{"pageNumber":"246","pageRowStart":"6125","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10462,"records":[{"id":70028521,"text":"70028521 - 2006 - Benthic foraminiferal assemblages in Osaka Bay, southwestern Japan: Faunal changes over the last 50 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70028521","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3004,"text":"Paleontological Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Benthic foraminiferal assemblages in Osaka Bay, southwestern Japan: Faunal changes over the last 50 years","docAbstract":"Live benthic foraminiferal assemblages from surface sediment in Osaka Bay collected in 1999 were analyzed to characterize the distribution of the modern foraminiferal assemblages. Foraminiferal assemblages were compared with those of previous studies to document environmental changes in Osaka Bay over the past 50 years. Sixty-one species of foraminifera belonging to 37 genera were recognized from the 1999 surface sediment samples. An agglutinated assemblage containing Trochammina hadai and Eggerella advena is dominant in the inner part of the bay and is related to eutrophication. The foraminiferal assemblage in areas deeper than about 20 m is composed of Eggerella advena, Ammonia beccarii forma A, and Pseudorotalia gaimardii. This assemblage may be influenced by the large clockwise Okinose Circulation Current which extends throughout the western bay. Foraminiferal assemblages in Osaka Bay have changed dramatically during the last 50 years. The Trochammina hadai-Eggerella advena assemblage became established in the inner part of the bay, reflecting eutrophication that progressed from the 1960s through the 1970s. This assemblage became dominant in 1983, and typically dominated the inner part of the bay. From 1983 to 1999, however, the abundance of taxa belonging to this assemblage decreased greatly following implementation of 1973 Osaka City bylaws that restricted wastewater discharge. Changes in benthic assemblages such as the decrease of Ammonia beccarii forma A and increase of Eggerella advena have occurred in response to decreased incidence of red tides, and floral change in the species that cause these tides. The results of this study demonstrate that the abundance and distribution of benthic foraminifers in Osaka Bay are intimately related to environmental changes related to the urbanization of coastal areas. ?? by the Palaeontological Society of Japan.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleontological Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2517/prpsj.10.141","issn":"13428144","usgsCitation":"Tsujimoto, A., Nomura, R., Yasuhara, M., and Yoshikawa, S., 2006, Benthic foraminiferal assemblages in Osaka Bay, southwestern Japan: Faunal changes over the last 50 years: Paleontological Research, v. 10, no. 2, p. 141-161, https://doi.org/10.2517/prpsj.10.141.","startPage":"141","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":494147,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2517/prpsj.10.141","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209627,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2517/prpsj.10.141"},{"id":236287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0b7e4b0c8380cd4a891","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tsujimoto, Akira","contributorId":58448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsujimoto","given":"Akira","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nomura, Ritsuo","contributorId":16633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nomura","given":"Ritsuo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yasuhara, Moriaki","contributorId":37935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yasuhara","given":"Moriaki","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yoshikawa, Shusaku","contributorId":97302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoshikawa","given":"Shusaku","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028533,"text":"70028533 - 2006 - Isotopic insights into smoothening of abandoned fan surfaces, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70028533","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic insights into smoothening of abandoned fan surfaces, Southern California","docAbstract":"Cosmogenic nuclide concentrations measured on abandoned fan surfaces along the Mojave section of the San Andreas Fault suggest that sediment is generated, transported, and removed from the fans on the order of 30-40??kyr. We measured in situ produced cosmogenic 10Be, and in some cases 26Al, in boulders (n??=??15), surface sediment (n??=??15), and one depth profile (n??=??9). Nuclide concentrations in surface sediments and boulders underestimate fan ages, suggesting that 10Be accumulation is largely controlled by the geomorphic processes that operate on the surfaces of the fans and not by their ages. Field observations, grain-size distribution, and cosmogenic nuclide data suggest that over time, boulders weather into grus and the bar sediments diffuse into the adjacent swales. As fans grow older the relief between bars and swales decreases, the sediment transport rate from bars to swales decreases, and the surface processes that erode the fan become uniform over the entire fan surface. The nuclide data therefore suggest that, over time, the difference in 10Be concentration between bars and swales increases to a maximum until the topographic relief between bars and swales is minimized, resulting in a common surface lowering rate and common 10Be concentrations across the fan. During this phase, the entire fan is lowered homogeneously at a rate of 10-15??mm??kyr-1. ?? 2006 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2006.02.010","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Matmon, A., Nichols, K., and Finkel, R., 2006, Isotopic insights into smoothening of abandoned fan surfaces, Southern California: Quaternary Research, v. 66, no. 1, p. 109-118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.02.010.","startPage":"109","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209756,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.02.010"},{"id":236460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fb9e4b0c8380cd64770","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matmon, A.","contributorId":14983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matmon","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, K.","contributorId":46286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finkel, R.","contributorId":103028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkel","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028535,"text":"70028535 - 2006 - Lesser scaup winter foraging and nutrient reserve acquisition in east-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70028535","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lesser scaup winter foraging and nutrient reserve acquisition in east-central Florida","docAbstract":"Lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) populations have been declining since the late 1970s. One of the explanations to account for this decline, the spring-condition hypothesis (SCH), is based on the premise that scaup are limited by their ability to acquire or maintain nutrient reserves during migration to the breeding grounds, leading to an impairment of their reproductive potential. Available evidence suggests that endogenous reserves required for reproduction are obtained at a later stage of migration or after arrival at the breeding grounds, not wintering sites. However, only one study has addressed body-condition levels on a southern wintering site in the last decade, with results limited to the wintering grounds on the Mississippi Flyway. We documented foraging behavior, nutrient levels, and body mass of lesser scaup in east-central Florida, USA, where 62% of the Atlantic Flyway population overwinters, during the winters of 2002 and 2003. Diurnal foraging did not increase seasonally. Nocturnal foraging increased seasonally by 76% or 43 minutes per night in females and by 478% or 1.9 hours per night in males. Measures of body condition did not change seasonally during 2002 for either sex. Between early and later winter in 2003 corrected body mass (CBM) and lipid reserves of male scaup increased 77 g and 39 g, respectively. Our results suggest that lesser scaup maintain or may slightly improve their physiological condition in east-central Florida during winter. Lower body mass and differences in nutrient levels in east-central Florida, compared to a wintering site in Louisiana, likely stem from geographic variation and lower thermal requirements associated with the warmer Florida environment. Lesser scaup depart Florida with sufficient reserves to initiate spring migration, but they maximize nutrient reserves used during reproduction elsewhere during migration or on the breeding grounds. These results suggest that maintaining the ecological integrity of this wintering ground is critical in minimizing winter mortality and preventing it from becoming an ancillary factor in current declines. Future research should address understanding survival rates during spring migration and at critical staging areas to provide new insight into the ramifications of scaup leaving wintering habitats such as MINWR with lower body condition than at other wintering sites in other flyways.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1682:LSWFAN]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Herring, G., and Collazo, J., 2006, Lesser scaup winter foraging and nutrient reserve acquisition in east-central Florida: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 70, no. 6, p. 1682-1689, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1682:LSWFAN]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1682","endPage":"1689","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209787,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1682:LSWFAN]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4659e4b0c8380cd67611","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herring, G.","contributorId":98442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herring","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collazo, J.A.","contributorId":35039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collazo","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028568,"text":"70028568 - 2006 - Predicting tree species presence and basal area in Utah: A comparison of stochastic gradient boosting, generalized additive models, and tree-based methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70028568","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting tree species presence and basal area in Utah: A comparison of stochastic gradient boosting, generalized additive models, and tree-based methods","docAbstract":"Many efforts are underway to produce broad-scale forest attribute maps by modelling forest class and structure variables collected in forest inventories as functions of satellite-based and biophysical information. Typically, variants of classification and regression trees implemented in Rulequest's?? See5 and Cubist (for binary and continuous responses, respectively) are the tools of choice in many of these applications. These tools are widely used in large remote sensing applications, but are not easily interpretable, do not have ties with survey estimation methods, and use proprietary unpublished algorithms. Consequently, three alternative modelling techniques were compared for mapping presence and basal area of 13 species located in the mountain ranges of Utah, USA. The modelling techniques compared included the widely used See5/Cubist, generalized additive models (GAMs), and stochastic gradient boosting (SGB). Model performance was evaluated using independent test data sets. Evaluation criteria for mapping species presence included specificity, sensitivity, Kappa, and area under the curve (AUC). Evaluation criteria for the continuous basal area variables included correlation and relative mean squared error. For predicting species presence (setting thresholds to maximize Kappa), SGB had higher values for the majority of the species for specificity and Kappa, while GAMs had higher values for the majority of the species for sensitivity. In evaluating resultant AUC values, GAM and/or SGB models had significantly better results than the See5 models where significant differences could be detected between models. For nine out of 13 species, basal area prediction results for all modelling techniques were poor (correlations less than 0.5 and relative mean squared errors greater than 0.8), but SGB provided the most stable predictions in these instances. SGB and Cubist performed equally well for modelling basal area for three species with moderate prediction success, while all three modelling tools produced comparably good predictions (correlation of 0.68 and relative mean squared error of 0.56) for one species. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.05.021","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Moisen, G.G., Freeman, E., Blackard, J., Frescino, T., Zimmermann, N., and Edwards, T., 2006, Predicting tree species presence and basal area in Utah: A comparison of stochastic gradient boosting, generalized additive models, and tree-based methods: Ecological Modelling, v. 199, no. 2, p. 176-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.05.021.","startPage":"176","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209810,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.05.021"},{"id":236533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"199","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81dde4b0c8380cd7b798","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moisen, Gretchen G.","contributorId":15781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moisen","given":"Gretchen","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, E.A.","contributorId":80885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blackard, J.A.","contributorId":103060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackard","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frescino, T.S.","contributorId":94485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frescino","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zimmermann, N.E.","contributorId":24547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmermann","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Edwards, T.C. Jr. 0000-0002-0773-0909","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-0909","contributorId":76486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"T.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70028616,"text":"70028616 - 2006 - Late Cretaceous base level lowering in Campanian and Maastrichtian depositional sequences, Kure Beach, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:43","indexId":"70028616","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3481,"text":"Stratigraphy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cretaceous base level lowering in Campanian and Maastrichtian depositional sequences, Kure Beach, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Campanian through Maastrichtian mixed carbonate and siliciclastic sediments in a 422 m continuous core drilled at Kure Beach, NC provide a record of sea-level change. Based on lithology and stratigraphy, depositional sequences are defined, and calcareous nannofossil zones and 87Sr/86Sr ratios and corresponding ages using the LOWESS Table determined. Campanian and Maastrichtian sediments comprise six depositional sequences. The oldest is Tar Heel 1 and contains calcareous nannofossils that indicate assignment to the upper part of Zones CC18a, CC18c and the lower part of CC19. 87Sr/86 Sr ratios indicate ages from 83.2 to 80.0 Ma or lower Campanian. Tar Heel II contains calcareous nannofossils that indicate assignment to the upper part of Zone CC 19 and CC20. 87Sr/86Sr ratios indicate ages from 78.0 to 76.3 Ma or middle Campanian. Donoho Creek I and II are thin and contain calcareous nannofossils referable to upper Zone CC21 and Zone CC22, and to CC23, respectively. The top of Donoho Creek II marks the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary. Donoho Creek I 87Sr/86Sr ratios cluster into two groups, and provide ages from 78.0 to 76.2 Ma and 73.7 to 72.3 Ma, respectively. 87Sr/86Sr ratios in Donoho Creek II indicate ages from 71.4 to 69.6 Ma. Two Maastrichtian sequences are present; the lowermost Peedee I contains calcareous nannofossils that place it in Zones CC25a and CC25b. 87Sr/86Sr r ratios indicate an age from 69.3 to 66.9 Ma or late Maastrichtian. Peedee II is assigned to calcareous nannofossil Zone CC26a. 87Sr/86Sr ratios indicate ages from 66.4 to 65.2 Ma or late Maastrichtian. The four Campanian sequences correlate to three depositional sequences in New Jersey; the sequence boundary between upper Campanian Donoho Creek I and Donoho Creek II is not recognized in New Jersey. This boundary is interpreted to result from Gulf Stream impingement and subsequent erosion on the outer shelf. The two Maastrichtian sequences recognized in the Kure Beach core correlate to the two identified Maastrichtian sequences in New Jersey. These data support base-level lowering of sea-level during the Campanian-Maastrichtian, and suggest that the western margin of the North Atlantic may contain one of the best Late Cretaceous records of sea-level change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Stratigraphy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Harris, W., and Self-Trail J.M., 2006, Late Cretaceous base level lowering in Campanian and Maastrichtian depositional sequences, Kure Beach, North Carolina: Stratigraphy, v. 3, no. 3, p. 195-216.","startPage":"195","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44d4e4b0c8380cd66e07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, W.B.","contributorId":6635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Self-Trail J.M.","contributorId":128180,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Self-Trail J.M.","id":535156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028664,"text":"70028664 - 2006 - A specter of coexistence: Is centrifugal community organization haunted by the ghost of competition?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70028664","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2117,"text":"Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A specter of coexistence: Is centrifugal community organization haunted by the ghost of competition?","docAbstract":"In a centrifugally organized community species prefer the same habitat (called \"core\") but differ in their secondary habitat preferences. The first model of centrifugal community organization (CCO) predicted that optimally foraging, symmetrically competing species would share use of the core habitat at all density combinations. But one might also assume that the competition in the core habitat is asymmetrical, that is, that one of the species (the dominant) has a behavioral advantage therein. In this study, we asked how should habitat use evolve in a centrifugally organized community if its species compete asymmetrically in the core habitat? To address this question we developed an \"isoleg model\". The model predicts that in a centrifugally organized community, asymmetric competition promotes the use of the core habitat exclusively by the dominant species at most points in the state space. The separation of the core habitat use by the species (\"the ghost of competition past\") may be either complete or partial (\"partial ghost\"), and behavior at the stable competitive equilibrium between the species could determine whether coexistence should occur at the \"complete-\" or the \"partial ghost\" regions. This version of CCO should be a common feature of competitive systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00212210","usgsCitation":"Wasserberg, G., Kotler, B., Morris, D., and Abramsky, Z., 2006, A specter of coexistence: Is centrifugal community organization haunted by the ghost of competition?: Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution, v. 52, no. 2, p. 123-140.","startPage":"123","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5a5e4b0c8380cd46ecb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wasserberg, Gideon","contributorId":31185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasserberg","given":"Gideon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kotler, B.P.","contributorId":33908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotler","given":"B.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, D.W.","contributorId":94078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abramsky, Z.","contributorId":88928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abramsky","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028665,"text":"70028665 - 2006 - Location and timing of river-aquifer exchanges in six tributaries to the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-27T15:16:22","indexId":"70028665","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Location and timing of river-aquifer exchanges in six tributaries to the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of the United States","docAbstract":"<p>The flow of water between rivers and contiguous aquifers influences the quantity and quality of water resources, particularly in regions where precipitation and runoff are unevenly distributed through the year, such as the Columbia Basin (CB) in northwestern United States. Investigations of basin hydrogeology and gains and losses of streamflow for six rivers in the CB were reviewed to characterize general patterns in the timing and location of river-aquifer exchanges at a reach-scale (0.5-150 km) and to identify geologic and geomorphic features associated with the largest exchanges. Ground-water discharge to each river, or the gain in streamflow, was concentrated spatially: more than one-half of the total gains along each river segment were contributed from reaches that represented no more than 30% of the total segment length with the largest and most concentrated gains in rivers in volcanic terrains. Fluvial recharge of aquifers, or losses of streamflow, was largest in rivers in sedimentary basins where unconsolidated sediments form shallow aquifers. Three types of geologic or geomorphic features were associated with the largest exchanges: (1) changes in the thickness of unconsolidated aquifers; (2) contacts between lithologic units that represent contrasts in permeability; and (3) channel forms that increase the hydraulic gradient or cross-sectional area of flow paths between a river and shallow ground-water. The down-valley component of ground-water flow and its vertical convergence on or divergence from a riverbed account for large streamflow gains in some reaches and contrast with the common assumption of lateral ground-water discharge to a river that penetrates completely through the aquifer. Increased ground-water discharge was observed during high-flow periods in reaches of four rivers indicating that changes in ground-water levels can be more important than stage fluctuations in regulating the direction and magnitude of river-aquifer exchanges and that assumptions about ground-water discharge during high flow periods used for base-flow separation must be verified. Given the variety of geologic terrains in the CB, the spatial and temporal patterns of river-aquifer exchanges provide a framework for investigations in other regions that includes a focus on reaches where the largest exchanges are likely to occur, integration of ground-water and surface-water data, and verification of assumptions regarding ground-water flow direction and temporal variation of exchanges. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.02.028","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Konrad, C., 2006, Location and timing of river-aquifer exchanges in six tributaries to the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of the United States: Journal of Hydrology, v. 329, no. 3-4, p. 444-470, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.02.028.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"444","endPage":"470","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209736,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.02.028"}],"volume":"329","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a490be4b0c8380cd68305","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konrad, C.P.","contributorId":39027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70028695,"text":"70028695 - 2006 - Comparison of the historical record of earthquake hazard with seismic-hazard models for New Zealand and the continental United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T11:35:05","indexId":"70028695","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the historical record of earthquake hazard with seismic-hazard models for New Zealand and the continental United States","docAbstract":"We compare the historical record of earthquake hazard experienced at 78 towns and cities (sites) distributed across New Zealand and the continental United States with the hazard estimated from the national probabilistic seismic-hazard (PSH) models for the two countries. The two PSH models are constructed with similar methodologies and data. Our comparisons show a tendency for the PSH models to slightly exceed the historical hazard in New Zealand and westernmost continental United States interplate regions, but show lower hazard than that of the historical record in the continental United States intraplate region. Factors such as non-Poissonian behavior, parameterization of active fault data in the PSH calculations, and uncertainties in estimation of ground-motion levels from historical felt intensity data for the interplate regions may have led to the higher-than-historical levels of hazard at the interplate sites. In contrast, the less-than-historical hazard for the remaining continental United States (intraplate) sites may be largely due to site conditions not having been considered at the intraplate sites, and uncertainties in correlating ground-motion levels to historical felt intensities. The study also highlights the importance of evaluating PSH models at more than one region, because the conclusions reached on the basis of a solely interplate or intraplate study would be very different.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120050176","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Stirling, M.W., and Petersen, M.D., 2006, Comparison of the historical record of earthquake hazard with seismic-hazard models for New Zealand and the continental United States: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 6, p. 1978-1994, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050176.","startPage":"1978","endPage":"1994","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209663,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120050176"},{"id":236332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8ace4b0c8380cd4d204","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stirling, Mark W.","contributorId":175118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stirling","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petersen, Mark D. 0000-0001-8542-3990 mpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3990","contributorId":1163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Mark","email":"mpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":419297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028756,"text":"70028756 - 2006 - Soil grain analyses at Meridiani Planum, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T09:54:47","indexId":"70028756","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil grain analyses at Meridiani Planum, Mars","docAbstract":"<p><span>Grain‐size analyses of the soils at Meridiani Planum have been used to identify rock sources for the grains and provide information about depositional processes under past and current conditions. Basaltic sand, dust, millimeter‐size hematite‐rich spherules interpreted as concretions, spherule fragments, coated partially buried spherules, basalt fragments, sedimentary outcrop fragments, and centimeter‐size cobbles are concentrated on the upper surfaces of the soils as a lag deposit, while finer basaltic sands and dust dominate the underlying soils. There is a bimodal distribution of soil grain sizes with one population representing grains &lt;125 μm and the other falling between 1–4.5 mm. Soils within craters like Eagle and Endurance show a much greater diversity of grain morphologies compared to the plains. The spherules found in the plains soils are approximately 1–2 mm smaller in size than those seen embedded in the outcrop rocks of Eagle and Endurance craters. The average major axis for all unfractured spherules measured in the soils and outcrop rocks is 2.87 ± 1.18 mm, with a trend toward decreasing spherule sizes in both the soils and outcrop rocks as the rover drove southward. Wind ripples seen across the plains of Meridiani are dominated by similar size (1.3–1.7 mm) hematite‐rich grains, and they match in size the larger grains on plains ripples at Gusev Crater. Larger clasts and centimeter‐size cobbles that are scattered on the soils have several spectral and compositional types, reflecting multiple origins. The cobbles tend to concentrate within ripple troughs along the plains and in association with outcrop exposures.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2005JE002541","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Weitz, C., Anderson, R.C., Bell, J., Farrand, W.H., Herkenhoff, K.E., Johnson, J.R., Jolliff, B., Morris, R., Squyres, S.W., and Sullivan, R., 2006, Soil grain analyses at Meridiani Planum, Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 111, no. E12, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002541.","productDescription":"26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars; Meridiani Planum","volume":"111","issue":"E12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9204e4b08c986b319c3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weitz, C.M.","contributorId":8649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weitz","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, R. C.","contributorId":9755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bell, J.F. III","contributorId":97612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.F.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farrand, W. H.","contributorId":64372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrand","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":419627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jolliff, B.L.","contributorId":21268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jolliff","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Morris, R.V.","contributorId":6978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"R.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Squyres, S. W.","contributorId":31836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squyres","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sullivan, R.J.","contributorId":21302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70028823,"text":"70028823 - 2006 - Geomorphic effects of large debris flows and flash floods, northern Venezuela, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028823","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3804,"text":"Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic effects of large debris flows and flash floods, northern Venezuela, 1999","docAbstract":"A rare, high-magnitude storm in northern Venezuela in December 1999 triggered debris flows and flash floods, and caused one of the worst natural disasters in the recorded history of the Americas. Some 15,000 people were killed. The debris flows and floods inundated coastal communities on alluvial fans at the mouths of a coastal mountain drainage network and destroyed property estimated at more than $2 billion. Landslides were abundant and widespread on steep slopes within areas underlain by schist and gneiss from near the coast to slightly over the crest of the mountain range. Some hillsides were entirely denuded by single or coalescing failures, which formed massive debris flows in river channels flowing out onto densely populated alluvial fans at the coast. The massive amount of sediment derived from 24 watersheds along 50 km of the coast during the storm and deposited on alluvial fans and beaches has been estimated at 15 to 20 million m3. Sediment yield for the 1999 storm from the approximately 200 km2 drainage area of watersheds upstream of the alluvial fans was as much as 100,000 m3/km2. Rapid economic development in this dynamic geomorphic environment close to the capital city of Caracas, in combination with a severe rain storm, resulted in the death of approximately 5% of the population (300,000 total prior to the storm) in the northern Venezuelan state of Vargas. ?? 2006 Gebru??der Borntraeger.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00442798","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., and Wieczorek, G.F., 2006, Geomorphic effects of large debris flows and flash floods, northern Venezuela, 1999: Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband, v. 145, p. 147-175.","startPage":"147","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"145","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2789e4b0c8380cd59996","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, M. C.","contributorId":66287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028849,"text":"70028849 - 2006 - Age and duration of eclogite-facies metamorphism, North Qaidam HP/UHP terrane, Western China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028849","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and duration of eclogite-facies metamorphism, North Qaidam HP/UHP terrane, Western China","docAbstract":"Amphibolite-facies para-and orthogneisses near Dulan, at the southeast end of the North Qaidam terrane, enclose minor eclogite and peridotite which record ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphism associated with the Early Paleozoic continental collision of the Qilian and Qaidam microplates. Field relations and coesite inclusions in zircons from paragneiss suggest that felsic, mafic, and ultramafic rocks all experienced UHP metamorphism and a common amphibolite-facies retrogression. SHRIMP-RG U-Pb and REE analyses of zircons from four eclogites yield weighted mean ages of 449 to 422 Ma, and REE patterns (flat HREE, no Eu anomaly) and inclusions of garnet, omphacite, and rutile indicate these ages record eclogite-facies metamorphism. The coherent field relations of these samples, and the similar range of individual ages in each sample suggests that the ???25 m.y. age range reflects the duration of eclogite-facies conditions in the studied samples. Analyses from zircon cores in one sample yield scattered 433 to 474 Ma ages, reflecting partial overlap on rims, and constrain the minimum age of eclogite protolith crystallization. Inclusions of Th + REE-rich epidote, and zircon REE patterns are consistent with prograde metamorphic growth. In the Lu??liang Shan, approximately 350 km northwest in the North Qaidam terrane, ages interpreted to record eclogite-facies metamorphism of eclogite and garnet peridotite are as old as 495 Ma and as young as 414 Ma, which suggests that processes responsible for extended high-pressure residence are not restricted to the Dulan region. Evidence of prolonged eclogite-facies metamorphism in HP/UHP localities in the Northeast Greenland eclogite province, the Western Gneiss Region of Norway, and the western Alps suggests that long eclogite-facies residence may be globally significant in continental subduction/collision zones.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Journal of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2475/09.2006.01","issn":"00029599","usgsCitation":"Mattinson, C., Wooden, J.L., Liou, J.G., Bird, D., and Wu, C., 2006, Age and duration of eclogite-facies metamorphism, North Qaidam HP/UHP terrane, Western China: American Journal of Science, v. 306, no. 9, p. 683-711, https://doi.org/10.2475/09.2006.01.","startPage":"683","endPage":"711","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477590,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/09.2006.01","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209698,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2475/09.2006.01"},{"id":236378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"306","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8d8e4b0c8380cd47ef2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattinson, C.G.","contributorId":11391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattinson","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liou, J. G.","contributorId":87687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liou","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bird, D.K.","contributorId":24934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wu, C.L.","contributorId":91671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70028868,"text":"70028868 - 2006 - Reticulate melanism in western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii): Exploring linkages with habitat and heating rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70028868","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reticulate melanism in western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii): Exploring linkages with habitat and heating rates","docAbstract":"In western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii), males often exhibit one of two morphs: (1) a reticulated form, characterized by an intricate network of dark markings on the carapace or (2) a non-reticulated form. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the adaptive significance of reticulate melanism (RM) on western painted turtles, no attempts have been made to document whether RM is linked to habitat conditions or if the presence of melanism affects heating rates. To evaluate these questions, we compared the frequency of adult male turtles with RM across three different habitats: riverine (rivers), lacustrine (lakes) and palustrine (wetland) habitats. Using manipulative experiments, we also tested the hypothesis that body heating rates are higher in turtles with RM. Reticulate melanism occurred on 99 (31%) of 320 male turtles captured in South Dakota from 2002 to 2003. Turtles with reticulate melanism were significantly larger than non-reticulated turtles; RM was not observed on male turtles with carapace lengths <15 cm or weights <360 g. The mean proportion of adult male turtles (>15 cm carapace length) with RM was similar among river (0.54), lake (0.50) and wetland (0.64) habitats, implying that RM is not a habitat-linked trait. Heating rates for turtles with RM were similar to those measured for non-reticulated individuals. Body size, however, influenced heating rates; larger-bodied turtles with lower surface area-to-volume ratio heated more slowly than smaller turtles. Whether RM is a by-product of hormonal regulation or serves an adaptive purpose remains unclear. However, other hypotheses, especially those involving communication (e.g., courtship behavior) and/or gamete protection remain untested for western painted turtles and warrant further investigation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Midland Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2006)156[289:RMIWPT]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00030031","usgsCitation":"Gronke, W., Chipps, S., Bandas, S., and Higgins, K., 2006, Reticulate melanism in western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii): Exploring linkages with habitat and heating rates: American Midland Naturalist, v. 156, no. 2, p. 289-298, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2006)156[289:RMIWPT]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"289","endPage":"298","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209932,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2006)156[289:RMIWPT]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"156","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac1ae4b0c8380cd86b5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gronke, W.K.","contributorId":52385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gronke","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chipps, S. R. 0000-0001-6511-7582","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-7582","contributorId":40369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chipps","given":"S. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bandas, S.J.","contributorId":20528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bandas","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Higgins, K.F.","contributorId":55767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028915,"text":"70028915 - 2006 - Coseismic and postseismic slip of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake from space-geodetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:58","indexId":"70028915","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coseismic and postseismic slip of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake from space-geodetic data","docAbstract":"We invert interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data jointly with campaign and continuous global positioning system (GPS) data for slip in the coseismic and postseismic periods of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake. The InSAR dataset consists of eight interferograms from data collected by the Envisat and Radarsat satellites spanning the time of the earthquake and variable amounts of the postseismic period. The two datasets complement each other, with the InSAR providing dense sampling of motion in the range direction of the satellite and the GPS providing more sparse, but three-dimensional measurements of ground motion. The model assumes exponential decay of the postseismic slip with a decay time constant of 0.087 years, determined from time series modeling of continuous GPS and creepmeter data. We find a geodetic moment magnitude of M 6.2 for a 1-day coseismic model and Mw 6.1 for the entire postseismic period. The coseismic rupture occurred mainly in two slip asperities; one near the hypocenter and the other 15-20 km north. Postseismic slip occurred on the shallow portions of the fault and near the rupture areas of two M 5.0 aftershocks. A comparison of the geodetic slip models with seismic moment estimates suggests that the coseismic moment release of the Parkfield earthquake is as little as 25% of the total. This underlines the importance of aseismic slip in the slip budget for the Parkfield segment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120050818","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Johanson, I., Fielding, E., Rolandone, F., and Burgmann, R., 2006, Coseismic and postseismic slip of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake from space-geodetic data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 4 B, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050818.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209701,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120050818"},{"id":236381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"4 B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc5be4b0c8380cd4e23d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johanson, I.A.","contributorId":36735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johanson","given":"I.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fielding, E.J.","contributorId":64871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fielding","given":"E.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rolandone, F.","contributorId":54783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rolandone","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burgmann, R.","contributorId":10167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028963,"text":"70028963 - 2006 - Surface slip associated with the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake measured on alinement arrays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028963","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface slip associated with the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake measured on alinement arrays","docAbstract":"Although still continuing, surface slip from the 2004 Parkfield earth-quake as measured on alinement arrays appears to be approaching about 30-35 cm between Parkfield and Gold Hill. This includes slip along the main trace and the Southwest Fracture Zone (SWFZ). Slip here was higher in 1966 at about 40 cm. The distribution of 2004 slip appears to have a shape similar to that of the 1966 event, but final slip is expected to be lower in 2004 by about 3-15 cm, even when continuing slip is accounted for. Proportionately, this difference is most notable at the south end at Highway 46, where the 1966 event slip was 13 cm compared to the 2004 slip of 4 cm. Continuous Global Positioning System and creepmeters suggest that significant surface coseismic slip apparently occurred mainly on the SWFZ and perhaps on Middle Mountain (the latter possibly caused by shaking) (Langbein et al., 2005). Creepmeters indicate only minor (<0.2 cm) surface coseismic slip occurred on the main trace between Parkfield and Gold Hill. We infer that 3-6 cm slip accumulated across our arrays in the first 24 hr. At Highway 46, slip appears complete, whereas the remaining sites are expected to take 2-6 years to reach their background creep rates. Following the 1966 event, afterslip at one site persisted as much as 5-10 years. The much longer recurrence intervals between the past two Parkfield earthquakes and the decreasing slip per event may suggest that larger slip deficits are now growing along the Parkfield segment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120050806","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Lienkaemper, J.J., Baker, B., and McFarland, F., 2006, Surface slip associated with the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake measured on alinement arrays: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 4 B, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050806.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209805,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120050806"},{"id":236524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"4 B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fc0e4b08c986b31e7eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lienkaemper, J. J.","contributorId":71947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, B.","contributorId":63595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McFarland, F.S.","contributorId":25741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"F.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030218,"text":"70030218 - 2006 - Comparison of breeding bird and vegetation communities in primary and secondary forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-19T12:05:11","indexId":"70030218","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of breeding bird and vegetation communities in primary and secondary forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park","docAbstract":"<p>We compared breeding bird communities and vegetation characteristics at paired point locations in primary (undisturbed) and mature secondary forest (70-100 years old) sites in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA to understand how sites logged prior to creation of the park compare to undisturbed sites following 70 years of protection from human disturbance. We found that bird and vegetation communities are currently similar, but retain some differences in species composition. Rank abundance curves for primary and secondary forest bird communities showed very similar patterns of species dominance. Species composition was also similar on the two sites which shared 24 of the 25 most frequently recorded species. Nonetheless, comparisons of density estimates derived from distance sampling showed three bird species were more abundant on primary forest sites and that one bird species was significantly more abundant on secondary forest sites. Notably, comparisons based on raw counts (unadjusted for potential differences in detectability) produced somewhat different results. Analyses of vegetation samples for the paired sites also showed relative similarity, but with some differences between primary and secondary forests. Primary forest sites had more large trees (trees greater than 50 cm diameter at breast height) and late successional species. Primary forest sites had a denser tall shrub layer while secondary forest sites had a denser canopy layer. Nonetheless, tree species richness, basal area of live trees and number of standing snags did not differ between primary and secondary forest sites. Results indicate that breeding bird communities on sites within the park that were logged commercially 70 years ago are currently quite similar to bird communities on sites with no history of human disturbance. Similarities between the bird communities on previously disturbed and undisturbed sites in Great Smoky Mountains National Park may exceed those on more fragmented landscapes because large patches of primary forest, adjacent to commercially logged sites, remained in the park when it was established in 1935. These patches of primary forest may have served as source areas for commercially logged sites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd.","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.044","issn":"00063207","usgsCitation":"Simons, T.R., Shriner, S.A., and Farnsworth, G.L., 2006, Comparison of breeding bird and vegetation communities in primary and secondary forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Biological Conservation, v. 129, no. 3, p. 302-311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.044.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"302","endPage":"311","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239395,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      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tsimons@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1884-6229","contributorId":2623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"Theodore","email":"tsimons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":426174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shriner, Susan A.","contributorId":168690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shriner","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13407,"text":"Colorado State Univ.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":426172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farnsworth, George L.","contributorId":168691,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farnsworth","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030239,"text":"70030239 - 2006 - Arbuscular mycorrhizal assemblages in native plant roots change in the presence of invasive exotic grasses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030239","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3089,"text":"Plant and Soil","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal assemblages in native plant roots change in the presence of invasive exotic grasses","docAbstract":"Plant invasions have the potential to significantly alter soil microbial communities, given their often considerable aboveground effects. We examined how plant invasions altered the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of native plant roots in a grassland site in California and one in Utah. In the California site, we used experimentally created plant communities composed of exotic (Avena barbata, Bromus hordeaceus) and native (Nassella pulchra, Lupinus bicolor) monocultures and mixtures. In the Utah semi-arid grassland, we took advantage of invasion by Bromus tectorum into long-term plots dominated by either of two native grasses, Hilaria jamesii or Stipa hymenoides. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots were characterized with PCR amplification of the ITS region, cloning, and sequencing. We saw a significant effect of the presence of exotic grasses on the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi colonizing native plant roots. In the three native grasses, richness of mycorrhizal fungi decreased; in the native forb at the California site, the number of fungal RFLP patterns increased in the presence of exotics. The exotic grasses also caused the composition of the mycorrhizal community in native roots to shift dramatically both in California, with turnover of Glomus spp., and Utah, with replacement of Glomus spp. by apparently non-mycorrhizal fungi. Invading plants may be able to influence the network of mycorrhizal fungi in soil that is available to natives through either earlier root activity or differential carbon provision compared to natives. Alteration of the soil microbial community by plant invasion can provide a mechanism for both successful invasion and the resulting effects of invaders on the ecosystem. ?? Springer 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Plant and Soil","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11104-005-4826-3","issn":"0032079X","usgsCitation":"Hawkes, C., Belnap, J., D'Antonio, C., and Firestone, M., 2006, Arbuscular mycorrhizal assemblages in native plant roots change in the presence of invasive exotic grasses: Plant and Soil, v. 281, no. 1-2, p. 369-380, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-4826-3.","startPage":"369","endPage":"380","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211770,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-4826-3"},{"id":239122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"281","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed2be4b0c8380cd4967e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hawkes, C.V.","contributorId":88949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawkes","given":"C.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"D'Antonio, C.","contributorId":47979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D'Antonio","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Firestone, M.K.","contributorId":10593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Firestone","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030241,"text":"70030241 - 2006 - Beyond the obvious limits of ore deposits: The use of mineralogical, geochemical, and biological features for the remote detection of mineralization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030241","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beyond the obvious limits of ore deposits: The use of mineralogical, geochemical, and biological features for the remote detection of mineralization","docAbstract":"Far field features of ore deposits include mineralogical, geochemical, or biological attributes that can be recognized beyond the obvious limits of the deposits. They can be primary, if formed in association with mineralization or alteration processes, or secondary, if formed from the interaction of ore deposits with the hydrosphere and biosphere. This paper examines a variety of far field features of different ore deposit types and considers novel applications to exploration and discovery. Primary far field features include mineral and rock chemistry, isotopic or element halos, fluid pathways and thermal anomalies in host-rock sequences. Examples include the use of apatite chemistry to distinguish intrusive rocks permissive for iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) and porphyry deposits; resistate mineral (e.g., rutile, tourmaline) chemistry in exploration for volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), orogenic gold, and porphyry deposits; and pyrite chemistry to vector toward sedimentary exhalative (sedex) deposits. Distinctive whole-rock geochemical signatures also can be recognized as a far field feature of porphyry deposits. For example, unique Sr/Y ratios in whole-rock samples, used to distinguish barren versus fertile magmas for Cu mineralization, result from the differentiation of oxidized hydrous melts. Anomalous concentrations of halogen elements (Cl, Br, and I) have been found for distances of up to 200 m away from some mineralized centers. Variations in isotopic composition between ore-bearing and barren intrusions and/or systematic vertical and lateral zonation in sulfur, carbon, or oxygen isotope values have been documented for some deposit types. Owing to the thermal aureole that extends beyond the area of mineralization for some deposits, detection of paleothermal effects through methods such as conodont alteration indices, vitrinite or bitumen reflectance, illite crystallinity, and apatite or zircon thermochronology studies also can be valuable, particularly for deposits with a low-temperature thermal history. A number of newly investigated secondary far field features include the development of reduced columns by electrochemical processes in transported overburden, geochemical dispersion related to the expulsion of groundwater from tectonic and seismic compression, dispersion of vapor above ore deposits, and geochemical dispersion related to biological processes. Redox gradients have been found between underlying reduced and overlying oxidized environments associated with sulfide bodies, which result in mass transfer through electro-chemical dispersion. Recent studies have characterized the pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and self potential (SP) in overburden overlying sulfide-hosted gold and VMS deposits. Lateral migration of metals in groundwater is well understood from normal groundwater flow, but the processes responsible for vertical mass transfer of groundwater and its dissolved components have been recognized only recently. One process, termed cyclical dilatancy pumping, expels groundwater during and after earthquake events, which can cause the redistribution of metals around deposits in some environments. Soil gases are of interest owing to their high degree of mobility through the vadose zone in transported overburden. Numerous soil gas species (CO2, O2, Hg, Rn, He, sulfur compounds, and light hydrocarbons) have been measured and interpreted as diagnostic of some buried mineral deposits, and some evidence suggests a possible link between vapor dispersion and metal enrichment in soil. Geochemical enrichment in plant material and soils through successive growth-death cycles is well established, but the important role of microorganisms is now increasingly evident. Microorganisms significantly enhance the kinetics of sulfide oxidation and influence the distribution of metals around ore deposits. The presence of metal-resistant bacteria and enhanced concentrations of sulfate-reducing bacteria in exotic overburd","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.101.4.729","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Kelley, D.L., Kelley, K., Coker, W., Caughlin, B., and Doherty, M., 2006, Beyond the obvious limits of ore deposits: The use of mineralogical, geochemical, and biological features for the remote detection of mineralization: Economic Geology, v. 101, no. 4, p. 729-752, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.4.729.","startPage":"729","endPage":"752","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211772,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.4.729"},{"id":239124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0d2e4b0c8380cd4a928","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, D. L.","contributorId":40976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelley, K.D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":75157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coker, W.B.","contributorId":90109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coker","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caughlin, B.","contributorId":20152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caughlin","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doherty, M.E.","contributorId":20153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doherty","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70030277,"text":"70030277 - 2006 - Estimation of temporary emigration in male toads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-14T14:39:10","indexId":"70030277","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of temporary emigration in male toads","docAbstract":"<p>Male boreal toads (Bufo boreas) are thought to return to the breeding site every year but, if absent in a particular year, will be more likely to return the following year. Using Pollock's robust design we estimated temporary emigration (the probability a male toad is absent from a breeding site in a given year) at three locations in Colorado, USA: two in Rocky Mountain National Park and one in Chaffee County. We present data that suggest that not all male toads return to the breeding site every year. Our analyses indicate that temporary emigration varies by site and time (for example, from 1992 to 1998, the probability of temporary emigration ranged from 10% to 29% and from 3% to 95% at Lost Lake and Kettle Tarn, respectively). Although the results provide weak evidence that males are more likely to return after a year's hiatus, a general pattern of state-dependent temporary emigration was not supported. We also hypothesized relationships between temporary emigration and a number of weather variables. While some competitive models included weather covariates, imprecise and variable estimates of the effects of these covariates precluded fully defining their impact on temporary emigration. ?? 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1048:EOTEIM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Muths, E., Scherer, R.D., Corn, P., and Lambert, B., 2006, Estimation of temporary emigration in male toads: Ecology, v. 87, no. 4, p. 1048-1056, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1048:EOTEIM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1048","endPage":"1056","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239195,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Chaffee County","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.05029296875,\n              37.03763967977139\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.05029296875,\n              41.0130657870063\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.9970703125,\n              41.0130657870063\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.9970703125,\n              37.03763967977139\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.05029296875,\n              37.03763967977139\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bb4e4b0c8380cd52833","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muths, E.","contributorId":6394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muths","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scherer, R. D.","contributorId":8061,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scherer","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6674,"text":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":426439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Corn, P.S.","contributorId":63751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lambert, B.A.","contributorId":58378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030280,"text":"70030280 - 2006 - Nonlinear inversion of potential-field data using a hybrid-encoding genetic algorithm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030280","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nonlinear inversion of potential-field data using a hybrid-encoding genetic algorithm","docAbstract":"Using a genetic algorithm to solve an inverse problem of complex nonlinear geophysical equations is advantageous because it does not require computer gradients of models or \"good\" initial models. The multi-point search of a genetic algorithm makes it easier to find the globally optimal solution while avoiding falling into a local extremum. As is the case in other optimization approaches, the search efficiency for a genetic algorithm is vital in finding desired solutions successfully in a multi-dimensional model space. A binary-encoding genetic algorithm is hardly ever used to resolve an optimization problem such as a simple geophysical inversion with only three unknowns. The encoding mechanism, genetic operators, and population size of the genetic algorithm greatly affect search processes in the evolution. It is clear that improved operators and proper population size promote the convergence. Nevertheless, not all genetic operations perform perfectly while searching under either a uniform binary or a decimal encoding system. With the binary encoding mechanism, the crossover scheme may produce more new individuals than with the decimal encoding. On the other hand, the mutation scheme in a decimal encoding system will create new genes larger in scope than those in the binary encoding. This paper discusses approaches of exploiting the search potential of genetic operations in the two encoding systems and presents an approach with a hybrid-encoding mechanism, multi-point crossover, and dynamic population size for geophysical inversion. We present a method that is based on the routine in which the mutation operation is conducted in the decimal code and multi-point crossover operation in the binary code. The mix-encoding algorithm is called the hybrid-encoding genetic algorithm (HEGA). HEGA provides better genes with a higher probability by a mutation operator and improves genetic algorithms in resolving complicated geophysical inverse problems. Another significant result is that final solution is determined by the average model derived from multiple trials instead of one computation due to the randomness in a genetic algorithm procedure. These advantages were demonstrated by synthetic and real-world examples of inversion of potential-field data. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.cageo.2005.06.008","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Chen, C., Xia, J., Liu, J., and Feng, G., 2006, Nonlinear inversion of potential-field data using a hybrid-encoding genetic algorithm: Computers & Geosciences, v. 32, no. 2, p. 230-239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2005.06.008.","startPage":"230","endPage":"239","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211889,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2005.06.008"},{"id":239263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6786e4b0c8380cd73397","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, C.","contributorId":98490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, J.","contributorId":23672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Feng, G.","contributorId":9456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030365,"text":"70030365 - 2006 - Scale effects of hydrostratigraphy and recharge zonation on base flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:12","indexId":"70030365","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scale effects of hydrostratigraphy and recharge zonation on base flow","docAbstract":"Uncertainty regarding spatial variations of model parameters often results in the simplifying assumption that parameters are spatially uniform. However, spatial variability may be important in resource assessment and model calibration. In this paper, a methodology is presented for estimating a critical basin size, above which base flows appear to be relatively less sensitive to the spatial distribution of recharge and hydraulic conductivity, and below which base flows are relatively more sensitive to this spatial variability. Application of the method is illustrated for a watershed that exhibits distinct infiltration patterns and hydrostratigraphic layering. A ground water flow model (MODFLOW) and a parameter estimation code (UCODE) were used to evaluate the influence of recharge zonation and hydrostratigraphic layering on base flow distribution. Optimization after removing spatial recharge variability from the calibrated model altered base flow simulations up to 53% in watersheds smaller than 40 km2. Merging six hydrostratigraphic units into one unit with average properties increased base flow residuals up to 83% in basins smaller than 50 km2. Base flow residuals changed <5% in watersheds larger than 40 and 50 km2 when recharge and hydrostratigraphy were simplified, respectively; thus, the critical basin size for the example area is ???40 to 50 km2. Once identified for an area, a critical basin size could be used to guide the scale of future investigations. By ensuring that parameter discretization needed to capture base flow distribution is commensurate with the scope of the investigation, uncertainty caused by overextending uniform parameterization or by estimating extra parameter values is reduced. ?? 2006 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00136.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Juckem, P., Hunt, R.J., and Anderson, M.P., 2006, Scale effects of hydrostratigraphy and recharge zonation on base flow: Ground Water, v. 44, no. 3, p. 362-370, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00136.x.","startPage":"362","endPage":"370","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212121,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00136.x"},{"id":239547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8709e4b08c986b316282","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juckem, P. F.","contributorId":24819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juckem","given":"P. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Marilyn P.","contributorId":102970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030388,"text":"70030388 - 2006 - Surface waves in the western Taiwan coastal plain from an aftershock of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030388","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface waves in the western Taiwan coastal plain from an aftershock of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake","docAbstract":"Significant surface waves were recorded in the western coastal plain (WCP) of Taiwan during the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake and its series of aftershocks. We study in detail the surface waves produced by one aftershock (20 September 1999, 18hr 03m 41.16sec, M 6.2) in this paper. We take the Chelungpu-Chukou fault to be the eastern edge of the WCP because it marks a distinct lateral contrast in seismic wave velocities in the upper few kilometers of the surface. For many records from stations within the WCP, body waves and surface waves separate well in both the time domain and the period domain. Long-period (e.g., >2 sec) ground motions in the plain are dominated by surface waves. Significant prograde Rayleigh wave particle motions were observed in the WCP. The observed peak ground velocities are about 3-5 times larger than standard predictions in the central and western part of the plain. Observed response spectra at 3 sec, 4 sec, and 5 sec at the center of the plain can be 15 times larger than standard predictions and 10 times larger than the predictions of Joyner (2000) based on surface wave data from the Los Angeles basin. The strong surface waves were probably generated at the boundary of the WCP and then propagated toward the west, largely along radial directions relative to the epicenter. The geometry of the boundary may have had a slight effect on propagation directions of surface waves. Group velocities of fundamental mode Rayleigh and Love waves are estimated using the multiple filter analysis (MFA) technique and are refined with phase matched filtering (PMF). Group velocities of fundamental mode surface waves range from about 0.7 km/sec to 1.5 km/sec for the phases at periods from 3 sec to 10 sec. One important observation from this study is that the strongest surface waves were recorded in the center of the plain. The specific location of the strongest motions depends largely on the period of surface waves rather than on specific site conditions or plain structures. Accordingly, we conjecture that surface waves could be generated in a wide area close to boundaries of low-velocity sedimentary wave guides. In the case studied in this article the area can be as wide as 30 km (from the Chelungpu fault to the center of the plain). Surface waves converted by P and S waves at different locations would overlap each other and add constructively along their propagation paths. As a result, the surface waves would get stronger and stronger. Beyond a certain distance to the boundary, no more surface waves would be generated. Consequently, no more local surface waves would be superimposed into the invasive surface waves, and the surface waves would tend to decay in amplitude with distance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120050088","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Wang, G., Tang, G., Boore, D., Van Ness, B.G., Jackson, C., Zhou, X., and Lin, Q., 2006, Surface waves in the western Taiwan coastal plain from an aftershock of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 3, p. 821-845, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050088.","startPage":"821","endPage":"845","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211952,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120050088"},{"id":239340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba167e4b08c986b31f073","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, G.-Q.","contributorId":80046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"G.-Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tang, G.-Q.","contributorId":54405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tang","given":"G.-Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boore, D.M. 0000-0002-8605-9673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-9673","contributorId":64226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Van Ness, Burbach G. G.","contributorId":41650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Ness","given":"Burbach","suffix":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jackson, C.R.","contributorId":16136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhou, X.-Y.","contributorId":83712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"X.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lin, Q.-L.","contributorId":17042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Q.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70030440,"text":"70030440 - 2006 - Response of surface water chemistry to reduced levels of acid precipitation: Comparison of trends in two regions of New York, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030440","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of surface water chemistry to reduced levels of acid precipitation: Comparison of trends in two regions of New York, USA","docAbstract":"In light of recent reductions in sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) emissions mandated by Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, temporal trends and trend coherence in precipitation (1984-2001 and 1992-2001) and surface water chemistry (1992-2001) were determined in two of the most acid-sensitive regions of North America, i.e. the Catskill and Adirondack Mountains of New York. Precipitation chemistry data from six sites located near these regions showed decreasing sulphate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), and base cation (CB) concentrations and increasing pH during 1984-2001, but few significant trends during 1992-2001. Data from five Catskill streams and 12 Adirondack lakes showed decreasing trends in SO42- concentrations at all sites, and decreasing trends in NO3-, CB, and H+ concentrations and increasing trends in dissolved organic carbon at most sites. In contrast, acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC increased significantly at only about half the Adirondack lakes and in one of the Catskill streams. Flow correction prior to trend analysis did not change any trend directions and had little effect on SO42- trends, but it caused several significant non-flow-corrected trends in NO3- and ANC to become non-significant, suggesting that trend results for flow-sensitive constituents are affected by flow-related climate variation. SO42- concentrations showed high temporal coherence in precipitation, surface waters, and in precipitation-surface water comparisons, reflecting a strong link between S emissions, precipitation SO42- concentrations, and the processes that affect S cycling within these regions. NO3- and H+ concentrations and ANC generally showed weak coherence, especially in surface waters and in precipitation-surface water comparisons, indicating that variation in local-scale processes driven by factors such as climate are affecting trends in acid-base chemistry in these two regions. Copyright ?? 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.5961","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., McHale, M., Driscoll, C.T., and Roy, K.M., 2006, Response of surface water chemistry to reduced levels of acid precipitation: Comparison of trends in two regions of New York, USA: Hydrological Processes, v. 20, no. 7, p. 1611-1627, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5961.","startPage":"1611","endPage":"1627","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211722,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5961"},{"id":239066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa6ee4b0c8380cd86322","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McHale, M.R.","contributorId":66442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHale","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Driscoll, C. T.","contributorId":47530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roy, K. M.","contributorId":52710,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030445,"text":"70030445 - 2006 - Nitrogen loads to estuaries from waste water plumes: Modeling and isotopic approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030445","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen loads to estuaries from waste water plumes: Modeling and isotopic approaches","docAbstract":"We developed, and applied in two sites, novel methods to measure ground water-borne nitrogen loads to receiving estuaries from plumes resulting from land disposal of waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. In addition, we quantified nitrogen losses from WWTP effluent during transport through watersheds. WWTP load to receiving water was estimated as the difference between total measured ground water-transported nitrogen load and modeled load from major nitrogen sources other than the WWTP. To test estimated WWTP loads, we applied two additional methods. First, we quantified total annual waste water nitrogen load from watersheds based on nitrogen stable isotopic signatures of primary producers in receiving water. Second, we used published data on ground water nitrogen concentrations in an array of wells to estimate dimensions of the plume and quantify the annual mass of nitrogen transported within the plume. Loss of nitrogen during transport through the watershed was estimated as the difference between the annual mass of nitrogen applied to watersheds as treatment plant effluent and the estimated nitrogen load reaching receiving water. In one plume, we corroborated our estimated nitrogen loss in watersheds using data from multiple-level sampling wells to calculate the loss of nitrogen relative to a conservative tracer. The results suggest that nitrogen from the plumes is discharging to the estuaries but that substantial nitrogen loss occurs during transport through the watersheds. The measured vs. modeled and stable isotopic approaches, in comparison to the plume mapping approach, may more reliably quantify ground water-transported WWTP loads to estuaries. Copyright ?? 2005 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00130.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Kroeger, K., Cole, M.L., York, J., and Valiela, I., 2006, Nitrogen loads to estuaries from waste water plumes: Modeling and isotopic approaches: Ground Water, v. 44, no. 2, p. 188-200, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00130.x.","startPage":"188","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211782,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00130.x"},{"id":239136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-09-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66e9e4b0c8380cd7307c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kroeger, K.D.","contributorId":26060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroeger","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, Marci L.","contributorId":101071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Marci","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"York, J.K.","contributorId":10616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"York","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Valiela, I.","contributorId":29146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valiela","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030458,"text":"70030458 - 2006 - Bias and uncertainty in regression-calibrated models of groundwater flow in heterogeneous media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030458","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bias and uncertainty in regression-calibrated models of groundwater flow in heterogeneous media","docAbstract":"Groundwater models need to account for detailed but generally unknown spatial variability (heterogeneity) of the hydrogeologic model inputs. To address this problem we replace the large, m-dimensional stochastic vector ?? that reflects both small and large scales of heterogeneity in the inputs by a lumped or smoothed m-dimensional approximation ????*, where ?? is an interpolation matrix and ??* is a stochastic vector of parameters. Vector ??* has small enough dimension to allow its estimation with the available data. The consequence of the replacement is that model function f(????*) written in terms of the approximate inputs is in error with respect to the same model function written in terms of ??, ??,f(??), which is assumed to be nearly exact. The difference f(??) - f(????*), termed model error, is spatially correlated, generates prediction biases, and causes standard confidence and prediction intervals to be too small. Model error is accounted for in the weighted nonlinear regression methodology developed to estimate ??* and assess model uncertainties by incorporating the second-moment matrix of the model errors into the weight matrix. Techniques developed by statisticians to analyze classical nonlinear regression methods are extended to analyze the revised method. The analysis develops analytical expressions for bias terms reflecting the interaction of model nonlinearity and model error, for correction factors needed to adjust the sizes of confidence and prediction intervals for this interaction, and for correction factors needed to adjust the sizes of confidence and prediction intervals for possible use of a diagonal weight matrix in place of the correct one. If terms expressing the degree of intrinsic nonlinearity for f(??) and f(????*) are small, then most of the biases are small and the correction factors are reduced in magnitude. Biases, correction factors, and confidence and prediction intervals were obtained for a test problem for which model error is large to test robustness of the methodology. Numerical results conform with the theoretical analysis. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.07.012","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Cooley, R., and Christensen, S., 2006, Bias and uncertainty in regression-calibrated models of groundwater flow in heterogeneous media: Advances in Water Resources, v. 29, no. 5, p. 639-656, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.07.012.","startPage":"639","endPage":"656","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211954,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.07.012"},{"id":239343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0d4e4b0c8380cd4a932","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooley, R.L.","contributorId":9272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, S.","contributorId":30387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70030541,"text":"70030541 - 2006 - Patterns of den occupation by the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:13","indexId":"70030541","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":670,"text":"African Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of den occupation by the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta)","docAbstract":"Spotted hyaenas utilize isolated natal dens (NDs) and communal dens (CDs) for rearing their cubs. Here we describe patterns of natal and CD occupation by hyaenas belonging to one well-studied clan in the Maasai Mara National Reserve during a 10-year period. Locations of 98 den sites that were used as natal or CDs by hyaenas in the study clan were digitized in a Geographic Information System, and the duration of use of each den site, frequency of re-use, and distances involved in den moves were quantified. Hyaenas moved their CD monthly on average. Most CD sites were occupied only once during the study, but several sites were used repeatedly. On rare occasions, the movement of hyaenas to a new den site could be attributed to a disturbance event at the CD, but factors regularly prompting hyaenas to move to new CD sites were unclear. High-ranking female hyaenas were more likely to rear their cubs from birth in a CD than low-ranking females. Low-ranking females almost always utilized isolated NDs for the first few weeks of a litter's development, and low-ranking females transferred their cubs over longer distances than did high-ranking females. ?? 2006 East African Wild Life Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"African Journal of Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00618.x","issn":"01416707","usgsCitation":"Boydston, E., Kapheim, K., and Holekamp, K., 2006, Patterns of den occupation by the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta): African Journal of Ecology, v. 44, no. 1, p. 77-86, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00618.x.","startPage":"77","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212101,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00618.x"},{"id":239524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75cce4b0c8380cd77d52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boydston, E. E.","contributorId":106045,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boydston","given":"E. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kapheim, K.M.","contributorId":64197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kapheim","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holekamp, K.E.","contributorId":34077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holekamp","given":"K.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}