{"pageNumber":"2461","pageRowStart":"61500","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68807,"records":[{"id":1040,"text":"wsp1999D - 1971 - Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, southern California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55888,"text":"ofr6920 - 1969 - Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, California","indexId":"ofr6920","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1040,"text":"wsp1999D - 1971 - Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, southern California","indexId":"wsp1999D","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, southern California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp1999D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1999","chapter":"D","title":"Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, southern California","docAbstract":"The San Gorgonio Pass ground-water basin is divided into the Beaumont, Banning, Cabazon, San Timoteo, South Beaumont, Banning Bench, and Singleton storage units. The Beaumont storage unit, centrally located in the agency area, is the largest in volume of the storage units. \r\n\r\nEstimated long-term average annual precipitation in the San Gorgonio Pass Water Agency drainage area is 332,000 acre-feet, and estimated average annual recoverable water is 24,000 acre-feet, less than 10 percent of the total precipitation. Estimated average annual surface outflow is 1,700 acre-feet, and estimated average annual ground-water recharge is 22,000 acre-feet. Projecting tack to probable steady-state conditions, of the 22.000 acre-feet of recharge, 16,003 acre-feet per year became subsurface outflow into Coachella Valley, 6,000 acre-feet into the Redlands area, and 220 acre-feet into Potrero Canyon. \r\n\r\nAfter extensive development, estimated subsurface outflow from the area in 1967 was 6,000 acre-feet into the Redlands area, 220 acre-feet into Potrero Canyon, and 800 acre-feet into the fault systems south of the Banning storage unit, unwatered during construction of a tunnel. Subsurface outflow into Coachella Valley in 1967 is probably less than 50 percent of the steady-state flow. An anticipated 17,000 .acre-feet of water per year will be imported by 1980. Information developed in this study indicates it is technically feasible to store imported water in the eastern part of the Beaumont storage unit without causing waterlogging in the storage area and without losing any significant quantity of stored water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1999D","usgsCitation":"Bloyd, R.M., 1971, Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1999, iv, 37 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1999D.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25684,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25685,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999d/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25686,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e479fe4b07f02db49307c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bloyd, Richard M.","contributorId":55802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bloyd","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":47963,"text":"ofr71227 - 1971 - Salt contamination of the water supply at Auburn, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:26","indexId":"ofr71227","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-227","title":"Salt contamination of the water supply at Auburn, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr71227","usgsCitation":"Pollock, S., 1971, Salt contamination of the water supply at Auburn, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-227, 13 p., 1 leaf of plates : map ; 30 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71227.","productDescription":"13 p., 1 leaf of plates : map ; 30 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66c8d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollock, Samuel J.","contributorId":27555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollock","given":"Samuel J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1673,"text":"wsp1899H - 1971 - Geohydrology of Hualapai and Sacramento Valleys, Mohave County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:23","indexId":"wsp1899H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1899","chapter":"H","title":"Geohydrology of Hualapai and Sacramento Valleys, Mohave County, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1899H","usgsCitation":"Gillespie, J., and Bentley, C., 1971, Geohydrology of Hualapai and Sacramento Valleys, Mohave County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1899, iv, 37 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1899H.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110038,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25122.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25122"},{"id":138234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899h/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26746,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899h/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26747,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899h/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26748,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8aff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillespie, J.B.","contributorId":74358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bentley, C.B.","contributorId":28223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bentley","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":4328,"text":"cir656 - 1971 - Index of surface-water records to September 30, 1970; Part 6, Missouri River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"cir656","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"656","title":"Index of surface-water records to September 30, 1970; Part 6, Missouri River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir656","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Index of surface-water records to September 30, 1970; Part 6, Missouri River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 656, 91 p. :ill ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir656.","productDescription":"91 p. :ill ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1971/0656/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31438,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1971/0656/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2bd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1888,"text":"wsp1999B - 1971 - Availability of streamflow for recharge of the basal aquifer in the Pearl Harbor area, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:22","indexId":"wsp1999B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1999","chapter":"B","title":"Availability of streamflow for recharge of the basal aquifer in the Pearl Harbor area, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The Pearl Harbor area is underlain by an extensive basal aquifer that contains large supplies of fresh water. Because of the presence of a cap rock composed of sedimentary material that is less permeable than the basaltic lava of the basal aquifer, seaward movement of ground water is retarded. The cap rock causes the basal water to stand at a high level; thus, the lens of fresh water that floats on sea water is thick. \r\n\r\nDischarge from the basal ground-water body, which includes pumpage from wells and shafts, averaged 250 million gallons per day during 1931-65. Because the water level in the basal aquifer did not decline progressively, recharge to the ground-water body must have been approximately equal to discharge. \r\n\r\nAlthough pumping for agricultural use has decreased since 1931, net ground-water discharge has increased because of a large increase in pumping for urban use. Substitution of ground water for surface water in the irrigation of sugarcane has also contributed to a net increase in ground-water discharge. The development of Mililani Town will further increase discharge. The increase in ground-water discharge may cause an increase in chloride content of the water pumped from wells near the shore of Pearl Harbor unless the increased discharge is balanced by increased recharge to the local aquifer. \r\n\r\nThe aquifer is recharged by direct infiltration and deep percolation of rain, principally in the high forested area, by infiltration and percolation of irrigation water applied in excess of plant requirements, by seepage of water through streambeds, and possibly by ground-water inflow from outside the area. Recharge is greatest in the uplands, where rainfall is heavy and where much infiltration takes place before rainwater collects in the middle and lower reaches of stream channels. Once water collects in and saturates the alluvium of stream channels, additional inflow to the streams will flow out to sea, only slightly decreased by seepage. \r\n\r\nAverage annual direct runoff from the 90-square-mile Pearl Harbor area is 47.27 million gallons per day, or 11.1 inches; this is 13.3 percent of the average annual rainfall (83.3 in.) over the area. Average annual direct runoff in streams at the 800- and 400-foot altitudes is 29 and 38 million gallons per day, respectively. Kipapa Stream has the largest average annual direct runoff at those altitudes--6 and 9 million gallons per day, respectively.\r\n\r\nBecause streams are flashy and have a wide range in discharge, only 60 percent of the average annual runoff can be economically diverted through ditches to recharge areas. The diversion may be increased slightly if reservoirs are used in conjunction with ditches to temporarily detain flows in excess of ditch capacity. \r\n\r\nThe planned irrigation use of some of the perennial flow available in Waikele Stream near sea level will decrease pumping from and increase recharge to the basal aquifer. \r\n\r\nSuspended-sediment load is mainly silt and clay, and it increases rapidly with increased discharge. Thus, the use of streamflow for artificial recharge poses problems. High flows must be used if recharge is to be effective, but flows must not be so high as to cause clogging of recharge facilities with sediment or woodland debris. \r\n\r\nPractical tests are needed to determine the advantages and disadvantages of different types of recharge structures, such as a reservoir or basin, large-diameter deep shafts, deep wells, or combinations of all these structures.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1999B","usgsCitation":"Hirashima, G.T., 1971, Availability of streamflow for recharge of the basal aquifer in the Pearl Harbor area, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1999, iv, 26 p. :illus., maps. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1999B.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p. :illus., maps. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27177,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d849","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hirashima, George Tokusuke","contributorId":16398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirashima","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Tokusuke","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1680,"text":"wsp1798H - 1971 - Sediment transport by streams in the Chehalis River basin, Washington, October 1961 to September 1965","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp1798H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1798","chapter":"H","title":"Sediment transport by streams in the Chehalis River basin, Washington, October 1961 to September 1965","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1798H","usgsCitation":"Glancy, P.A., 1971, Sediment transport by streams in the Chehalis River basin, Washington, October 1961 to September 1965: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1798, iv, 53 p. :illus., maps (2 fold., part col., in pocket) ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1798H.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p. :illus., maps (2 fold., part col., in pocket) ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110024,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24991.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24991"},{"id":138333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1798h/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26759,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1798h/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26760,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1798h/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26761,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1798h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbf47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glancy, Patrick A.","contributorId":87113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glancy","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70199680,"text":"70199680 - 1971 - Hydrogeologic characteristics of the valley-fill aquifer in the Arkansas River Valley, Bent County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-24T21:55:31.127238","indexId":"70199680","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-31T10:12:09","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Hydrogeologic characteristics of the valley-fill aquifer in the Arkansas River Valley, Bent County, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The investigation on which this report is based is a part of a comprehensive evaluation of the water resources of the Arkansas River valley undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board and the Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District. The study reach extends 150 miles from Pueblo to the Kansas State line (see fig. 1 index map). The water-resources investigation of the stream aquifer system in the Arkansas River valley, which began in 1963, is being made to provide information about the water resources for planning, management, and administration of the supply. </p><p>The objectives of the investigation are to define the effects of present water use, to determine the relation between ground and surface water, and to evaluate the effects of proposed changes in water law and management. The major steps in the study are: (1) Inventory the water resources, (2) describe the hydrogeologic character of the aquifer, (3) document and evaluate the effects of development, (4) construct and verify models to aid in the evaluation of the hydrology, and (5) develop models to test water-management plans and to optimize water use. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70199680","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board and the Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Hurr, R.T., and Moore, J.E., 1971, Hydrogeologic characteristics of the valley-fill aquifer in the Arkansas River Valley, Bent County, Colorado: Open-File Report, Report: i, 9 p.; 4 Plates: 35.81 x 20.16 inches or less, https://doi.org/10.3133/70199680.","productDescription":"Report: i, 9 p.; 4 Plates: 35.81 x 20.16 inches or less","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401019,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15848.htm"},{"id":400998,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199680/plate-3b.pdf","text":"Plate 3B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400999,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199680/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":357699,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199680/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":400994,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199680/report.pdf"},{"id":400995,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199680/plate-2a.pdf","text":"Plate 2A","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400996,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199680/plate-2b.pdf","text":"Plate 2B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400997,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199680/plate-3a.pdf","text":"Plate 3A","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Bent County","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.38333333333334,38 ], [ -103.38333333333334,38.166666666666664 ], [ -102.75,38.166666666666664 ], [ -102.75,38 ], [ -103.38333333333334,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hurr, R. Theodore","contributorId":27023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurr","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Theodore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, John E.","contributorId":33688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70111235,"text":"ofr72002 - 1971 - Availability of ground water for public-water supply in the Pensacola area, Florida: interim report, June 1971","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-03T16:17:02","indexId":"ofr72002","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T10:22:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-002","title":"Availability of ground water for public-water supply in the Pensacola area, Florida: interim report, June 1971","docAbstract":"<p>Statement of the problem</p>\n<p>Earlier hydrologic studies show that ample quantities of soft water of low dissolved solids content are obtainable from the sand-and-gravel aquifer in the Pensacola area. Some wells drilled for the city of Pensacola have yielded water with unacceptably high amounts of iron and carbon dioxide, and wells have had disappointingly low yields. The city, therefore, is seeking hydrologic information, including water-quality data, in an effort to avoid the high cost of well abandonment and to plan for future expansion of the water-supply system.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Objectives and approach</p>\n<p>This study is intended to provide information on the quality and quantity of water available from the sand-and-gravel aquifer, the only fresh-water aquifer in the Pensacola area, and to delineate those areas favorable for public-supply well sites.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>The project area is southern Escambia County, from Pensacola to S.R. (State Road) 196 north of Quintette (fig. 1). During the first year, effort was concentrated in the southern half of the area, generally south of 30&deg;30', which approximately coincides with Interstate Highway 10 in southeastern Escambia County.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>The investigation included the collection of well data, chemical analyses of water samples, test drilling, radioactivity logging of test holes and other wells, and water-level measurements.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tallahassee, FL","doi":"10.3133/ofr72002","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the City of Pensacola through Bureau of Geology, Florida Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Trapp, H., 1971, Availability of ground water for public-water supply in the Pensacola area, Florida: interim report, June 1971: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-002, Report: 56 p.; 4 plates: 9.31 x 7.99 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72002.","productDescription":"Report: 56 p.; 4 plates: 9.31 x 7.99 inches","numberOfPages":"105","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":298263,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290211,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0002/plate-3.pdf"},{"id":290209,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0002/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":290210,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0002/plate-2.pd"},{"id":290212,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0002/plate-4.pdf"},{"id":290213,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0002/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Escambia County","city":"Pensacola","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"538eee70e4b0d497d49684eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trapp, Henry Jr.","contributorId":6034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trapp","given":"Henry","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":518914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70110377,"text":"wdrIN701 - 1971 - Water resources data for Indiana, 1970","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-11T10:24:02","indexId":"wdrIN701","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-01T13:11:14","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IN-70-1","title":"Water resources data for Indiana, 1970","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1970 water year for Indiana, including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, and records of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface-water are given in this report. Records for a few pertinent gaging and water-quality stations in bordering States also are included. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of M. D. Hale, district chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Indiana.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrIN701","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Indiana Department of Natural Resources; Indiana State Board of Health; Indiana State Highway Commission; Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Water resources data for Indiana, 1970: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report IN-70-1, xi, 328 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrIN701.","productDescription":"xi, 328 p.","numberOfPages":"344","temporalStart":"1969-10-01","temporalEnd":"1970-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288286,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288285,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1970/in-70-1/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.0979,37.7717 ], [ -88.0979,41.7607 ], [ -84.7847,41.7607 ], [ -84.7847,37.7717 ], [ -88.0979,37.7717 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"538052ece4b0826cd5016a76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70174290,"text":"70174290 - 1971 - The acoustic streamflow-measuring system on the Columbia River at The Dalles, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-08T09:27:55","indexId":"70174290","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"The acoustic streamflow-measuring system on the Columbia River at The Dalles, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>Records of discharge on the Columbia River at The Dalles, Oreg., are vital to the management of the complex water-development projects in the Columbia River basin. Accurate discharge figures are needed for consistent day-to-day management and are required to meet treaty obligations with Canada.</p>\n<p>Because dams have been erected that completely control watersurface elevations at nearly all points in the river from Bonneville Dam to the Canadian border, conventional stream-gaging methods, used historically, are no longer adequate. Consequently, new techniques must be used to obtain the accurate discharge records required--records that are computed independently from the hydroelectric operation logs and that stand alone as the recognized flow records in the basin.</p>\n<p>This need for an accurate, independent gaging system has been met by the installation of an acoustic streamflow-measuring system in the river channel at The Dalles, Oreg. This device provides an index of water velocity by measuring the difference in traveltimes of acoustic pulses transmitted through the water in each direction along a diagonal path across the river. The flow of water along the path increases the speed of one signal and retards the speed of the other. The difference in time of travel is related linearly to the water velocity along the path. The velocity index and river stage are used as a two-variable index in the computation of flow. These variables, correlated against current-meter measurements made with specialized boat equipment, provide a reliable&nbsp;basis for computations of instantaneous and daily mean discharges.</p>\n<p>Installation of this sytem, which is the first application of an AVM (acoustic velocity meter) in a large natural channel, was completed in April 1969. It has been in continuous operation since that date. Performance has been satisfactory, and similar installations at other key points in the Columbia River basin are now under consideration. This paper covers the general theory behind acoustic velocity meters, tracing development from earlier concepts to the present commercially available system. Conclusions are that the AVM can now be considered as an operational instrument which permits accurate gaging of river discharge at many sites where conventional stream-gaging procedures have proved to be unreliable.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/70174290","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Bonneville Power Administration, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Smith, W., Hubbard, L.L., and Laenen, A., 1971, The acoustic streamflow-measuring system on the Columbia River at The Dalles, Oregon: Open-File Report, v, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70174290.","productDescription":"v, 60 p.","numberOfPages":"71","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70174290.jpg"},{"id":324878,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70174290/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"The Dalles","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.19258880615234,\n              45.598545581663465\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.19258880615234,\n              45.61739941393963\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.12255096435545,\n              45.61739941393963\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.12255096435545,\n              45.598545581663465\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.19258880615234,\n              45.598545581663465\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"577f7d33e4b0ef4d2f45facd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Winchell","contributorId":20311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Winchell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubbard, Larry L.","contributorId":91492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207469,"text":"70207469 - 1971 - Interstitial water studies on small core samples, deep sea drilling Project, leg 7","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T17:23:27","indexId":"70207469","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T17:19:02","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interstitial water studies on small core samples, deep sea drilling Project, leg 7","docAbstract":"<p>The sediments cored on Leg 7 are predominantly deep sea biogenic oozes and chalks; only rarely were significant quantities of pelagic clays and volcanic detritus encountered. The biogenic sections include both siliceous and calcareous deposits. At three sites the drilling terminated in basalt, one of which (Site 62) is interpreted as being intrusive on the basis of intense alteration of the overlying sediment. With the exception of Ca++ and Sr , compositional changes in the pore waters are characteristically small relative to those reported previously for rapidly deposited, non-biogenic sediments. Ca++ and Sr + , however, exhibit concentrations of up to three times and ten times, respectively, those found in sea water. In several instances, constant concentration gradients as a function of depth have been found. </p><p>The sampling, storage and analytical procedures employed have been briefly described in an earlier report (Sayles et al, 1970) and are detailed in a manuscript in preparation (Manheim and Chan). Sodium has been calculated as the difference between the summation of the anions and the summation of the major cations exclusive of sodium; to date, this method has proven more accurate than direct analytical methods. Agreement between the two types of silica determination used (emission spectrometric and colorimetric) is poor; the values obtained by emission spectrometry are characteristically higher. The colorimetric technique measures only \"reactive\" silica (monomeric and possibly dimeric) while the emission spectrometric technique will determine all of the silica in solution and in suspension. The silica content of most of the solutions is high (60 ppm) and polymerization is likely. We are currently investigating this discrepancy. The pH and water content data reported were obtained aboard the Glomar Challenger immediately after sampling</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.7.112.1971","usgsCitation":"Sayles, F., and Manheim, F.T., 1971, Interstitial water studies on small core samples, deep sea drilling Project, leg 7: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 7, p. 871-881, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.7.112.1971.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"871","endPage":"881","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.7.112.1971","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":370528,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sayles, F.L.","contributorId":77657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayles","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":20770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70197780,"text":"70197780 - 1971 - Structural implications of an offset Early Cretaceous shoreline in northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-20T09:30:09","indexId":"70197780","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural implications of an offset Early Cretaceous shoreline in northern California","docAbstract":"<p>Recognition of a nonmarine to marine transition in sedimentary rocks at Glade Creek and Big Bar in the southern Klamath Mountains permits reconstruction of the approximate position of a north-trending Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) shoreline. At the southern end of the Klamath Mountains, the shoreline is displaced 60 mi or more to the east by a west-northwest-trending fault zone. South of this fault zone the shoreline is buried at a much lower level beneath late Cenozoic rocks in the Great Valley. This large displacement probably is the result of differential movement along a system of left-lateral tear faults in the upper plate of the Coast Range thrust. The westward bulge of the Klamath arc also may have resulted from this faulting, as the amount and direction of the bulge is comparable with the displacement of the Valanginian shoreline.</p><p>Basal clastic strata at both Glade Creek and Big Bar contain abundant fresh-water or brackish-water clams, many of which consist of unabraded paired valves. These are conformably overlain by Valanginian marine strata containing<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Buchia crassicollis solida.</i></p><p>The position of the Valanginian shoreline beneath the Great Valley cannot be directly observed because it is buried by thick late Cenozoic deposits. However, its approximate westernmost limit must lie between the outcrop belt of marine strata on the west side of the valley and drill holes to basement on the east side, in which equivalent strata are absent.</p><p>Franciscan rocks containing Valanginian fossils occur 10 mi southwest of Glade Creek, but these are deep-water marine eugeosynclinal rocks that were deposited far to the west of the shoreline. The deformation responsible for the displacement of the Valanginian shoreline and juxtaposition of the Franciscan rocks and Klamath Mountain basement rocks involved eastward under-thrusting of the Franciscan beneath the Coast Range thrust contemporaneous with differential movement along tear faults within the upper plate.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[815:SIOAOE]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Jones, D.L., and Irwin, W., 1971, Structural implications of an offset Early Cretaceous shoreline in northern California: GSA Bulletin, v. 82, p. 815-822, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[815:SIOAOE]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"815","endPage":"822","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355193,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"82","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, D. L.","contributorId":65045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irwin, W. P.","contributorId":82347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70227412,"text":"70227412 - 1971 - Discussion on “Parameter Estimation in Hydrology: The State of the Art” by Donald R. Jackson and Gert Aron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-13T21:11:35.133603","indexId":"70227412","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-01T15:06:48","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discussion on “Parameter Estimation in Hydrology: The State of the Art” by Donald R. Jackson and Gert Aron","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1971.tb05062.x","usgsCitation":"Hardison, C.H., 1971, Discussion on “Parameter Estimation in Hydrology: The State of the Art” by Donald R. Jackson and Gert Aron: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 7, no. 6, p. 1253-1254, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1971.tb05062.x.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1253","endPage":"1254","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardison, Clayton H.","contributorId":46073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardison","given":"Clayton","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70260099,"text":"70260099 - 1971 - The impact of the introduction of duck virus enteritis (duck plague) to the commercial duck industry and other waterfowl in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-28T14:14:51.283886","indexId":"70260099","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-01T08:46:14","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The impact of the introduction of duck virus enteritis (duck plague) to the commercial duck industry and other waterfowl in the United States","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"XIV World's poultry congress","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"XIV World's Poultry Congress","conferenceDate":"September 1970","conferenceLocation":"Madrid, Spain","language":"English","publisher":"Ministerio de Agricultura","usgsCitation":"Walker, J., Urban, W.D., Nadler, H., and Locke, L.N., 1971, The impact of the introduction of duck virus enteritis (duck plague) to the commercial duck industry and other waterfowl in the United States, <i>in</i> XIV World's poultry congress, Madrid, Spain, September 1970, p. 468-470.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"468","endPage":"470","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":463244,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wpsa.com/index.php/publications/wpsa-proceedings/world-s-poultry-congresses/proceedings-1921-1996","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":463245,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, J.T.","contributorId":84022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walker","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":916989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Urban, William D.","contributorId":345583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Urban","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":916990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nadler, H.E.","contributorId":29912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nadler","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":916991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Locke, Louis N.","contributorId":71233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":916992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70260852,"text":"70260852 - 1971 - Ground-water pumpage in parts of Merced, Madera, Fresno, Kings, and Tulare Counties, California, 1962-66","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-21T16:58:17.203806","indexId":"70260852","displayToPublicDate":"1971-11-12T11:05:43","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Ground-water pumpage in parts of Merced, Madera, Fresno, Kings, and Tulare Counties, California, 1962-66","docAbstract":"<p>Quantitative estimates of ground-water pumpage from the principal ground-water basins in California are necessary for future appraisal studies, for constructing hydrologic&nbsp; models, and for systematic planning of water use and conservation. Methods of estimating pumpage for this report are based on metered pumpages, on electric-power consumption and fuel consumption by internal-combustion engines or agricultural wells, and on duty of water for municipal areas. This report is the third of a series planned to include the Central Valley of California.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70260852","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Mitten, H.T., and Ogilbee, W., 1971, Ground-water pumpage in parts of Merced, Madera, Fresno, Kings, and Tulare Counties, California, 1962-66: Open-File Report, iii, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70260852.","productDescription":"iii, 8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":463876,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70260852/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":485009,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70260852/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Fresno County, Madera County, Merced County, Tulare County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.74265624125817,\n              37.42406923520494\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.74265624125817,\n              35.85671302602901\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.12127194447606,\n              35.85671302602901\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.12127194447606,\n              37.42406923520494\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.74265624125817,\n              37.42406923520494\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mitten, Hugh T.","contributorId":103652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitten","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":918299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ogilbee, William","contributorId":106093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogilbee","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":918300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70120915,"text":"70120915 - 1971 - Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 8","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-16T14:44:01","indexId":"70120915","displayToPublicDate":"1971-11-01T13:15:15","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 8","docAbstract":"<p>Leg 8 sites are dominated by siliceous-calcareous biogenic oozes having depositional rates of 0.1 to 1.5 cm/1000 years. Conservative constituents of pore fluids showed, as have cores from other pelagic areas of the Pacific, insignificant or marginally significant changes with depth and location. However, in Sites 70 and 71, calcium, magnesium and strontium showed major shifts in concentration with depth. These changes appear to be related to recrystallization phenomena in skeletal debris of nannoplankton and to the relative accumulation rate of the sediments.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The chemical anomalies increase relatively smoothly with depth, demonstrating the effectiveness of vertical diffusional communication, and apparent lack of bulk fluid movement, as noted in Leg 7 and other sites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International","publisherLocation":"College Station, TX","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.8.121.1971","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., and Sayles, F., 1971, Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 8: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 8, p. 857-869, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.8.121.1971.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"857","endPage":"869","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488231,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.8.121.1971","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":292461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -170.0,-20.0 ], [ -170.0,25.0 ], [ -130.0,25.0 ], [ -130.0,-20.0 ], [ -170.0,-20.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fe7e4b033341871892e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sayles, F.L.","contributorId":77657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayles","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70227431,"text":"70227431 - 1971 - Effects of karst features on circulation of water in carbonate rocks in coastal areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T17:11:28.34317","indexId":"70227431","displayToPublicDate":"1971-11-01T10:59:39","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of karst features on circulation of water in carbonate rocks in coastal areas","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id5\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id6\"><p>The normal balance between fresh water in coastal aquifers and sea water applies also to carbonate-rock aquifers that have been karstified, but there are local modifications in the balance that need to be considered. Uneven distribution of permeability, expressed by a network of solution channels bounded by relatively impermeabler rock, causes an uneven distribution of head of the environmental water along the seacoast. Where sinkholes and (or) vertical solution shafts below sea level penetrate the aquifer, the fresh ground water may discharge through these karst features if the fresh-water head is greater than that of the salt water. However, under some conditions the salt-water head may exceed that of the fresh water, and the direction of movement is reversed as sea water flows into the aquifer. This sea-water flow into the aquifer occurs (1) where sinkholes, acting as “cased wells,” penetrate less permeable rock before reaching a lateral solution channel and (2) where (or when) the fresh-water head is less than that required to balance the salt water. On Andros Island, Bahamas, the range in tide (as much as 5 feet) from low tide to high tide is sufficient to cause such a reversal locally. During low tide the salt-water head becomes sufficiently low that the ground-water head exceeds that of the sea water, and the ground water flows through the sinkholes to the ocean floor; during high tide sea water flows in the sinkholes. In the Adriatic Sea along the coast of Yugoslavia, apparently the fresh-water head is sufficient to produce perennial springs in some localities, but in other areas, as in the Bay of Kastela near Split, the fresh-water head becomes low enough during some seasons that the flow is reversed and salt water enters the aquifer through the karst features.</p><p>The development of sinkholes and other karst features near the present coast and extending below sea level occurred generally during a low stand of the Pleistocene sea when the top of the saturated zone stood lower than the bottom of the deepest sinkholes or natural wells.</p><p>Integrated evaluations of (1) the distribution of permeability in coastal karst regions and (2) the principles relating to the dynamic balance between fresh aquifer water and sea water are leading to better knowledge of methods that may salvage much karst water which is lost to the sea.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(71)90003-5","usgsCitation":"Stringfield, V.T., and LeGrand, H.E., 1971, Effects of karst features on circulation of water in carbonate rocks in coastal areas: Journal of Hydrology, v. 14, no. 2, p. 139-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(71)90003-5.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"157","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394394,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"The Bahamas, Croatia","city":"Split","otherGeospatial":"Adriatic Sea, Andros Island, Yugoslavia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.5634765625,\n              23.717468136962662\n            ],\n        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T.","contributorId":72369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeGrand, H. E.","contributorId":54571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeGrand","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70206432,"text":"70206432 - 1971 - The problem of groundwater discharge into the seas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-03T16:48:57","indexId":"70206432","displayToPublicDate":"1971-10-01T16:34:10","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The problem of groundwater discharge into the seas","title":"The problem of groundwater discharge into the seas","docAbstract":"<p><span>Introductory Note: The dynamic equilibrium of the various factors involved in the world water balance or budget is the central scientific problem of the International Hydrological Decade. One of the potentially vital elements of the balance is groundwater discharge to the oceans. To paraphrase the authors of the following Russian publication, the world water budget can't be properly balanced, statically or dynamically, until there are improved values for the amount of groundwater that is discharged directly to oceans, seas, and enclosed lakes. The following report, with its bibliography, presents some Russian approaches to the problem and provides a few bits of numerical information. The report was translated by Frank W. Trainer of the U.S. Geological Survey. The text has been slightly reduced in the interests of saving space but the bibliography is given in full and has been transcribed into more or less standard U.S. Geological Survey bibliographical style. ©1971. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</span></p>","language":"English ","doi":"10.1029/EO052i010p00717","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Kudelin, B., Zekster, I., Meskheteli, A., Brusilovsky, S., and Trainer, F., 1971, The problem of groundwater discharge into the seas: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 52, no. 10, p. 717-722, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO052i010p00717.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"717","endPage":"722","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368910,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kudelin, B.I.","contributorId":220224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kudelin","given":"B.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zekster, I.S.","contributorId":220225,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zekster","given":"I.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meskheteli, A.V.","contributorId":220226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meskheteli","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brusilovsky, S.A.","contributorId":220227,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brusilovsky","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trainer, F.W.","contributorId":26007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trainer","given":"F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70227432,"text":"70227432 - 1971 - Geochemical interpretations of groundwater flow systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T17:25:16.842313","indexId":"70227432","displayToPublicDate":"1971-10-01T11:15:29","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical interpretations of groundwater flow systems","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Interest in the geochemistry of groundwater is increasing owing to the great number of current projects involving underground liquid waste storage, artificial recharge of potable water, accidental contamination of groundwater bodies, sanitary landfills, and pollution monitoring. Geochemical techniques used to facilitate the understanding of a groundwater system range from extremely simple to those requiring sophisticated theories, equipment, and procedures. An interpretation of the simple trilinear diagram for samples collected from the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico provided evidence that the fresh-water body was only a few tens of meters thick and was underlain everywhere by an extensive body of salt water. A geochemical technique that has been used effectively to identify the source of salt water in coastal aquifers is measurement of the carbon-14 concentrations. Carbon-14 has been used in a regional carbonate aquifer to determine the velocity of groundwater movement, rates of chemical reactions, and distribution of hydraulic conductivity. The application of principles of irreversible thermodynamics to groundwater systems provides a basis for constructing models which permit prediction, over both time and space, of changes in head distribution and chemical character of the water resulting from imposed stresses on the system. In essence, proper application of irreversible thermodynamics combines the potential theory of Hubbert with principles of reversible chemical thermodynamics, such as solution of carbonate minerals, to describe and explain controlling chemical reactions and processes of groundwater systems.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1971.tb05021.x","usgsCitation":"Back, W., and Hanshaw, B.B., 1971, Geochemical interpretations of groundwater flow systems: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 7, no. 5, p. 1008-1016, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1971.tb05021.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1008","endPage":"1016","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394396,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Florida, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Hilton Head Island, Yucatan Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": 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William","contributorId":59007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanshaw, Bruce B.","contributorId":47350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001352,"text":"1001352 - 1971 - Waterfowl nesting on interstate highway right-of-way in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-20T22:41:05.142932","indexId":"1001352","displayToPublicDate":"1971-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waterfowl nesting on interstate highway right-of-way in North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>We studied 630 acres of roadside along 23 miles of Interstate 94 in Stutsman County, North Dakota, to assess wildlife values of highway rights-of-way. We found 422 duck nests that had an overall success of 57 percent in 1968, 1969, and 1970. Mammalian predators were responsible for 85 percent of the destroyed nests. To test the effect of mowing on duck nest initiation and success, alternate 1-mile blocks of the study area were not mowed in the fall of 1968. In 1969 and 1970, significantly more ducks chose unmowed vegetation in preference to mowed vegetation for nest sites. Mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>), pintails (<i>A. acuta</i>), and gadwalls (<i>A. strepera</i>) were especially responsive to unmowed vegetation. Success of duck nests in unmowed vegetation was 62 percent compared with 51 percent in mowed vegetation. Sixteen percent of the nests were unhatched by July 5, the beginning mowing date previously recommended by the North Dakota Highway Department. Wildlife killed by traffic did not increase when half the mile blocks were unmowed, and no significant difference was observed in buildup of snow between mowed and unmowed blocks in the winter of 1968-69. Of 182 motorists interviewed in the study area, 82 percent had not noticed the unmowed rights-of-way. We strongly recommend no mowing of ditch bottoms or back slopes, minimal mowing of inslopes, and no mowing before July 20 to enhance waterfowl nesting and to reduce maintenance costs of highway rights-of-way in duck-producing regions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799786","usgsCitation":"Oetting, R., and Cassel, J., 1971, Waterfowl nesting on interstate highway right-of-way in North Dakota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 35, no. 4, p. 774-781, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799786.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"774","endPage":"781","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133686,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Stutsman County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-99.2669,47.3268],[-98.8466,47.327],[-98.8392,47.327],[-98.8232,47.3272],[-98.8152,47.3271],[-98.4991,47.327],[-98.467,47.3266],[-98.4677,47.2402],[-98.4685,46.9788],[-98.4412,46.9789],[-98.4396,46.6296],[-98.7894,46.6294],[-99.0379,46.6309],[-99.1616,46.6317],[-99.4122,46.6316],[-99.4498,46.6319],[-99.4477,46.8044],[-99.4476,46.9788],[-99.4821,46.9795],[-99.4824,47.0089],[-99.4822,47.0162],[-99.4821,47.0249],[-99.4826,47.0396],[-99.4827,47.1558],[-99.4801,47.3267],[-99.2669,47.3268]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Stutsman\",\"state\":\"ND\"}}]}","volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49cde4b07f02db5d976c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oetting, R.B.","contributorId":53733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oetting","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cassel, J.F.","contributorId":59750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cassel","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70205599,"text":"70205599 - 1971 - Ground water in the Aden sector of Southern Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-26T15:30:10","indexId":"70205599","displayToPublicDate":"1971-09-26T15:28:04","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground water in the Aden sector of Southern Arabia","docAbstract":"<p><span>A reconnaissance of parts of the former West Aden Protectorate enables a characterization of the dominant hydrologic elements to be made. In this desert environment intermittent streams from the east‐west range of mountains provide considerable water for flood irrigation and groundwater recharge of alluvial fans along the Gulf of Aden. High yield wells are developed in the coastal area and in at least one alluvial area on the back slope facing the Empty Quarter. Ground water in the interior is generally restricted to areas where wadi flow provides occasional recharge. Relatively few rock wells have been drilled in the area. Many wells in the alluvium yield silty water leading to clogging of the wells and undue pump wear.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"NGWA","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1971.tb03542.x","usgsCitation":"Cedarstrom, D., 1971, Ground water in the Aden sector of Southern Arabia: Ground Water, v. 9, no. 2, p. 29-34, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1971.tb03542.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cedarstrom, D.J.","contributorId":102127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cedarstrom","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70205589,"text":"70205589 - 1971 - Geological aspects of the May 31, 1970, Perú earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T16:00:42.762091","indexId":"70205589","displayToPublicDate":"1971-09-26T12:47:38","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological aspects of the May 31, 1970, Perú earthquake","docAbstract":"<p>Geological effects of the destructive May 31, 1970, Perú earthquake (Ms = 7.7) extended over roughly 65,000 km2 of west-central Perú. Earthquake-triggered slope failures of all types that occurred throughout the mountainous parts of the region extensively damaged transportation routes and irrigation canals and temporarily dammed some rivers and lakes. The geologically most important and spectacular of these, a cataclysmic debris avalanche from between 5,500 and 6,400 m altitude on the north peak of Huascarán Mountain, buried the city of Yungay and part of Ranrahirca (elevation about 2,500 m) with a loss of more than about 18,000 lives. The debris avalanche involved 50-100 million m3 of rock, ice, snow, and soil that traveled 14.5 km from the source to Yungay at an average velocity of between 280 and 335 km/hr. Exceptionally rapid movement of the avalanche is indicated by eyewitness accounts, by topographic irregularities as high as 140 m that were overridden, and locally by boulders weighing several tons that were hurled as much as 1,000 m beyond its margins. A pulse of muddy water from the debris avalanche that swept down the Río Santa 160 km to the sea inundated farms and small settlements, buried highway and railroad routes, and destroyed the diversion dam and access bridge to a major hydroelectric plant.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0610030543","issn":"1943-3573","usgsCitation":"Plafker, G., Ericksen, G.E., and Fernandez Concha, J., 1971, Geological aspects of the May 31, 1970, Perú earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 61, no. 3, p. 543-578, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0610030543.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"543","endPage":"578","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367760,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Peru","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.936279296875,\n              -10.865675826639414\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.7724609375,\n              -10.865675826639414\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.7724609375,\n              -7.841615185204699\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.936279296875,\n              -7.841615185204699\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.936279296875,\n              -10.865675826639414\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ericksen, G. E.","contributorId":44538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fernandez Concha, Jamie","contributorId":219242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fernandez Concha","given":"Jamie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70205369,"text":"70205369 - 1971 -  Ground-water provinces of Libyan Arab Republic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-19T09:25:41","indexId":"70205369","displayToPublicDate":"1971-09-16T11:35:58","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":" Ground-water provinces of Libyan Arab Republic","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Symposium on Geology of Libya, Tripoli, April 1969","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on Geology of Libya","conferenceDate":"April 1969","conferenceLocation":"Tripoli, Libya","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Jones, J., 1971,  Ground-water provinces of Libyan Arab Republic, chap. <i>of</i> Symposium on Geology of Libya, Tripoli, April 1969, p. 449-457.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"449","endPage":"457","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367435,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Libya","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[14.8513,22.86295],[14.14387,22.49129],[13.58142,23.04051],[11.99951,23.47167],[11.56067,24.09791],[10.77136,24.56253],[10.30385,24.37931],[9.94826,24.93695],[9.91069,25.36545],[9.31941,26.09432],[9.71629,26.51221],[9.62906,27.14095],[9.75613,27.68826],[9.68388,28.14417],[9.86,28.95999],[9.80563,29.42464],[9.48214,30.30756],[9.97002,30.53932],[10.05658,30.96183],[9.95023,31.37607],[10.6369,31.76142],[10.94479,32.08181],[11.43225,32.3689],[11.48879,33.137],[12.66331,32.79278],[13.08326,32.87882],[13.91868,32.71196],[15.24563,32.26508],[15.71394,31.37626],[16.61162,31.18218],[18.02109,30.76357],[19.08641,30.26639],[19.57404,30.52582],[20.05335,30.98576],[19.82033,31.75179],[20.13397,32.2382],[20.85452,32.7068],[21.54298,32.8432],[22.89576,32.63858],[23.2368,32.19149],[23.60913,32.18726],[23.9275,32.01667],[24.92114,31.89936],[25.16482,31.56915],[24.80287,31.08929],[24.95762,30.6616],[24.70007,30.04419],[25,29.23865],[25,25.6825],[25,22],[25,20.00304],[23.85,20],[23.83766,19.58047],[19.84926,21.49509],[15.86085,23.40972],[14.8513,22.86295]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Libya\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, J.R.","contributorId":15967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227409,"text":"70227409 - 1971 - Protective pumping to reduce aquifer pollution, Glynn County, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-13T20:37:06.688484","indexId":"70227409","displayToPublicDate":"1971-09-01T14:30:23","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Protective pumping to reduce aquifer pollution, Glynn County, Georgia","docAbstract":"<p>Water-level declines in the principal artesian aquifer have created a head imbalance between the aquifer and an underlying brackish-water zone containing up to 4,550 mg/1 chloride. The brackish-water zone leaks brackish water into the aquifer through several breaks in a confining unit.</p><p>A relief well tapping the brackish-water zone was drilled near a suspected break and pumped at about 3,000 gpm to lower the potential in the zone and bring it into hydrostatic equilibrium with the aquifer. The pumping apparently succeeded in decreasing the rate of brackish-water leakage into the aquifer. Successive samples of water from a well tapping the aquifer and downgradient from the relief well showed a decrease in the chloride content. Several more relief wells may be necessary to ultimately control chloride contamination of the aquifer.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1971.tb03564.x","usgsCitation":"Gregg, D.O., 1971, Protective pumping to reduce aquifer pollution, Glynn County, Georgia: Groundwater, v. 9, no. 5, p. 21-29, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1971.tb03564.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394335,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Glynn 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