in the PWS spill region was likely near equilibrium density and limited by prey availability before the oil spill (xcurrel (Estes et al. 1981; Garshelis et al. 1986; Johnson 1987). Sea otters in this region spent 59% of the daylight hours foraging, while otters in recently reoccupied habitats of eastern PWS spent only 27%. (Garshelis et al. 1986). Therefore, small differences in abundance of prey or net caloric availability due to heavy oiling in portions of southwestern PWS may have led to reduced carrying capacity and delayed recovery for the sea otter population in this region.
Recovery of the PWS sea otter population may be influenced by several factors. Decreased food availability caused by oil-related prey mortality or consumption of contaminated prey may be detrimental. Prey availability in western PWS may have declined due to increased mortality of invertebrates at the time of shoreline oiling. of by oil-removal activities. In addition. relative prey availability may have been decreased by sea otters avoiding invertebrate prey contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. However, we lack the baseline data on abundance and distribution of near shore invertebrates necessary to estimate a reduction in prey availability. In addition. the effects of ingesting prey contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons on sea otters are unknown.
Our objectives were to determine if sea otter foraging success and prey composition differed between oiled and nonoiled areas and to assess hydrocarbon levels in sea otter prey between oiled and nonoiled areas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"San Diego, CA","isbn":"9781483288819","usgsCitation":"Doroff, A.M., and Bodkin, J.L., 1994, Sea otter foraging behavior and hydrocarbon levels in prey, chap. 11 of Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez, p. 193-207.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"207","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339227,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339225,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.elsevier.com/books/marine-mammals-and-the-exxon-valdez/loughlin/978-0-12-456160-1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60278e4b09da6799ac6b1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Loughlin, Thomas R.","contributorId":18885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loughlin","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689584,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Doroff, Angela M.","contributorId":140660,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doroff","given":"Angela","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7058,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":689582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":689583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70197323,"text":"70197323 - 1994 - Continent-ocean transition in Alaska: The tectonic assembly of eastern Denalia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T15:45:13.360747","indexId":"70197323","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Continent-ocean transition in Alaska: The tectonic assembly of eastern Denalia","docAbstract":"Alaska is the eastern, subaerial part of a large subcontinent of distinctive tectonic character that serves as an isthmus between nuclear North America, with its fringing belt of allochthonous terranes, and the accreted terranes and volcanic belts that constitute northeastern Russia. Physiographically, this subcontinent, which we name Denalia, is a bulge in the continental platform in the vicinity of Alaska, the Chukotsk Peninsula, and the broad continental shelf of the Bering Sea. The bulge is convex to the south and is bounded on the east and west by constrictions in the width of the continental platform and on the north and south by the edge of the continental shelf (Fig. 1). Tectonically, Denalia is characterized by geologic youthfulness and complexity, an abundance of convergent and transcurrent faults, and absence of autochthonous cratonic rocks. It contains a profusion of lithotectonic terranes of diverse origin and age that were emplaced in late Mesozoic and Cenozoic time. In addition, it includes the superimposed Cenozoic Aleutian arc and subduction zone and the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather transform fault system. Parts of Denalia were created by pre-middle Mesozoic tectonic events, but these took place elsewhere, before the affected rocks were tectonically transported and incorporated into the landmass of Denalia. Except for a small area in the Porcupine Plateau region along the Alaska-Yukon boundary, the only Precambrian rocks that have been recognized in the subcontinent are in tectonically emplaced fragments, the largest of which is the Arctic Alaska terrane in the Brooks Range, Arctic Foothills, and Arctic Foothills.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Phanerozoic evolution of North American continent ocean transitions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/DNAG-COT-PEN.399","usgsCitation":"Moore, T.E., Grantz, A., and Roeske, S.M., 1994, Continent-ocean transition in Alaska: The tectonic assembly of eastern Denalia, chap. of Phanerozoic evolution of North American continent ocean transitions, p. 399-441, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-COT-PEN.399.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"441","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354536,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States, Russia","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135,\n 75\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 75\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 179.9,\n 75\n ],\n [\n 160,\n 75\n ],\n [\n 160,\n 50\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 50\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a001e4b092d9651e228c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":736649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":736650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roeske, S. M.","contributorId":96865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeske","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189278,"text":"70189278 - 1994 - Prehistoric Alaska: The land","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-07T14:56:27","indexId":"70189278","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":690,"text":"Alaska Geographic","printIssn":"0361-1353","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prehistoric Alaska: The land","docAbstract":"Many Alaskans know the dynamic nature of Alaska’s landscape firsthand. The 1964 earthquake, the 1989 eruption of Mount Redoubt volcano, the frequent earthquakes in the Aleutians and the ever-shifting meanders of the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers remind them of constant changes to the land. These changes are part of the continuing story of the geologic growth and development of Alaska during hundreds of millions of years. By geologic time, Alaska has only recently come into existence and the dynamic processes that formed it continue to affect it. The landscape we see today has been shaped by glacier and stream erosion or their indirect effects, and to a lesser extent by volcanoes. Most prominently, if less obviously, Alaska has been built by slow movements of the Earth’s crust we call tectonic or mountain-building.
During 5 billion years of geologic time, the Earth’s crust has repeatedly broken apart into plates. These plates have recombined, and have shifted positions relative to each other, to the Earth’s rotational axis and to the equator. Large parts of the Earth’s crust, including Alaska, have been built and destroyed by tectonic forces. Alaska is a collage of transported and locally formed fragments of crusts As erosion and deposition reshape the land surface, climatic changes, brought on partly by changing ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns, alter the location and extent of tropical, temperate and arctic environments. We need to understand the results of these processes as they acted upon Alaska to understand the formation of Alaska. Rocks can provide hints of previous environments because they contain traces of ocean floor and lost lands, bits and pieces of ancient history.
","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Geographic Society","issn":"0361-1353","isbn":"1-56661-024-9","usgsCitation":"Wilson, F.H., and Weber, F.R., 1994, Prehistoric Alaska: The land: Alaska Geographic, v. 21, no. 4, p. 6-23.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"23","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343475,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59609db9e4b0d1f9f0594c4a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Rennick, Penny","contributorId":23458,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rennick","given":"Penny","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703884,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Florence R.","contributorId":17621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Florence","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187597,"text":"70187597 - 1994 - Genetic links among fluid cycling, vein formation, regional deformation, and plutonism in the Juneau gold belt, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-14T17:10:24","indexId":"70187597","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic links among fluid cycling, vein formation, regional deformation, and plutonism in the Juneau gold belt, southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"Gold-bearing quartz vein systems in the Juneau gold belt formed within a 160-km- long by 5- to 8-km-wide zone along the western margin of the Coast Mountains, Alaska. Vein systems are spatially associated with shear zones adjacent to terrane-bounding, mid-Cretaceous thrust faults. Analysis of vein orientations and sense of shear data define a stress configuration with greatest and least principal axes oriented subhorizontally with northeast-southwest trends and subverticaly, respectively. This local stress configuration is compatible with the far-field plate configuration during Eocene time. Isotopic ages of vein formation indicate that fluid cycling occurred between 56.5 and ≥52.8 Ma, and are consistent with a genetic link between veining and a change in plate motion in early Eocene time. Veining was also synchronous with the latter stages of rapid exhumation and voluminous plutonism immediately inboard of the gold belt. We propose a model in which interacting tectonic events facilitated fault-valve action and vein development along now-exhumed shear zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0203:GLAFCV>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Miller, L.D., Goldfarb, R.J., Gehrels, G.E., and Snee, L., 1994, Genetic links among fluid cycling, vein formation, regional deformation, and plutonism in the Juneau gold belt, southeastern Alaska: Geology, v. 22, no. 3, p. 203-206, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0203:GLAFCV>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"203","endPage":"206","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":341029,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5912d53be4b0e541a03d453f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Lance D.","contributorId":30287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Lance","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, Richard J. goldfarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"Richard","email":"goldfarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":694690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gehrels, George E.","contributorId":59795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gehrels","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snee, Lawrence W.","contributorId":81534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"Lawrence W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70188693,"text":"70188693 - 1994 - A genetic comparison of French alpine ibex populations (Capra ibex ibex) and implications for their management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-21T12:19:21","indexId":"70188693","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5433,"text":"Travaux scientifiques du Parc National de la Vanoise","printIssn":"0180-961","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A genetic comparison of French alpine ibex populations (Capra ibex ibex) and implications for their management","title":"A genetic comparison of French alpine ibex populations (Capra ibex ibex) and implications for their management","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English, French","usgsCitation":"Stuwe, M., Scribner, K.T., and Gauthier, D., 1994, A genetic comparison of French alpine ibex populations (Capra ibex ibex) and implications for their management: Travaux scientifiques du Parc National de la Vanoise, v. 18, p. 71-76.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"76","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"France","volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594b85b6e4b062508e382baa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuwe, M.","contributorId":107376,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stuwe","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":698939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gauthier, D.","contributorId":11387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gauthier","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017588,"text":"70017588 - 1994 - US North Slope gas and Asian LNG markets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-18T16:01:03.285146","indexId":"70017588","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3266,"text":"Resources Policy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"US North Slope gas and Asian LNG markets","docAbstract":"Prospects for export of liquified natural gas (LNG) from Alaska's North Slope are assessed. Projected market conditions to 2010 show that new LNG capacity beyond announced expansions will be needed to meet regional demand and that supplies will probably come from outside the region. The estimated delivered costs of likely suppliers show that Alaska North Slope gas will not be competitive. The alternative North Slope gas development strategies of transport and sale to the lower 48 states and use on the North Slope for either enhanced oil recovery or conversion to liquids are examined. The alternative options require delaying development until US gas prices increase, exhaustion of certain North Slope oil fields, or advances occur in gas to liquid fuels conversion technology.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0301-4207(94)90004-3","issn":"03014207","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E.D., 1994, US North Slope gas and Asian LNG markets: Resources Policy, v. 20, no. 4, p. 247-255, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4207(94)90004-3.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"255","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228335,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbb54e4b08c986b328636","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186559,"text":"70186559 - 1994 - Pathology of sea otters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T12:39:21","indexId":"70186559","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"16","title":"Pathology of sea otters","docAbstract":"In the months following the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), 994 sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from oil-spill-affected areas died (Doroff et al. 1993). Carcasses collected from these areas and otters that died in rehabilitation centers are included in this number. The actual number that died was probably much greater.
Within days of the spill, the Exxon Company (USA) funded an effort to rehabilitate oil-contaminated sea otters (Davis 1990). Initially, clinical veterinarians working on the rehabilitation effort performed partial necropsies on some of the sea otters that died. Soon, veterinary pathologists from the University of Alaska and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency provided assistance. Later, rehabilitation centers were constructed and other veterinarians with special training in pathology were hired by Exxon to provide diagnostic support.
In late April 1989, veterinary pathologists from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) assumed responsibility for pathologic evaluation of oil-spill-affected sea otters. The USFWS requested assistance from veterinary pathologists of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) in June 1989. Eventually, as part of the Natural Resources Damage Assessment program, AFIP veterinary pathologists were asked to carry out histopathological studies of the tissue specimens collected by all parties and to perform necropsies on carcasses that had been collected and frozen. A veterinary clinical pathologist was requested to assess hematology and clinical chemistry findings in otters that had been held in the rehabilitation centers.
In spite of the best efforts of many dedicated people working under extremely difficult conditions, there are significant limitations in the pathological studies. The absence of a detailed necropsy protocol and of full documentation of necropsy findings during the first several weeks after the spill resulted in important data being lost. Often, samples of all major organs were not collected. In some cases, no necropsy report was available. Specimens for toxicologic analysis for petroleum hydrocarbons were not consistently collected. The absence of a detailed toxicology protocol suggests that the samples may not have been collected properly. The lack of a consistent numbering system for identification of specimens caused major problems; some samples were useless because they could not be identified. Many blood samples could not be transported to laboratories quickly enough to prevent significant deterioration of the samples because of inclement weather and the remote locations of the rehabilitation centers. Thus, in a number of cases, data could not be used because significant deterioration of the specimens was considered likely to have occurred. Since more than one laboratory was used to analyze blood samples, problems with comparability of results were encountered. The laboratory tests were performed to aid the clinical veterinarians in diagnosis and treatment of individual animals, not as part of a consistent protocol; thus, there is variation in the amount and type of laboratory data available for each otter. These problems illustrate the need for development of contingency plans that include detailed protocols before disasters occur.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"San Diego, CA","isbn":"9781483288819","usgsCitation":"Lipscomb, T., Harris, R.K., Rebar, A., Ballachey, B.E., and Haebler, R.J., 1994, Pathology of sea otters, chap. 16 of Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez, p. 265-280.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"280","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339223,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339222,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.elsevier.com/books/marine-mammals-and-the-exxon-valdez/loughlin/978-0-12-456160-1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60278e4b09da6799ac6b3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Loughlin, Thomas R.","contributorId":18885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loughlin","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689575,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lipscomb, T.P.","contributorId":174540,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lipscomb","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Richard K.","contributorId":190559,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rebar, A.H.","contributorId":40150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebar","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":689573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haebler, Romona J.","contributorId":95180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haebler","given":"Romona","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186818,"text":"70186818 - 1994 - A seabird monitoring program for the North Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T16:27:10","indexId":"70186818","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5322,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","printIssn":"0078-1355","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"title":"A seabird monitoring program for the North Pacific","docAbstract":"Seabird monitoring is the accumulation of time series data on any aspect of seabird distribution, abundance, demography, or behavior. Typical studies include annual or less frequent measures of numbers or productivity; less commonly, the focus is on marine habitat use, phenology, food habits, or survival. The key requirement is that observations are replicated over time and made with sufficient precision and accuracy to permit the meaningful analysis of variability and trends. Along the Pacific coast of North America, seabird monitoring has consumed substantial amounts of public funding since the early 1970s. The effort has been largely uncoordinated among the many entities involved, including provincial, state, and federal agencies, some private organizations, university faculty, and students. We reaffirm the rationale for monitoring seabirds, review briefly the nature and accomplishments of the existing effort, and suggest actions needed to improve the effectiveness of seabird monitoring in the Pacific. In particular, we propose and describe a comprehensive Seabird Monitoring Database designed specifically to work with observations on seabird population parameters that are replicated over time.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the 59th North American wildlife and natural resources conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"59th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","conferenceDate":"March 18-23, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management Institute","issn":"0078-1355","usgsCitation":"Hatcher, S., Kaiser, G., Kondratyev, A.V., and Byrd, G., 1994, A seabird monitoring program for the North Pacific, in Transactions of the 59th North American wildlife and natural resources conference, v. 59, Anchorage, Alaska, March 18-23, 1994, p. 121-131.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"131","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339584,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339583,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dev.wildlifemanagementinstitute.org/store/product/82?variant_id=27062715848&options[9808118344]=Standard%20-%20Single%20Use"}],"volume":"59","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58edeb44e4b0eed1ab8cb04a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatcher, S.A.","contributorId":32686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaiser, G.W.","contributorId":190774,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaiser","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kondratyev, Alexander V.","contributorId":60160,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kondratyev","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Byrd, G.V.","contributorId":39320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrd","given":"G.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186635,"text":"70186635 - 1994 - Geology of northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T12:48:13","indexId":"70186635","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"3","title":"Geology of northern Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The geology of Alaska","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","isbn":"0813752191","usgsCitation":"Moore, T.E., Wallace, W.K., Bird, K.J., Karl, S.M., Mull, C.G., and Dillon, J.T., 1994, Geology of northern Alaska, chap. 3 of The geology of Alaska, p. 49-140.","productDescription":"92 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"140","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339328,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339327,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://rock.geosociety.org/Store/detail.aspx?id=DNAGGNAG1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e75407e4b09da6799c0c88","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690111,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berg, Henry C.","contributorId":73176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"Henry C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690112,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallace, Wes K.","contributorId":106397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Wes","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Karl, Susan M. 0000-0003-1559-7826 skarl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-7826","contributorId":502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Susan","email":"skarl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mull, Charles G.","contributorId":49343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mull","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dillon, John T.","contributorId":20605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70007012,"text":"70007012 - 1994 - Invasive cohorts: Impacts of hatchery-reared coho salmon on the trophic, developmental, and genetic ecology of wild stocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-10T01:01:51","indexId":"70007012","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Invasive cohorts: Impacts of hatchery-reared coho salmon on the trophic, developmental, and genetic ecology of wild stocks","largerWorkTitle":"Theory and Application in Fish Feeding Ecology; Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Sciences Number 18; Proceedings of GUTSHOP '92 held in Nov. 1992, at Rosario Resort, San Juan Islands, WA","language":"English","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, J.L., 1994, Invasive cohorts: Impacts of hatchery-reared coho salmon on the trophic, developmental, and genetic ecology of wild stocks, chap. of Theory and Application in Fish Feeding Ecology; Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Sciences Number 18; Proceedings of GUTSHOP '92 held in Nov. 1992, at Rosario Resort, San Juan Islands, WA, p. 361-385.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"385","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259533,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30625092","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e22e4b0c8380cd63b21","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stouder, Deanna J.","contributorId":111699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stouder","given":"Deanna","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508432,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fresh, K.L.","contributorId":105916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fresh","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508431,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feller, R.J.","contributorId":112627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feller","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508433,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, Jennifer L.","contributorId":43722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70187950,"text":"70187950 - 1994 - Demographic and life history characteristics influence the cytonuclear composition of mosquitofish populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-04T12:38:10","indexId":"70187950","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"5.5","title":"Demographic and life history characteristics influence the cytonuclear composition of mosquitofish populations","docAbstract":"Experimental laboratory crosses and population experiments reveal significant differences in individual life-history traits and population demography between two related species of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki. With respect to life-history traits, progeny from G. holbrooki exhibit larger size at birth and earlier age at sexual maturity than do progeny from G. affinis parents. With respect to demography, populations of G. holbrooki exhibit higher recruitment and carrying capacity and loser overwinter mortality than do populations of G. affinis. These differences help t explain the dramatic changes in cytonuclear genotype frequency observed in replicated experimental hybrid populations of Gambusia monitored over 52 weeks. These experimental results are interpreted in the context of introgression patterns previously studied indirectly from distributions of cytonuclear genotypes in a natural mosquitofish hybrid zone.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Genetics and evolution of aquatic organisms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Chapman and Hall","publisherLocation":"London, UK","isbn":"978-0-412-49370-6","usgsCitation":"Scribner, K.T., and Avise, J.C., 1994, Demographic and life history characteristics influence the cytonuclear composition of mosquitofish populations, chap. 5.5 of Genetics and evolution of aquatic organisms, p. 280-290.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"280","endPage":"290","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341748,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341745,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780412493706"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bd1e4b0b7ff9fb489ce","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Beaumont, A.","contributorId":149716,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beaumont","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":33575,"text":"University of Wales, Bangor","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":696075,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":696076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Avise, John C.","contributorId":182338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Avise","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186554,"text":"70186554 - 1994 - Hydrocarbon residues in sea otter tissues","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T12:42:20","indexId":"70186554","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"18","title":"Hydrocarbon residues in sea otter tissues","docAbstract":"On 24 March 1989, the T/V Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound (PWS). eventually releasing 11 million gallons of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. The subsequent oil slick extended from PWS southwest along the Kenai Peninsula, past Kodiak Island to the Alaska Peninsula (Galt and Payton 1990). The spill encompassed extensive areas of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) habitat. Estimates of sea otter mortality due to the oil spill run between 3000 and 5000 animals, although only 878 carcasses were actually recovered (Bayha and Komendy 1990). Some of the recovered sea otters may have died quickly from hypothermia, or inhalation and ingestion of oil, while others may have survived for varying lengths of time before succumbing. An unknown and presumably very small number of animals may have died from causes unrelated to the oil spill and drifted into the oil slick to become coated with oil.
The effects of petroleum exposure on sea otters and other marine mammals have been reviewed (Geraci and Smith 1977: Geraci and St. Aubin 1980, 1990; Engelhardt 1983; Engelhardt 1985; Waldichuk 1990). However, very little has been published on the concentrations of hydrocarbons found naturally in marine mammal tissues or in animals exposed to oil.
We report the results of hydrocarbon analyses of tissues taken from ten sea otters found dead in western PWS following the Euon Valdez oil spill (EVOS). All of the carcasses were covered with oil when found. and evidence of the involvement of oiling in the deaths of these animals was provided by necropsy observations, However, the patterns of hydrocarbon prevalence and concentration varied among individual animals. We used those variations to divide the ten sea otters into three groups. In addition, we compare hydrocarbon residues in oiled sea otters to those in sea otters collected from an area in southeastern Alaska that has not experienced a crude oil spill.
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R.","contributorId":20715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ford, A. B.","contributorId":44924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017554,"text":"70017554 - 1994 - The geologic history of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017554","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geologic history of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Redoubt Volcano is a composite cone built on continental crust at the northeast end of the Aleutian arc. Magmas erupted at Redoubt are medium-K calc-alkaline basalts, andesites, and dacites. The eruptive history of the volcano can be divided into four parts: the early explosive stage, early cone-building stage, late cone-building stage, and post-glacial stage. The most silicic products of the volcano were erupted during the early explosive stage about 0.888 Ma and include pumiceous pyroclastic flow deposits, block-and-ash flow deposits, and a dome or shallow intrusive complex. Basalt and basaltic andesite lava flows and scoria and ash flows were produced during the early cone-building stage, which was underway by 0.340 Ma. During the late cone-building stage, andesitic lava flows and block-and-ash flows were emplaced. Airfall deposits produced during post-glacial eruptions are silicic andesite in composition. Since the early cone-building stage, magmas have become progressively more silicic, but none are as silicic as those in the early explosive stage. Limited Pb and Sr isotopic data suggest that Redoubt magmas were contaminated by North American continental crust. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Till, A., Yount, M.E., and Bevier, M., 1994, The geologic history of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 11-30.","startPage":"11","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac56e4b08c986b323427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Till, A.B.","contributorId":37755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Till","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yount, M. 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