{"pageNumber":"2460","pageRowStart":"61475","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184652,"records":[{"id":70030242,"text":"70030242 - 2006 - Lithium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030242","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithium","docAbstract":"In 2005, lithium consumption in the United States was at 2.5 kt of contained lithium, nearly 32% more than the estimate for 2004. World consumption was 14.1 kt of lithium contained in minerals and compounds in 2003. Exports from the US increased slightly compared with 2004. Due to strong demand for lithium compounds in 2005, both lithium carbonate plants in Chile were operating at or near capacity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00265187","usgsCitation":"Ober, J., 2006, Lithium: Mining Engineering, v. 58, no. 6, p. 43-44.","startPage":"43","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4821e4b0c8380cd67c29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ober, J.A.","contributorId":76351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ober","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70030244,"text":"70030244 - 2006 - Trade-offs across space, time, and ecosystem services","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030244","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1468,"text":"Ecology and Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trade-offs across space, time, and ecosystem services","docAbstract":"Ecosystem service (ES) trade-offs arise from management choices made by humans, which can change the type, magnitude, and relative mix of services provided by ecosystems. Trade-offs occur when the provision of one ES is reduced as a consequence of increased use of another ES. In some cases, a trade-off may be an explicit choice; but in others, trade-offs arise without premeditation or even awareness that they are taking place. Trade-offs in ES can be classified along three axes: spatial scale, temporal scale, and reversibility. Spatial scale refers to whether the effects of the trade-off are felt locally or at a distant location. Temporal scale refers to whether the effects take place relatively rapidly or slowly. Reversibility expresses the likelihood that the perturbed ES may return to its original state if the perturbation ceases. Across all four Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios and selected case study examples, trade-off decisions show a preference for provisioning, regulating, or cultural services (in that order). Supporting services are more likely to be \"taken for granted.\" Cultural ES are almost entirely unquantified in scenario modeling; therefore, the calculated model results do not fully capture losses of these services that occur in the scenarios. The quantitative scenario models primarily capture the services that are perceived by society as more important - provisioning and regulating ecosystem services - and thus do not fully capture trade-offs of cultural and supporting services. Successful management policies will be those that incorporate lessons learned from prior decisions into future management actions. Managers should complement their actions with monitoring programs that, in addition to monitoring the short-term provisions of services, also monitor the long-term evolution of slowly changing variables. Policies can then be developed to take into account ES trade-offs at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Successful strategies will recognize the inherent complexities of ecosystem management and will work to develop policies that minimize the effects of ES trade-offs. Copyright ?? 2006 by the author(s).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology and Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"17083087","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, J., Beard, T., Bennett, E., Cumming, G.S., Cork, S., Agard, J., Dobson, A.P., and Peterson, G., 2006, Trade-offs across space, time, and ecosystem services: Ecology and Society, v. 11, no. 1.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6aee4b08c986b326dfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, J.P.","contributorId":78542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beard, T.D. Jr.","contributorId":100160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"T.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, E.M.","contributorId":65666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cumming, Graeme S.","contributorId":39191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cumming","given":"Graeme","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cork, S.J.","contributorId":66481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cork","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Agard, J.","contributorId":27673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agard","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dobson, A. P.","contributorId":9992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dobson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Peterson, G.D.","contributorId":102835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70030246,"text":"70030246 - 2006 - Influence of habitat heterogeneity on distribution, occupancy patterns, and productivity of breeding peregrine falcons in central West Greenland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T14:47:15","indexId":"70030246","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of habitat heterogeneity on distribution, occupancy patterns, and productivity of breeding peregrine falcons in central West Greenland","docAbstract":"We used occupancy and productivity data collected at 67 cliffs used for nesting from 1972 to 1999 to assess patterns of distribution and nest-site selection in an increasing population of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in central West Greenland. Peregrine Falcons breeding at traditionally occupied cliffs used for nesting had significantly lower variation in productivity and thus these cliffs were better quality sites. This indicates that Peregrine Falcons occupied cliffs according to a pattern of despotic distribution. Falcons breeding at cliffs that were consistently occupied during the breeding season had higher average productivity and lower variation in productivity than falcons at inconsistently occupied cliffs, and thus consistent occupancy also was indicative of cliff quality. Features of high quality habitat included tall cliffs, greater change in elevation from the lowest point within 3 km of the cliff to the cliff top (elevation gain), and protection from weather on the eyrie ledge. Spacing of suitable and occupied cliffs also was an important feature, and the best cliffs generally were more isolated. Increased spacing was likely a mechanism for reducing intraspecific competition. Our results suggest that Peregrine Falcons use a resource defense strategy to compete for better quality habitats and may use spacing and physical features of a nest site to identify good quality breeding habitat. ?? The Cooper Ornithological Society 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[270:IOHHOD]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Wightman, C., and Fuller, M., 2006, Influence of habitat heterogeneity on distribution, occupancy patterns, and productivity of breeding peregrine falcons in central West Greenland: Condor, v. 108, no. 2, p. 270-281, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[270:IOHHOD]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"270","endPage":"281","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211825,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[270:IOHHOD]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"108","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b3fe4b0c8380cd62370","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wightman, C.S.","contributorId":24170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wightman","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, M.R.","contributorId":71278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70030249,"text":"70030249 - 2006 - Shelf and open-ocean calcareous phytoplankton assemblages across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Implications for global productivity gradients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-27T16:28:06","indexId":"70030249","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shelf and open-ocean calcareous phytoplankton assemblages across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Implications for global productivity gradients","docAbstract":"Abrupt global warming and profound perturbation of the carbon cycle during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ca. 55 Ma) have been linked to a massive release of carbon into the ocean-atmosphere system. Increased phytoplankton productivity has been invoked to cause subsequent CO2 drawdown, cooling, and environmental recovery. However, interpretations of geochemical and biotic data differ on when and where this increased productivity occurred. Here we present high-resolution nannofossil assemblage data from a shelf section (the U.S. Geological Survey [USGS] drill hole at Wilson Lake, New Jersey) and an open-ocean location (Ocean Drilling Program [ODP] Site 1209, paleoequatorial Pacific). These data combined with published biotic records indicate a transient steepening of shelf-offshelf trophic gradients across the PETM onset and peak, with a decrease in open-ocean productivity coeval with increased nutrient availability in shelf areas. Productivity levels recovered in the open ocean during the later stages of the event, which, coupled with intensified continental weathering rates, may have played an important role in carbon sequestration and CO2 drawdown. ?? 2006 Geological Society of America.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G22381.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, S., Bralower, T., Bown, P.R., Zachos, J., and Bybell, L., 2006, Shelf and open-ocean calcareous phytoplankton assemblages across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Implications for global productivity gradients: Geology, v. 34, no. 4, p. 233-236, https://doi.org/10.1130/G22381.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"236","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211855,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G22381.1"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e66e4b08c986b3188f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, S.J.","contributorId":66914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bralower, T.J.","contributorId":11336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bralower","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bown, Paul R.","contributorId":15408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bown","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zachos, J.C.","contributorId":61965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zachos","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bybell, L.M. 0000-0002-4760-7542","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":11220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70030542,"text":"70030542 - 2006 - New maps, new information: Coral reefs of the Florida keys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:13","indexId":"70030542","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New maps, new information: Coral reefs of the Florida keys","docAbstract":"A highly detailed digitized map depicts 22 benthic habitats in 3140.5 km2 of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Dominant are a seagrass/lime-mud zone (map area 27.5%) throughout Hawk Channel and seagrass/carbonate-sand (18.7%) and bare carbonate-sand (17.3%) zones on the outer shelf and in The Quicksands. A lime-mud/seagrass-covered muddy carbonate-sand zone (9.6%) abuts the keys. Hardbottom communities (13.2%) consist of bare Pleistocene coralline and oolitic limestone, coral rubble, and senile coral reefs. Smaller terrestrial (4.0%) and marine habitats, including those of live coral (patch reefs, 0.7%), account for the rest (13.7%) of the area. Derived from aerial photomosaics, the seabed dataset fits precisely when transposed onto a newly developed National Geophysical Data Center hydrographic-bathymetry map. Combined, the maps point to new information on unstudied seabed morphologies, among them an erosional nearshore rock ledge bordering the seaward side of the Florida Keys and thousands of patch-reef clusters aligned in mid-Hawk Channel. Preliminary indications are that the ledge may represent the seaward extent of the 125-ka Key Largo and Miami Limestone that form the keys, and the patch reefs colonized landward edges of two noncoralline, non-dune-ridge topographic troughs. The troughs, their substrate, and inner-shelf location along the seaward side of the Hawk Channel bedrock depression are the first of that type of nuclei to be recognized in the Florida reef record. Together, the map datasets establish the efficacy and accuracy of using aerial photographs to define in extraordinary detail the seabed features and habitats in a shallow-reef setting.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2112/05A-0023.1","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Lidz, B.H., Reich, C., Peterson, R., and Shinn, E., 2006, New maps, new information: Coral reefs of the Florida keys: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 22, no. 2, p. 260-282, https://doi.org/10.2112/05A-0023.1.","startPage":"260","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212102,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2112/05A-0023.1"},{"id":239525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a65e6e4b0c8380cd72c91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidz, B. H.","contributorId":30651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reich, C. D. 0000-0002-2534-1456","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-1456","contributorId":36978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, R.L.","contributorId":37151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shinn, E.A.","contributorId":38610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030253,"text":"70030253 - 2006 - Lithospheric controls on the formation of provinces hosting giant orogenic gold deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030253","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithospheric controls on the formation of provinces hosting giant orogenic gold deposits","docAbstract":"Ages of giant gold systems (>500 t gold) cluster within well-defined periods of lithospheric growth at continental margins, and it is the orogen-scale processes during these mainly Late Archaean, Palaeoproterozoic and Phanerozoic times that ultimately determine gold endowment of a province in an orogen. A critical factor for giant orogenic gold provinces appears to be thickness of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath a province at the time of gold mineralisation, as giant gold deposits are much more likely to develop in orogens with subducted oceanic or thin continental lithosphere. A proxy for the latter is a short pre-mineralisation crustal history such that thick SCLM was not developed before gold deposition. In constrast, orogens with protracted pre-mineralisation crustal histories are more likely to be characterised by a thick SCLM that is difficult to delaminate, and hence, such provinces will normally be poorly endowed. The nature of the lithosphere also influences the intrinsic gold concentrations of potential source rocks, with back-arc basalts, transitional basalts and basanites enriched in gold relative to other rock sequences. Thus, segments of orogens with thin lithosphere may enjoy the conjunction of giant-scale fluid flux through gold-enriched sequences. Although the nature of the lithosphere plays the crucial role in dictating which orogenic gold provinces will contain one or more giant deposits, the precise siting of those giants depends on the critical conjunction of a number of province-scale factors. Such features control plumbing systems, traps and seals in tectonically and lithospherically suitable terranes within orogens. ?? Springer-Verlag 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00126-005-0046-2","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Bierlein, F., Groves, D., Goldfarb, R., and Dube, B., 2006, Lithospheric controls on the formation of provinces hosting giant orogenic gold deposits: Mineralium Deposita, v. 40, no. 8, p. 874-886, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-005-0046-2.","startPage":"874","endPage":"886","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211914,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-005-0046-2"}],"volume":"40","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4893e4b0c8380cd67f7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bierlein, F.P.","contributorId":74945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bierlein","given":"F.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Groves, D.I.","contributorId":73616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dube, B.","contributorId":58096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dube","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030254,"text":"70030254 - 2006 - Tests of landscape influence: Nest predation and brood parasitism in fragmented ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030254","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tests of landscape influence: Nest predation and brood parasitism in fragmented ecosystems","docAbstract":"The effects of landscape fragmentation on nest predation and brood parasitism, the two primary causes of avian reproductive failure, have been difficult to generalize across landscapes, yet few studies have clearly considered the context and spatial scale of fragmentation. Working in two river systems fragmented by agricultural and rural-housing development, we tracked nesting success and brood parasitism in >2500 bird nests in 38 patches of deciduous riparian woodland. Patches on both river systems were embedded in one of two local contexts (buffered from agriculture by coniferous forest, or adjacent to agriculture), but the abundance of agriculture and human habitation within 1 km of each patch was highly variable. We examined evidence for three models of landscape effects on nest predation based on (1) the relative importance of generalist agricultural nest predators, (2) predators associated with the natural habitats typically removed by agricultural development, or (3) an additive combination of these two predator communities. We found strong support for an additive predation model in which landscape features affect nest predation differently at different spatial scales. Riparian habitat with forest buffers had higher nest predation rates than sites adjacent to agriculture, but nest predation also increased with increasing agriculture in the larger landscape surrounding each site. These results suggest that predators living in remnant woodland buffers, as well as generalist nest predators associated with agriculture, affect nest predation rates, but they appear to respond at different spatial scales. Brood parasitism, in contrast, was unrelated to agricultural abundance on the landscape, but showed a strong nonlinear relationship with farm and house density, indicating a critical point at which increased human habitat causes increased brood parasitism. Accurate predictions regarding landscape effects on nest predation and brood parasitism will require an increased appreciation of the multiple scales at which landscape components influence predator and parasite behavior. ?? 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Tewksbury, J., Garner, L., Garner, S., Lloyd, J., Saab, V., and Martin, T.E., 2006, Tests of landscape influence: Nest predation and brood parasitism in fragmented ecosystems: Ecology, v. 87, no. 3, p. 759-768.","startPage":"759","endPage":"768","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5dfe4b08c986b320d3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tewksbury, J.J.","contributorId":78116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewksbury","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garner, L.","contributorId":25817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garner, S.","contributorId":103521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lloyd, J.D.","contributorId":59309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lloyd","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Saab, V.","contributorId":55376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saab","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Martin, T. E.","contributorId":10911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70030255,"text":"70030255 - 2006 - Wildlife tuberculosis in South African conservation areas: Implications and challenges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-15T07:38:06","indexId":"70030255","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3685,"text":"Veterinary Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildlife tuberculosis in South African conservation areas: Implications and challenges","docAbstract":"<p>Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, was first diagnosed in African buffalo in South Africa's Kruger National Park in 1990. Over the past 15 years the disease has spread northwards leaving only the most northern buffalo herds unaffected. Evidence suggests that 10 other small and large mammalian species, including large predators, are spillover hosts. Wildlife tuberculosis has also been diagnosed in several adjacent private game reserves and in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, the third largest game reserve in South Africa. The tuberculosis epidemic has a number of implications, for which the full effect of some might only be seen in the long-term. Potential negative long-term effects on the population dynamics of certain social animal species and the direct threat for the survival of endangered species pose particular problems for wildlife conservationists. On the other hand, the risk of spillover infection to neighboring communal cattle raises concerns about human health at the wildlife-livestock-human interface, not only along the western boundary of Kruger National Park, but also with regards to the joint development of the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area with Zimbabwe and Mozambique. From an economic point of view, wildlife tuberculosis has resulted in national and international trade restrictions for affected species. The lack of diagnostic tools for most species and the absence of an effective vaccine make it currently impossible to contain and control this disease within an infected free-ranging ecosystem. Veterinary researchers and policy-makers have recognized the need to intensify research on this disease and the need to develop tools for control, initially targeting buffalo and lion. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Veterinary Microbiology","language":"English","publisher":"Elselvier","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.035","issn":"03781135","usgsCitation":"Michel, A., Bengis, R.G., Keet, D., Hofmeyr, M., De Klerk, L.M., Cross, P., Jolles, A.E., Cooper, D., Whyte, I., Buss, P., and Godfroid, J., 2006, Wildlife tuberculosis in South African conservation areas: Implications and challenges: Veterinary Microbiology, v. 112, no. 2-4 Special Issue, p. 91-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.035.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477551,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2263/2359","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211971,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.035"},{"id":239365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"South Africa","otherGeospatial":"Kruger National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              33.0908203125,\n              -26.902476886279807\n            ],\n            [\n              32.2119140625,\n              -26.62781822639305\n            ],\n            [\n              32.1240234375,\n              -25.005972656239177\n            ],\n            [\n              31.8603515625,\n              -23.76523688975866\n            ],\n            [\n              31.289062500000004,\n              -22.350075806124853\n            ],\n            [\n         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A.L.","contributorId":69362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bengis, Roy G.","contributorId":29636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bengis","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keet, D.F.","contributorId":43566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keet","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hofmeyr, M.","contributorId":6662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofmeyr","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"De Klerk, L. M.","contributorId":49180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Klerk","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cross, P.C.","contributorId":48141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jolles, Anna E.","contributorId":40421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jolles","given":"Anna","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cooper, D.","contributorId":105913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Whyte, I.J.","contributorId":10999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whyte","given":"I.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Buss, P.","contributorId":97705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buss","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Godfroid, J.","contributorId":28807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfroid","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70030258,"text":"70030258 - 2006 - Frictional strength heterogeneity and surface heat flow: Implications for the strength of the creeping San Andreas fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030258","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frictional strength heterogeneity and surface heat flow: Implications for the strength of the creeping San Andreas fault","docAbstract":"Heat flow measurements along much of the San Andreas fault (SAF) constrain the apparent coefficient of friction (??app) of the fault to <0.2, much lower than laboratory-derived friction values for most geologic materials. However, heat flow data are sparse near the creeping section of the SAF, a frictional \"asperity\" where the fault slips almost exclusively by aseismic creep. We test the hypothesis that the creeping section has a substantially higher or lower ?? app than adjacent sections of the SAF. We use numerical models to explore the effects of faults with spatially and temporally heterogeneous frictional strength on the spatial distribution of surface heat flow. Heat flow from finite length asperities is uniformly lower than predicted by assuming an infinitely long fault. Over geologic time, lateral offset from strike-slip faulting produces heat flow patterns that are asymmetric across the fault and along strike. We explore a range of asperity sizes, slip rates, and displacement histories for comparing predicted spatial patterns of heat flow with existing measurements. Models with ??app ??? 0.1 fit the data best. For most scenarios, heat flow anomalies from a frictional asperity with ??app > 0.2 should be detectable even with the sparse existing observations, implying that ??app for the creeping section is as low as the surrounding SAF. Because the creeping section does not slip in large earthquakes, the mechanism controlling its weakness is not related to dynamic processes resulting from high slip rate earthquake ruptures. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JB003780","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"d'Alessio, M., Williams, C., and Burgmann, R., 2006, Frictional strength heterogeneity and surface heat flow: Implications for the strength of the creeping San Andreas fault: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 111, no. 5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003780.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477552,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jb003780","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":211999,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003780"},{"id":239398,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13efe4b0c8380cd54835","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"d'Alessio, M. A.","contributorId":43159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"d'Alessio","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, C.F. 0000-0003-2196-5496","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-5496","contributorId":20401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"C.F.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":426353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burgmann, R.","contributorId":10167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030260,"text":"70030260 - 2006 - State summaries: Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70030260","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"State summaries: Ohio","docAbstract":"In 2005, the value of coal and industrial minerals sold in Ohio amounted to $1.5 billion, an increase of 7% from 2004. Coal production for the year increased 4.7% from 2004, totalling 22.3 Mt. Aggregate production totalled 114 Mt, a 4% decrease from 2004. In 2005, the state's salt sales amounted to $132 million. Production of industrial sandstone and conglomerate as well as dimension stone and limestone also increased.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00265187","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, M., 2006, State summaries: Ohio: Mining Engineering, v. 58, no. 5, p. 109-112.","startPage":"109","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96d8e4b08c986b31b743","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, M.E.","contributorId":35947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70030265,"text":"70030265 - 2006 - Microhabitat use, home range, and movements of the alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, in Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:11","indexId":"70030265","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microhabitat use, home range, and movements of the alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, in Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Little is known about the ecology of the alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, particularly dentography and behavior. To learn more about the species in Oklahoma, we conducted a telemetry project on 2 small streams at Sequoyah National Wildlife Refuge, an 8,417.5-ha refuge located in east-central Oklahoma. Between June 1999 and August 2000, we fitted 19 M. temminckii with ultrasonic telemetry tags and studied turtle movements and microhahitat use. Turtles were checked 2 to 3 times weekly in summer and sporadically in winter. Several microhabitat variables were measured at each turtle location and a random location to help quantify microhabitat use vs. availability. We recorded 147 turtle locations. Turtles were always associated with submerged cover with a high percentage of overhead canopy cover. Turtles used deeper depths in late summer (but not deeper depths than random locations) and deeper depths in mid-winter (and deeper depths than random locations) than in early summer. They used shallower depths than random locations in early summer. This seasonal shift in depth use might be thermoregulatory, although evidence for this is indirect. The mean linear home range for all turtles was 777.8 m. Females had larger home ranges than males, and juveniles had larger home ranges than adults, although the latter was not statistically significant. Macrochelys temminckii used submerged structures as a core site, and stayed at each core site for an average of 12.3 d.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[35:MUHRAM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00384909","usgsCitation":"Riedle, J., Shipman, P., Fox, S.F., and Leslie, D., 2006, Microhabitat use, home range, and movements of the alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, in Oklahoma: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 51, no. 1, p. 35-40, https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[35:MUHRAM]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"35","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212116,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[35:MUHRAM]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":239542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5682e4b0c8380cd6d63e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riedle, J.D.","contributorId":87269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riedle","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shipman, P.A.","contributorId":75670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shipman","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fox, S. F.","contributorId":100984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030266,"text":"70030266 - 2006 - Climate model biases in seasonality of continental water storage revealed by satellite gravimetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T17:02:50","indexId":"70030266","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate model biases in seasonality of continental water storage revealed by satellite gravimetry","docAbstract":"<p><span>Satellite gravimetric observations of monthly changes in continental water storage are compared with outputs from five climate models. All models qualitatively reproduce the global pattern of annual storage amplitude, and the seasonal cycle of global average storage is reproduced well, consistent with earlier studies. However, global average agreements mask systematic model biases in low latitudes. Seasonal extrema of low‐latitude, hemispheric storage generally occur too early in the models, and model‐specific errors in amplitude of the low‐latitude annual variations are substantial. These errors are potentially explicable in terms of neglected or suboptimally parameterized water stores in the land models and precipitation biases in the climate models.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004628","usgsCitation":"Swenson, S., and Milly, P., 2006, Climate model biases in seasonality of continental water storage revealed by satellite gravimetry: Water Resources Research, v. 42, no. 3, Article W03201; 7 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004628.","productDescription":"Article W03201; 7 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f652e4b0c8380cd4c6be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, Sean","contributorId":58584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Sean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70030268,"text":"70030268 - 2006 - Belowground carbon balance and carbon accumulation rate in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T10:00:38","indexId":"70030268","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3350,"text":"Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Belowground carbon balance and carbon accumulation rate in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest","docAbstract":"<p><span>The balance, accumulation rate and temporal dynamics of belowground carbon in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest are obtained in this paper, based on long-term observations to the soil organic matter, input and standing biomass of litter and coarse woody debris, and dissolved organic carbon carried in the hydrological process of subtropical climax forest ecosystem—monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, and its two successional forests of natural restoration—coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Pinus massoniana</i><span> forest, as well as data of root biomass obtained once every five years and respiration measurement of soil, litter and coarse woody debris respiration for 1 year. The major results include: the belowground carbon pools of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Pinus massoniana</i><span> forest are 23191 ± 2538 g · m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>, 16889 ± 1936 g · m</span><sup>−2</sup><span> and 12680 ± 1854 g · m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>, respectively, in 2002. Mean annual carbon accumulation rates of the three forest types during the 24a from 1978 to 2002 are 383 ± 97 g · m</span><sup>−2</sup><span> · a</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, 193 ± 85 g · m</span><sup>−2</sup><span> · a</span><sup>−1</sup><span> and 213 ± 86 g · m</span><sup>−2</sup><span> · a</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, respectively. The belowground carbon pools in the three forest types keep increasing during the observation period, suggesting that belowground carbon pools are carbon sinks to the atmosphere. There are seasonal variations, namely, they are strong carbon sources from April to June, weak carbon sources from July to September; while they are strong carbon sinks from October to November, weak carbon sinks from December to March.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11430-006-0311-y","issn":"10069313","usgsCitation":"Zhou, G., Liu, S., Tang, X., Ouyang, X., Zhang, D., Liu, J., Yan, J., Zhou, C., Luo, Y., Guan, L., and Liu, Y., 2006, Belowground carbon balance and carbon accumulation rate in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest: Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences, v. 49, no. 3, p. 311-321, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-006-0311-y.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"321","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211713,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-006-0311-y"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0ade4b0c8380cd4a862","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, G.","contributorId":12604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tang, X.","contributorId":43082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ouyang, X.","contributorId":44348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ouyang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhang, Dongxiao","contributorId":26409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongxiao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Liu, J.","contributorId":23672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Yan, J.","contributorId":24480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Zhou, C.","contributorId":88466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Luo, Y.","contributorId":28417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Guan, L.","contributorId":63132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guan","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Liu, Yajing","contributorId":16553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Yajing","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":70030269,"text":"70030269 - 2006 - A framework for spatial risk assessments: Potential impacts of nonindigenous invasive species on native species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T12:18:05","indexId":"70030269","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1468,"text":"Ecology and Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A framework for spatial risk assessments: Potential impacts of nonindigenous invasive species on native species","docAbstract":"Many populations of wild animals and plants are declining and face increasing threats from habitat fragmentation and loss as well as exposure to stressors ranging from toxicants to diseases to invasive nonindigenous species. We describe and demonstrate a spatially explicit ecological risk assessment that allows for the incorporation of a broad array of information that may influence the distribution of an invasive species, toxicants, or other stressors, and the incorporation of landscape variables that may influence the spread of a species or substances. The first step in our analyses is to develop species models and quantify spatial overlap between stressor and target organisms. Risk is assessed as the product of spatial overlap and a hazard index based on target species vulnerabilities to the stressor of interest. We illustrate our methods with an example in which the stressor is the ecologically destructive nonindigenous ant, Solenopsis invicta, and the targets are two declining vertebrate species in the state of South Carolina, USA. A risk approach that focuses on landscapes and that is explicitly spatial is of particular relevance as remaining undeveloped lands become increasingly uncommon and isolated and more important in the management and recovery of species and ecological systems. Effective ecosystem management includes the control of multiple stressors, including invasive species with large impacts, understanding where those impacts may be the most severe, and implementing management strategies to reduce impacts. Copyright ?? 2006 by the author(s).","language":"English","publisher":"The Resilience Alliance","issn":"17083087","usgsCitation":"Allen, C.R., Johnson, A., and Parris, L., 2006, A framework for spatial risk assessments: Potential impacts of nonindigenous invasive species on native species: Ecology and Society, v. 11, no. 1, Article 39; 13 p.","productDescription":"Article 39; 13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350424,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art39/"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3e3e4b0c8380cd4629b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":426408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, A.R.","contributorId":72176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parris, L.","contributorId":89342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parris","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030276,"text":"70030276 - 2006 - Seismic attenuation structure of the Seattle Basin, Washington State from explosive-source refraction data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030276","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic attenuation structure of the Seattle Basin, Washington State from explosive-source refraction data","docAbstract":"We used waveform data from the 1999 SHIPS (Seismic Hazard Investigation of Puget Sound) seismic refraction experiment to constrain the attenuation structure of the Seattle basin, Washington State. We inverted the spectral amplitudes of compressional- and shear-wave arrivals for source spectra, site responses, and one- and two-dimensional Q-1 models at frequencies between 1 and 40 Hz for P waves and 1 and 10 Hz for S waves. We also obtained Q-1 models from t* values calculated from the spectral slopes of P waves between 10 and 40 Hz. One-dimensional inversions show that Qp at the surface is 22 at 1 Hz, 130 at 5 Hz, and 390 at 20 Hz. The corresponding values at 18 km depth are 100, 440, and 1900. Qs at the surface is 16 and 160 at 1 Hz and 8 Hz, respectively, increasing to 80 and 500 at 18 km depth. The t* inversion yields a Qp model that is consistent with the amplitude inversions at 20 and 30 Hz. The basin geometry is clearly resolved in the t* inversion, but the amplitude inversions only imaged the basin structure after removing anomalously high-amplitude shots near Seattle. When these shots are removed, we infer that Q-1 values may be ???30% higher in the center of the basin than the one-dimensional models predict. We infer that seismic attenuation in the Seattle basin will significantly reduce ground motions at frequencies at and above 1 Hz, partially countering amplification effects within the basin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120040164","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Li, Q., Wilcock, W., Pratt, T.L., Snelson, C., and Brocher, T., 2006, Seismic attenuation structure of the Seattle Basin, Washington State from explosive-source refraction data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 2, p. 553-571, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040164.","startPage":"553","endPage":"571","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211826,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120040164"}],"volume":"96","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8af6e4b08c986b3174cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Li, Q.","contributorId":85397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilcock, W.S.D.","contributorId":88523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcock","given":"W.S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pratt, T. L.","contributorId":53072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snelson, C.M.","contributorId":52769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snelson","given":"C.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70030278,"text":"70030278 - 2006 - Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX): An overview of science strategy and major results from the second and third workshops","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030278","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX): An overview of science strategy and major results from the second and third workshops","docAbstract":"The Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX) is an international project aimed at developing enhanced techniques for the a priori estimation of parameters in hydrologic models and in land surface parameterization schemes of atmospheric models. The MOPEX science strategy involves three major steps: data preparation, a priori parameter estimation methodology development, and demonstration of parameter transferability. A comprehensive MOPEX database has been developed that contains historical hydrometeorological data and land surface characteristics data for many hydrologic basins in the United States (US) and in other countries. This database is being continuously expanded to include more basins in all parts of the world. A number of international MOPEX workshops have been convened to bring together interested hydrologists and land surface modelers from all over world to exchange knowledge and experience in developing a priori parameter estimation techniques. This paper describes the results from the second and third MOPEX workshops. The specific objective of these workshops is to examine the state of a priori parameter estimation techniques and how they can be potentially improved with observations from well-monitored hydrologic basins. Participants of the second and third MOPEX workshops were provided with data from 12 basins in the southeastern US and were asked to carry out a series of numerical experiments using a priori parameters as well as calibrated parameters developed for their respective hydrologic models. Different modeling groups carried out all the required experiments independently using eight different models, and the results from these models have been assembled for analysis in this paper. This paper presents an overview of the MOPEX experiment and its design. The main experimental results are analyzed. A key finding is that existing a priori parameter estimation procedures are problematic and need improvement. Significant improvement of these procedures may be achieved through model calibration of well-monitored hydrologic basins. This paper concludes with a discussion of the lessons learned, and points out further work and future strategy. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.031","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Duan, Q., Schaake, J., Andreassian, V., Franks, S., Goteti, G., Gupta, H., Gusev, Y., Habets, F., Hall, A., Hay, L., Hogue, T., Huang, M., Leavesley, G., Liang, X., Nasonova, O., Noilhan, J., Oudin, L., Sorooshian, S., Wagener, T., and Wood, E., 2006, Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX): An overview of science strategy and major results from the second and third workshops, <i>in</i> Journal of Hydrology, v. 320, no. 1-2, p. 3-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.031.","startPage":"3","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477632,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2f13584n","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211856,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.031"},{"id":239227,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"320","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ba3e4b0c8380cd6f6d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duan, Q.","contributorId":57257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duan","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaake, J.","contributorId":63603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaake","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andreassian, V.","contributorId":77352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreassian","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Franks, S.","contributorId":40803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franks","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goteti, G.","contributorId":105119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goteti","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gupta, H.V.","contributorId":64887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gupta","given":"H.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gusev, Y.M.","contributorId":70596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gusev","given":"Y.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Habets, F.","contributorId":33526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Habets","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hall, A.","contributorId":38720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hay, L.","contributorId":72103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hogue, T.","contributorId":74189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogue","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Huang, M.","contributorId":70903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Leavesley, G.","contributorId":90483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Liang, X.","contributorId":18972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Nasonova, O.N.","contributorId":28067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nasonova","given":"O.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Noilhan, J.","contributorId":78541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noilhan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Oudin, L.","contributorId":21349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oudin","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Sorooshian, S.","contributorId":72968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorooshian","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Wagener, T.","contributorId":36350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagener","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Wood, E.F.","contributorId":70998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20}]}}
,{"id":70030540,"text":"70030540 - 2006 - The role of environmental gradients in non-native plant invasion into burnt areas of Yosemite National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:13","indexId":"70030540","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1399,"text":"Diversity and Distributions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of environmental gradients in non-native plant invasion into burnt areas of Yosemite National Park, California","docAbstract":"Fire is known to facilitate the invasion of many non-native plant species, but how invasion into burnt areas varies along environmental gradients is not well-understood. We used two pre-existing data sets to analyse patterns of invasion by non-native plant species into burnt areas along gradients of topography, soil and vegetation structure in Yosemite National Park, California, USA. A total of 46 non-native species (all herbaceous) were recorded in the two data sets. They occurred in all seven of the major plant formations in the park, but were least common in subalpine and upper montane conifer forests. There was no significant difference in species richness or cover of non-natives between burnt and unburnt areas for either data set, and environmental gradients had a stronger effect on patterns of non-native species distribution, abundance and species composition than burning. Cover and species richness of non-natives had significant positive correlations with slope (steepness) and herbaceous cover, while species richness had significant negative correlations with elevation, the number of years post-burn, and cover of woody vegetation. Non-native species comprised a relatively minor component of the vegetation in both burnt and unburnt areas in Yosemite (percentage species Combining double low line 4%, mean cover < 6.0%), and those species that did occur in burnt areas tended not to persist over time. The results indicate that in many western montane ecosystems, fire alone will not necessarily result in increased rates of invasion into burnt areas. However, it would be premature to conclude that non-native species could not affect post-fire succession patterns in these systems. Short fire-return intervals and high fire severity coupled with increased propagule pressure from areas used heavily by humans could still lead to high rates of invasion, establishment and spread even in highly protected areas such as Yosemite. ?? 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Diversity and Distributions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00203.x","issn":"13669516","usgsCitation":"Klinger, R., Underwood, E., and Moore, P., 2006, The role of environmental gradients in non-native plant invasion into burnt areas of Yosemite National Park, California: Diversity and Distributions, v. 12, no. 2, p. 139-156, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00203.x.","startPage":"139","endPage":"156","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477415,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8ph7j24w","text":"External Repository"},{"id":212073,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00203.x"},{"id":239490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-02-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf6ae4b08c986b324794","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klinger, R.","contributorId":78493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klinger","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Underwood, E.C.","contributorId":47134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, P.E.","contributorId":57395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030279,"text":"70030279 - 2006 - Chemical evolution of Miocene wood: Example from the Belchatow brown coal deposit, central Poland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030279","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical evolution of Miocene wood: Example from the Belchatow brown coal deposit, central Poland","docAbstract":"Miocene conifer wood samples from the Belchatow brown coal deposit in Poland were studied in order to discuss a range of chemical variations that occur as a result of biochemical coalification. Petrographic analysis, ultimate analysis, electron microprobe technique, and FTIR spectroscopy were used in this study. Our data show several progressive trends in functional groups distribution that take place during the wood transformation from group 1 to group 4, such as an overall increase in aromaticity, an increase in lignin/cellulose ratio, and an increase in oxygen functionalities. Other observations include an increase in aliphatic stretching and bending functionalities from groups 1 to 3; followed by a decrease in the wood of group 4; appearance of aliphatic out-of-plane bands in group 3 and increase in group 4; an increase in CH2/CH3 in group 4 compared to the other groups; and decrease in O-H groups in group 4 compared to other groups. These observations, together with other chemical and petrological observations, indicate that the progressive elimination of cellulose and modification of lignin are dominant processes of the wood transformation. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2005.06.004","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Drobniak, A., and Mastalerz, M., 2006, Chemical evolution of Miocene wood: Example from the Belchatow brown coal deposit, central Poland: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 66, no. 3, p. 157-178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.06.004.","startPage":"157","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211888,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.06.004"},{"id":239262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f57ce4b0c8380cd4c251","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drobniak, A.","contributorId":11748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobniak","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70030280,"text":"70030280 - 2006 - Nonlinear inversion of potential-field data using a hybrid-encoding genetic algorithm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030280","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nonlinear inversion of potential-field data using a hybrid-encoding genetic algorithm","docAbstract":"Using a genetic algorithm to solve an inverse problem of complex nonlinear geophysical equations is advantageous because it does not require computer gradients of models or \"good\" initial models. The multi-point search of a genetic algorithm makes it easier to find the globally optimal solution while avoiding falling into a local extremum. As is the case in other optimization approaches, the search efficiency for a genetic algorithm is vital in finding desired solutions successfully in a multi-dimensional model space. A binary-encoding genetic algorithm is hardly ever used to resolve an optimization problem such as a simple geophysical inversion with only three unknowns. The encoding mechanism, genetic operators, and population size of the genetic algorithm greatly affect search processes in the evolution. It is clear that improved operators and proper population size promote the convergence. Nevertheless, not all genetic operations perform perfectly while searching under either a uniform binary or a decimal encoding system. With the binary encoding mechanism, the crossover scheme may produce more new individuals than with the decimal encoding. On the other hand, the mutation scheme in a decimal encoding system will create new genes larger in scope than those in the binary encoding. This paper discusses approaches of exploiting the search potential of genetic operations in the two encoding systems and presents an approach with a hybrid-encoding mechanism, multi-point crossover, and dynamic population size for geophysical inversion. We present a method that is based on the routine in which the mutation operation is conducted in the decimal code and multi-point crossover operation in the binary code. The mix-encoding algorithm is called the hybrid-encoding genetic algorithm (HEGA). HEGA provides better genes with a higher probability by a mutation operator and improves genetic algorithms in resolving complicated geophysical inverse problems. Another significant result is that final solution is determined by the average model derived from multiple trials instead of one computation due to the randomness in a genetic algorithm procedure. These advantages were demonstrated by synthetic and real-world examples of inversion of potential-field data. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.cageo.2005.06.008","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Chen, C., Xia, J., Liu, J., and Feng, G., 2006, Nonlinear inversion of potential-field data using a hybrid-encoding genetic algorithm: Computers & Geosciences, v. 32, no. 2, p. 230-239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2005.06.008.","startPage":"230","endPage":"239","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211889,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2005.06.008"},{"id":239263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6786e4b0c8380cd73397","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, C.","contributorId":98490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, J.","contributorId":23672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Feng, G.","contributorId":9456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030281,"text":"70030281 - 2006 - The spatial and temporal trends of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn in Seine River floodplain deposits (1994-2000)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030281","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The spatial and temporal trends of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn in Seine River floodplain deposits (1994-2000)","docAbstract":"Fresh floodplain deposits (FD), from 11 key stations, covering the Seine mainstem and its major tributaries (Yonne, Marne and Oise Rivers), were sampled from 1994 to 2000. Background levels for Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn were established using prehistoric FD and actual bed sediments collected in small forested sub-basins in the most upstream part of the basin. Throughout the Seine River Basin, FD contain elevated concentrations of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn compared to local background values (by factors > twofold). In the Seine River Basin, trace element concentrations display substantial downstream increases as a result of increasing population densities, particularly from Greater Paris (10 million inhabitants), and reach their maxima at the river mouth (Poses). These elevated levels make the Seine one of the most heavily impacted rivers in the world. On the other hand, floodplain-associated trace element levels have declined over the past 7 years. This mirrors results from contemporaneous suspended sediment surveys at the river mouth for the 1984-1999 period. Most of these temporal declines appear to reflect reductions in industrial and domestic solid wastes discharged from the main Parisian sewage plant (Seine Aval). ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.049","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Grosbois, C., Meybeck, M., Horowitz, A., and Ficht, A., 2006, The spatial and temporal trends of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn in Seine River floodplain deposits (1994-2000): Science of the Total Environment, v. 356, no. 1-3, p. 22-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.049.","startPage":"22","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211915,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.049"}],"volume":"356","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb058e4b08c986b324dd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grosbois, C.","contributorId":94075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosbois","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meybeck, Michel","contributorId":43521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meybeck","given":"Michel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horowitz, A.","contributorId":39581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ficht, A.","contributorId":54404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ficht","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030283,"text":"70030283 - 2006 - Reversing storm hotspots on sandy beaches: Spatial and temporal characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-19T10:17:58","indexId":"70030283","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reversing storm hotspots on sandy beaches: Spatial and temporal characteristics","docAbstract":"<p>Coastal erosion hotspots are defined as sections of coast that exhibit significantly higher rates of erosion than adjacent areas. This paper describes the spatial and temporal characteristics of a recently identified type of coastal erosion hotspot, which forms in response to storms on uninterrupted sandy coasts largely free from human intervention. These are referred to here as reversing storm hotspots because the erosion is reversed by accretion of a similar magnitude to the storm-induced erosion. The accretion occurs within a few days or weeks of fair weather after the storm. Reversing storm hotspots observed here, on two US east coast beaches, have a longshore length averaging 3.86 km, a cross-shore excursion (magnitude of erosion or accretion) averaging 15.4 m, and a time scale of days to weeks associated with individual storm events. These spatial and temporal scales clearly distinguish reversing storm hotspots from previously described forms of longshore variability in erosion, including those attributed to several types of shoreline undulations and hotspots associated with long-term shoreline change.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2005.10.003","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"List, J.H., Farris, A., and Sullivan, C., 2006, Reversing storm hotspots on sandy beaches: Spatial and temporal characteristics: Marine Geology, v. 226, no. 3-4, p. 261-279, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.10.003.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"279","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.5322265625,\n              41.46742831254425\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.78515625,\n              41.46742831254425\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.78515625,\n              42.220381783720605\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.5322265625,\n              42.220381783720605\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.5322265625,\n              41.46742831254425\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"226","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac3be4b0c8380cd86c17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, A.S.","contributorId":98477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullivan, C.","contributorId":75959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70190592,"text":"70190592 - 2006 - San Francisco 's Golden Gate: A bridge between historically distinct coyote (Canis latrans) populations?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-06T23:25:53.096216","indexId":"70190592","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"San Francisco 's Golden Gate: A bridge between historically distinct coyote (<i>Canis latrans</i>) populations?","title":"San Francisco 's Golden Gate: A bridge between historically distinct coyote (Canis latrans) populations?","docAbstract":"<p id=\"ID0E1E\">Although coyotes (<i><span class=\"genus-species\">Canis latrans</span></i>) are well-known for their adaptability to human-modified landscapes (Riley et al. 2003), as with any medium to large-sized carnivore, they typically avoid highly urbanized areas (Crooks 2002), preferring instead to use habitat fragments linked by vegetated corridors (Tigas et al. 2002). However, recent observations of coyotes in San Francisco indicate their willingness to traverse even the most densely urbanized terrain (Rubenstein 2003). Herein we use DNA to show, in an extreme example, that an adult male coyote caught in the northern tip of the San Francisco peninsula traversed the 2-km Golden Gate Bridge, potentially linking historically distinct coyote populations.</p><p id=\"ID0EQF\">We extracted DNA from the blood of a coyote that was captured, radio-collared, and released in May 2003 in the Presidio of San Francisco, part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area located south of the Golden Gate Bridge. This coyote apparently left the park within a week and was not subsequently located. We genotyped this individual at 14 autosomal (non-sex-linked) microsatellite loci that had previously been used to delimit 4 coyote populations in central California (Sacks et al. 2004). Laboratory methods are detailed in a previous publication (Sacks et al. 2004). By comparing this genotype to the 2 adjacent populations, the North Coastal Mountain population (beginning 20 km north of the bridge) and the South Bay Hills population (20 km south of the Bridge, just south of the city), we assigned his origin to the northern population with 97.5% probability using a Bayesian model-based approach (Pritchard et al. 2000). The population of origin was the same when all 4 central California populations were used. Next, we genotyped this male and males in the 2 adjacent populations at 2 Y-chromosome loci (MS41A, MS41B;<span>&nbsp;</span>Sundqvist et al. 2001). The genotype of this male was present in 43 of 63 males from the northern population and none of 18 males (conservatively assumed to be 1 of 18 for probability calculation) in the southern population, indicating a 92% probability of origin in the northern population based on the Y-genotype. The combined probability of assignment (Sokal and Rohlf 1995) to the northern population based on both types of marker was 99.5%, making it almost certain that this coyote came from north of the Bridge.</p><p id=\"ID0EGG\">Although it is conceivable that the coyote was transported by humans or arrived in the Presidio without having traversed the Bridge, these scenarios seem unlikely. First, the coyote had no apparent injuries and, based on tooth wear, was several years old, making it unlikely that he had been in the recent custody of a wildlife rehabilitator (a general inquiry to all known wildlife rehabilitators in the area also turned up no information). Second, he was observed in the San Francisco park at the south end of the Bridge, a likely destination for a coyote that had walked across the Bridge, but not a likely choice as a new release site for a coyote. Third, while canids are generally good swimmers, it seems implausible that a coyote could swim across the San Francisco Bay, which has extremely treacherous currents. Finally, assuming his journey was unassisted, any land route other than the Golden Gate Bridge would have required him to circumvent the San Francisco Bay–Delta Estuary and move through the South Bay Hills population (&gt;250 km). Because no coyotes captured in the South Bay Hills population had genetic profiles indicative of a northern origin (Sacks et al. 2004), this seems especially unlikely. Coyotes were most likely absent from the peninsula north of the Bridge when the Bridge was built in 1933 and have only recently begun recolonizing the area (Hall 2000). The recent southern recolonization of this area by coyotes, their apparent willingness to cross the Bridge, and recent documentation of coyotes in more central parts of San Francisco (Rubenstein 2003) indicate the possibility of direct gene flow between north-coastal and south-coastal coyote populations, which have been historically distinct (Sacks et al. 2004). Although it has been widely recognized that human fragmentation of the landscape can impede gene flow among parts of historically continuous populations, our findings reflect an example where a human modification to the landscape may have done the opposite—namely, facilitated gene flow between historically distinct sections of a species range.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[263:SFGGAB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Sacks, B.N., Ernest, H.B., and Boydston, E.E., 2006, San Francisco 's Golden Gate: A bridge between historically distinct coyote (Canis latrans) populations?: Western North American Naturalist, v. 66, no. 2, p. 263-264, https://doi.org/10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[263:SFGGAB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"264","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol66/iss2/16","text":"External Repository"},{"id":386962,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Presidio","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.48588562011714,\n              37.78414711095681\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.44485855102536,\n              37.78414711095681\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.44485855102536,\n              37.80924146650164\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.48588562011714,\n              37.80924146650164\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.48588562011714,\n              37.78414711095681\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59b3ac35e4b08b1644d8f1ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sacks, Benjamin N.","contributorId":196290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sacks","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ernest, Holly B.","contributorId":127689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ernest","given":"Holly","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boydston, Erin E. 0000-0002-8452-835X eboydston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8452-835X","contributorId":1705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boydston","given":"Erin","email":"eboydston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":709931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030741,"text":"70030741 - 2006 - Predator functional response and prey survival: Direct and indirect interactions affecting a marked prey population","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-07T11:14:52","indexId":"70030741","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predator functional response and prey survival: Direct and indirect interactions affecting a marked prey population","docAbstract":"<p>1. Predation plays an integral role in many community interactions, with the number of predators and the rate at which they consume prey (i.e. their functional response) determining interaction strengths. Owing to the difficulty of directly observing predation events, attempts to determine the functional response of predators in natural systems are limited. Determining the forms that predator functional responses take in complex systems is important in advancing understanding of community interactions. 2. Prey survival has a direct relationship to the functional response of their predators. We employed this relationship to estimate the functional response for bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocepalus predation of Canada goose Branta canadensis nests. We compared models that incorporated eagle abundance, nest abundance and alternative prey presence to determine the form of the functional response that best predicted intra-annual variation in survival of goose nests. 3. Eagle abundance, nest abundance and the availability of alternative prey were all related to predation rates of goose nests by eagles. There was a sigmoidal relationship between predation rate and prey abundance and prey switching occurred when alternative prey was present. In addition, predation by individual eagles increased as eagle abundance increased. 4. A complex set of interactions among the three species examined in this study determined survival rates of goose nests. Results show that eagle predation had both prey- and predator-dependent components with no support for ratio dependence. In addition, indirect interactions resulting from the availability of alternative prey had an important role in mediating the rate at which eagles depredated nests. As a result, much of the within-season variation in nest survival was due to changing availability of alternative prey consumed by eagles. 5. Empirical relationships drawn from ecological theory can be directly integrated into the estimation process to determine the mechanisms responsible for variation in observed survival rates. The relationship between predator functional response and prey survival offers a flexible and robust method to advance our understanding of predator-prey interactions in many complex natural systems where prey populations are marked and regularly visited. ?? 2006 British Ecological Society.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Animal Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.01025.x","issn":"00218790","usgsCitation":"Miller, D.A., Grand, J., Fondell, T., and Anthony, M., 2006, Predator functional response and prey survival: Direct and indirect interactions affecting a marked prey population: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 75, no. 1, p. 101-110, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.01025.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"110","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477391,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.01025.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211522,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.01025.x"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a816ee4b0c8380cd7b51f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, David A.","contributorId":29193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6911,"text":"Iowa State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":428473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grand, J.B.","contributorId":11150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fondell, T.F.","contributorId":11154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fondell","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anthony, M.","contributorId":41373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030702,"text":"70030702 - 2006 - Inference of postseismic deformation mechanisms of the 1923 Kanto earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70030702","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inference of postseismic deformation mechanisms of the 1923 Kanto earthquake","docAbstract":"Coseismic slip associated with the M7.9, 1923 Kanto earthquake is fairly well understood, involving slip of up to 8 m along the Philippine Sea-Honshu interplate boundary under Sagami Bay and its onland extension. Postseismic deformation after the 1923 earthquake, however, is relatively poorly understood. We revisit the available deformation data in order to constrain possible mechanisms of postseismic deformation and to examine the consequences for associated stress changes in the surrounding crust. Data from two leveling lines and one tide gage station over the first 7-8 years postseismic period are of much greater amplitude than the corresponding expected interseismic deformation during the same period, making these data suitable for isolating the signal from postseismic deformation. We consider both viscoelastic models of asthenosphere relaxation and afterslip models. A distributed coseismic slip model presented by Pollitz et al. (2005), combined with prescribed parameters of a viscoelastic Earth model, yields predicted postseismic deformation that agrees with observed deformation on mainland Honshu from Tokyo to the Izu peninsula. Elsewhere (southern Miura peninsula; Boso peninsula), the considered viscoelastic models fail to predict observed deformation, and a model of ???1 in shallow afterslip in the offshore region south of the Boso peninsula, with equivalent moment magnitude Mw = 7.0, adequately accounts for the observed deformation. Using the distributed coseismic slip model, layered viscoelastic structure, and a model of interseismic strain accumulation, we evaluate the post-1923 stress evolution, including both the coseismic and accumulated postseismic stress changes and those stresses contributed by interseismic loading. We find that if account is made for the varying tectonic regime in the region, the occurrence of both immediate (first month) post-1923 crustal aftershocks as well as recent regional crustal seismicity is consistent with the predicted stress pattern. This suggests that the influence of the 1923 earthquake on regional seismicity is fairly predictable and has persisted for at least seven decades following the earthquake.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JB003901","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., Nyst, M., Nishimura, T., and Thatcher, W., 2006, Inference of postseismic deformation mechanisms of the 1923 Kanto earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 111, no. 5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003901.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211880,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003901"},{"id":239253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ae3e4b0c8380cd62068","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, F. F.","contributorId":108280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nyst, M.","contributorId":66453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyst","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nishimura, T.","contributorId":94834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishimura","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70030667,"text":"70030667 - 2006 - Invasion in a diversity hotspot: Exotic cover and native richness in the Californian serpentine flora","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-25T06:31:13","indexId":"70030667","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invasion in a diversity hotspot: Exotic cover and native richness in the Californian serpentine flora","docAbstract":"Exotic species have been observed to be more prevalent in sites where the richness of native species is highest, possibly reflecting variation among sites in resources, propagule supply, heterogeneity, or disturbance. However, such a pattern leaves unclear whether natives at species-rich sites are subject to especially severe impacts from exotics as a result. We considered this question using path models in which relationships between exotic cover and native richness were evaluated in the presence of correlated environmental factors. At 109 sites on serpentine soils across California, USA, exotic cover was positively correlated with total native herbaceous richness and was negatively correlated with the richness of both serpentine-endemic and rare native herbs. However, in path models that accounted for the influences of soil chemistry, disturbance, overstory cover, and regional rainfall and elevation, we found no indication that exotic cover reduced any component of native herb richness. Rather, our results indicated similarities and differences in the conditions favoring exotic, native, endemic, and rare species. Our results suggest that, in spite of some localized impacts, exotic species are not exerting a detectable overall effect on the community richness of the unique native flora of Californian serpentine. ?? 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/05-0778","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Harrison, S., Grace, J., Davies, K., Safford, H., and Viers, J., 2006, Invasion in a diversity hotspot: Exotic cover and native richness in the Californian serpentine flora: Ecology, v. 87, no. 3, p. 695-703, https://doi.org/10.1890/05-0778.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"695","endPage":"703","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": 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