{"pageNumber":"2462","pageRowStart":"61525","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68807,"records":[{"id":70206914,"text":"70206914 - 1971 - A lower paleozoic paleoaquifer; the Kingsport Formation and Mascot dolomite of Tennessee and southwest Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T14:21:23.414628","indexId":"70206914","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T16:57:21","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A lower paleozoic paleoaquifer; the Kingsport Formation and Mascot dolomite of Tennessee and southwest Virginia","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Kingsport Formation (Lower Ordovician) in one section may be composed of two dominant rock types--limestone and medium to coarsely crystalline dolomite--whereas in an adjacent section, most of the formation may be largely composed of breccia. The breccia bodies, which are interpreted to be solution-collapse features, range in width from 30 feet to several hundred feet, in thickness from a few feet to more than 200 feet, and are hundreds of feet long. Many of the complexities of the Kingsport can be directly related to the development of an unconformity at the top of the overlying Mascot Dolomite. Erosion associated with the unconformity produced a widespread karst topography with an attendant paleoaquifer system. Ground water, apparently reacting to differences in solubility between limestone of the Kingsport and dense dolomite of the Mascot, is thought to be a major contributing factor in regional dolomitization and localization of solution-thinning and collapse features at the contact of the Kingsport and Mascot. Later mineralizing solutions invaded the paleoaquifer, locally depositing commercial quantities of zinc ore.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.735","usgsCitation":"Harris, L.D., 1971, A lower paleozoic paleoaquifer; the Kingsport Formation and Mascot dolomite of Tennessee and southwest Virginia: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 735-743, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.735.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"735","endPage":"743","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369686,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia, Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.63450348970652,\n              36.08170648115049\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.33440316723224,\n              36.80238438565193\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.14867454973582,\n              37.0207690912394\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.0663924244235,\n              37.38624564587076\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.27328540879175,\n              36.19640637022552\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.63450348970652,\n              36.08170648115049\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, Leonard D.","contributorId":25567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227415,"text":"70227415 - 1971 - Banquet speech \"Man's conquest of energy, its ecological and human consequences\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-13T21:36:16.046203","indexId":"70227415","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T15:32:20","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1946,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Banquet speech \"Man's conquest of energy, its ecological and human consequences\"","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-text row\"><div class=\"col-12\"><div class=\"u-mb-1\"><div>The world's energy resources suitable for power production are of two classes: (1) various channels of the continuous energy flux from extraterrestrial sources, and from the earth's interior, and (2) chemical, thermal, and nuclear energy stored in the outer part of the lithosphere and in the oceans. The continuous energy influxes are from: solar radiation, 178,000 × 1012 watts; geothermal energy, 32 × 1012 watts; and tidal energy, 3 × 1012 watts. Of the solar energy influx, the only fraction suitable at present for large-scale power production is the approximately 40,000 × 1012 watts expended in evaporation of water and in atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Of this, the world's potential water power is about 2.9 × 1012 watts. A very small fraction of the solar influx, 40 × 1012 watts, is stored chemically by photosynthesis. A minute fraction of this, stored during the geologic past, is the source of the energy of the fossil fuels, coal and petroleum. Tidal power is capable of large-scale development in a small number of coastal localities with a total potential power of about 64,000 megawatts. Of the sources of stored energy, geothermal energy is the least important. Installed capacity by 1970 is about 1,125 electrical megawatts, and the ultimate potential is estimated at about 60,000 megawatts, with a lifetime of probably less than a century. The largest sources of stored energy, other than nuclear, are the fossil fuels. The initial minable world reserves of coal and lignite are estimated to have been about 7.</div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","doi":"10.1109/TNS.1971.4326312","usgsCitation":"Hubbert, M.K., 1971, Banquet speech \"Man's conquest of energy, its ecological and human consequences\": IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, v. 18, no. 4, p. 18-35, https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.1971.4326312.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394350,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubbert, M. King","contributorId":50197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbert","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"King","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227138,"text":"70227138 - 1971 - Evolution of thought on ore controls in east Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-30T19:00:10.551504","indexId":"70227138","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T12:51:51","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of thought on ore controls in east Tennessee","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>All early students of the zinc and barite deposits of East Tennessee, noting the geographic coincidence of the principal mining area with complex late Paleozoic geologic structure, concluded that (1) the ore-bearing breccias were produced by Appalachian tectonic forces and that (2) mineralizing solutions gained access through fault-produced channelways. In 1931, Ulrich suggested that the breccias were produced by collapse and fragmentation resulting from solution of the carbonate rocks. This idea was promptly rejected by most geologists, and for the next 15 years nearly all papers on these deposits contained refutations of Ulrich's hypothesis and \"proof\" of the late Paleozoic tectonic origin of the breccias. Recognition by Odell in 1950 of a spatial association between thinning of the lime-stone zone of the Kingsport Formation and the presence of ore bodies, plus the observation that all identifiable blocks in the breccias were displaced downward as much as 30 to 50 feet, led him to suggest that foundering of the rocks over solution-thinned zones produced the breccias. Hydrothermal fluids, rather than ordinary ground water, were thought to be the dissolving agent.Kendall, in 1960, described a stratified \"varved\" matrix with detrital sphalerite grains in many breccias at Jefferson City, in which lamination is parallel to bedding of the host Kingsport Formation, indicating that both brecciation and mineralization occurred while the rocks were horizontal. Ruskell about 1960 pointed out the similarity between cross sections of southwest Wisconsin ore bodies and those of East Tennessee when the latter were rotated to a horizontal position. Detailed studies of the post-Knox unconformity led to recognition of a paleokarst topography of considerable relief developed on this surface. Regional stratigraphic studies of the Knox Group by Harris demonstrated the probability of pre-Middle Ordovician exposure of the Kingsport somewhere to the north or northwest, providing a recharge area for ground waters at that time. Detailed mapping of ore bodies, barren areas, and related structures by the mining-company geologists, plus application of the principles of ground-water hydrology and rock mechanics, has led to the theory, generally accepted in the district, of solution-collapse origin of the breccias, probably during Ordovician time.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.696","usgsCitation":"Laurence, R.A., 1971, Evolution of thought on ore controls in east Tennessee: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 696-700, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.696.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"696","endPage":"700","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393666,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.6109619140625,\n              34.9895035675793\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.3145751953125,\n              34.9805024453652\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.2816162109375,\n              35.205233347514536\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.2266845703125,\n              35.25459097465022\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.166259765625,\n              35.22767235493586\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.0399169921875,\n              35.25459097465022\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.9959716796875,\n              35.34425514918409\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.990478515625,\n              35.43381992014202\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7872314453125,\n              35.54116627999815\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.64990234375,\n              35.55904339525896\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.5125732421875,\n              35.55010533588552\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.3038330078125,\n              35.634976650677295\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.111572265625,\n              35.7688006602384\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9742431640625,\n              35.77325759103725\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.891845703125,\n              35.8356283888737\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.891845703125,\n              35.93354064249312\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8204345703125,\n              35.88459964717596\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.7874755859375,\n              35.93798832265393\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6226806640625,\n              36.04021586880111\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.64465332031249,\n              35.97356075349624\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.5787353515625,\n              35.94243575255426\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.452392578125,\n              35.98245135784044\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.3699951171875,\n              36.089060460282006\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.2052001953125,\n              36.14231087352999\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.1337890625,\n              36.09349937380574\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.0404052734375,\n              36.11125252076156\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.837158203125,\n              36.328402729422656\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.7218017578125,\n              36.35052700542763\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.6558837890625,\n              36.619936625629215\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.91955566406249,\n              36.63316209558658\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9415283203125,\n              36.59788913307022\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.2706298828125,\n              36.59347887826919\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.6109619140625,\n              34.9895035675793\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laurence, Robert A.","contributorId":34981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laurence","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227137,"text":"70227137 - 1971 - Tertiary limestone aquifer system in the southeastern states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-30T18:49:08.037353","indexId":"70227137","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T12:36:14","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tertiary limestone aquifer system in the southeastern states","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>The hydrogeologic history of the Tertiary limestone system of the Southeastern States is reconstructed, especially as it relates to circulation of ground water and the development of solution cavities. The development of these solution cavities resembles in many respects the development of cavities in carbonates of the Knox Group of Tennessee during Middle Ordovician time, the cavities in the Knox having since been filled with collapse breccia that has been recemented. Some general principles of the circulation of water in limestone terranes and the related development of solution openings are reviewed so that a generic basis for comparison can be made of the modern southeast carbonate setting with the Ordovician carbonate setting in Tennessee.The major requirements for solutional development as cavities--(1) presence of highly soluble material, (2) a fracture system or some other form of incipient permeability, (3) water undersaturated with respect to soluble rocks, such as recharge from precipitation, and (4) hydraulic gradient--are found in the Tertiary limestone terrane of the southeast; much of the limestone has been elevated above sea level as a homoclinal seaward-dipping unit. Such a broad homoclinal setting, which also existed in the Knox at the close of early Ordovician time, facilitates extensive solutional development in the upper part of the zone of saturation. Circulation of water great enough to form a significant cavern network requires concentrated discharge areas, commonly as entrenched permanent streams or near-shore springs and seepage. This condition prevails where the Tertiary limestone is fairly close to land surface.Reconstruction of the geologic and hydrogeologic history of a carbonate region generally reveals the extent of early solution and karst development in relation to current karstification. Caverns, partly filled in some cases with loose or poorly cemented rock fragments that have fallen from cavern roofs, give evidence of karstification that is either current or that probably developed since the last marine inundation of the carbonate terrane. On the other hand, filling of caverns with overlying rock debris and reconstituting the debris into breccia are conditions that require evaluation of paleohydrology.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.701","usgsCitation":"LeGrand, H.E., and Stringfield, V.T., 1971, Tertiary limestone aquifer system in the southeastern states: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 701-709, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.701.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"701","endPage":"709","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393664,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.209228515625,\n              34.043556504127444\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.505859375,\n              31.914867503276223\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.39599609375,\n              30.306503259848835\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.8466796875,\n              30.164126343161097\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.28662109375,\n              30.24957724046765\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.4736328125,\n              29.869228848968312\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.440673828125,\n              29.69759650228319\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.177001953125,\n              29.554345125748267\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.320068359375,\n              29.859701442126756\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.30908203125,\n              30.012030680358613\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.0673828125,\n              30.031055426540206\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.111572265625,\n              29.11377539511439\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.880859375,\n              29.11377539511439\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.705078125,\n              28.7965462417692\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9248046875,\n              27.868216579514076\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.7490234375,\n              27.46928747369202\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.19970703125,\n              26.37218544169559\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.93603515625,\n              26.43122806450644\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.903076171875,\n              26.02717014049738\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.463623046875,\n              25.760319754713887\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.298828125,\n              25.025884063244828\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.48583984375,\n              25.15522939494057\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.980224609375,\n              24.86650252692691\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.298828125,\n              24.766784522874453\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.507568359375,\n              24.756808311192707\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9140625,\n              24.587090339209634\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.903076171875,\n              24.497146320571886\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.91430664062499,\n              24.716895455859337\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.5517578125,\n              24.91633140459907\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.22216796875,\n              25.19500042430748\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.101318359375,\n              25.661333498952683\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.00244140625,\n              26.391869671769022\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.969482421875,\n              26.92206991673282\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6396484375,\n              28.31405305806959\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.419921875,\n              28.43971381702788\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.70556640625,\n              28.825425374477224\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.32080078125,\n              30.259067203213018\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.34277343749999,\n              31.005862904624205\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.112060546875,\n              31.55981453201843\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.738525390625,\n              31.93351676190369\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.7275390625,\n              32.091882620021806\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.31005859375,\n              32.43561304116276\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.8046875,\n              32.676372772089834\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.530029296875,\n              32.94414888814148\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              33.119150226768866\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.79394531249999,\n              33.687781758439364\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.3984375,\n              33.8339199536547\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.9150390625,\n              33.8339199536547\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.607421875,\n              34.32529192442733\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.069091796875,\n              34.615126683462194\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.475830078125,\n              34.65128519895413\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.190185546875,\n              35.04798673426734\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.541748046875,\n              35.110921809704756\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.409912109375,\n              35.37113502280101\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.036376953125,\n              35.29943548054545\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.498046875,\n              35.79999392988527\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.5419921875,\n              36.08462129606931\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.87158203125,\n              36.4477991295848\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.82763671875,\n              36.58024660149866\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.0029296875,\n              36.59788913307022\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.25537109375,\n              35.62158189955968\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.727783203125,\n              34.831841149828655\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.990234375,\n              32.54681317351514\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.209228515625,\n              34.043556504127444\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeGrand, H. E.","contributorId":54571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeGrand","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stringfield, V. T.","contributorId":72369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207070,"text":"70207070 - 1971 - A geochemical hypothesis for dolomitization by ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T07:15:36","indexId":"70207070","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T10:47:17","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geochemical hypothesis for dolomitization by ground water","docAbstract":"<p>Most modern disordered dolomite has been found in dynamic environments. However, solutions associated with modern dolomite formation do not have a common Mg/Ca ratio; the ratio ranges from about 3 to 100. Ground-water circulation may have a significant role in formation of regional dolomites; one of the primary requirements for regional dolomite formation is a large supply of magnesium ions. An X-ray study of well cuttings from the Tertiary limestone aquifer of central Florida indicates that it is composed primarily of calcite and dolomite with minor amounts of quartz and apatite. The magnesium content of the calcite is slightly lower (0-2 percent MgC03) in the recharge areas than in the deeper confined parts of the aquifer system (2-4 percent MgC03). Our data support other recent work and indicate an equilibrium constant for dolomite of 2 X 10-17. Inasmuch as this value is exactly the square of the calcite equilibrium constant (10~8-35), the Mg/Ca ratio must be unity for the three-phase equilibrium, calcite-dolomite-water. The Mg/Ca ratio in water from the aquifer is as low as 0.05 in the recharge area where the water is also undersaturated with respect to both calcite and dolomite. With time and length of travel path in the system, the water increases systematically in Mg/Ca ratio, which approaches unity; saturation with respect to the two carbonates also increases downgradient until the solution apparently becomes over-saturated with respect to both carbonates. In Tertiary limestones of the Yucatan Peninsula, the Mg/Ca range in water is similar to that for Florida. The small amount of magnesium available from the solution of magnesium calcites and dolomite in the potable zone of active circulation is insufficient to provide the amount required for extensive dolomitization unless enormous quantities of rock are available for dissolution. However, dolomite may be forming in the zones of brackish water that underlie the Florida and Yucatan Peninsulas. The required magnesium may be derived from the readily available ocean water or reflux brines as the hydrologic regimen is changed because of relative fluctuations of sea level.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.710","issn":" 03610128","usgsCitation":"Hanshaw, B., Back, W., and Deike, R., 1971, A geochemical hypothesis for dolomitization by ground water: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 710-724, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.710.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"710","endPage":"724","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369989,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States ","state":"Florida ","otherGeospatial":"Yucatan ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-82.821585,27.964443],[-82.829801,27.968469],[-82.823063,28.044758],[-82.836326,28.073193],[-82.830525,28.085293],[-82.826125,28.083793],[-82.813435,28.03716],[-82.815168,28.012547],[-82.821755,28.002494],[-82.815168,27.973721],[-82.821585,27.964443]]],[[[-81.582923,24.658732],[-81.562917,24.692912],[-81.535323,24.67954],[-81.51898,24.687818],[-81.5124,24.703737],[-81.476642,24.711244],[-81.469275,24.704286],[-81.459043,24.707355],[-81.451881,24.714518],[-81.456588,24.740097],[-81.451267,24.747464],[-81.432032,24.722908],[-81.421595,24.737641],[-81.430599,24.747259],[-81.425483,24.752989],[-81.392947,24.743371],[-81.38558,24.726182],[-81.36041,24.708788],[-81.319282,24.701238],[-81.309664,24.665017],[-81.298028,24.656774],[-81.332831,24.639528],[-81.395096,24.621062],[-81.401946,24.623564],[-81.403319,24.640294],[-81.414187,24.647167],[-81.448623,24.640172],[-81.470411,24.641985],[-81.480951,24.645121],[-81.47641,24.653197],[-81.480504,24.659757],[-81.49858,24.66498],[-81.505585,24.654609],[-81.511165,24.625135],[-81.54645,24.614895],[-81.602998,24.586444],[-81.664209,24.573143],[-81.685278,24.558739],[-81.81289,24.546468],[-81.814446,24.56358],[-81.811386,24.56975],[-81.800676,24.570989],[-81.794057,24.586],[-81.739241,24.589973],[-81.730473,24.58196],[-81.705364,24.597647],[-81.687017,24.592534],[-81.655735,24.616295],[-81.637087,24.621408],[-81.614829,24.642764],[-81.614529,24.650584],[-81.582923,24.658732]]],[[[-82.15068,24.576331],[-82.143075,24.593395],[-82.125268,24.597426],[-82.104187,24.588256],[-82.099417,24.572522],[-82.116787,24.549144],[-82.159439,24.548212],[-82.165206,24.552159],[-82.164426,24.563375],[-82.15068,24.576331]]],[[[-81.249799,24.673357],[-81.243232,24.673998],[-81.244761,24.669202],[-81.281778,24.65375],[-81.260006,24.674848],[-81.249799,24.673357]]],[[[-80.909954,24.781154],[-80.906288,24.769867],[-80.912042,24.76505],[-80.938543,24.767535],[-81.015933,24.719881],[-81.023794,24.716901],[-81.032447,24.727323],[-81.064554,24.715453],[-81.075855,24.704266],[-81.078439,24.692382],[-81.108041,24.688592],[-81.125371,24.708291],[-81.066816,24.723926],[-81.041797,24.742965],[-81.016918,24.734676],[-80.960129,24.764226],[-80.909954,24.781154]]],[[[-81.317673,24.75729],[-81.305468,24.756612],[-81.290801,24.736862],[-81.288259,24.720881],[-81.302984,24.714199],[-81.310744,24.727068],[-81.326844,24.728375],[-81.357417,24.756834],[-81.342695,24.75625],[-81.324637,24.76721],[-81.317673,24.75729]]],[[[-80.89054,24.791678],[-80.884572,24.791561],[-80.906874,24.783744],[-80.89054,24.791678]]],[[[-80.788263,24.824218],[-80.796053,24.81194],[-80.822342,24.812629],[-80.850338,24.8026],[-80.79278,24.843918],[-80.780564,24.84052],[-80.788263,24.824218]]],[[[-80.729275,24.865361],[-80.719977,24.864644],[-80.691762,24.885759],[-80.690354,24.881539],[-80.71185,24.863323],[-80.766966,24.836158],[-80.729275,24.865361]]],[[[-84.777208,29.707398],[-84.729836,29.738881],[-84.696726,29.76993],[-84.694939,29.761844],[-84.713747,29.74139],[-84.776954,29.692191],[-84.884632,29.652248],[-84.957779,29.612635],[-85.051033,29.586928],[-85.097082,29.625215],[-85.023501,29.597073],[-85.017205,29.604379],[-84.968314,29.617238],[-84.920333,29.648638],[-84.813352,29.687028],[-84.777208,29.707398]]],[[[-85.156415,29.679628],[-85.114268,29.688658],[-85.093902,29.684838],[-85.077237,29.670862],[-85.097218,29.633004],[-85.124913,29.628433],[-85.18453,29.663987],[-85.222546,29.678039],[-85.184776,29.68271],[-85.156415,29.679628]]],[[[-82.255777,26.703437],[-82.255159,26.70816],[-82.246535,26.706435],[-82.24251,26.694361],[-82.246535,26.683437],[-82.218342,26.626407],[-82.214337,26.602944],[-82.177541,26.502328],[-82.166042,26.489679],[-82.149368,26.477605],[-82.120046,26.473581],[-82.088423,26.455182],[-82.076924,26.466106],[-82.062551,26.470131],[-82.038403,26.456907],[-82.013913,26.452058],[-82.063114,26.425459],[-82.082915,26.422059],[-82.126671,26.436279],[-82.177017,26.471558],[-82.186441,26.489221],[-82.205523,26.566536],[-82.222131,26.590402],[-82.238872,26.636433],[-82.268007,26.682791],[-82.264351,26.698496],[-82.255777,26.703437]]],[[[-80.250581,25.34193],[-80.351399,25.190615],[-80.349855,25.168825],[-80.377084,25.130487],[-80.399767,25.108536],[-80.428318,25.095547],[-80.443375,25.076084],[-80.47387,25.060253],[-80.493881,25.038502],[-80.48912,25.031301],[-80.494781,25.023019],[-80.537995,24.990244],[-80.565831,24.958155],[-80.611693,24.93842],[-80.635571,24.913003],[-80.659395,24.897433],[-80.660198,24.90498],[-80.641306,24.914311],[-80.623866,24.931236],[-80.621658,24.944265],[-80.581131,24.964738],[-80.570813,24.962215],[-80.558785,24.971505],[-80.54411,24.999916],[-80.545971,25.01477],[-80.524498,25.016945],[-80.509136,25.028317],[-80.495569,25.047497],[-80.460652,25.078904],[-80.465496,25.086609],[-80.494715,25.102269],[-80.484188,25.10943],[-80.47748,25.107407],[-80.476174,25.099454],[-80.450399,25.088751],[-80.433575,25.106317],[-80.446473,25.151287],[-80.41326,25.137053],[-80.395467,25.150694],[-80.387164,25.170859],[-80.391909,25.19221],[-80.369965,25.206444],[-80.3498,25.210595],[-80.337345,25.231353],[-80.336159,25.261601],[-80.368186,25.282359],[-80.339421,25.290069],[-80.328746,25.28651],[-80.292567,25.314385],[-80.275961,25.344039],[-80.256982,25.361239],[-80.246307,25.398603],[-80.21428,25.416988],[-80.192336,25.473331],[-80.188778,25.50773],[-80.174544,25.518406],[-80.173951,25.482821],[-80.184033,25.468587],[-80.204198,25.412244],[-80.221991,25.397417],[-80.240376,25.347005],[-80.250581,25.34193]]],[[[-83.309455,30.634417],[-82.214839,30.568591],[-82.231916,30.55627],[-82.23582,30.537187],[-82.226933,30.510281],[-82.201416,30.485164],[-82.210291,30.42459],[-82.19294,30.378779],[-82.165192,30.358035],[-82.104834,30.368319],[-82.094687,30.360781],[-82.068533,30.359184],[-82.050069,30.362338],[-82.036825,30.377884],[-82.04199,30.403266],[-82.034005,30.422357],[-82.037209,30.434518],[-82.017779,30.475081],[-82.018361,30.531184],[-82.005477,30.563495],[-82.015708,30.601704],[-82.026941,30.606153],[-82.028499,30.621829],[-82.049507,30.655548],[-82.050432,30.676266],[-82.036426,30.706585],[-82.043795,30.729641],[-82.039634,30.747727],[-82.01266,30.761289],[-82.024035,30.783156],[-82.017051,30.791657],[-82.007865,30.792937],[-81.981273,30.776767],[-81.973856,30.778487],[-81.962534,30.796526],[-81.962175,30.818001],[-81.949787,30.827493],[-81.910926,30.815889],[-81.89572,30.821098],[-81.868608,30.792754],[-81.852626,30.794439],[-81.842058,30.78712],[-81.808529,30.790014],[-81.792769,30.784432],[-81.782653,30.769937],[-81.763372,30.77382],[-81.719927,30.744634],[-81.694778,30.748414],[-81.688925,30.741434],[-81.672824,30.738935],[-81.664598,30.746599],[-81.652123,30.742435],[-81.65177,30.732284],[-81.646137,30.727591],[-81.625098,30.733017],[-81.617663,30.722046],[-81.609495,30.720705],[-81.601206,30.728141],[-81.542675,30.713593],[-81.530531,30.722858],[-81.489537,30.7261],[-81.472597,30.713312],[-81.444124,30.709714],[-81.42742,30.69802],[-81.443099,30.600938],[-81.442564,30.555189],[-81.434064,30.522569],[-81.447087,30.503679],[-81.440108,30.497678],[-81.42601,30.496739],[-81.410809,30.482039],[-81.407008,30.42204],[-81.397422,30.400626],[-81.396407,30.34004],[-81.385505,30.273841],[-81.308978,29.96944],[-81.295268,29.928614],[-81.270442,29.883106],[-81.256711,29.784693],[-81.240924,29.739218],[-81.163581,29.55529],[-80.966176,29.14796],[-80.709725,28.756692],[-80.574868,28.585166],[-80.560973,28.530736],[-80.525094,28.459454],[-80.526732,28.451705],[-80.562877,28.437779],[-80.587813,28.410856],[-80.606874,28.336484],[-80.604214,28.257733],[-80.589975,28.17799],[-80.566432,28.09563],[-80.508871,27.970477],[-80.383695,27.740045],[-80.350553,27.628361],[-80.330956,27.597541],[-80.311757,27.524625],[-80.30117,27.500314],[-80.293171,27.500314],[-80.253665,27.37979],[-80.16147,27.192814],[-80.153375,27.169308],[-80.159554,27.163325],[-80.093909,27.018587],[-80.031362,26.796339],[-80.03212,26.77153],[-80.037462,26.76634],[-80.032862,26.700842],[-80.038863,26.569347],[-80.060564,26.444652],[-80.079865,26.264358],[-80.089365,26.231859],[-80.108995,26.088372],[-80.117778,25.986369],[-80.119684,25.841043],[-80.127987,25.772245],[-80.144,25.740812],[-80.154972,25.66549],[-80.160903,25.664897],[-80.176916,25.685062],[-80.166241,25.72895],[-80.184626,25.745557],[-80.197674,25.74437],[-80.240376,25.724206],[-80.267065,25.651849],[-80.296719,25.622195],[-80.305615,25.593134],[-80.302057,25.567632],[-80.313918,25.539164],[-80.328746,25.53264],[-80.339421,25.499427],[-80.337049,25.465621],[-80.328152,25.443084],[-80.320442,25.437153],[-80.326373,25.422919],[-80.32578,25.39801],[-80.306801,25.384369],[-80.31036,25.3731],[-80.335269,25.338701],[-80.374116,25.31735],[-80.418872,25.235532],[-80.495341,25.199463],[-80.569124,25.190117],[-80.669236,25.137837],[-80.777499,25.135047],[-80.82653,25.160478],[-80.838227,25.174791],[-80.858167,25.176576],[-80.899459,25.162337],[-80.900559,25.139755],[-80.970727,25.134084],[-80.999176,25.124222],[-81.049308,25.128322],[-81.079859,25.118797],[-81.141024,25.163868],[-81.146737,25.193139],[-81.171265,25.221609],[-81.16207,25.289833],[-81.148915,25.318067],[-81.151916,25.324766],[-81.140099,25.341117],[-81.12141,25.33875],[-81.117265,25.354953],[-81.128492,25.380511],[-81.150508,25.387255],[-81.146765,25.407577],[-81.168652,25.463848],[-81.208201,25.504937],[-81.204389,25.538908],[-81.209321,25.548611],[-81.225557,25.55847],[-81.240519,25.599041],[-81.240677,25.613629],[-81.253951,25.638181],[-81.290328,25.687506],[-81.328935,25.717233],[-81.346078,25.721473],[-81.343984,25.747668],[-81.361875,25.772715],[-81.340406,25.786631],[-81.352731,25.822015],[-81.386127,25.839906],[-81.394476,25.851834],[-81.417536,25.864954],[-81.441391,25.863761],[-81.458487,25.868929],[-81.473992,25.888411],[-81.508979,25.884037],[-81.511762,25.89676],[-81.527665,25.901531],[-81.584519,25.888808],[-81.644553,25.897953],[-81.663821,25.885605],[-81.678287,25.845301],[-81.68954,25.85271],[-81.713172,25.897568],[-81.727086,25.907207],[-81.73195,25.931506],[-81.749724,25.960463],[-81.747834,25.994273],[-81.762439,26.00607],[-81.801663,26.088227],[-81.820675,26.236735],[-81.833142,26.294518],[-81.868983,26.378648],[-81.91171,26.427158],[-81.964212,26.457957],[-81.969509,26.476505],[-82.008961,26.484052],[-82.01368,26.490829],[-82.00908,26.505203],[-82.024604,26.512677],[-82.043577,26.519577],[-82.06715,26.513252],[-82.07175,26.492554],[-82.105672,26.48393],[-82.111996,26.54085],[-82.137869,26.637441],[-82.181565,26.681712],[-82.17984,26.696661],[-82.173516,26.701836],[-82.139019,26.702986],[-82.125795,26.699536],[-82.106247,26.667339],[-82.099922,26.662739],[-82.093023,26.665614],[-82.084974,26.702411],[-82.066575,26.742657],[-82.061401,26.789228],[-82.055076,26.802452],[-82.059101,26.876621],[-82.090723,26.888694],[-82.093023,26.906518],[-82.090148,26.923191],[-82.061976,26.931241],[-82.063126,26.950214],[-82.076349,26.958263],[-82.107972,26.957688],[-82.117171,26.954239],[-82.137294,26.926066],[-82.162017,26.925491],[-82.175241,26.916867],[-82.156267,26.851898],[-82.147068,26.789803],[-82.151093,26.783479],[-82.172941,26.778879],[-82.17869,26.772555],[-82.221812,26.77198],[-82.232193,26.78288],[-82.251134,26.755881],[-82.259867,26.717398],[-82.269499,26.784674],[-82.289086,26.827784],[-82.351649,26.908384],[-82.445718,27.060634],[-82.477019,27.141231],[-82.539719,27.254326],[-82.569754,27.279452],[-82.569248,27.298588],[-82.597629,27.335754],[-82.642821,27.38972],[-82.691821,27.437218],[-82.714521,27.500415],[-82.745748,27.538834],[-82.708121,27.523514],[-82.710621,27.501715],[-82.706821,27.498415],[-82.686421,27.497215],[-82.683621,27.513115],[-82.674621,27.519614],[-82.65072,27.523115],[-82.632053,27.551908],[-82.612019,27.571231],[-82.611717,27.585283],[-82.584629,27.596021],[-82.570607,27.608882],[-82.558538,27.638678],[-82.514265,27.705588],[-82.494891,27.718963],[-82.477638,27.723004],[-82.482305,27.742649],[-82.434635,27.764355],[-82.418401,27.803187],[-82.402857,27.812671],[-82.393383,27.837519],[-82.402615,27.882602],[-82.413915,27.901401],[-82.451591,27.907506],[-82.460016,27.9116],[-82.462078,27.920066],[-82.478063,27.92768],[-82.491117,27.9145],[-82.488057,27.863566],[-82.46884,27.843295],[-82.47244,27.822559],[-82.511193,27.828015],[-82.553946,27.848462],[-82.552918,27.862702],[-82.538618,27.864901],[-82.529918,27.877501],[-82.542818,27.890601],[-82.531318,27.9039],[-82.533718,27.932999],[-82.553918,27.966998],[-82.576003,27.969424],[-82.62959,27.998474],[-82.678606,27.993715],[-82.684793,27.971824],[-82.720522,27.955798],[-82.724122,27.948098],[-82.720395,27.937199],[-82.710022,27.928299],[-82.691621,27.924899],[-82.685121,27.916299],[-82.628063,27.910397],[-82.63422,27.9037],[-82.63212,27.8911],[-82.61002,27.873501],[-82.567919,27.883701],[-82.566819,27.858002],[-82.598443,27.857582],[-82.586519,27.816703],[-82.622723,27.779868],[-82.63052,27.753905],[-82.62572,27.727006],[-82.63362,27.710607],[-82.652521,27.700307],[-82.677321,27.706207],[-82.679019,27.696054],[-82.713629,27.698661],[-82.718822,27.692007],[-82.721622,27.663908],[-82.712555,27.646647],[-82.698091,27.638858],[-82.705017,27.62531],[-82.733076,27.612972],[-82.739122,27.636909],[-82.738022,27.706807],[-82.746223,27.731306],[-82.760923,27.745205],[-82.783124,27.783804],[-82.828561,27.822254],[-82.846526,27.854301],[-82.851126,27.8863],[-82.840882,27.937162],[-82.831388,27.962117],[-82.824875,27.960201],[-82.821975,27.956868],[-82.838484,27.909111],[-82.832155,27.909242],[-82.805462,27.960201],[-82.792635,28.01116],[-82.792635,28.032307],[-82.782724,28.055894],[-82.781324,28.127591],[-82.790724,28.15249],[-82.808474,28.154803],[-82.805097,28.172181],[-82.797762,28.187789],[-82.762643,28.219013],[-82.764103,28.244345],[-82.759072,28.25402],[-82.746188,28.261192],[-82.732792,28.291933],[-82.73146,28.325075],[-82.706112,28.368057],[-82.706322,28.401325],[-82.697433,28.420166],[-82.684137,28.428019],[-82.674787,28.441956],[-82.680396,28.457194],[-82.665055,28.484434],[-82.669416,28.519879],[-82.656694,28.544814],[-82.66165,28.554143],[-82.654138,28.590837],[-82.664055,28.606584],[-82.674665,28.647588],[-82.668889,28.694302],[-82.712373,28.720921],[-82.698281,28.75701],[-82.730245,28.850155],[-82.688864,28.905609],[-82.702618,28.932955],[-82.723861,28.953506],[-82.735754,28.973709],[-82.737872,28.995703],[-82.758906,28.993277],[-82.764055,28.999707],[-82.753513,29.026496],[-82.759704,29.054192],[-82.783328,29.064619],[-82.780558,29.07358],[-82.816925,29.076215],[-82.823659,29.098902],[-82.801166,29.105103],[-82.799117,29.110647],[-82.805703,29.129848],[-82.804736,29.146624],[-82.827073,29.158425],[-82.974676,29.17091],[-82.991653,29.180664],[-83.018212,29.151417],[-83.019071,29.141324],[-83.030453,29.134023],[-83.053207,29.130839],[-83.056867,29.146263],[-83.068249,29.153135],[-83.061162,29.176113],[-83.087839,29.21642],[-83.074734,29.247975],[-83.077265,29.255331],[-83.089013,29.266502],[-83.107477,29.268889],[-83.128027,29.282733],[-83.169576,29.290355],[-83.17826,29.327916],[-83.175518,29.34469],[-83.200702,29.373855],[-83.202446,29.394422],[-83.218075,29.420492],[-83.240509,29.433178],[-83.272019,29.432256],[-83.294747,29.437923],[-83.311546,29.475666],[-83.33113,29.475594],[-83.356722,29.499901],[-83.370288,29.499901],[-83.379254,29.503558],[-83.383973,29.512995],[-83.400252,29.517242],[-83.405256,29.578319],[-83.39948,29.612956],[-83.414701,29.670536],[-83.436259,29.677389],[-83.455356,29.676444],[-83.483143,29.690478],[-83.483567,29.698542],[-83.493728,29.708388],[-83.537645,29.72306],[-83.566018,29.761434],[-83.584716,29.77608],[-83.585899,29.811754],[-83.595493,29.827984],[-83.618568,29.842336],[-83.63798,29.886073],[-83.679219,29.918513],[-83.788729,29.976982],[-83.82869,29.983187],[-83.845427,29.998068],[-83.93151,30.039068],[-83.931879,30.044175],[-83.991607,30.08392],[-84.000716,30.096209],[-84.024274,30.103271],[-84.06299,30.101378],[-84.083057,30.092286],[-84.10273,30.093611],[-84.11384,30.085478],[-84.124889,30.090601],[-84.167881,30.071422],[-84.179149,30.073187],[-84.19853,30.087937],[-84.237014,30.08556],[-84.247491,30.10114],[-84.256439,30.103791],[-84.272511,30.092358],[-84.270792,30.068094],[-84.277168,30.060263],[-84.297836,30.057451],[-84.315344,30.069492],[-84.358923,30.058224],[-84.365882,30.024588],[-84.361962,29.987739],[-84.3477,29.984123],[-84.343041,29.9751],[-84.333746,29.923721],[-84.343389,29.899539],[-84.349066,29.896812],[-84.378937,29.893112],[-84.423834,29.902996],[-84.443652,29.913785],[-84.451705,29.929085],[-84.494562,29.913957],[-84.511996,29.916574],[-84.535873,29.910092],[-84.603303,29.876117],[-84.647958,29.847104],[-84.65645,29.834277],[-84.692053,29.829059],[-84.755595,29.78854],[-84.868271,29.742454],[-84.881777,29.733882],[-84.888031,29.722406],[-84.901781,29.735723],[-84.877111,29.772888],[-84.893992,29.785176],[-84.90413,29.786279],[-84.91511,29.783303],[-84.93837,29.750211],[-84.964007,29.742422],[-84.968841,29.72708],[-84.993264,29.714961],[-85.037212,29.711074],[-85.072123,29.719027],[-85.121473,29.715854],[-85.177284,29.700193],[-85.22745,29.693633],[-85.259719,29.681296],[-85.319215,29.681494],[-85.343619,29.672004],[-85.347711,29.66719],[-85.344768,29.654793],[-85.380303,29.698485],[-85.397871,29.740498],[-85.413983,29.799865],[-85.417971,29.828855],[-85.413575,29.85294],[-85.405815,29.865817],[-85.392469,29.870914],[-85.405011,29.830151],[-85.405907,29.80193],[-85.37796,29.709621],[-85.353885,29.684765],[-85.317661,29.691286],[-85.31139,29.697557],[-85.302591,29.808094],[-85.31142,29.814373],[-85.317464,29.838894],[-85.336654,29.849295],[-85.363731,29.898915],[-85.405052,29.938487],[-85.425956,29.949888],[-85.487764,29.961227],[-85.509148,29.971466],[-85.571907,30.02644],[-85.588242,30.055543],[-85.601178,30.056342],[-85.69681,30.09689],[-85.775405,30.15629],[-85.9226,30.238024],[-86.089963,30.303569],[-86.222561,30.343585],[-86.2987,30.363049],[-86.412076,30.380346],[-86.50615,30.3823],[-86.632953,30.396299],[-86.750906,30.391881],[-86.909679,30.372423],[-87.206254,30.320943],[-87.267827,30.31548],[-87.295422,30.323503],[-87.518324,30.280435],[-87.452378,30.300201],[-87.450078,30.3111],[-87.50278,30.307301],[-87.504701,30.324039],[-87.49998,30.328957],[-87.459978,30.3363],[-87.452278,30.344099],[-87.451878,30.364999],[-87.438678,30.380798],[-87.440678,30.391498],[-87.429578,30.406498],[-87.403477,30.410198],[-87.366591,30.436648],[-87.370768,30.446865],[-87.399877,30.450997],[-87.425078,30.465596],[-87.434678,30.479196],[-87.431178,30.495795],[-87.447702,30.510458],[-87.446586,30.527068],[-87.43544,30.54914],[-87.418647,30.561837],[-87.406558,30.599928],[-87.397308,30.608728],[-87.393588,30.63088],[-87.397262,30.654351],[-87.406958,30.675165],[-87.449362,30.698913],[-87.466338,30.700835],[-87.481225,30.716508],[-87.502317,30.72159],[-87.511729,30.733535],[-87.532607,30.743489],[-87.545044,30.778666],[-87.581869,30.812403],[-87.600486,30.820627],[-87.605776,30.831304],[-87.615923,30.834693],[-87.634938,30.865886],[-87.592055,30.951492],[-87.589187,30.964464],[-87.599172,30.995722],[-87.571281,30.99787],[-85.998643,30.99287],[-85.002368,31.000682],[-85.004026,30.973468],[-84.980127,30.961286],[-84.983627,30.936986],[-84.971026,30.928187],[-84.936828,30.884683],[-84.935256,30.854328],[-84.928335,30.844263],[-84.936042,30.820671],[-84.928323,30.79309],[-84.918023,30.77809],[-84.920123,30.76599],[-84.914322,30.753591],[-84.896122,30.750591],[-84.864693,30.711542],[-83.309455,30.634417]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Florida\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Back, W.","contributorId":33839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deike, R.G.","contributorId":63953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deike","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70227158,"text":"70227158 - 1971 - Problems on the origin of ore deposits in the lower Ordovician formations of east Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T15:05:36.448981","indexId":"70227158","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T08:53:36","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Problems on the origin of ore deposits in the lower Ordovician formations of east Tennessee","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Most recent workers in the East Tennessee zinc and barite districts are in general agreement that the host breccias were formed by solution-collapse processes in early Middle Ordovician time, probably in an ancient carbonate aquifer system of regional extent. There is little agreement, however, on the source and nature of the ore fluids from which the epigenetic minerals were formed. In this symposium Hanshaw and his colleagues have presented evidence in support of the concept that much secondary dolomite may have been formed by ground water. On the other hand, Roedder has shown that fluid inclusion studies indicate hot saline brines (75 degrees -150 degrees C) as the source fluids for the ore minerals, and he suggests that they may have been deeply circulating connate brines. Other investigators in the past have proposed a variety of source fluids, including juvenile waters, meteoric waters that have become enriched by the leaching of particular elements from the surrounding rock, and sea water.</p><p>In the zinc deposits, sphalerite is accompanied locally by minor amounts of galena and pyrite, and occasionally, traces of chalcopyrite. Dolomite is the chief gangue mineral and is associated with lesser amounts of quartz, calcite, barite, fluorite, anhydrite, gypsum, and bitumen. Some deposits containing barite as the dominant ore mineral have various amounts of fluorite and pyrite; sphalerite and galena may be present locally along with the other gangue minerals typical of the zinc deposits. The paragenetic sequences of the minerals have been determined for most of the mines and many of the prospects, and, except for minor refinements, will be little changed by additional studies. The real problem, though, is the correlation of these depositional sequences from mine to mine and from district to district. Perhaps the major difficulty in the correlation is the seemingly uncomplicated mineralogy that disguises a rather complex regional paragenesis.</p><p>Questions regarding the routes the ore fluids travelled to reach the sites of deposition, the reasons why the ores are concentrated in some areas more than others, and the reasons why the mineralogy varies from area to area are questions that are unanswered or at best only partly answered. Studies to date have produced convincing evidence concerning the nature of the structures and the physical conditions responsible for the localization of ore in the Kingsport Formation (Lower Ordovician). On the other hand, the relation of the Kingsport ores to the smaller deposits in the underlying Lower Ordovician and Cambrian rocks is but little understood, and no final answer to the origin of these deposits can be reached until this relationship has been satisfactorily explained.</p><p>Fluid inclusion studies, trace element analysis, and isotopic studies of all sorts are needed to further our understanding of these seemingly simple ores. Continued detailed studies of field relations, both regional and local, are of major importance, not only for what they will reveal in themselves, but also to perfect the frames of reference in which to place the growing mass of laboratory data.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.799","usgsCitation":"Hill, W.T., McCormick, J.E., and Wedow, H., 1971, Problems on the origin of ore deposits in the lower Ordovician formations of east Tennessee: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 799-804, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.799.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"799","endPage":"804","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.63842773437499,\n              34.985003130171066\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.30908203125,\n              35.003003395276714\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.287109375,\n              35.209721645221386\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.078369140625,\n              35.22767235493586\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.012451171875,\n              35.30840140169162\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.935546875,\n              35.44277092585766\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.49609375,\n              35.55904339525896\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.133544921875,\n              35.7286770448517\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.99072265625,\n              35.755428369259626\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.85888671875,\n              35.862343734896484\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.705078125,\n              35.99578538642032\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.5732421875,\n              35.93354064249312\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.353515625,\n              36.075742215627\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.100830078125,\n              36.075742215627\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.8701171875,\n              36.31512514748051\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.6943359375,\n              36.28856319836237\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.6943359375,\n              36.43012234551576\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.6064453125,\n              36.61552763134925\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9140625,\n              36.62434536776987\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9580078125,\n              36.589068371399115\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.517578125,\n              36.63316209558658\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.63842773437499,\n              34.985003130171066\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, W. T.","contributorId":221078,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hill","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, J. E.","contributorId":270731,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCormick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wedow, Helmuth Jr.","contributorId":14374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedow","given":"Helmuth","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70227157,"text":"70227157 - 1971 - Fluid-inclusion evidence on the environment of formation of mineral deposits of the southern Appalachian valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T14:55:54.524899","indexId":"70227157","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T08:37:22","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid-inclusion evidence on the environment of formation of mineral deposits of the southern Appalachian valley","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Approximately 1,330 fluid inclusions were studied in samples of ore and gangue minerals from both massive ore and late-stage vugs from a series of Appalachian deposits and five active mines in the East Tennessee zinc districts. Most primary inclusions in sphalerite, fluorite, dolomite, and quartz from East Tennessee homogenized at 82 degrees -149 degrees C. Most primary inclusions in fluorite, barite, and sphalerite from the Central Kentucky, Central Tennessee, and Sweetwater barite districts, ranged from 72 degrees -132 degrees C. Pressure corrections to be added are probably less than 10 degrees C.Freezing data were obtained as a crude measure of the salinity of the inclusion fluids. With few exceptions, all primary inclusions contained very strongly saline brines (mostly &gt;20 weight percent salts), with appreciable amounts of at least some salts other than NaCl, and some contained immiscible globules of oil. The exceptions include several quartz, fluorite, calcite, and barite samples that contained only moderately saline brines (12-16 percent), and some inclusions containing essentially fresh water, in vug calcite. Secondary inclusions had lower salinities than adjacent primaries. Eight primary inclusions in the differently colored outer millimeter of one Central Kentucky fluorite had low salinity (4-6 percent).The data indicate that all these deposits formed from hot, saline brines, with sphalerite forming from slightly hotter and more saline fluids than later gangue minerals. This places severe restrictions on possible modes of origin and makes deeply circulating connate brines the most probable ore fluids. The data give no information on the cause or direction of fluid circulation, which would be controlled by topography, salinity, and temperature during ore deposition, and they permit wide latitude in the construction of possible models. Other observations, on \"colloform\" textures, seem to indicate the admixture of at least small amounts of surface waters with the brines.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.777","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1971, Fluid-inclusion evidence on the environment of formation of mineral deposits of the southern Appalachian valley: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 777-791, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.777.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"777","endPage":"791","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.90312194824217,\n              38.501967316378895\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.68682861328125,\n              38.501967316378895\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.68682861328125,\n              38.66031390899418\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.90312194824217,\n              38.66031390899418\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.90312194824217,\n              38.501967316378895\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.187255859375,\n              35.0120020431607\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.30908203125,\n              35.003003395276714\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.26513671875,\n              35.25459097465022\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.1552734375,\n              35.21869749632885\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.04541015625,\n              35.27253175660236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.990478515625,\n              35.44277092585766\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.638916015625,\n              35.55010533588552\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.46313476562499,\n              35.51434313431818\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.1005859375,\n              35.755428369259626\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.94677734375,\n              35.755428369259626\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.880859375,\n              35.88905007936091\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.77099609375,\n              35.88014896488361\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.63916015625,\n              35.99578538642032\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.55126953124999,\n              35.93354064249312\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.298583984375,\n              36.10237644873644\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.06787109374999,\n              36.06686213257888\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.8701171875,\n              36.33282808737917\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.71630859375,\n              36.33282808737917\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.67236328125,\n              36.58024660149866\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.70483398437499,\n              36.59788913307022\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.155517578125,\n              36.74768773190056\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.03466796874999,\n              36.8708321556463\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.880859375,\n              36.88840804313823\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.81494140625,\n              37.020098201368114\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.72705078125,\n              37.03763967977139\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.705078125,\n              37.125286284966805\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.342529296875,\n              37.26530995561875\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.97998046875,\n              37.52715361723378\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.28759765625,\n              37.71859032558816\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6171875,\n              38.151837403006766\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.59521484375,\n              38.39333888832238\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.913818359375,\n              38.788345355085625\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.34228515625,\n              38.65119833229951\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.616943359375,\n              38.71123253895224\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.682861328125,\n              38.64261790634527\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.8037109375,\n              38.659777730712534\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.9794921875,\n              38.79690830348427\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.19921875,\n              38.805470223177466\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.407958984375,\n              39.07037913108751\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.803466796875,\n              39.11301365149975\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.91333007812499,\n              39.06184913429154\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.8583984375,\n              38.90813299596705\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.83642578125,\n              38.77121637244273\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.198974609375,\n              38.70265930723801\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.45166015624999,\n              38.7283759182398\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.187255859375,\n              35.0120020431607\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, Edwin","contributorId":25571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"Edwin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70203624,"text":"70203624 - 1971 - Evaluating the effects of discharge rates, water levels, and peaking on fish populations in Missouri River main stem impoundments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T09:41:33","indexId":"70203624","displayToPublicDate":"1971-07-01T09:41:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluating the effects of discharge rates, water levels, and peaking on fish populations in Missouri River main stem impoundments","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Symposium on Man-Made Lakes, Their Problems, and Environmental Effects","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Man-Made Lakes, Their Problems, and Environmental Effects","conferenceDate":"May 3-7, 1971","conferenceLocation":"Knoxville, Tennessee","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GM017p0683","usgsCitation":"Benson, N.G., 1971, Evaluating the effects of discharge rates, water levels, and peaking on fish populations in Missouri River main stem impoundments, <i>in</i> International Symposium on Man-Made Lakes, Their Problems, and Environmental Effects, v. 17, Knoxville, Tennessee, May 3-7, 1971, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/GM017p0683.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364174,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ackermann, William C.","contributorId":215876,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ackermann","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763308,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Gilbert F.","contributorId":189688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763309,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Worthington, E.B.","contributorId":215877,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Worthington","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763310,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ivens, J. Loreena","contributorId":215878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ivens","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Loreena","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763311,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Benson, Norman Gustaf","contributorId":91915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"Gustaf","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70206975,"text":"70206975 - 1971 - Geochemistry of water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-03T07:59:14","indexId":"70206975","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-30T12:23:24","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of water","docAbstract":"<p><span>The quadrennium 1967–1970 has been a productive period in the field of water geochemistry. Field studies, laboratory investigations, and theoretical considerations have led to significant advances in our knowledge of the chemical behavior of natural waters and of the solid earth materials that contain them. A symposium on trace inorganics in water, sponsored by the American Chemical Society, was held in Miami, Florida, in 1967. The proceedings of this conference were published in 1968 in the Advances in Chemistry Series 73. This volume deals with the occurrence, behavior, and analysis of inorganic constituents in natural waters.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO052i006pIU302","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Bricker, O., 1971, Geochemistry of water: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 52, no. 6, p. IUGG302-IUGG305, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO052i006pIU302.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"IUGG302","endPage":"IUGG305","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227411,"text":"70227411 - 1971 - Erosion and sedimentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-13T21:00:32.937487","indexId":"70227411","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-01T14:55:06","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Erosion and sedimentation","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Research activities in erosion and sedimentation processes have expanded broadly during the past several years and have kept pace with generally accelerated developments in all phases of hydrology and water resources investigations.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO052i006pIU292","usgsCitation":"Nordin, C.F., 1971, Erosion and sedimentation: Eos Science News, v. 52, no. 6, p. 292-295, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO052i006pIU292.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"292","endPage":"295","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394342,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordin, Carl F. Jr.","contributorId":74751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordin","given":"Carl","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227162,"text":"70227162 - 1971 - Structure and petrology of the alpine-type peridotite at Burro Mountain, California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T15:48:46.538897","indexId":"70227162","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-01T09:43:33","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure and petrology of the alpine-type peridotite at Burro Mountain, California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">The alpine-type peridotite at Burro Mountain is a partially serpentinized harzburgite-dunite body approximately 2 km in diameter. It lies in a chaotic<span>&nbsp;</span><i>mélange</i><span>&nbsp;</span>derived from the Franciscan Formation (Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous) of the southern Coast Ranges of California. The peridotite is bounded on the east by a vertical fault in the Nacimiento fault zone that brings sedimentary rocks of Taliaferro's (1943<i>b</i>) Asuncion Group (Upper Cretaceous) into contact with the peridotite. The peridotite appears to be one of a number of tectonic lenses, having a wide range in size, that make up the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>mélange</i>. These lenses include metagraywacke, metachert, greenstone, amphibolite, and blueschist, as well as ultramafic rocks, and represent a wide range of pressure-temperature environments.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">The outer shell of the peridotite is a sheared serpentinite zone 10–15 m thick. The peridotite was tectonically emplaced at its present level as a cold solid mass and had little effect on the mineral assemblages of the Franciscan Formation. Local development of lawsonite and aragonite in shear zones may be related to the peridotite emplacement.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">Foliated harzburgite forms approximately 60 per cent of the peridotite. It is a lithologically uniform rock that has an olivine: orthopyroxene ratio of approximately 75:25. Accessory clinopyroxene and chromian spinel generally make up less than 5 per cent of the harzburgite. Dunite, composed of olivine, accessory chromian spinel (&lt; 5 per cent), and trace amounts of pyroxene, makes up approximately 40 per cent of the peridotite and occurs as dikes, sills, and irregular bodies in the harzburgite.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">Olivine and pyroxene show small but significant compositional variations and chromian spinel shows a large range in the cation ratio Cr/(Cr+Al+ Fe<sup>3+</sup>). The compositional variations in these minerals are related to original differences in bulk chemical composition. The following compositional ranges were determined for minerals in the harzburgite: olivine, Fo<sub>91.1</sub>−Fo<sub>91.4</sub>; orthopyroxene, En<sub>89.8</sub>−En<sub>91.1</sub>; clinopyroxene, Ca<sub>47.0</sub>Mg<sub>50.0</sub>Fe<sub>3.0</sub>−Ca<sub>48.7</sub>Mg<sub>48.2</sub>Fe<sub>3.1</sub>; chromian spinel, Cr/(Cr+Al+Fe<sup>3+</sup>) 0.37−0.55. The pyroxenes have a range in A1<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>content of 1.3−3.0 wt per cent. Olivine from dunite ranges from Fo<sub>91</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>to Fo<sub>92 7</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and the chromian spinel has a range in the Cr/(Cr+Al+Fe<sup>3+</sup>) ratio of 0.30−0.75. Although all the dunites are lithologically similar, three distinct types are recognized on the basis of composition of coexisting olivine and chromian spinel. Structural relations between the three types of dunite suggest three periods of emplacement (possibly overlapping) of dunite into harzburgite. The evidence indicates that the dunite, and probably also the harzburgite crystallized from an ultramafic magma, probably in the upper mantle.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">After the magmatic episode and crystallization, the peridotite was subjected to a deep-seated plastic deformation and recrystallization. The first phase of the deformation produced a pervasive, planar structural element (S<sub>1</sub>) that crosscuts many harzburgite-dunite contacts. It is probable that some of the dunite sills were emplaced during this deformation. The foliation, S<sub>1</sub>, is defined by layers of different orthopyroxene content in harzburgite, and by discontinuous layers of chromian spinel in dunite. Flow or slip along S<sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>produced slip folds in harzburgite—dunite contacts with axial planes parallel to S<sub>1</sub>. At a later stage, isoclinal folds developed in S<sub>1</sub>, and the present olivine microfabric was probably formed by recrystallization in the stress field that produced the isoclinal folding. In the olivine microfabric,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>X</i><span>&nbsp;</span>tends to be perpendicular to the axial planes (S<sub>2</sub>) of the isoclinal folds and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Y</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Z</i><span>&nbsp;</span>tend to form double maxima in S<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>approximately 90° apart. Mg−Fe<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>distribution between coexisting mineral pairs yields a calculated temperature of formation of approximately 1200 °C. Although this temperature is only a nominal value, it indicates that the mineral pairs equilibrated at a significantly high temperature. In view of the deformation and recrystallization, the calculated temperature possibly represents subsolidus re-equilibration of the minerals during this event. The deformation and recrystallization probably occurred shortly after crystallization while the peridotite was still at a high temperature.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">A later deep-seated deformation produced small scattered kink folds in S<sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>that tend to disrupt the major olivine microfabric. The kink folding was accompanied or followed by the development of kink bands in olivine that reflect intragranular gliding on the system<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= [<i>Okl</i>],<span>&nbsp;</span><i>t</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= [100]. The kink bands probably formed at a minimum temperature of 1000 °C.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">Following the deep-seated deformation, which probably took place in the mantle, the peridotite mass was tectonically detached and moved upward to its present level in the crust. Cleavages, joints, and faults provided channels for water to pervade the peridotite and allow alteration of the primary minerals.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/12.2.245","usgsCitation":"Loney, R.A., Himmelberg, G.R., and Coleman, R.G., 1971, Structure and petrology of the alpine-type peridotite at Burro Mountain, California, U.S.A.: Economic Geology, v. 12, no. 2, p. 245-309, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/12.2.245.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"309","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393721,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Burro Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.27309799194335,\n              35.855178783203776\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.26039505004883,\n              35.86387402899189\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25739097595213,\n              35.86554340703446\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25335693359374,\n              35.863178444429494\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.24717712402344,\n              35.86463916495963\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.24168395996095,\n              35.86672586187277\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25730514526366,\n              35.87222056756162\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.26640319824219,\n              35.87708897573244\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.2776470184326,\n              35.87966215633466\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.28597259521484,\n              35.8764630542986\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.28906250000001,\n              35.87333337294745\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.28957748413085,\n              35.86554340703446\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.28442764282228,\n              35.859561306299426\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.27309799194335,\n              35.855178783203776\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loney, R. A.","contributorId":90757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loney","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Himmelberg, G. R.","contributorId":27106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelberg","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coleman, R. G.","contributorId":75170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70227161,"text":"70227161 - 1971 - A chemical study of serpentinization — Burro Mountain, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T15:39:51.534407","indexId":"70227161","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-01T09:30:10","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A chemical study of serpentinization — Burro Mountain, California","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">Serpentinized dunites and harzburgites from the Burro Mountain peridotite show no change in the ratio of iron and magnesia to silica when compared with the same ratio for the unserpentinized equivalents. The mineral assemblage resulting from serpentinization consists of lizardite-chrysotile, brucite, and magnetite and is determined by the original bulk composition of the peridotite. The chemical and mineralogical data indicate that serpentinization proceeded under isochemical conditions except for the introduction of water into the peridotite. Expansion accompanies serpentinization because the serpentine products occupy a greater volume than the peridotite protolith. Tectonic emplacement of the Burro Mountain peridotite was facilitated by serpentinization and the attendant expansion.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/12.2.311","usgsCitation":"Coleman, R.G., and Keith, T., 1971, A chemical study of serpentinization — Burro Mountain, California: Journal of Petrology, v. 12, no. 2, p. 311-328, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/12.2.311.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"328","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393720,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Burro Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.27309799194335,\n              35.855178783203776\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.26039505004883,\n              35.86387402899189\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25739097595213,\n              35.86554340703446\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25335693359374,\n              35.863178444429494\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.24717712402344,\n              35.86463916495963\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.24168395996095,\n              35.86672586187277\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25730514526366,\n              35.87222056756162\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.26640319824219,\n              35.87708897573244\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.2776470184326,\n              35.87966215633466\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.28597259521484,\n              35.8764630542986\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.28906250000001,\n              35.87333337294745\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.28957748413085,\n              35.86554340703446\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.28442764282228,\n              35.859561306299426\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.27309799194335,\n              35.855178783203776\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coleman, R. G.","contributorId":75170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, T. E.","contributorId":33693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"T. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70227389,"text":"70227389 - 1971 - Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry: Evaporation-crystallization process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T19:21:38.320172","indexId":"70227389","displayToPublicDate":"1971-05-21T13:17:51","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry: Evaporation-crystallization process","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.172.3985.870","usgsCitation":"Feth, J.H., 1971, Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry: Evaporation-crystallization process: Science, v. 172, no. 3985, p. 870-871, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.172.3985.870.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"870","endPage":"871","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394256,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"172","issue":"3985","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feth, J. H.","contributorId":50495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feth","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227437,"text":"70227437 - 1971 - Water levels in carbonate rock terranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T18:41:31.740883","indexId":"70227437","displayToPublicDate":"1971-05-01T12:37:36","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water levels in carbonate rock terranes","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Many subtle aspects of water levels in carbonate rocks need to be put in perspective even though hydrologists have recognized the fundamental value of characteristics of ground-water levels. The depth to the water table in carbonate rocks is controlled by local factors such as permeability and topography and by the regional factor of climate; both permeability and topography are dynamically developed according to the degree of preferential circulation of subsurface water and of solution of the rock, and the water table responds by lying deep beneath hilly permeable karstlands and shallow beneath flat and poorly permeable carbonate rocks. The uneven distribution of permeability and of topographic conditions is responsible for the intriguing karst phenomena of disappearing and reappearing surface streams. Great infiltration capacities of some karst regions result in large local fluctuations of the water table and in some cases to local reversals in direction of ground-water flow between wet and dry seasons. Water-level behavior in space and time is a primary consideration for interpreting the hydrology of carbonate terranes.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1971.tb03544.x","usgsCitation":"LeGrand, H.E., and Stringfield, V.T., 1971, Water levels in carbonate rock terranes: Groundwater, v. 9, no. 3, p. 4-10, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1971.tb03544.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":394406,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeGrand, H. E.","contributorId":54571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeGrand","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stringfield, V. T.","contributorId":72369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70227413,"text":"70227413 - 1971 - Nationwide study of the streamflow data program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-13T21:20:48.669918","indexId":"70227413","displayToPublicDate":"1971-04-01T15:15:09","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nationwide study of the streamflow data program","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>During 1970 the Geological Survey conducted a study to evaluate the surface-water data collection program. Objectives were formulated, specific goals were set, a massive analysis of available data was made to determine the extent to which the present system enables the goals to be met, alternatives were considered for meeting the remaining goals, and finally, specific elements were identified for inclusion in the future program. The results of the evaluation will be used in planning the future streamflow data program. Less productive elements in the present program can be weeded out, and the effort devoted to more critically needed water data. The study provides the groundwork for redirection of efforts towards a more efficient system for satisfying present and future needs.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1971.tb05922.x","usgsCitation":"Carter, R.W., and Benson, M.A., 1971, Nationwide study of the streamflow data program: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 7, no. 2, p. 383-385, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1971.tb05922.x.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"385","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394346,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-66.28243,18.51476],[-65.7713,18.42668],[-65.591,18.22803],[-65.84716,17.97591],[-66.59993,17.98182],[-67.18416,17.94655],[-67.24243,18.37446],[-67.10068,18.5206],[-66.28243,18.51476]]],[[[-155.54211,19.08348],[-155.68817,18.91619],[-155.93665,19.05939],[-155.90806,19.33888],[-156.07347,19.70294],[-156.02368,19.81422],[-155.85008,19.97729],[-155.91907,20.17395],[-155.86108,20.26721],[-155.78505,20.2487],[-155.40214,20.07975],[-155.22452,19.99302],[-155.06226,19.8591],[-154.80741,19.50871],[-154.83147,19.45328],[-155.22217,19.23972],[-155.54211,19.08348]]],[[[-156.07926,20.64397],[-156.41445,20.57241],[-156.58673,20.783],[-156.70167,20.8643],[-156.71055,20.92676],[-156.61258,21.01249],[-156.25711,20.91745],[-155.99566,20.76404],[-156.07926,20.64397]]],[[[-156.75824,21.17684],[-156.78933,21.06873],[-157.32521,21.09777],[-157.25027,21.21958],[-156.75824,21.17684]]],[[[-157.65283,21.32217],[-157.70703,21.26442],[-157.7786,21.27729],[-158.12667,21.31244],[-158.2538,21.53919],[-158.29265,21.57912],[-158.0252,21.71696],[-157.94161,21.65272],[-157.65283,21.32217]]],[[[-159.34512,21.982],[-159.46372,21.88299],[-159.80051,22.06533],[-159.74877,22.1382],[-159.5962,22.23618],[-159.36569,22.21494],[-159.34512,21.982]]],[[[-94.81758,49.38905],[-94.64,48.84],[-94.32914,48.67074],[-93.63087,48.60926],[-92.61,48.45],[-91.64,48.14],[-90.83,48.27],[-89.6,48.01],[-89.27292,48.01981],[-88.37811,48.30292],[-87.43979,47.94],[-86.46199,47.55334],[-85.65236,47.22022],[-84.87608,46.90008],[-84.77924,46.6371],[-84.54375,46.53868],[-84.6049,46.4396],[-84.3367,46.40877],[-84.14212,46.51223],[-84.09185,46.27542],[-83.89077,46.11693],[-83.61613,46.11693],[-83.46955,45.99469],[-83.59285,45.81689],[-82.55092,45.34752],[-82.33776,44.44],[-82.13764,43.57109],[-82.43,42.98],[-82.9,42.43],[-83.12,42.08],[-83.142,41.97568],[-83.02981,41.8328],[-82.69009,41.67511],[-82.43928,41.67511],[-81.27775,42.20903],[-80.24745,42.3662],[-78.93936,42.86361],[-78.92,42.965],[-79.01,43.27],[-79.17167,43.46634],[-78.72028,43.62509],[-77.73789,43.62906],[-76.82003,43.62878],[-76.5,44.01846],[-76.375,44.09631],[-75.31821,44.81645],[-74.867,45.00048],[-73.34783,45.00738],[-71.50506,45.0082],[-71.405,45.255],[-71.08482,45.30524],[-70.66,45.46],[-70.305,45.915],[-69.99997,46.69307],[-69.23722,47.44778],[-68.905,47.185],[-68.23444,47.35486],[-67.79046,47.06636],[-67.79134,45.70281],[-67.13741,45.13753],[-66.96466,44.8097],[-68.03252,44.3252],[-69.06,43.98],[-70.11617,43.68405],[-70.64548,43.09024],[-70.81489,42.8653],[-70.825,42.335],[-70.495,41.805],[-70.08,41.78],[-70.185,42.145],[-69.88497,41.92283],[-69.96503,41.63717],[-70.64,41.475],[-71.12039,41.49445],[-71.86,41.32],[-72.295,41.27],[-72.87643,41.22065],[-73.71,40.9311],[-72.24126,41.11948],[-71.945,40.93],[-73.345,40.63],[-73.982,40.628],[-73.95232,40.75075],[-74.25671,40.47351],[-73.96244,40.42763],[-74.17838,39.70926],[-74.90604,38.93954],[-74.98041,39.1964],[-75.20002,39.24845],[-75.52805,39.4985],[-75.32,38.96],[-75.07183,38.78203],[-75.05673,38.40412],[-75.37747,38.01551],[-75.94023,37.21689],[-76.03127,37.2566],[-75.72205,37.93705],[-76.23287,38.31921],[-76.35,39.15],[-76.54272,38.71762],[-76.32933,38.08326],[-76.99,38.23999],[-76.30162,37.91794],[-76.25874,36.9664],[-75.9718,36.89726],[-75.86804,36.55125],[-75.72749,35.55074],[-76.36318,34.80854],[-77.39763,34.51201],[-78.05496,33.92547],[-78.55435,33.86133],[-79.06067,33.49395],[-79.20357,33.15839],[-80.30132,32.50935],[-80.86498,32.0333],[-81.33629,31.44049],[-81.49042,30.72999],[-81.31371,30.03552],[-80.98,29.18],[-80.53558,28.47213],[-80.53,28.04],[-80.05654,26.88],[-80.08801,26.20576],[-80.13156,25.81677],[-80.38103,25.20616],[-80.68,25.08],[-81.17213,25.20126],[-81.33,25.64],[-81.71,25.87],[-82.24,26.73],[-82.70515,27.49504],[-82.85526,27.88624],[-82.65,28.55],[-82.93,29.1],[-83.70959,29.93656],[-84.1,30.09],[-85.10882,29.63615],[-85.28784,29.68612],[-85.7731,30.15261],[-86.4,30.4],[-87.53036,30.27433],[-88.41782,30.3849],[-89.18049,30.31598],[-89.59383,30.15999],[-89.41373,29.89419],[-89.43,29.48864],[-89.21767,29.29108],[-89.40823,29.15961],[-89.77928,29.30714],[-90.15463,29.11743],[-90.88022,29.14854],[-91.62678,29.677],[-92.49906,29.5523],[-93.22637,29.78375],[-93.84842,29.71363],[-94.69,29.48],[-95.60026,28.73863],[-96.59404,28.30748],[-97.14,27.83],[-97.37,27.38],[-97.38,26.69],[-97.33,26.21],[-97.14,25.87],[-97.53,25.84],[-98.24,26.06],[-99.02,26.37],[-99.3,26.84],[-99.52,27.54],[-100.11,28.11],[-100.45584,28.69612],[-100.9576,29.38071],[-101.6624,29.7793],[-102.48,29.76],[-103.11,28.97],[-103.94,29.27],[-104.45697,29.57196],[-104.70575,30.12173],[-105.03737,30.64402],[-105.63159,31.08383],[-106.1429,31.39995],[-106.50759,31.75452],[-108.24,31.75485],[-108.24194,31.34222],[-109.035,31.34194],[-111.02361,31.33472],[-113.30498,32.03914],[-114.815,32.52528],[-114.72139,32.72083],[-115.99135,32.61239],[-117.12776,32.53534],[-117.29594,33.04622],[-117.944,33.62124],[-118.4106,33.74091],[-118.51989,34.02778],[-119.081,34.078],[-119.43884,34.34848],[-120.36778,34.44711],[-120.62286,34.60855],[-120.74433,35.15686],[-121.71457,36.16153],[-122.54747,37.55176],[-122.51201,37.78339],[-122.95319,38.11371],[-123.7272,38.95166],[-123.86517,39.76699],[-124.39807,40.3132],[-124.17886,41.14202],[-124.2137,41.99964],[-124.53284,42.76599],[-124.14214,43.70838],[-124.02053,44.6159],[-123.89893,45.52341],[-124.07963,46.86475],[-124.39567,47.72017],[-124.68721,48.18443],[-124.5661,48.37971],[-123.12,48.04],[-122.58736,47.096],[-122.34,47.36],[-122.5,48.18],[-122.84,49],[-120,49],[-117.03121,49],[-116.04818,49],[-113,49],[-110.05,49],[-107.05,49],[-104.04826,48.99986],[-100.65,49],[-97.22872,49.0007],[-95.15907,49],[-95.15609,49.38425],[-94.81758,49.38905]]],[[[-153.00631,57.11584],[-154.00509,56.73468],[-154.5164,56.99275],[-154.67099,57.4612],[-153.76278,57.81657],[-153.22873,57.96897],[-152.56479,57.90143],[-152.14115,57.59106],[-153.00631,57.11584]]],[[[-165.57916,59.90999],[-166.19277,59.75444],[-166.84834,59.94141],[-167.45528,60.21307],[-166.46779,60.38417],[-165.67443,60.29361],[-165.57916,59.90999]]],[[[-171.73166,63.78252],[-171.11443,63.59219],[-170.49111,63.69498],[-169.68251,63.43112],[-168.68944,63.29751],[-168.77194,63.1886],[-169.52944,62.97693],[-170.29056,63.19444],[-170.67139,63.37582],[-171.55306,63.31779],[-171.79111,63.40585],[-171.73166,63.78252]]],[[[-155.06779,71.14778],[-154.34417,70.69641],[-153.90001,70.88999],[-152.21001,70.82999],[-152.27,70.60001],[-150.73999,70.43002],[-149.72,70.53001],[-147.61336,70.21403],[-145.68999,70.12001],[-144.92001,69.98999],[-143.58945,70.15251],[-142.07251,69.85194],[-140.98599,69.712],[-140.9925,66.00003],[-140.99777,60.3064],[-140.013,60.27684],[-139.039,60.00001],[-138.34089,59.56211],[-137.4525,58.905],[-136.47972,59.46389],[-135.47583,59.78778],[-134.945,59.27056],[-134.27111,58.86111],[-133.35555,58.41029],[-132.73042,57.69289],[-131.70781,56.55212],[-130.00778,55.91583],[-129.97999,55.285],[-130.53611,54.80275],[-131.08582,55.17891],[-131.96721,55.49778],[-132.25001,56.37],[-133.53918,57.17889],[-134.07806,58.12307],[-135.03821,58.18771],[-136.62806,58.21221],[-137.80001,58.5],[-139.86779,59.53776],[-140.82527,59.72752],[-142.57444,60.08445],[-143.95888,59.99918],[-145.92556,60.45861],[-147.11437,60.88466],[-148.22431,60.67299],[-148.01807,59.97833],[-148.57082,59.91417],[-149.72786,59.70566],[-150.60824,59.36821],[-151.71639,59.15582],[-151.85943,59.74498],[-151.40972,60.7258],[-150.34694,61.03359],[-150.62111,61.28442],[-151.89584,60.7272],[-152.57833,60.06166],[-154.01917,59.35028],[-153.28751,58.86473],[-154.23249,58.14637],[-155.30749,57.72779],[-156.30833,57.42277],[-156.5561,56.97998],[-158.11722,56.46361],[-158.43332,55.99415],[-159.60333,55.56669],[-160.28972,55.64358],[-161.22305,55.36473],[-162.23777,55.02419],[-163.06945,54.68974],[-164.78557,54.40417],[-164.94223,54.57222],[-163.84834,55.03943],[-162.87,55.34804],[-161.80417,55.89499],[-160.5636,56.00805],[-160.07056,56.41806],[-158.68444,57.01668],[-158.4611,57.21692],[-157.72277,57.57],[-157.55027,58.32833],[-157.04167,58.91888],[-158.19473,58.6158],[-158.51722,58.78778],[-159.05861,58.42419],[-159.71167,58.93139],[-159.98129,58.57255],[-160.35527,59.07112],[-161.355,58.67084],[-161.96889,58.67166],[-162.05499,59.26693],[-161.87417,59.63362],[-162.51806,59.98972],[-163.81834,59.79806],[-164.66222,60.26748],[-165.34639,60.5075],[-165.35083,61.0739],[-166.12138,61.50002],[-165.73445,62.075],[-164.91918,62.63308],[-164.56251,63.14638],[-163.75333,63.21945],[-163.06722,63.05946],[-162.26056,63.54194],[-161.53445,63.45582],[-160.77251,63.76611],[-160.95834,64.2228],[-161.51807,64.40279],[-160.77778,64.7886],[-161.39193,64.77724],[-162.45305,64.55944],[-162.75779,64.33861],[-163.54639,64.55916],[-164.96083,64.44695],[-166.42529,64.68667],[-166.845,65.0889],[-168.11056,65.67],[-166.70527,66.08832],[-164.47471,66.57666],[-163.65251,66.57666],[-163.7886,66.07721],[-161.67777,66.11612],[-162.48971,66.73557],[-163.71972,67.11639],[-164.43099,67.61634],[-165.39029,68.04277],[-166.76444,68.35888],[-166.20471,68.88303],[-164.43081,68.91554],[-163.16861,69.37111],[-162.93057,69.85806],[-161.9089,70.33333],[-160.9348,70.44769],[-159.03918,70.89164],[-158.11972,70.82472],[-156.58082,71.35776],[-155.06779,71.14778]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"United States\"}}]}","volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, R. W.","contributorId":77125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benson, M. A.","contributorId":32510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70227441,"text":"70227441 - 1971 - Elevation-relief ratio, hypsometric integral, and geomorphic area-altitude analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T19:33:22.305326","indexId":"70227441","displayToPublicDate":"1971-04-01T13:27:16","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elevation-relief ratio, hypsometric integral, and geomorphic area-altitude analysis","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Mathematical proof establishes identity of hypsometric integral and elevation-relief ratio, two quantitative topographic descriptors developed independently of one another for entirely different purposes. Operationally, values of both measures are in excellent agreement for arbitrarily bounded topographic samples, as well as for low-order fluvial watersheds. By using a point-sampling technique rather than planimetry, elevation-relief ratio (defined as mean elevation minus minimum elevation divided by relief) is calculated manually in about a third of the time required for the hypsometric integral.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1079:ERHIAG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pike, R.J., and Wilson, S.E., 1971, Elevation-relief ratio, hypsometric integral, and geomorphic area-altitude analysis: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 4, p. 1079-1083, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1079:ERHIAG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1079","endPage":"1083","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394415,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pike, Richard J. rpike@usgs.gov","contributorId":5753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"Richard","email":"rpike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":830915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Stephen E.","contributorId":271122,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70227275,"text":"70227275 - 1971 - Gold content of natural waters in Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T19:29:39.635675","indexId":"70227275","displayToPublicDate":"1971-04-01T13:21:16","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gold content of natural waters in Colorado","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Neutron activation analysis of 67 samples of water draining from gold-barren and gold-enriched sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks of the Colorado Front Range reveals a relatively small range in total gold content (nondetectable to 150 nanograms per liter). \"Solute\" gold concentrations were generally higher than particulate gold concentrations and both were unrelated to rock or water types. The data suggest the occurrence of a spring flush out of \"solute\" gold in groundwater discharge during the snow-melt recharge period but indicate that direct hydrogeochemical prospecting for gold is unpromising.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.2.309","usgsCitation":"Gosling, A.W., Jenne, E., and Chao, T.T., 1971, Gold content of natural waters in Colorado: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 2, p. 309-313, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.2.309.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"313","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393967,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Front Range","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-106.190554,40.997607],[-106.061181,40.996999],[-105.730421,40.996886],[-105.724804,40.99691],[-105.277138,40.998173],[-105.27686,40.998173],[-105.256527,40.998191],[-105.254779,40.99821],[-104.943371,40.998084],[-104.855273,40.998048],[-104.829504,40.99927],[-104.675999,41.000957],[-104.497149,41.001828],[-104.497058,41.001805],[-104.467672,41.001473],[-104.214692,41.001657],[-104.214191,41.001568],[-104.211473,41.001591],[-104.123586,41.001626],[-104.10459,41.001543],[-104.086068,41.001563],[-104.066961,41.001504],[-104.053249,41.001406],[-104.039238,41.001502],[-104.023383,41.001887],[-104.018223,41.001617],[-103.972642,41.001615],[-103.971373,41.001524],[-103.953525,41.001596],[-103.906324,41.001387],[-103.896207,41.00175],[-103.877967,41.001673],[-103.858449,41.001681],[-103.750498,41.002054],[-103.574522,41.001721],[-103.497447,41.001635],[-103.486697,41.001914],[-103.421975,41.002007],[-103.421925,41.001969],[-103.396991,41.002558],[-103.382492,41.002232],[-103.365314,41.001846],[-103.362979,41.001844],[-103.077804,41.002298],[-103.076536,41.002253],[-103.059538,41.002368],[-103.057998,41.002368],[-103.043444,41.002344],[-103.038704,41.002251],[-103.002026,41.002486],[-103.000102,41.0024],[-102.98269,41.002157],[-102.981483,41.002112],[-102.963669,41.002186],[-102.962522,41.002072],[-102.960706,41.002059],[-102.959624,41.002095],[-102.94483,41.002303],[-102.943109,41.002051],[-102.925568,41.00228],[-102.924029,41.002142],[-102.906547,41.002276],[-102.904796,41.002207],[-102.887407,41.002178],[-102.885746,41.002131],[-102.867822,41.002183],[-102.865784,41.001988],[-102.849263,41.002301],[-102.846455,41.002256],[-102.830303,41.002351],[-102.82728,41.002143],[-102.773546,41.002414],[-102.766723,41.002275],[-102.754617,41.002361],[-102.739624,41.00223],[-102.653463,41.002332],[-102.621033,41.002597],[-102.578696,41.002291],[-102.575738,41.002268],[-102.575496,41.0022],[-102.566048,41.0022],[-102.556789,41.002219],[-102.487955,41.002445],[-102.470537,41.002382],[-102.469223,41.002424],[-102.379593,41.002301],[-102.364066,41.002174],[-102.292833,41.002207],[-102.292622,41.00223],[-102.292553,41.002207],[-102.291354,41.002207],[-102.2721,41.002245],[-102.267812,41.002383],[-102.231931,41.002327],[-102.2122,41.002462],[-102.209361,41.002442],[-102.19121,41.002326],[-102.124972,41.002338],[-102.070598,41.002423],[-102.051718,41.002377],[-102.051614,41.002377],[-102.051292,40.749591],[-102.051292,40.749586],[-102.051398,40.697542],[-102.051725,40.537839],[-102.051519,40.520094],[-102.051465,40.440008],[-102.05184,40.396396],[-102.051572,40.39308],[-102.051798,40.360069],[-102.051553,40.349214],[-102.051309,40.338381],[-102.051922,40.235344],[-102.051894,40.229193],[-102.051909,40.162674],[-102.052001,40.148359],[-102.051744,40.003078],[-102.051569,39.849805],[-102.051363,39.843471],[-102.051318,39.833311],[-102.051254,39.818992],[-102.050594,39.675594],[-102.050099,39.653812],[-102.050422,39.646048],[-102.049954,39.592331],[-102.049806,39.574058],[-102.049764,39.56818],[-102.049554,39.538932],[-102.049673,39.536691],[-102.049679,39.506183],[-102.049369,39.423333],[-102.04937,39.41821],[-102.049167,39.403597],[-102.04896,39.373712],[-102.048449,39.303138],[-102.04725,39.13702],[-102.047189,39.133147],[-102.047134,39.129701],[-102.046571,39.047038],[-102.045388,38.813392],[-102.045334,38.799463],[-102.045448,38.783453],[-102.045371,38.770064],[-102.045287,38.755528],[-102.045375,38.754339],[-102.045212,38.697567],[-102.045156,38.688555],[-102.045127,38.686725],[-102.04516,38.675221],[-102.045102,38.674946],[-102.045074,38.669617],[-102.045288,38.615249],[-102.045288,38.615168],[-102.045211,38.581609],[-102.045189,38.558732],[-102.045223,38.543797],[-102.045112,38.523784],[-102.045262,38.505532],[-102.045263,38.505395],[-102.045324,38.453647],[-102.044936,38.41968],[-102.044442,38.415802],[-102.044944,38.384419],[-102.044613,38.312324],[-102.044568,38.268819],[-102.044567,38.268749],[-102.04451,38.262412],[-102.044398,38.250015],[-102.044251,38.141778],[-102.044589,38.125013],[-102.044255,38.113011],[-102.044644,38.045532],[-102.043844,37.928102],[-102.043845,37.926135],[-102.043219,37.867929],[-102.043033,37.824146],[-102.042953,37.803535],[-102.042668,37.788758],[-102.042158,37.760164],[-102.04199,37.738541],[-102.041876,37.723875],[-102.041574,37.680436],[-102.041694,37.665681],[-102.041582,37.654495],[-102.041585,37.644282],[-102.041618,37.607868],[-102.041894,37.557977],[-102.041899,37.541186],[-102.042016,37.535261],[-102.041786,37.506066],[-102.041801,37.469488],[-102.041755,37.434855],[-102.041669,37.43474],[-102.041676,37.409898],[-102.041586,37.38919],[-102.041524,37.375018],[-102.042089,37.352819],[-102.041974,37.352613],[-102.041817,37.30949],[-102.041664,37.29765],[-102.041963,37.258164],[-102.042002,37.141744],[-102.042135,37.125021],[-102.042092,37.125021],[-102.041809,37.111973],[-102.041983,37.106551],[-102.04192,37.035083],[-102.041749,37.034397],[-102.041921,37.032178],[-102.04195,37.030805],[-102.041952,37.024742],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-102.054503,36.993109],[-102.184271,36.993593],[-102.208316,36.99373],[-102.260789,36.994388],[-102.355288,36.994506],[-102.355367,36.994575],[-102.698142,36.995149],[-102.74206,36.997689],[-102.75986,37.000019],[-102.778569,36.999242],[-102.806762,37.000019],[-102.814616,37.000783],[-102.841989,36.999598],[-102.979613,36.998549],[-102.985807,36.998571],[-102.986976,36.998524],[-103.002199,37.000104],[-103.086106,37.000174],[-103.155922,37.000232],[-103.733247,36.998016],[-103.734364,36.998041],[-104.007855,36.996239],[-104.250536,36.994644],[-104.338833,36.993535],[-104.519257,36.993766],[-104.624556,36.994377],[-104.625545,36.993599],[-104.645029,36.993378],[-104.732031,36.993447],[-104.73212,36.993484],[-105.000554,36.993264],[-105.029228,36.992729],[-105.1208,36.995428],[-105.155042,36.995339],[-105.220613,36.995169],[-105.251296,36.995605],[-105.41931,36.995856],[-105.442459,36.995994],[-105.447255,36.996017],[-105.465182,36.995991],[-105.508836,36.995895],[-105.512485,36.995777],[-105.533922,36.995875],[-105.62747,36.995679],[-105.66472,36.995874],[-105.716471,36.995849],[-105.71847,36.995846],[-105.996159,36.995418],[-105.997472,36.995417],[-106.006634,36.995343],[-106.201469,36.994122],[-106.247705,36.994266],[-106.248675,36.994288],[-106.293279,36.99389],[-106.343139,36.99423],[-106.47628,36.993839],[-106.500589,36.993768],[-106.617159,36.992967],[-106.617125,36.993004],[-106.628652,36.993175],[-106.628733,36.993161],[-106.661344,36.993243],[-106.675626,36.993123],[-106.750591,36.992461],[-106.869796,36.992426],[-106.877292,37.000139],[-107.420913,37.000005],[-107.420915,37.000005],[-107.481737,37.000005],[-108.000623,37.000001],[-108.249358,36.999015],[-108.250635,36.999561],[-108.288086,36.999555],[-108.2884,36.99952],[-108.320464,36.999499],[-108.320721,36.99951],[-108.379203,36.999459],[-108.619689,36.999249],[-108.620309,36.999287],[-108.954404,36.998906],[-108.958868,36.998913],[-109.045223,36.999084],[-109.045166,37.072742],[-109.045058,37.074661],[-109.044995,37.086429],[-109.045189,37.096271],[-109.045173,37.109464],[-109.045203,37.111958],[-109.045156,37.112064],[-109.045995,37.177279],[-109.045978,37.201831],[-109.045487,37.210844],[-109.045584,37.249351],[-109.046039,37.249993],[-109.04581,37.374993],[-109.043464,37.484711],[-109.043137,37.499992],[-109.041915,37.530653],[-109.041865,37.530726],[-109.041806,37.604171],[-109.042131,37.617662],[-109.042089,37.623795],[-109.042269,37.666067],[-109.041732,37.711214],[-109.04176,37.713182],[-109.041636,37.74021],[-109.042098,37.74999],[-109.041461,37.800105],[-109.041754,37.835826],[-109.041723,37.842051],[-109.041844,37.872788],[-109.041653,37.88117],[-109.041058,37.907236],[-109.043121,37.97426],[-109.042819,37.997068],[-109.04282,37.999301],[-109.041837,38.153022],[-109.041762,38.16469],[-109.054648,38.244921],[-109.060062,38.275489],[-109.059962,38.499987],[-109.060253,38.599328],[-109.059541,38.719888],[-109.057388,38.795456],[-109.054189,38.874984],[-109.053943,38.904414],[-109.053797,38.905284],[-109.053233,38.942467],[-109.053292,38.942878],[-109.052436,38.999985],[-109.051512,39.126095],[-109.050765,39.366677],[-109.051363,39.497674],[-109.05104,39.660472],[-109.050615,39.87497],[-109.050873,40.058915],[-109.050813,40.059579],[-109.050944,40.180712],[-109.050973,40.180849],[-109.050969,40.222662],[-109.050946,40.444368],[-109.050314,40.495092],[-109.050698,40.499963],[-109.049955,40.539901],[-109.050074,40.540358],[-109.048044,40.619231],[-109.048249,40.653601],[-109.048373,40.662602],[-109.049088,40.714562],[-109.048455,40.826081],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-108.884138,41.000094],[-108.631108,41.000156],[-108.526667,40.999608],[-108.500659,41.000112],[-108.250649,41.000114],[-108.181227,41.000455],[-108.046539,41.002064],[-107.918421,41.002036],[-107.625624,41.002124],[-107.367443,41.003073],[-107.317794,41.002967],[-107.241194,41.002804],[-107.000606,41.003444],[-106.857773,41.002663],[-106.453859,41.002057],[-106.439563,41.001978],[-106.437419,41.001795],[-106.43095,41.001752],[-106.391852,41.001176],[-106.386356,41.001144],[-106.321165,40.999123],[-106.217573,40.997734],[-106.190554,40.997607]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Colorado\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gosling, Arthur W.","contributorId":51364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gosling","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenne, E. A.","contributorId":45716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenne","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70170498,"text":"70170498 - 1971 - Flooded area of Lake St. Croix Beach, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T12:19:55","indexId":"70170498","displayToPublicDate":"1971-04-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Flooded area of Lake St. Croix Beach, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/70170498","usgsCitation":"Carlson, G., 1971, Flooded area of Lake St. Croix Beach, Minnesota: Open-File Report, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70170498.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320419,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Lake St. Croix beach","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.79499053955078,\n              44.904158633376206\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.79499053955078,\n              44.95860326455075\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.75636672973633,\n              44.95860326455075\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.75636672973633,\n              44.904158633376206\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.79499053955078,\n              44.904158633376206\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571b4b2fe4b071321fe31c7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, G.H.","contributorId":26277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70175727,"text":"70175727 - 1971 - Flow characteristics of Minnesota streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:06:02","indexId":"70175727","displayToPublicDate":"1971-03-03T16:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5181,"text":"Technical Paper","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"title":"Flow characteristics of Minnesota streams","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Mann, W., 1971, Flow characteristics of Minnesota streams: Technical Paper, 265 p.","productDescription":"265 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326838,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc5fe4b03fd6b7d94c42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mann, W.B.","contributorId":60230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"W.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70170503,"text":"70170503 - 1971 - Flooded area of Montevideo, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-22T12:42:46","indexId":"70170503","displayToPublicDate":"1971-03-03T13:45:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Flooded area of Montevideo, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/70170503","usgsCitation":"Carlson, G., 1971, Flooded area of Montevideo, Minnesota: Open-File Report, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70170503.","productDescription":"5 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320428,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Montevideo","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.83305358886719,\n              44.8699828720045\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.83305358886719,\n              45.02355322956419\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.625,\n              45.02355322956419\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.625,\n              44.8699828720045\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.83305358886719,\n              44.8699828720045\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571b4b2fe4b071321fe31c85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, G.H.","contributorId":26277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70201453,"text":"wdrSD701 - 1971 - Water resources data for South Dakota, water year 1970; Part 1, Surface water records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-26T23:09:31.508554","indexId":"wdrSD701","displayToPublicDate":"1971-02-25T14:40:56","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"SD-70-1","title":"Water resources data for South Dakota, water year 1970; Part 1, Surface water records","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrSD701","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Water resources data for South Dakota, water year 1970; Part 1, Surface water records: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report SD-70-1, vii, 135 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrSD701.","productDescription":"vii, 135 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":375052,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1970/sd-70-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":372636,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1970/sd-70-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-104.054487,44.180381],[-104.055914,44.874986],[-104.057698,44.997431],[-104.039681,44.998041],[-104.040114,45.374214],[-104.045443,45.94531],[-100.430597,45.943638],[-99.005754,45.939944],[-98.414518,45.936504],[-96.56328,45.935238],[-96.564002,45.91956],[-96.56703,45.915682],[-96.56442,45.909415],[-96.568315,45.902902],[-96.568772,45.888072],[-96.571354,45.886673],[-96.571871,45.871846],[-96.574667,45.866816],[-96.572984,45.861602],[-96.574517,45.843098],[-96.583085,45.820024],[-96.596704,45.811801],[-96.612512,45.794442],[-96.627778,45.786239],[-96.638726,45.770171],[-96.641941,45.759871],[-96.652226,45.746809],[-96.662595,45.738682],[-96.672665,45.732336],[-96.711157,45.717561],[-96.745086,45.701576],[-96.75035,45.698782],[-96.760866,45.687518],[-96.835769,45.649648],[-96.844211,45.639583],[-96.852392,45.61484],[-96.857751,45.605962],[-96.801987,45.555414],[-96.79384,45.550724],[-96.76528,45.521414],[-96.745487,45.488712],[-96.743486,45.480649],[-96.738446,45.473499],[-96.732739,45.458737],[-96.692541,45.417338],[-96.680454,45.410499],[-96.617726,45.408092],[-96.60118,45.403181],[-96.562142,45.38609],[-96.521787,45.375645],[-96.489065,45.357071],[-96.469246,45.324941],[-96.468027,45.318619],[-96.46191,45.313884],[-96.453067,45.298115],[-96.451232,44.718375],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.598928,43.500457],[-96.599182,43.496011],[-96.586274,43.491099],[-96.580997,43.481384],[-96.586364,43.478251],[-96.584603,43.46961],[-96.587929,43.464878],[-96.600039,43.45708],[-96.60286,43.450907],[-96.594254,43.434153],[-96.587884,43.431685],[-96.575181,43.431756],[-96.570224,43.428601],[-96.573579,43.419228],[-96.562728,43.412782],[-96.557586,43.406792],[-96.537116,43.395063],[-96.531159,43.39561],[-96.529152,43.397735],[-96.525453,43.396317],[-96.521572,43.38564],[-96.521323,43.374607],[-96.526467,43.368314],[-96.527223,43.362257],[-96.526635,43.351833],[-96.524289,43.347214],[-96.534913,43.336473],[-96.528817,43.316561],[-96.525564,43.312467],[-96.530392,43.300034],[-96.553087,43.29286],[-96.555246,43.294803],[-96.56911,43.295535],[-96.573556,43.29917],[-96.581052,43.297118],[-96.579094,43.293797],[-96.577588,43.2788],[-96.580904,43.2748],[-96.582876,43.274594],[-96.582939,43.276536],[-96.586317,43.274319],[-96.58522,43.268878],[-96.576804,43.268308],[-96.564165,43.260239],[-96.554968,43.259998],[-96.552591,43.257769],[-96.552963,43.247281],[-96.565253,43.244241],[-96.571194,43.238961],[-96.568505,43.231554],[-96.56044,43.224219],[-96.554937,43.226775],[-96.540088,43.225698],[-96.535741,43.22764],[-96.526865,43.224071],[-96.519273,43.21769],[-96.500759,43.220767],[-96.496454,43.223652],[-96.485264,43.224183],[-96.476697,43.222014],[-96.470626,43.207225],[-96.473777,43.198766],[-96.473834,43.189804],[-96.472395,43.185644],[-96.465146,43.182971],[-96.467292,43.164066],[-96.466537,43.150281],[-96.459978,43.143516],[-96.450361,43.142237],[-96.443431,43.133825],[-96.440801,43.123129],[-96.436589,43.120842],[-96.439335,43.113916],[-96.462855,43.091419],[-96.462636,43.089614],[-96.455337,43.088129],[-96.454088,43.084197],[-96.455209,43.075053],[-96.46085,43.064033],[-96.468207,43.06186],[-96.473165,43.06355],[-96.476905,43.062383],[-96.490365,43.050789],[-96.501748,43.048632],[-96.510256,43.049917],[-96.518431,43.042068],[-96.509145,43.037297],[-96.512916,43.029962],[-96.510995,43.024701],[-96.499187,43.019213],[-96.49167,43.009707],[-96.496699,42.998807],[-96.509986,42.995126],[-96.512886,42.991424],[-96.512237,42.985937],[-96.516724,42.981458],[-96.520773,42.980385],[-96.515922,42.972886],[-96.506148,42.971348],[-96.503132,42.968192],[-96.500308,42.959391],[-96.504857,42.954659],[-96.509472,42.945151],[-96.519994,42.93976],[-96.516419,42.935438],[-96.516888,42.932512],[-96.525536,42.935511],[-96.541689,42.922576],[-96.536564,42.905656],[-96.542847,42.903737],[-96.539397,42.899964],[-96.536007,42.900901],[-96.528886,42.89795],[-96.526357,42.891852],[-96.540116,42.889678],[-96.537851,42.878475],[-96.546394,42.874464],[-96.549659,42.870281],[-96.550469,42.863742],[-96.546556,42.857273],[-96.541708,42.858871],[-96.545502,42.849956],[-96.554709,42.846142],[-96.554203,42.843648],[-96.549976,42.840705],[-96.551285,42.836606],[-96.556162,42.836675],[-96.560572,42.839373],[-96.56284,42.836309],[-96.563058,42.831051],[-96.565605,42.830434],[-96.571353,42.837155],[-96.581604,42.837521],[-96.58238,42.833657],[-96.577813,42.828719],[-96.585699,42.818041],[-96.596008,42.815044],[-96.595664,42.810426],[-96.590913,42.808987],[-96.595283,42.792982],[-96.602575,42.787767],[-96.603784,42.78372],[-96.61949,42.784034],[-96.626406,42.773518],[-96.632142,42.770863],[-96.632212,42.761512],[-96.628741,42.757532],[-96.621235,42.758084],[-96.619494,42.754792],[-96.630485,42.750378],[-96.639704,42.737071],[-96.631931,42.725086],[-96.624704,42.725497],[-96.624446,42.714294],[-96.630617,42.70588],[-96.612555,42.698402],[-96.61017,42.694568],[-96.59908,42.697296],[-96.596625,42.695122],[-96.596405,42.688514],[-96.58562,42.687076],[-96.575299,42.682665],[-96.574064,42.67801],[-96.578148,42.672765],[-96.572261,42.670776],[-96.569194,42.675509],[-96.566684,42.675942],[-96.556244,42.664396],[-96.5599,42.662819],[-96.559962,42.658543],[-96.556214,42.657949],[-96.546827,42.661491],[-96.542366,42.660736],[-96.537877,42.655431],[-96.537881,42.646446],[-96.526766,42.641184],[-96.516338,42.630435],[-96.515918,42.624994],[-96.518542,42.62035],[-96.530896,42.617129],[-96.529894,42.610432],[-96.525671,42.609312],[-96.517048,42.615343],[-96.509468,42.61273],[-96.500183,42.594106],[-96.501037,42.589247],[-96.494777,42.585741],[-96.49545,42.579474],[-96.485796,42.575001],[-96.489328,42.5708],[-96.498709,42.57087],[-96.498041,42.558153],[-96.476952,42.556079],[-96.479909,42.524195],[-96.490802,42.520331],[-96.49297,42.517282],[-96.490089,42.512441],[-96.477454,42.509589],[-96.473339,42.503537],[-96.476909,42.497795],[-96.476509,42.493595],[-96.474409,42.491895],[-96.46255,42.490788],[-96.456348,42.492478],[-96.443408,42.489495],[-96.478792,42.479635],[-96.501321,42.482749],[-96.508587,42.486691],[-96.515891,42.49427],[-96.520683,42.504761],[-96.528753,42.513273],[-96.538036,42.518131],[-96.548791,42.520547],[-96.567896,42.517877],[-96.591121,42.50541],[-96.603468,42.50446],[-96.611489,42.506088],[-96.625958,42.513576],[-96.628179,42.516963],[-96.632882,42.528987],[-96.63533,42.54764],[-96.643589,42.557604],[-96.658754,42.566426],[-96.681369,42.574486],[-96.7093,42.603753],[-96.711546,42.614758],[-96.709485,42.621932],[-96.687788,42.645992],[-96.687082,42.652093],[-96.691269,42.6562],[-96.728024,42.666882],[-96.746949,42.666223],[-96.76406,42.661985],[-96.793238,42.666024],[-96.800986,42.669758],[-96.802178,42.672237],[-96.800485,42.692466],[-96.801652,42.698774],[-96.806219,42.704149],[-96.843419,42.712024],[-96.860436,42.720797],[-96.886845,42.725222],[-96.906797,42.7338],[-96.924156,42.730327],[-96.948902,42.719465],[-96.961576,42.719841],[-96.964776,42.722455],[-96.965833,42.727096],[-96.96123,42.740623],[-96.96888,42.754278],[-96.97912,42.76009],[-96.99282,42.759481],[-97.02485,42.76243],[-97.033229,42.765904],[-97.065592,42.772189],[-97.096128,42.76934],[-97.131331,42.771929],[-97.134461,42.774494],[-97.138216,42.783428],[-97.150763,42.795566],[-97.166978,42.802087],[-97.200431,42.805485],[-97.210126,42.809296],[-97.213084,42.813007],[-97.213957,42.820143],[-97.218269,42.829561],[-97.217411,42.843519],[-97.218825,42.845848],[-97.237868,42.853139],[-97.251764,42.855432],[-97.267946,42.852583],[-97.289859,42.855499],[-97.306677,42.867604],[-97.336156,42.856802],[-97.359569,42.854816],[-97.368643,42.858419],[-97.376695,42.865195],[-97.393966,42.86425],[-97.408315,42.868334],[-97.417066,42.865918],[-97.431951,42.851542],[-97.442279,42.846224],[-97.452177,42.846048],[-97.470529,42.850455],[-97.49149,42.851625],[-97.504847,42.858477],[-97.531867,42.850105],[-97.561928,42.847552],[-97.591916,42.853837],[-97.603762,42.858329],[-97.611811,42.858367],[-97.657846,42.844626],[-97.686506,42.842435],[-97.72045,42.847439],[-97.774456,42.849774],[-97.817075,42.861781],[-97.828496,42.868797],[-97.84527,42.867734],[-97.875345,42.858724],[-97.877003,42.854394],[-97.875849,42.847725],[-97.878976,42.843673],[-97.879878,42.835395],[-97.888562,42.817251],[-97.908983,42.794909],[-97.921434,42.788352],[-97.936716,42.775754],[-97.950147,42.769619],[-97.977588,42.769923],[-98.000348,42.763256],[-98.017228,42.762411],[-98.035034,42.764205],[-98.059838,42.772772],[-98.062913,42.781119],[-98.067388,42.784759],[-98.094574,42.799309],[-98.107688,42.810633],[-98.127489,42.820127],[-98.137912,42.832728],[-98.146933,42.839823],[-98.167523,42.836925],[-98.189765,42.841628],[-98.219826,42.853157],[-98.25181,42.872824],[-98.280007,42.874996],[-98.325864,42.8865],[-98.34623,42.902747],[-98.42074,42.931924],[-98.430934,42.931504],[-98.437285,42.928393],[-98.444145,42.929242],[-98.448309,42.936428],[-98.467356,42.947556],[-98.490483,42.977948],[-98.49855,42.99856],[-100.472742,42.999288],[-101.625424,42.996238],[-101.849982,42.999329],[-104.053127,43.000585],[-104.055488,43.853476],[-104.054487,44.180381]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"South Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"}
,{"id":70227279,"text":"70227279 - 1971 - A paleohydrologic model for mineralization of the White Pine copper deposit, northern Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T21:14:33.067515","indexId":"70227279","displayToPublicDate":"1971-02-01T15:02:55","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A paleohydrologic model for mineralization of the White Pine copper deposit, northern Michigan","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Pertinent physical properties of the upper Keweenawan rocks can be measured or inferred within a sufficiently narrow range to make the quantitative evaluation of various paleohydrologic models for the origin of the White Pine copper deposit feasible. The approach is illustrated here by calculations for models that involve lateral migration of fluids through the subjacent Copper Harbor Conglomerate to the site of the deposit and stripping of copper from these solutions where they percolated upward through the Nonesuch Shale. The calculations reveal limitations to theories of origin that would not be evident from purely qualitative consideration; some of these limitations could be useful to exploration. For example, if the water was yielded by compaction of the Copper Harbor Conglomerate and contained 50 ppm Cu, there must have been significant convergence of solution paths toward White Pine. Surface water entering the Copper Harbor Conglomerate on the north limb of the Lake Superior syncline is an adequate source if it could be shown that the point of entry was once significantly higher in altitude than the water table at White Pine; this model implies a major copper deposit at great depth north of the axis of the syncline. Ground water entering the Nonesuch Shale up dip from White Pine is not a possible source of mineralizing solutions.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.1","usgsCitation":"White, W., 1971, A paleohydrologic model for mineralization of the White Pine copper deposit, northern Michigan: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 1, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393984,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Keweenaw Peninsula, Upper Peninsula, White Pine copper deposit","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.76336479187012,\n              46.721505389841695\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.68594551086426,\n              46.721505389841695\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.68594551086426,\n              46.76167869671392\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.76336479187012,\n              46.76167869671392\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.76336479187012,\n              46.721505389841695\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Walter S.","contributorId":34492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Walter S.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":830256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227278,"text":"70227278 - 1971 - Fluid inclusion studies on the porphyry-type ore deposits at Bingham, Utah, Butte, Montana, and Climax, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T20:58:06.28827","indexId":"70227278","displayToPublicDate":"1971-02-01T14:36:02","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusion studies on the porphyry-type ore deposits at Bingham, Utah, Butte, Montana, and Climax, Colorado","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Data are given on the composition, temperature, pressure, and density of the hydrothermal fluids present in the central Cu-Mo core of the deposit at Bingham, Utah, and in its related but not necessarily coeval peripheral Pb-Zn deposits. These data are based on a study of primary and secondary fluid inclusions in transparent ore and gangue minerals that included the use of freezing, heating, and crushing microscope stages.</p><p>The composition of the hydrothermal fluids at various stages in the mineralization and repeated later fracturing and rehealing ranged from nearly fresh water to water containing more than 60 weight percent salts in solution--virtually a hydrous saline melt--in some quartz-molybdenite-chalcopyrite veins from the core. Most of these salts have crystallized out as daughter minerals on cooling, forming major amounts of halite and sylvite and minor amounts of anhydrite (?), hematite (?) and several unidentified phases. These highly saline fluids occur only in the core. Some of them have apparently boiled, forming bubbles of a relatively low density CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>-rich \"steam\" containing only a few percent NaCl. These low-density fluids have also been trapped as inclusions. The fluids that formed the peripheral deposits had low salinities, and some of these also have apparently boiled. A few were very high in hydrogen sulfide.</p><p>Inclusions from a quartz pod and in the quartz-molybdenite-chalcopyrite veins from the core yield the highest temperatures, 640<span>°</span>-725<span>°</span> C; most inclusions from the core homogenize at temperatures above 400<span>°</span> C. Samples from the peripheral deposits were uniformly lower, in the range 294<span>°</span>-330<span>°</span> C.</p><p>The abundant evidence of intermittent boiling of these solutions is important because it places limits on the pressure at the time of trapping, it results in there being little or no need for a pressure correction to the homogenization temperatures, and it indicates that the pressure has varied with time. Although some of the homogenization temperatures are very high, the high salinity causes the vapor pressures at homogenization to be relatively low, from about 80 to a maximum of about 1,100 atmospheres.</p><p>The density of the hydrothermal fluids is of great concern in any consideration of flow patterns, and particularly in the inevitable mixing with possibly heated ground waters. Steam inclusions from the core had gross densities of 0.3 to 0.1 g<strong>·</strong>cm<sup>-3</sup>, but many of the highly saline inclusions in the core contain fluids whose density at trapping was as high as 1.3 g<strong>·</strong>cm<sup>-3</sup>. The fluids trapped in inclusions in the peripheral deposits had densities of 0.75-0.95 g<strong>·</strong>cm<sup>-3</sup>, well below that of the surrounding cold ground water. Hydraulic pressure gradients from these density differences, and the vapor pressures involved, must also have varied with time in any given location, particularly when boiling occurred, and thus the circulation patterns could have been very complex. The more highly saline fluids are believed to be of truly magmatic origin, and not merely heated ground water from the area at the time of the intrusion.</p><p>The great abundance throughout the core of planes of secondary inclusions in which individual planes are uniform but adjacent planes have widely varying composition, density, and homogenization temperature, is evidence of thorough and repeated fracturing of these rocks under hydrothermal conditions.</p><p>Inclusions were also examined in some samples from Butte, Montana, Climax, Colorado, and several Arizona porphyry copper deposits. The ranges of temperature, composition, and density found were similar but smaller than at Bingham. This might be simply a result of insufficient sampling.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.98","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1971, Fluid inclusion studies on the porphyry-type ore deposits at Bingham, Utah, Butte, Montana, and Climax, Colorado: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 1, p. 98-120, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.98.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"98","endPage":"120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393982,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, Montana, Utah","city":"Butte, Climax","otherGeospatial":"Bingham","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.29812622070312,\n              40.43440488077008\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.05368041992188,\n              40.43440488077008\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.05368041992188,\n              40.64938745451835\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.29812622070312,\n              40.64938745451835\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.29812622070312,\n              40.43440488077008\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.19839668273926,\n              39.359586180977615\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.15342140197754,\n              39.359586180977615\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.15342140197754,\n              39.38566183944818\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.19839668273926,\n              39.38566183944818\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.19839668273926,\n              39.359586180977615\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.67990112304688,\n              45.93969078234\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.42584228515625,\n              45.93969078234\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.42584228515625,\n              46.10751733820335\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.67990112304688,\n              46.10751733820335\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.67990112304688,\n              45.93969078234\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, Edwin","contributorId":25571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"Edwin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227277,"text":"70227277 - 1971 - Vapor-dominated hydrothermal systems compared with hot-water systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T20:32:44.072191","indexId":"70227277","displayToPublicDate":"1971-02-01T14:21:40","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vapor-dominated hydrothermal systems compared with hot-water systems","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.75","usgsCitation":"White, D.E., Muffler, L.P., and Truesdell, A.H., 1971, Vapor-dominated hydrothermal systems compared with hot-water systems: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 1, p. 75-97, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.75.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"97","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393979,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.05255126953125,\n              44.09153051045218\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.64630126953125,\n              44.09153051045218\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.64630126953125,\n              45.00559312697019\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.05255126953125,\n              45.00559312697019\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.05255126953125,\n              44.09153051045218\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, D. E.","contributorId":140645,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":830252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muffler, L.J. Patrick 0000-0001-6638-7218 pmuffler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6638-7218","contributorId":3322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muffler","given":"L.J.","email":"pmuffler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Patrick","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Truesdell, A. H.","contributorId":140646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":830254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70120939,"text":"70120939 - 1971 - Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 6","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-16T14:42:20","indexId":"70120939","displayToPublicDate":"1971-02-01T14:18:16","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 6","docAbstract":"<p>Sediments from Leg 6 sites, west of the Hawaiian Islands, consisted primarily of various combinations of deep-sea biogenic oozes, volcanic ash, and its breakdown products. Pore fluids from most of the sites were similar in composition to present day ocean water, and in some sties almost identical. However, interstitial fluids from Site 53 (Philippine Sea) showed changes in ionic composition which were beyond those previously considered attributable to diagenetic influence. These samples show the beginnings of metamorphism by dramatic increases in calcium concentrations and corresponding decreases in alkali concentrations.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Analytical methods were similar to those outlined in previous Leg Reports. However, obvious contamination of aliquots for sodium determination in the laboratory made it necessary to determine all sodium values by difference between anion and cation balances. These values are, if anything, more accurate than direct determinations which have been discussed in earlier legs. However, the authors will continue to analyze sodium directly, and in the future they may be able to improve the precision of the determinations to the point where small losses and gains of sodium in the pore fluids may be established accurately.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Agreement between colorimetric and spectrometric determinations of silicon has improved, but there are still occasional marked differences for which the writers have no explanation. T. Takahashi has allowed the authors to compare total Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) measurements from his laboratory with their alkalinity determinations: both sets of data were obtained from fluids from the same squeezings of sediments and should give similar values at the indicated pH levels. Some disturbingly large discrepancies in the two sets of data are evident. The authors do not think that their back-titration alkalinity technique alone is responsible for the differences. However, they have not evaluated the possible influence of the heat-sealed polyethylene pipes on the alkalinity values; this should be considered a potential source of error.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The pH data from water samples processed and measured on shipboard are reported here. In view of the major changes in pressure and temperature (laboratory temperatures were reported to be 26 to 28°C) and the sediments to new gaseous regimes prior to pH measurement, these values should be interpreted mainly as applying to the squeezed effluents, not to in situ values.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International","publisherLocation":"College Station, TX","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.6.125.1971","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., and Sayles, F., 1971, Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 6: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 6, p. 811-821, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.6.125.1971.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"811","endPage":"821","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.6.125.1971","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":292473,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","volume":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fe7e4b033341871892c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sayles, F.L.","contributorId":77657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayles","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}