Renibacterium salmoninarum, a gram-positive diplococcobacillus that causes bacterial kidney disease among salmon and trout, has two chromosomal loci encoding the major soluble antigen (msa) gene. Because the MSA protein is widely suspected to be an important virulence factor, we used insertion-duplication mutagenesis to generate disruptions of either the msa1 or msa2 gene. Surprisingly, expression of MSA protein in broth cultures appeared unaffected. However, the virulence of either mutant in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by intraperitoneal challenge was severely attenuated, suggesting that disruption of the msa1 or msa2 gene affected in vivo expression. Copyright ?? 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.72.4.2672-2678.2006","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Coady, A., Murray, A., Elliott, D., and Rhodes, L., 2006, Both msa genes in Renibacterium salmoninarum are needed for full virulence in bacterial kidney disease: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 72, no. 4, p. 2672-2678, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.4.2672-2678.2006.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2672","endPage":"2678","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477592,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.4.2672-2678.2006","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":239548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212122,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.4.2672-2678.2006"}],"volume":"72","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f225e4b0c8380cd4b02b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coady, A.M.","contributorId":60856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coady","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, A.L.","contributorId":70151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, D.G.","contributorId":58226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rhodes, L.D.","contributorId":35948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030345,"text":"70030345 - 2006 - A Bayesian random effects discrete-choice model for resource selection: Population-level selection inference","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030345","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Bayesian random effects discrete-choice model for resource selection: Population-level selection inference","docAbstract":"Modeling the probability of use of land units characterized by discrete and continuous measures, we present a Bayesian random-effects model to assess resource selection. This model provides simultaneous estimation of both individual- and population-level selection. Deviance information criterion (DIC), a Bayesian alternative to AIC that is sample-size specific, is used for model selection. Aerial radiolocation data from 76 adult female caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and calf pairs during 1 year on an Arctic coastal plain calving ground were used to illustrate models and assess population-level selection of landscape attributes, as well as individual heterogeneity of selection. Landscape attributes included elevation, NDVI (a measure of forage greenness), and land cover-type classification. Results from the first of a 2-stage model-selection procedure indicated that there is substantial heterogeneity among cow-calf pairs with respect to selection of the landscape attributes. In the second stage, selection of models with heterogeneity included indicated that at the population-level, NDVI and land cover class were significant attributes for selection of different landscapes by pairs on the calving ground. Population-level selection coefficients indicate that the pairs generally select landscapes with higher levels of NDVI, but the relationship is quadratic. The highest rate of selection occurs at values of NDVI less than the maximum observed. Results for land cover-class selections coefficients indicate that wet sedge, moist sedge, herbaceous tussock tundra, and shrub tussock tundra are selected at approximately the same rate, while alpine and sparsely vegetated landscapes are selected at a lower rate. Furthermore, the variability in selection by individual caribou for moist sedge and sparsely vegetated landscapes is large relative to the variability in selection of other land cover types. The example analysis illustrates that, while sometimes computationally intense, a Bayesian hierarchical discrete-choice model for resource selection can provide managers with 2 components of population-level inference: average population selection and variability of selection. Both components are necessary to make sound management decisions based on animal selection.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[404:ABREDM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Thomas, D., Johnson, D., and Griffith, B., 2006, A Bayesian random effects discrete-choice model for resource selection: Population-level selection inference: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 70, no. 2, p. 404-412, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[404:ABREDM]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"404","endPage":"412","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211829,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[404:ABREDM]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"70","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2c9e4b0c8380cd45c51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, D.L.","contributorId":51481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, D.","contributorId":85955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffith, B.","contributorId":25905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031082,"text":"70031082 - 2006 - State summaries: West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70031082","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"State summaries: West Virginia","docAbstract":"West Virginia mines coal, limestone, sandstone, gravel, clay and other nonfuel materials. Limestone production figures for 2005 are not yet available but in 2004, limestone production accounted for 85.7% of noncoal production on a tonnage basis. In 2005, 327 coal mines reported production during the year. Underground mining accounted for more than 60% overall production whereas surface mining accounted for 38%.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00265187","usgsCitation":"Blake, B., Fedorko, N., and McColloch, G., 2006, State summaries: West Virginia: Mining Engineering, v. 58, no. 5, p. 122-125.","startPage":"122","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96dae4b08c986b31b755","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blake, B.M.","contributorId":76481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"B.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fedorko, N.","contributorId":72200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedorko","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McColloch, G.H.","contributorId":87300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McColloch","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031006,"text":"70031006 - 2006 - Effects of elevated CO2 on fine root dynamics in a Mojave Desert community: A FACE study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:15","indexId":"70031006","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of elevated CO2 on fine root dynamics in a Mojave Desert community: A FACE study","docAbstract":"Fine roots (??? 1mm diameter) are critical in plant water and nutrient absorption, and it is important to understand how rising atmospheric CO2 will affect them as part of terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change. This study's objective was to determine effects of elevated CO2 on production, mortality, and standing crops of fine root length over 2 years in a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility in the Mojave Desert of southern Nevada, USA. Three replicate 25m diameter FACE rings were maintained at ambient (??? 370 ??mol mol-1) and elevated CO2 (??? 550 ??mol mol-1) atmospheric concentrations. Twenty-eight minirhizotron tubes were placed in each ring to sample three microsite locations: evergreen Larrea shrubs, drought-deciduous Ambrosia shrubs, and along systematic community transects (primarily in shrub interspaces which account for ??? 85% of the area). Seasonal dynamics were similar for ambient and elevated CO2: fine root production peaked in April-June, with peak standing crop occurring about 1 month later, and peak mortality occurring during the hot summer months, with higher values for all three measures in a wet year compared with a dry year. Fine root standing crop, production, and mortality were not significantly different between treatments except standing crop along community transects, where fine root length was significantly lower in elevated CO2. Fine root turnover (annual cumulative mortality/mean standing crop) ranged from 2.33 to 3.17 year-1, and was not significantly different among CO2 treatments, except for community transect tubes where it was significantly lower for elevated CO2. There were no differences in fine root responses to CO2 between evergreen (Larrea) and drought-deciduous (Ambrosia) shrubs. Combined with observations of increased leaf-level water-use efficiency and lack of soil moisture differences, these results suggest that under elevated CO2 conditions, reduced root systems (compared with ambient CO2) appear sufficient to provide resources for modest aboveground production increases across the community, but in more fertile shrub microsites, fine root systems of comparable size with those in ambient CO2 were required to support the greater aboveground production increases. For community transects, development of the difference in fine root standing crops occurred primarily through lower stimulation of fine root production in the elevated CO2 treatment during periods of high water availability. ?? 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01085.x","issn":"13541013","usgsCitation":"Phillips, D., Johnson, M.G., Tingey, D., Catricala, C., Hoyman, T., and Nowak, R., 2006, Effects of elevated CO2 on fine root dynamics in a Mojave Desert community: A FACE study: Global Change Biology, v. 12, no. 1, p. 61-73, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01085.x.","startPage":"61","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211479,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01085.x"},{"id":238774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06dbe4b0c8380cd51452","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, D.L.","contributorId":10178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, M. G.","contributorId":22831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tingey, D.T.","contributorId":24991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tingey","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Catricala, C.E.","contributorId":78148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catricala","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoyman, T.L.","contributorId":107094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoyman","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nowak, R.S.","contributorId":104857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowak","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030879,"text":"70030879 - 2006 - Carbon isotopic fractionation of CH4 and CO2 during canister desorption of coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:04","indexId":"70030879","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon isotopic fractionation of CH4 and CO2 during canister desorption of coal","docAbstract":"Canister desorption of coal gas from freshly sampled coal is commonly used for exploratory assessment of the coalbed methane (CBM) potential of a basin or prospect, as well as for the sampling of gas for isotopic determination of the gas origin. Compositional and ??13C isotopic time-series of desorbing CBM and carbon dioxide (CO2) over 3-4 months demonstrate considerable compositional and isotopic shifts over time. Non-stationary chemical and isotopic characteristics are due to differences in diffusivity and adsorbance behavior of gas molecules and must be taken into account when attempting to reproducibly sample coal gases. Off-line gas processing on a vacuum line and on-line GC/MS analyses were performed on coal gas samples from the Springfield and Seelyville Coal Members of the Pennsylvanian age that were cored in the SE Illinois Basin in SW Indiana, USA. The coals cover a narrow range of maturity from 0.54% to 0.64% vitrinite reflectance. Methane initially desorbed faster than CO2, resulting in a 50% increase of the CO 2 content in bulk desorbing gas on the 50th day relative to the first day of desorption. After 50 days of desorption, about 90% of all coal gas was desorbed. Over the same time period, ??13C values of incrementally sampled coal gas increased by 2??? and 9???, for CH 4 and CO2, respectively, testifying to the greater retention of 13CH4 and 13CO2 relative to 12CH4 and 12CO2. An isotopic mass balance of the individual, sequentially desorbed and sampled gas amounts yielded weighted mean ??13CCH4 and ??13CCO2 values for characterizing the cumulatively desorbed gas. The overall mean ??13C values were equivalent to ??13C values of gases that desorbed at a time when half of the potentially available gas had been desorbed from coal, corresponding in this study to a time between day 5 and day 12 of canister desorption at 15-18??C. The total expected gas volume and the ???50% midpoint can thus be approximated for a desorbing coal gas sample, based on a dynamic prediction after the first five days of canister desorption. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.10.002","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Strapoc, D., Schimmelmann, A., and Mastalerz, M., 2006, Carbon isotopic fractionation of CH4 and CO2 during canister desorption of coal: Organic Geochemistry, v. 37, no. 2, p. 152-164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.10.002.","startPage":"152","endPage":"164","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211612,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.10.002"},{"id":238929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f369e4b0c8380cd4b7c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strapoc, D.","contributorId":42693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strapoc","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schimmelmann, A.","contributorId":28348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimmelmann","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030660,"text":"70030660 - 2006 - Glacial Lake Musselshell: Late Wisconsin slackwater on the Laurentide ice margin in central Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70030660","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glacial Lake Musselshell: Late Wisconsin slackwater on the Laurentide ice margin in central Montana, USA","docAbstract":"Cosmogenic surface exposure ages of glacial boulders deposited in ice-marginal Lake Musselshell suggest that the lake existed between 20 and 11.5 ka during the Late Wisconsin glacial stage (MIS 2), rather than during the Late Illinoian stage (MIS 6) as traditionally thought. The altitude of the highest ice-rafted boulders and the lowest passes on the modern divide indicate that glacial lake water in the Musselshell River basin reached at least 920-930 m above sea level and generally remained below 940 m. Exposures of rhythmically bedded silt and fine sand indicate that Lake Musselshell is best described as a slackwater system, in which the ice-dammed Missouri and Musselshell Rivers rose and fell progressively throughout the existence of the lake rather than establishing a lake surface with a stable elevation. The absence of varves, deltas and shorelines also implies an unstable lake. The changing volume of the lake implies that the Laurentide ice sheet was not stable at its southernmost position in central Montana. A continuous sequence of alternating slackwater lake sediment and lacustrine sheetflood deposits indicates that at least three advances of the Laurentide ice sheet occurred in central Montana between 20 and 11.5 ka. Between each advance, it appears that Lake Musselshell drained to the north and formed two outlet channels that are now occupied by extremely underfit streams. A third outlet formed when the water in Lake Musselshell fully breached the Larb Hills, resulting in the final drainage of the lake. The channel through the Larb Hills is now occupied by the Missouri River, implying that the present Missouri River channel east of the Musselshell River confluence was not created until the Late Wisconsin, possibly as late as 11.5 ka. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.07.021","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Davis, N., Locke, W.W., Pierce, K.L., and Finkel, R., 2006, Glacial Lake Musselshell: Late Wisconsin slackwater on the Laurentide ice margin in central Montana, USA: Geomorphology, v. 75, no. 3-4, p. 330-345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.07.021.","startPage":"330","endPage":"345","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211818,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.07.021"},{"id":239183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28fbe4b0c8380cd5a5b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, N.K.","contributorId":50727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"N.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Locke, W. W. III","contributorId":62018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"W.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, K. L.","contributorId":12404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finkel, R.C.","contributorId":79677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkel","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030897,"text":"70030897 - 2006 - Ecological characteristics of coral patch reefs at Midway Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:15","indexId":"70030897","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":930,"text":"Atoll Research Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological characteristics of coral patch reefs at Midway Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands","docAbstract":"Ecological aspects of coral patch reefs were studied from 1981 to 1985 in Welles Harbor, Midway Atoll. Water temperatures varied from 17??C in February to 28??C in August. Sizes of reefs studied were described by mean area (59 m2), mean volume (52 m3), vertical relief (<1 m), and inter-reef isolation (100 m). Considerable temporal change in reef size occurred due to large winter swells shifting bottom sand. Six common species accounted for 70% of all individual fish visually censused over 4 years. Overall fish assemblage composition ranged from 11 to 46 fish/10 m2, from 3 to 14 species. Numerical abundance and species richness for all fish (pooled) strongly correlated with physical reef substrate characteristics of area, volume, and vertical relief during summer. Species diversity (H') was not correlated with the substrate variables, suggesting similarity in the structure of fish communities among different sizes of patch reefs. Daily surveillance for presence of large transient taxa suggested that visits by sharks, large jacks, monk seals, sea turtles, and dolphins were infrequent. Density estimates were made for all conspicuous invertebrate megafauna during initial and final assessments. Six common taxa provided 90% of these counts; nearly half were sea urchins. Percent cover also was recorded for coral and algal species on the patch reefs. Cover by live coral was low (about 7%) and dominated by a few species. Mean algal cover ranged from 32 to 77%. Such information on ecological characteristics of reefs may aid in understanding complex ecological processes and provides an earlier reference for current ecosystem studies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atoll Research Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00775630","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, R., and Parrish, J., 2006, Ecological characteristics of coral patch reefs at Midway Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: Atoll Research Bulletin, no. 543, p. 439-460.","startPage":"439","endPage":"460","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"543","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0546e4b0c8380cd50d25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, R.E.","contributorId":30436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parrish, J.D.","contributorId":63083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030898,"text":"70030898 - 2006 - SHRIMP study of zircons from Early Archean rocks in the Minnesota River Valley: Implications for the tectonic history of the Superior Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:15","indexId":"70030898","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SHRIMP study of zircons from Early Archean rocks in the Minnesota River Valley: Implications for the tectonic history of the Superior Province","docAbstract":"Interest in Paleoarchean to early Mesoarchean crust in North America has been sparked by the recent identification of ca. 3800-3500 Ma rocks on the northern margin of the Superior craton in the Assean Lake region of northern Manitoba and the Porpoise Cove terrane in northern Quebec. It has long been known that similarly ancient gneisses are exposed on the southern margin of the Superior craton in the Minnesota River Valley and in northern Michigan, but the ages of these rocks have been poorly constrained, because methods applied in the 1960s through late 1970s were inadequate to unravel the complexities of their thermotectonic history. Rocks exposed in the Minnesota River Valley include a complex of migmatitic granitic gneisses, schistose to gneissic amphibolite, metagabbro, and paragneisses. The best-known units are the Morton Gneiss and the Montevideo Gneiss. The complex of ancient gneisses is intruded by a major younger, weakly deformed granite body, the Sacred Heart granite. Regional geophysical anomalies that extend across the Minnesota River Valley have been interpreted as defining boundaries between distinct blocks containing the various gneissic units. New sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb data from complex zircons yielded the following ages: Montevideo Gneiss near Montevideo, 3485 ?? 10 Ma, granodiorite intrusion, 3385 ?? 8 Ma; Montevideo Gneiss at Granite Falls, 3497 ?? 9 Ma, metamorphic event, 3300-3350 Ma, mafic intrusion, 3141 ?? 2 Ma, metamorphic overprint (rims), 2606 ?? 4 Ma; Morton Gneiss: 3524 ?? 9 Ma, granodiorite intrusion, 3370 ?? 8 Ma, metamorphic overprints (growth of rims), 3140 ?? 2 Ma and 2595 ?? 4 Ma; biotite-garnet paragneiss, 2619 ?? 20 Ma; and Sacred Heart granite, 2604 ?? 4 Ma. Zircons from a cordierite-bearing feldspar-biotite schist overlying the Morton Gneiss yielded well-defined age peaks at 3520, 3480, 3380, and 3140 Ma, showing detrital input from most of the older rock units; 2600 Ma rims on these zircons indicate metamorphism at this time. Zircons from a hypersthene-bearing biotite-garnet paragneiss, overlying the Montevideo Gneiss near Granite Falls, yielded ca. 2600 Ma ages, indicating zircon growth during high-grade metamorphism at this time. Despite some differences in the intensity of the 2600 Ma event between the Morton and Montevideo blocks, both blocks display similar thermochronologic relationships and ages, suggesting that their boundary is not a fundamental suture between two distinct Paleoarchean terranes. Previously obtained zircon age data from the tonalitic gneiss at Watersmeet Dome in northern Michigan indicated formation at ca. 3500 Ma, whereas a granite body near Thayer was dated at 2745 ?? 65 Ma and leucogranite dikes are ca. 2600 Ma. Thus, these rocks and those in the Minnesota River Valley were formed in the late Paleoarchean and show a history of igneous activity and metamorphism in the Mesoarchean and Neoarchean. The occurrence of ancient crustal rocks on both the northern and southern margins of the ca. 2900-2700 Superior craton suggests that they are remnants of once more-extensive Paleoarchean crust that existed prior to formation of the Neoarchean Superior craton. ?? 2006 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B25741.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Bickford, M.E., Wooden, J.L., and Bauer, R.L., 2006, SHRIMP study of zircons from Early Archean rocks in the Minnesota River Valley: Implications for the tectonic history of the Superior Province: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, no. 1-2, p. 94-108, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25741.1.","startPage":"94","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211388,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25741.1"},{"id":238670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf4ae4b0c8380cd874d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bickford, M. E.","contributorId":6891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bickford","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bauer, R. L.","contributorId":78389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030267,"text":"70030267 - 2006 - Traversing a boreal forest landscape: Summer movements of Tule Greater White-fronted Geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-12T21:35:01","indexId":"70030267","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Traversing a boreal forest landscape: Summer movements of Tule Greater White-fronted Geese","docAbstract":"We monitored the movement, distribution and site affinities of radio-marked Tule Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons elgasi) during spring and summer in Alaska, 1994-1997 and 2004. Our assessment of summer movements was comprehensive, as locations were obtained during prenesting, nesting, and molt for over 90% of geese with active radios captured during winter or the previous summer in Alaska. Geese arrived to coastal and interior marshes in the Cook Inlet Basin (CIB) from mid April to early May, after which they moved to nesting areas in the upper CIB. Nesting birds used coastal staging areas in close proximity to eventual nest site location. Molting sites included a sub-glacial lake system in the upper CIB, although up to 50% of geese underwent a molt migration to wetlands across the Alaska Range, 400-600 km west of the CIB. Geese that molted at distant sites returned to the CIB before autumn migration. Length of stay in the CIB varied among years from 108-119 days, and averaged 116 days. Summer home-range sizes, exclusive of molting areas, averaged >273,000 ha, and were substantially larger than reported for other northern-nesting waterfowl. No radio-marked geese were found nesting in the vicinity of Redoubt Bay on the west side of Cook Inlet, and few nested near the Susitna Flats, the only other previously known nesting areas. The absence of nesting geese from Redoubt Bay corroborates aerial survey data showing a precipitous decline in the use of the west side of Cook Inlet between the early 1980s and early 1990s. The change in distribution of geese is likely related to a major eruption of Redoubt Volcano in 1989 that significantly altered landscapes used by nesting, brood rearing, and molting geese in the vicinity of Redoubt Bay. High inter-site movements of Greater White-fronted Geese throughout summer in south central Alaska likely increases exposure to predation, but also promotes social interactions and facilitates pioneering of distant, and diverse habitats in a vast, patchy, and often unpredictable landscape.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[43:TABFLS]2.0.CO;2","issn":"15244695","usgsCitation":"Ely, C.R., Bollinger, K., Hupp, J.W., Derksen, D., Terenzi, J., Takekawa, J.Y., Orthmeyer, D., Rothe, T., Petrula, M., and Yparraguirre, D., 2006, Traversing a boreal forest landscape: Summer movements of Tule Greater White-fronted Geese: Waterbirds, v. 29, no. 1, p. 43-55, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[43:TABFLS]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"43","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212143,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[43:TABFLS]2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb78ce4b08c986b327335","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":426393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bollinger, K.S.","contributorId":85542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollinger","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":426388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Derksen, D.V.","contributorId":23483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"D.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Terenzi, J.","contributorId":18975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terenzi","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":426389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Orthmeyer, D.L.","contributorId":84684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orthmeyer","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rothe, T.C.","contributorId":10016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rothe","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Petrula, M.J.","contributorId":106713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrula","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Yparraguirre, D.R.","contributorId":97442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yparraguirre","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70031062,"text":"70031062 - 2006 - An annotated list of aquatic insects of Fort Sill, Oklahoma, excluding diptera with notes on several new state records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:16","indexId":"70031062","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2556,"text":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An annotated list of aquatic insects of Fort Sill, Oklahoma, excluding diptera with notes on several new state records","docAbstract":"Qualitative collections of aquatic insects were made at Fort Sill, Lawton, Oklahoma, between 2002 and 2004. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Odonata, Coleoptera, aquatic Heteroptera, Neuroptera, and Megaloptera were targeted. Additional records are included from a survey that took place in 1999. More than 11,000 specimens from more than 290 collections were examined. Based on the current understanding of aquatic insect systematics, 276 taxa distributed over 8 orders, 46 families, and 141 genera were identified. Twenty-three of the 276 taxa, Plauditus texanus Wiersema, Tricorythodes allectus (Needham), Palmacorixa nana walleyi Hungerford, Climacia chapini Partin and Gurney, Oxyethira forcipata Mosely, Oxyethira janella Denning, Triaenodes helo Milne, Ylodes frontalis (Banks), Acilius fraternus Harris, Coptotomus loticus Hilsenhoff, Coptotomus venustus (Say), Desmopachria dispersa Crotch, Graphoderus liberus (Say), Hydrovatus pustulatus (Melsheimer), Hygrotus acaroides (LeConte), Liodessus flavicollis (LeConte), Uvarus texanus (Sharp), Gyrinus woodruffi Fall, Haliplus fasciatus Aube, Haliplus lewisii Crotch, Haliplus tortilipenis Brigham & Sanderson, Chaetarthria bicolor Sharp, Epimetopus costatus complex, and Hydrochus simplex LeConte are reported from Oklahoma for the first time. The three most diverse orders included Coleoptera (86 species), Odonata (67 species) and Trichoptera (59 species), and the remaining taxa were distributed among Heteroptera, (30 species), Ephemeroptera (21 species), Plecoptera (6 species), Megaloptera (4 species), and Neuroptera (3 species). Based on previous published records, many of the species collected during this study were expected to be found at Fort Sill; however, 276 taxa of aquatic insects identified from such a small geographic area is noteworthy, especially when considering local climatic conditions and the relatively small size of Fort Sill (38,300 ha). Despite agricultural practices in Oklahoma, the dust bowl days, and the development of water-based recreation at Fort Sill, a high percentage of the total known aquatic insect fauna of Oklahoma can be found in a small geographic area. ?? 2006 Kansas Entomological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2317/505.03.1","issn":"00228567","usgsCitation":"Zuellig, R., Kondratieff, B., Schmidt, J., Durfee, R., Ruiter, D., and Prather, I., 2006, An annotated list of aquatic insects of Fort Sill, Oklahoma, excluding diptera with notes on several new state records: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, v. 79, no. 1, p. 34-54, https://doi.org/10.2317/505.03.1.","startPage":"34","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211396,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2317/505.03.1"},{"id":238679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9fee4b0c8380cd48592","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zuellig, R.E.","contributorId":37045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuellig","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kondratieff, B.C.","contributorId":103230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kondratieff","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, J.P.","contributorId":47161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Durfee, R.S.","contributorId":76130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durfee","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruiter, D.E.","contributorId":55200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruiter","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Prather, I.E.","contributorId":33915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prather","given":"I.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030535,"text":"70030535 - 2006 - Late Pleistocene outburst flooding from pluvial Lake Alvord into the Owyhee River, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:04","indexId":"70030535","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Pleistocene outburst flooding from pluvial Lake Alvord into the Owyhee River, Oregon","docAbstract":"At least one large, late Pleistocene flood traveled into the Owyhee River as a result of a rise and subsequent outburst from pluvial Lake Alvord in southeastern Oregon. Lake Alvord breached Big Sand Gap in its eastern rim after reaching an elevation of 1292 m, releasing 11.3 km3 of water into the adjacent Coyote Basin as it eroded the Big Sand Gap outlet channel to an elevation of about 1280 m. The outflow filled and then spilled out of Coyote Basin through two outlets at 1278 m and into Crooked Creek drainage, ultimately flowing into the Owyhee and Snake Rivers. Along Crooked Creek, the resulting flood eroded canyons, stripped bedrock surfaces, and deposited numerous boulder bars containing imbricated clasts up to 4.1 m in diameter, some of which are located over 30 m above the present-day channel. Critical depth calculations at Big Sand Gap show that maximum outflow from a 1292- to 1280-m drop in Lake Alvord was ??? 10,000 m3 s- 1. Flooding became confined to a single channel approximately 40 km downstream of Big Sand Gap, where step-backwater calculations show that a much larger peak discharge of 40,000 m3 s- 1 is required to match the highest geologic evidence of the flood in this channel. This inconsistency can be explained by (1) a single 10,000 m3 s- 1 flood that caused at least 13 m of vertical incision in the channel (hence enlarging the channel cross-section); (2) multiple floods of 10,000 m3 s- 1 or less, each producing some incision of the channel; or (3) an earlier flood of 40,000 m3 s- 1 creating the highest flood deposits and crossed drainage divides observed along Crooked Creek drainage, followed by a later 10,000 m3 s- 1 flood associated with the most recent shorelines in Alvord and Coyote Basins. Well-developed shorelines of Lake Alvord at 1280 m and in Coyote Basin at 1278 m suggest that after the initial flood, postflood overflow persisted for an extended period, connecting Alvord and Coyote Basins with the Owyhee River of the Columbia River drainage. Surficial weathering characteristics and planktonic freshwater diatoms in Lake Alvord sediment stratigraphically below Mt. St. Helens set Sg tephra, suggest deep open-basin conditions at ??? 13-14 ka (14C yr) and that the flood and prominent shorelines date to about this time. But geomorphic and sedimentological evidence also show that Alvord and Coyote Basins held older, higher-elevation lakes that may have released earlier floods down Crooked Creek. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.07.023","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Carter, D., Ely, L., O’Connor, J.E., and Fenton, C., 2006, Late Pleistocene outburst flooding from pluvial Lake Alvord into the Owyhee River, Oregon: Geomorphology, v. 75, no. 3-4, p. 346-367, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.07.023.","startPage":"346","endPage":"367","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212014,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.07.023"},{"id":239417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4516e4b0c8380cd67019","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, D.T.","contributorId":106708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ely, L.L.","contributorId":30371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Connor, J. E.","contributorId":59489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fenton, C.R.","contributorId":53155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenton","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030661,"text":"70030661 - 2006 - Geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Scheelite dome intrusion-related gold deposit, Tombstone gold belt, Yukon, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70030661","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Scheelite dome intrusion-related gold deposit, Tombstone gold belt, Yukon, Canada","docAbstract":"The Scheelite dome intrusion-related gold deposit, western Selwyn basin, Yukon, is hosted in hornfelsed metasedimentary strata that lie adjacent to the exposed apices of a monzogranite to quartz monzonite plutonic complex of the mid-Cretaceous Tombstone-Tungsten magmatic belt, Tintina gold province, Alaska and Yukon. A variety of mineralization styles occur throughout a 10- ?? 3-km east-trending corridor and include reduced Au- and W-rich skarns, Au, W- and Ag-Pb-Zn-Sb-rich quartz tension-vein arrays, and multiphase fault veins and isolated zones of Au-rich sericite-carbonate altered rock. Integrated U-Pb SHRIMP data for magmatic zircon and Ar-Ar data for magmatic and hydrotbermal biotite indicate that gold mineralization occurred within 1 to 2 m.y. of magma emplacement. Fluid inclusion, oxygen isotope, and arsenopyrite geothermometry data indicate that hydrothermal minerals formed at depths of 6 to 9 km over a temperature range from <300?? to >550??C. High-temperature Au-rich skarns formed at >400??C, whereas vein-hosted mineralization formed at 280?? to 380??C. In skarns, Au is strongly associated with enrichments of Bi, Te, W, and As, whereas a variety of Au-rich veins occur, with Asrich (type 1), and Te- and W-rich (type 2) end members. Silver-Pb-Zn-Sb veins are typically Au poor and represent the latest and lowest temperature phase in the hydrothermal paragenesis. The fluid inclusion data indicate that all mineralization styles were formed from low-salinity (???4 wt % NaCl equiv) aqueous-carbonic fluids, consistent with the composition of fluid inclusions within infilled miarolitic cavities in the intrusive rocks. However, the nonaqueous fluid was predominantly CH4 in skarn, CO2 in Au-Te and Au-W veins, and a fluid with roughly equal amounts Of CO2, CH4, and N2 in Au-As and Ag-Pb-Zn-Sb veins. Oxygen isotope data are consistent with a mineralizing fluid of predominantly magmatic origin that was variably modified to more positive ??18O values during interaction with 18O-enriched metasedimentary strata. Sulfur isotope data suggest two possible sources of sulfur, a magmatic source characterized by ??34S values of approximately -5 to 0 per mil and sulfur from the metasedimentary country rocks characterized by more negative ??34S values of approximately -15 to -10 per mil. Collectively the data indicate that gold at Scheelite Dome was deposited from a magmatic-hydrothermal system. Interaction of magmatic fluids with graphitic hornfels rocks resulted in reduction of the ore fluids, higher CH4/CO2 ratios, and modification of the oxygen and sulfur isotope values of the ore fluids toward those of the metasedimentary hornfels. Progressive reduction and cooling of hydrotbermal fluids, in addition to phase separation in vein-hosted mineralization, were the mechanisms for gold deposition. Compared to other intrusion-related gold deposits associated with the Tombstone-Tungsten magmatic belt magmatism, exposed mineralization at Scheelite Dome is predominantly hosted by hornfelsed metasedimentary rocks. This results in more diverse mineralization styles and a greater spread of isotope and fluid inclusion data. ?? 2006 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.101.3.523","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Mair, J., Goldfarb, R., Johnson, C.A., Hart, C., and Marsh, E., 2006, Geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Scheelite dome intrusion-related gold deposit, Tombstone gold belt, Yukon, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 101, no. 3, p. 523-553, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.3.523.","startPage":"523","endPage":"553","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211846,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.3.523"},{"id":239217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15f7e4b0c8380cd54fe2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mair, J.L.","contributorId":24144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mair","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, C. A. 0000-0002-1334-2996","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":27492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hart, C.J.R.","contributorId":67228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"C.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marsh, E.E.","contributorId":16628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70031193,"text":"70031193 - 2006 - Foraging destinations and marine habitat use of short-tailed albatrosses: A multi-scale approach using first-passage time analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:17","indexId":"70031193","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1371,"text":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foraging destinations and marine habitat use of short-tailed albatrosses: A multi-scale approach using first-passage time analysis","docAbstract":"We used satellite telemetry, remotely sensed data (bathymetry, chlorophyll a (chl a), sea-surface temperature (SST), wind speed) and first-passage time (FPT) analysis to determine the distribution, movement patterns, and habitat associations of short-tailed albatrosses (Phoebastria albatrus) during the non-breeding season, 2002 and 2003. Satellite transmitters were deployed on birds immediately prior to their departure from a breeding colony at Torishima, Japan (n = 11), or at-sea in the Aleutian Islands (n = 3). Tracking durations ranged from 51 to 138 days for a total of 6709 locations after filtering (131 - 808 per bird). FPT (time required to transit a circle of given radius) revealed the location and spatial scale of area-restricted search (ARS) patterns along flight paths. On average, ARS occurred within 70 km radii. Consequently, the fit of the habitat use models increased at spatial scales beyond a 40 km FPT radius (R2 = 0.31) and stabilized for scales of 70 km and larger (R2=0.40- 0.51). At all scales, wind speed, depth or depth gradient, and chl a or chl a gradient had a significant effect on FPT (i.e., residence time). FPT increased within regions of higher gradients of depth and chl a. In contrast, FPT decreased within regions of greater depth and wind speed, with a significant interaction of wind speed and depth at some scales. Sea-surface temperature or its interactions were only significant at large spatial scales (???160 km FPT radius). Albatrosses engaged in ARS activities primarily over the shelf break and slope, including Kuroshio and Oyashio regions off the western subarctic gyre. Occasionally, birds transited the northern boundary of the Kuroshio Extension while in-route to the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea, but overall spent little time in the western gyre. In the Aleutian Islands, ARS occurred within straits, particularly along the central and western part of the archipelago. In the Bering Sea, ARS occurred along the northern continental shelf break, the Kamchatka Current region, and east of the Commander Islands. Non-breeding short-tailed albatross concentrate foraging in oceanic areas characterized by gradients in topography and water column productivity. This study provides an understanding of the foraging ecology for a highly migratory, imperiled seabird, and confirms the importance of shelf break and slope regions as hot spots for a variety of top marine predators in the North Pacific.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.012","issn":"09670645","usgsCitation":"Suryan, R., Sato, F., Balogh, G., David, H., Sievert, P., and Ozaki, K., 2006, Foraging destinations and marine habitat use of short-tailed albatrosses: A multi-scale approach using first-passage time analysis: Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 53, no. 3-4, p. 370-386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.012.","startPage":"370","endPage":"386","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211550,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.012"},{"id":238852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12f7e4b0c8380cd54482","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suryan, R.M.","contributorId":52919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suryan","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sato, F.","contributorId":34718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sato","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Balogh, G.R.","contributorId":74349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balogh","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"David, Hyrenbach K.","contributorId":38358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"David","given":"Hyrenbach K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sievert, P.R.","contributorId":104858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sievert","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ozaki, K.","contributorId":103470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ozaki","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030679,"text":"70030679 - 2006 - Perchlorate in pleistocene and holocene groundwater in North-Central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T07:33:39","indexId":"70030679","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Perchlorate in pleistocene and holocene groundwater in North-Central New Mexico","docAbstract":"Groundwater from remote parts of the Middle Rio Grande Basin in north-central New Mexico has perchlorate (ClO4-) concentrations of 0.12−1.8 μg/L. Because the water samples are mostly preanthropogenic in age (0−28 000 years) and there are no industrial sources in the study area, a natural source of the ClO4- is likely. Most of the samples have Br-, Cl-, and SO42- concentrations that are similar to those of modern bulk atmospheric deposition with evapotranspiration (ET) factors of about 7−40. Most of the ET values for Pleistocene recharge were nearly twice that for Holocene recharge. The NO3-/Cl- and ClO4-/Cl- ratios are more variable than those of Br-/Cl- or SO42-/Cl-. Samples thought to have recharged under the most arid conditions in the Holocene have relatively high NO3-/Cl- ratios and low δ15N values (+1 per mil (‰)) similar to those of modern bulk atmospheric N deposition. The δ18O values of the NO3- (−4 to 0 ‰) indicate that atmospheric NO3- was not transmitted directly to the groundwater but may have been cycled in the soils before infiltrating. Samples with nearly atmospheric NO3-/Cl- ratios have relatively high ClO4-concentrations (1.0−1.8 μg/L) with a nearly constant ClO4-/Cl- mole ratio of (1.4 ± 0.1) × 10-4, which would be consistent with an average ClO4- concentration of 0.093 ± 0.005 μg/L in bulk atmospheric deposition during the late Holocene in north-central NM. Samples thought to have recharged under wetter conditions have higher δ15N values (+3 to +8 ‰), lower NO3-/Cl- ratios, and lower ClO4-/Cl- ratios than the ones most likely to preserve an atmospheric signal. Processes in the soils that may have depleted atmospherically derived NO3- also may have depleted ClO4- to varying degrees prior to recharge. If these interpretations are correct, then ClO4- concentrations of atmospheric origin as high as 4 μg/L are possible in preanthropogenic groundwater in parts of the Southwest where ET approaches a factor of 40. Higher ClO4- concentrations in uncontaminated groundwater could occur in recharge beneath arid areas where ET is greater than 40, where long-term accumulations of atmospheric salts are leached suddenly from dry soils, or where other (nonatmospheric) natural sources of ClO4- exist.
We present a new method for calculating broadband time histories of ground motion based on a hybrid low-frequency/high-frequency approach with correlated source parameters. Using a finite-difference method we calculate low- frequency synthetics (< ∼1 Hz) in a 3D velocity structure. We also compute broadband synthetics in a 1D velocity model using a frequency-wavenumber method. The low frequencies from the 3D calculation are combined with the high frequencies from the 1D calculation by using matched filtering at a crossover frequency of 1 Hz. The source description, common to both the 1D and 3D synthetics, is based on correlated random distributions for the slip amplitude, rupture velocity, and rise time on the fault. This source description allows for the specification of source parameters independent of any a priori inversion results. In our broadband modeling we include correlation between slip amplitude, rupture velocity, and rise time, as suggested by dynamic fault modeling. The method of using correlated random source parameters is flexible and can be easily modified to adjust to our changing understanding of earthquake ruptures. A realistic attenuation model is common to both the 3D and 1D calculations that form the low- and high-frequency components of the broadband synthetics. The value of Q is a function of the local shear-wave velocity. To produce more accurate high-frequency amplitudes and durations, the 1D synthetics are corrected with a randomized, frequency-dependent radiation pattern. The 1D synthetics are further corrected for local site and nonlinear soil effects by using a 1D nonlinear propagation code and generic velocity structure appropriate for the site’s National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) site classification. The entire procedure is validated by comparison with the 1994 Northridge, California, strong ground motion data set. The bias and error found here for response spectral acceleration are similar to the best results that have been published by others for the Northridge rupture.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismomological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Stanford","doi":"10.1785/0120060036","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Liu, P., Archuleta, R., and Hartzell, S., 2006, Prediction of broadband ground-motion time histories: Hybrid low/high-frequency method with correlated random source parameters: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 6, p. 2118-2130, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120060036.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2118","endPage":"2130","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209806,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120060036"}],"volume":"96","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81eae4b0c8380cd7b7cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, P.","contributorId":98443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Archuleta, R.J.","contributorId":79245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archuleta","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hartzell, S.H.","contributorId":27426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}