Several potential proximate causes may be implicated in a recent (post-1984) decline in moose (Alces alces andersoni) numbers at their southern range periphery in northwest Minnesota, USA. These causes include deleterious effects of infectious pathogens, some of which are associated with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), negative effects of climate change, increased food competition with deer or moose, legal or illegal hunting, and increased predation by gray wolves (Canis lupus) and black bears (Ursus americanus). Long-standing factors that may have contributed to the moose decline include those typically associated with marginal habitat such as nutritional deficiencies. We examined survival and productivity among radiocollared (n = 152) adult female and juvenile moose in northwest Minnesota during 1995–2000, and assessed cause of death and pathology through carcass necropsy of radiocollared and non-radiocollared animals.
Aerial moose surveys suggested that hunting was an unlikely source of the numerical decline because the level of harvest was relatively low (i.e., approx. 15% / 2 yr) and the population usually grew in years following a hunt. The majority of moose mortalities (up to 87% of radiocollared moose [n = 76] and up to 65% of non-radiocollared moose [n = 84]) were proximally related to pathology associated with parasites and infectious disease. Liver fluke (Fascioloides magna) infections apparently constituted the greatest single source of mortality and caused significant pathology in the liver, thoracic and peritoneal cavities, pericardial sac, and lungs. Mortality due to meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) was less prevalent and was manifested through characteristic neurological disease. Several mortalities apparently were associated with unidentified infectious disease, probably acting in close association with malnutrition. Bone-marrow fat was lower for moose dying of natural causes than those dying of anthropogenic factors or accidents, implying that acute malnutrition contributed to moose mortality. Blood profiles from live-captured animals indicated that those dying in the subsequent 18 months were chronically malnourished.
Relative to other populations, average annual survival rates for adult females (0.79 [0.74–0.84; 95% CI]) and yearlings (0.64 [0.48–0.86]) were low, whereas those for calves (0.66 [0.53–081]) were high. Pregnancy (48%) and twinning (19%) rates were among the lowest reported for moose, with reproductive senescence among females being apparent as early as 8 years. Pregnancy status was related to indices of acute (i.e., bone-marrow fat) and chronic (i.e., blood condition indices) malnutrition. Opportunistic carcass recovery indicated that there likely were few prime-aged males (>5 yr old) in the population.
Analysis of protein content in moose browse and fecal samples indicated that food quality was probably adequate to support moose over winter, but the higher fecal protein among animals that died in the subsequent 18 months could be indicative of protein catabolism associated with malnutrition. Trace element analysis from moose livers revealed apparent deficiencies in copper and selenium, but there was limited evidence of direct association between trace element concentrations and moose disease, pathology, or mortality. Time-series analysis of regional moose counts (1961–2000) indicated that annual population growth rate was related negatively to mean summer temperature, with winter and summer temperatures increasing by an average of 6.8 and 2.1 C, respectively, during the 40-year period. This change may have increased moose thermoregulatory costs and disrupted their energy balance, and thereby reduced their fitness. Time-series analysis failed to show a relationship between annual population growth rate and moose or deer abundance, indicating that food limitation via resource competition was unlikely. Population viability analyses, using count data (1961–2000) and demographic data collected during this study, suggested that the northwest Minnesota moose population likely would not persist over the next 50 years. More broadly, we conclude that the southern distribution of moose may become restricted in areas where climate and habitat conditions are marginal, especially where deer are abundant and act as reservoir hosts for parasites.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/0084-0173(2006)166[1:PNDACI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00840173","usgsCitation":"Murray, D., Cox, E., Ballard, W., Whitlaw, H.A., Lenarz, M., Custer, T., Barnett, T., and Fuller, T., 2006, Pathogens, nutritional deficiency, and climate influences on a declining moose population: Wildlife Monographs, no. 166, p. 1-30, https://doi.org/10.2193/0084-0173(2006)166[1:PNDACI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236382,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.822509765625,\n 47.286681888764214\n ],\n [\n -96.822509765625,\n 48.99463598353408\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 48.99463598353408\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 47.286681888764214\n ],\n [\n -96.822509765625,\n 47.286681888764214\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","issue":"166","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75a1e4b0c8380cd77c5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, D.L.","contributorId":104266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, E.W.","contributorId":70172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballard, W.B.","contributorId":101235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballard","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whitlaw, Heather A.","contributorId":13026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlaw","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lenarz, M.S.","contributorId":99923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenarz","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":420540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Barnett, T.","contributorId":89708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnett","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fuller, T.K.","contributorId":98252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70028824,"text":"70028824 - 2006 - Distribution and abundance of American eels in the White Oak River estuary, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70028824","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3444,"text":"Southeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and abundance of American eels in the White Oak River estuary, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Apparent widespread declines in abundance of Anguilla rostrata (American eel) have reinforced the need for information regarding its life history and status. We used commercial eel pots and crab (peeler) pots to examine the distribution, condition, and abundance of American eels within the White Oak River estuary, NC, during summers of 2002-2003. Catch of American eels per overnight set was 0.35 (SE = 0.045) in 2002 and 0.49 (SE = 0.044) in 2003. There was not a significant linear relationship between catch per set and depth in 2002 (P = 0.31, depth range 0.9-3.4 m) or 2003 (P = 0.18, depth range 0.6-3.4 m). American eels from the White Oak River were in good condition, based on the slope of a length-weight relationship (3.41) compared to the median slope (3.15) from other systems. Estimates of population density from grid sampling in 2003 (300 mm and larger: 4.0-13.8 per ha) were similar to estimates for the Hudson River estuary, but substantially less than estimates from other (smaller) systems including tidal creeks within estuaries. Density estimates from coastal waters can be used with harvest records to examine whether overfishing has contributed to the recent apparent declines in American eel abundance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"15287092","usgsCitation":"Hightower, J., and Nesnow, C., 2006, Distribution and abundance of American eels in the White Oak River estuary, North Carolina: Southeastern Naturalist, v. 5, no. 4, p. 693-710.","startPage":"693","endPage":"710","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0258e4b0c8380cd4fff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hightower, J.E.","contributorId":16605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hightower","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nesnow, C.","contributorId":100176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nesnow","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028750,"text":"70028750 - 2006 - Pigs on the plains: Institutional analysis of a Colorado water quality initiative","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028750","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2066,"text":"International Journal of Public Administration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pigs on the plains: Institutional analysis of a Colorado water quality initiative","docAbstract":"We used the Legal-Institutional Analysis Model (LIAM) and Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) to analyze the campaign over passage of the Colorado Hogs Rule, an initiative passed by the voters in 1998 to require regulation of swine production facilities in Colorado. Used in tandem, LIAM and ACF provided an opportunity to develop a robust understanding of the obstacles and opportunities that face water quality managers in a state-centered multi-organizational decision process. We found that combining the LIAM with the ACF enhanced the understanding that could be achieved by using either model in isolation. The predictive capacity of the LIAM would have been reduced without information from the ACF, and the ACF by itself would have missed the importance of a single-case study.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Public Administration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/01900690600954405","issn":"01900692","usgsCitation":"King, D., Burkardt, N., and Lee, L.B., 2006, Pigs on the plains: Institutional analysis of a Colorado water quality initiative: International Journal of Public Administration, v. 29, no. 14, p. 1411-1430, https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690600954405.","startPage":"1411","endPage":"1430","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209848,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900690600954405"},{"id":236580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b54e4b0c8380cd793aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, D.","contributorId":84499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkardt, N.","contributorId":13913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkardt","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Lamb B.","contributorId":42008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Lamb","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028751,"text":"70028751 - 2006 - Mallard brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during and following a prairie drought","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T11:43:54","indexId":"70028751","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mallard brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during and following a prairie drought","docAbstract":"We used radiotelemetry to study mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during a major drought (1988-1992) and during the first 2 years of the subsequent wet period (1993-1994) at 4 51-km2 sites in prairie pothole landscapes in eastern North Dakota, USA. About two-thirds of 69 radiomarked mallard broods initiated moves from the nest to water before noon, and all left the nest during daylight. On average, broods used fewer wetlands, but moved greater distances during the dry period than the wet period. Broods of all ages were more likely to make inter-wetland moves during the wet period and probabilities of inter-wetland moves decreased as duckling age increased, especially during the dry period. Brood use of seasonal wetlands nearly doubled from 22% to 43% and use of semi-permanent wetlands declined from 73% to 50% from the dry to the wet period. Eighty-one of 150 radiomarked ducklings died during 1,604 exposure days. We evaluated survival models containing variables related to water conditions, weather, duckling age, and hatch date. Model-averaged risk ratios indicated that, on any given date, radiomarked ducklings were 1.5 (95% CI = 0.8-2.8) times more likely to die when the percentage of seasonal basins containing water (WETSEAS) was ???18% than when WETSEAS was >40%. An interaction between duckling age and occurrence of rain on the current or 2 previous days indicated that rain effects were pronounced when ducklings were 0-7 days old but negligible when they were 8-30 days old. The TMIN (mean daily minimum temperature on the current and 2 previous days) effects generally were consistent between duckling age classes, and the risk of duckling death increased 9.3% for each 1??C decrease in TMIN across both age classes. Overall, the 30-day survival rate of ducklings equipped with radiotransmitters was about 0.23 lower than the survival rate of those without radiotransmitiers. Unmarked ducklings were 7.6 (95% CI = 2.7-21.3) times more likely to die on any given day when WETSEAS was ???18% than when WETSEAS was >40%. Higher duckling survival and increased use of seasonal wetlands during the wet period suggest that mallard production will benefit from programs that conserve and restore seasonal wetland habitat. Given adverse effects of low temperatures on duckling survival, managers may want to include this stochastic variable in models used to predict annual production of mallards in the Prairie Pothole Region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1436:MBMWUA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Krapu, G., Pietz, P., Brandt, D., and Cox, R.R., 2006, Mallard brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during and following a prairie drought: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 70, no. 5, p. 1436-1444, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1436:MBMWUA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1436","endPage":"1444","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209849,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1436:MBMWUA]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c44e4b0c8380cd69b24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krapu, Gary L.","contributorId":56994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pietz, P.J.","contributorId":6398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietz","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brandt, D.A.","contributorId":67448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, R. R. Jr.","contributorId":57006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028520,"text":"70028520 - 2006 - Response of Tridens flavus (L.) A. S. Hitchc. to soil nutrients and disturbance in an early successional old field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-21T11:55:05","indexId":"70028520","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2571,"text":"Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Response of Tridens flavus (L.) A. S. Hitchc. to soil nutrients and disturbance in an early successional old field","title":"Response of Tridens flavus (L.) A. S. Hitchc. to soil nutrients and disturbance in an early successional old field","docAbstract":"Soil nutrients and disturbance are two of the main abiotic factors that influence plant dominance (canopy cover), density, and fecundity in early successional old field plant communities. The manner in which the dominant species in old field successional systems respond to the interaction of nutrients and disturbance is poorly known. We examined the dominance, density of flowering tillers, and reproductive output of Tridens flavus, a perennial, warm-season bunchgrass that is important in old field succession, to varying soil nutrient and disturbance regimes. We tested the hypothesis that the interaction between nutrients and disturbance would influence the performance (cover, density, fecundity) of T. flavus. To test this hypothesis, we subjected 25 m2 experimental plots to various combinations of fertilizer and mowing treatments for eight years after initially plowing the field. The performance of T. flavus was measured by estimating percent cover for 8 years (1996–2003) and both density of flowering tillers and reproductive output (panicle length and number of branches per panicle) for three years (2001–2003). The pattern of canopy cover of T. flavus over the first eight years of succession varied over time depending on mowing regime. Dominance was significantly higher in plots that were fertilized only in years one and five than in annually fertilized and unfertilized control plots. The length of panicles and density of flowering tillers were both significantly greater in annually mowed plots than in unmowed plots. In the absence of mowing in particular, T. flavus became overtopped by woody species and declined in this old field community. Therefore, disturbances such as mowing and fertilization may be important in maintaining grasses such as Tridens flavus in old fields.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[421:ROTFLA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10955674","usgsCitation":"Honu, Y.A., Gibson, D., and Middleton, B., 2006, Response of Tridens flavus (L.) A. S. Hitchc. to soil nutrients and disturbance in an early successional old field: Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, v. 133, no. 3, p. 421-428, https://doi.org/10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[421:ROTFLA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"428","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Touch of Nature Long Term Field Study site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.17997360229492,\n 37.60607219716779\n ],\n [\n -89.14289474487303,\n 37.60607219716779\n ],\n [\n -89.14289474487303,\n 37.64699525591064\n ],\n [\n -89.17997360229492,\n 37.64699525591064\n ],\n [\n -89.17997360229492,\n 37.60607219716779\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"133","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa22e4b0c8380cd86176","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Honu, Y. A. K.","contributorId":36734,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Honu","given":"Y.","email":"","middleInitial":"A. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibson, D.J.","contributorId":65822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Middleton, B.A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":89108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"B.A.","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":418444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79396,"text":"ofr20061249 - 2006 - Assessment of factors limiting Klamath River fall Chinook salmon production potential using historical flows and temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T14:43:11","indexId":"ofr20061249","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1249","title":"Assessment of factors limiting Klamath River fall Chinook salmon production potential using historical flows and temperatures","docAbstract":"We parameterized and applied a deterministic salmon production model to infer the degree to which river flows and temperatures may limit freshwater production potential of the Klamath River in California. Specific parameter requirements, data sources, and significant assumptions are discussed in detail. Model simulations covered a wide variety of historical hydrologic and meteorologic conditions for 40+ years of environmental data.
\nThe model was calibrated only qualitatively, appearing to perform well in predicted outmigrant timing, but overestimating growth. Egg-to-outmigrant survival was near that reported for other rivers north of the Klamath River.
\nPredicted production potential appeared to be determined by multiple causes involving both regularly occurring habitat-related constraints and irregularly occurring exposure to high water temperatures. Simulated production was greatest in years of intermediate water availability and was constrained in both dry and wet years, but for different reasons. Reducing mortality associated with limitations to juvenile habitat, if possible, would be expected to have the highest payoff in increasing production. Water temperature was important in determining predicted production in some years but overall was not predicted to be as important as physical microhabitat. No single mortality cause acted as a true “bottleneck” on production.
\nModel uncertainty is addressed through a sensitivity analysis. Predicted habitat area may be a large source of model uncertainty and sensitivity, but collectively, model parameters associated with timing of events (for example spawning, fry emergence, and emigration) or related triggers control much of the model sensitivity.
\n\n
Though model uncertainty remains, one can begin to explore potential alternatives to reduce production limitations. Specific recommendations are made regarding future study and reducing uncertainty.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061249","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J.M., and Henriksen, J.A., 2006, Assessment of factors limiting Klamath River fall Chinook salmon production potential using historical flows and temperatures: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1249, viii, 111 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061249.","productDescription":"viii, 111 p.","numberOfPages":"119","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192187,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20061249.PNG"},{"id":320228,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1249/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.03015136718749,\n 41.253032440653186\n ],\n [\n -123.255615234375,\n 40.371658891506094\n ],\n [\n -122.9644775390625,\n 40.3130432088809\n ],\n [\n -122.728271484375,\n 40.772221877329024\n ],\n [\n -122.3822021484375,\n 41.27367811566259\n ],\n [\n -120.75622558593749,\n 41.85728792769137\n ],\n [\n -121.1572265625,\n 43.40504748787035\n ],\n [\n -121.728515625,\n 43.41701888881103\n ],\n [\n -122.18994140624999,\n 42.91620643817353\n ],\n [\n -124.068603515625,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -124.03015136718749,\n 41.253032440653186\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db67201a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, John M.","contributorId":77598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henriksen, James A.","contributorId":89985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henriksen","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79480,"text":"ofr20061077 - 2006 - High severity fire in forests of the southwest: Conservation implications. Progress Report August 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T15:24:36","indexId":"ofr20061077","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1077","title":"High severity fire in forests of the southwest: Conservation implications. Progress Report August 2005","docAbstract":"The occurrence of large, severe fires in southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests has resulted in concern that these forests may not persist under such an extreme disturbance regime. In our research, we are examining the outcomes of high-severity fire in ponderosa pine forests and their neighboring communities across an elevational gradient. One goal of our work is to contribute to understanding the resiliency of these systems, but we also want to investigate the conservation values intrinsic to the diverse communities that represent alternative successional trajectories after severe fire. One assumption of our research is that the spatial pattern of a disturbance becomes increasingly important when the disturbance is large and biological legacies are few and sparse. We ask, therefore, what spectrum of plant communities results from high severity fire, and what is their relationship to spatial patterns of severity mapped in early post fire timeframes? Also, do spatial patterns of older burns (1950–80) differ from recent burns (1998–present) in ways that make us expect successional changes years from now to differ from those we observed at our older burn field sites?
\nHere, we describe the first stages of our work in mapping burn severity at old and new burns as well as the work we have recently completed at our two field sites. The report is organized under our two main objectives with the purpose of summarizing the steps we have taken in working toward these objectives, as well as changes we have made in methodologies since the original study plan. We present some general observations and plans for the next steps in data analysis and product generation. This report, the study plan, a photograph gallery, slide presentations, and our contact information are available on the project Web site http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/swfire/swfire.html .
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061077","usgsCitation":"Haire, S., 2006, High severity fire in forests of the southwest: Conservation implications. Progress Report August 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1077, iv, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061077.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p.","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192622,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20061077.PNG"},{"id":320225,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1077/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6888f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haire, Sandra L.","contributorId":65556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haire","given":"Sandra L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70028394,"text":"70028394 - 2006 - Using models to manage systems subject to sustainability indicators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028394","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using models to manage systems subject to sustainability indicators","docAbstract":"Mathematical and numerical models can provide insight into sustainability indicators using relevant simulated quantities, which are referred to here as predictions. To be useful, many concerns need to be considered. Four are discussed here: (a) mathematical and numerical accuracy of the model; (b) the accuracy of the data used in model development, (c) the information observations provide to aspects of the model important to predictions of interest as measured using sensitivity analysis; and (d) the existence of plausible alternative models for a given system. The four issues are illustrated using examples from conservative and transport modelling, and using conceptual arguments. Results suggest that ignoring these issues can produce misleading conclusions.","largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","language":"English","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Hill, M.C., 2006, Using models to manage systems subject to sustainability indicators, in IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 302, p. 53-58.","startPage":"53","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237034,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"302","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc071e4b08c986b32a11b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70028359,"text":"70028359 - 2006 - Evidence for wing molt and breeding site fidelity in King Eiders","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028359","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for wing molt and breeding site fidelity in King Eiders","docAbstract":"Fidelity of King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis) to breeding and wing molt sites was examined using satellite telemetry data obtained opportunistically when battery life of transmitters provided locations in a second year. Consecutive breeding locations were obtained for eleven female and 23 male King Eiders. All females exhibited breeding site fidelity by returning to sites within 15 km of first year breeding areas on the North Slope of Alaska. Breeding locations of males in a subsequent year were located on average >1000 km from their prior breeding sites and were primarily outside Alaska, on the coasts of Russia and Canada. Second-year wing molt locations were obtained for two female and six male King Eiders. Wing molt sites of males were located 6.2 ?? 3.1 km apart on average in successive years, while female wing molt locations averaged almost 50 km apart. Our results demonstrate site fidelity of female King Eiders to a breeding area on the North Slope of Alaska, document the dispersal of male King Eiders between breeding seasons, and present the first evidence for wing molt site fidelity in males.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[148:EFWMAB]2.0.CO;2","issn":"15244695","usgsCitation":"Phillips, L.M., and Powell, A., 2006, Evidence for wing molt and breeding site fidelity in King Eiders: Waterbirds, v. 29, no. 2, p. 148-153, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[148:EFWMAB]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"148","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210189,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[148:EFWMAB]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":237033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d58e4b0c8380cd52f7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Laura M.","contributorId":49497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phillips","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":417693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, A.N.","contributorId":66194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028358,"text":"70028358 - 2006 - Genetic variation among subspecies of Least Tern (Sterna antillarum): Implications for conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028358","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic variation among subspecies of Least Tern (Sterna antillarum): Implications for conservation","docAbstract":"DNA sequence variation from two nuclear introns and part of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene were used to Evaluate population structure among three subspecies of Least Term that nest in the United States (California [Sterna antillarum browni], Interior [S. a. athalassos], Eastern [S. a. antillarum]). Sequence variation was highest for nuclear intron XI (Gadp) within the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. The second nuclear intron was fixed for the same allele in all subspecies. Fixation indices, FST and MST, for Gadp indicated genetic divergence between California and Interior subspecies. Estimates of nuclear gene flow were <4 individuals/generation, except between the Interior and Eastern subspecies (4 individuals/generation). Genetic indices for mitochondrial DNA did not differ among subspecies, and gene flows (reflecting female dispersal) ranged from 10 to 83 individuals/generation. Reservations are expressed about the validity of the current subspecific divisions and further research is required, including their taxonomic relationship to the Little Tern (Sterna albifrons).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[176:GVASOL]2.0.CO;2","issn":"15244695","usgsCitation":"Whittier, J.B., Leslie, D., and Van Den Bussche, R.A., 2006, Genetic variation among subspecies of Least Tern (Sterna antillarum): Implications for conservation: Waterbirds, v. 29, no. 2, p. 176-184, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[176:GVASOL]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"176","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210188,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[176:GVASOL]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":237032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a158be4b0c8380cd54e78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whittier, Joanna B.","contributorId":53151,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whittier","given":"Joanna","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Den Bussche, Ronald A.","contributorId":41121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Den Bussche","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028390,"text":"70028390 - 2006 - Defining and implementing best available science for fisheries and environmental science, policy, and management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028390","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Defining and implementing best available science for fisheries and environmental science, policy, and management","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fisheries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03632415","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, P., Acheson, J., Angermeier, P., Faast, T., Flemma, J., Jones, C., Knudsen, E., Minello, T., Secor, D., Wunderlich, R., and Zanetell, B., 2006, Defining and implementing best available science for fisheries and environmental science, policy, and management: Fisheries, v. 31, no. 9, p. 460-465.","startPage":"460","endPage":"465","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe37e4b0c8380cd4ebcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, P.J.","contributorId":38762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Acheson, J.M.","contributorId":64016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acheson","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Angermeier, P. L. 0000-0003-2864-170X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":6410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Faast, T.","contributorId":100178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faast","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flemma, J.","contributorId":69769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flemma","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jones, C.M.","contributorId":70582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Knudsen, E.E.","contributorId":26116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knudsen","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Minello, T.J.","contributorId":9052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minello","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Secor, D.H.","contributorId":99495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Secor","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wunderlich, R.","contributorId":37138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wunderlich","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Zanetell, B.A.","contributorId":91291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zanetell","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70184332,"text":"70184332 - 2006 - Changes in organic matter biodegradatility influencing sulfate reduction in an aquifer contaminated by landfill leachate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T14:33:10","indexId":"70184332","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2729,"text":"Microbial Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in organic matter biodegradatility influencing sulfate reduction in an aquifer contaminated by landfill leachate","docAbstract":"In situ experiments were conducted to measure sulfate reduction rates and identify rate-limiting factors in a shallow, alluvial aquifer contaminated with municipal landfill leachate. Single-well, push–pull tests conducted in a well adjacent to the landfill with >8 mM dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exhibited a sulfate reduction rate of 3.2 μmol SO4−2 (L sediment)−1 day−1, a value in close agreement with laboratory-derived estimates. Identical tests conducted in wells located 90 m downgradient where DOC levels remained high (>3 mM) showed no detectable sulfate consumption, and laboratory assays confirmed this observation. However, the rates of sulfate reduction in sediment samples obtained from this site were three times larger when they were amended with filter-sterilized groundwater from the upgradient location. The effect of various amendments on sulfate reduction rates was further examined in laboratory incubations using sediment collected from the downgradient site amended with 35S sulfate. Unamended sediments showed only weak conversion of the tracer to 35S sulfide (5 to 7 cpm/cm2), whereas the addition of Desulfovibrio cells increased 35S sulfide production to 44 cpm/cm2. However, the application of heat-killed Desulfovibrio had a similar stimulatory effect, as did a lactate amendment. Collectively, these findings indicate that the lack of measurable sulfate reduction at the downgradient site was not due to the absence of the necessary metabolic potential, the presence of lower sulfate concentration, or the quantity of electron donor, but by its biodegradability. The findings also indicate that field bioaugmentation attempts should be interpreted with caution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","doi":"10.1007/s00248-006-9043-y","usgsCitation":"Harris, S.H., Istok, J.D., and Suflita, J.M., 2006, Changes in organic matter biodegradatility influencing sulfate reduction in an aquifer contaminated by landfill leachate: Microbial Ecology, v. 51, no. 4, p. 535-542, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-006-9043-y.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"535","endPage":"542","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336960,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58bfd4ffe4b014cc3a3ba536","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, Steve H. Jr.","contributorId":54889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Steve","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Istok, Jonathan D.","contributorId":35468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Suflita, Joseph M.","contributorId":187604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suflita","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028399,"text":"70028399 - 2006 - The feasibility of well-logging measurements of arsenic levels using neutron-activation analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028399","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":845,"text":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The feasibility of well-logging measurements of arsenic levels using neutron-activation analysis","docAbstract":"Arsenic is an extremely toxic metal, which poses a significant problem in many mining environments. Arsenic contamination is also a major problem in ground and surface waters. A feasibility study was conducted to determine if neutron-activation analysis is a practical method of measuring in situ arsenic levels. The response of hypothetical well-logging tools to arsenic was simulated using a readily available Monte Carlo simulation code (MCNP). Simulations were made for probes with both hyperpure germanium (HPGe) and bismuth germanate (BGO) detectors using accelerator and isotopic neutron sources. Both sources produce similar results; however, the BGO detector is much more susceptible to spectral interference than the HPGe detector. Spectral interference from copper can preclude low-level arsenic measurements when using the BGO detector. Results show that a borehole probe could be built that would measure arsenic concentrations of 100 ppm by weight to an uncertainty of 50 ppm in about 15 min. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.04.007","issn":"09698043","usgsCitation":"Oden, C., Schweitzer, J., and McDowell, G., 2006, The feasibility of well-logging measurements of arsenic levels using neutron-activation analysis: Applied Radiation and Isotopes, v. 64, no. 9, p. 1074-1081, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.04.007.","startPage":"1074","endPage":"1081","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210243,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.04.007"},{"id":237106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac00e4b08c986b3231e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oden, C.P.","contributorId":13413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oden","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schweitzer, J.S.","contributorId":23024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDowell, G.M.","contributorId":19040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDowell","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028372,"text":"70028372 - 2006 - Essential elements of online information networks on invasive alien species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-19T19:03:04.689534","indexId":"70028372","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Essential elements of online information networks on invasive alien species","docAbstract":"In order to be effective, information must be placed in the proper context and organized in a manner that is logical and (preferably) standardized. Recently, invasive alien species (IAS) scientists have begun to create online networks to share their information concerning IAS prevention and control. At a special networking session at the Beijing International Symposium on Biological Invasions, an online Eastern Asia-North American IAS Information Network (EA-NA Network) was proposed. To prepare for the development of this network, and to provide models for other regional collaborations, we compare four examples of global, regional, and national online IAS information networks: the Global Invasive Species Information Network, the Invasives Information Network of the Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network, the Chinese Species Information System, and the Invasive Species Information Node of the US National Biological Information Infrastructure. We conclude that IAS networks require a common goal, dedicated leaders, effective communication, and broad endorsement, in order to obtain sustainable, long-term funding and long-term stability. They need to start small, use the experience of other networks, partner with others, and showcase benefits. Global integration and synergy among invasive species networks will succeed with contributions from both the top-down and the bottom-up. ?? 2006 Springer.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10530-005-5850-1","issn":"13873547","usgsCitation":"Simpson, A., Sellers, E.A., Grosse, A., and Xie, Y., 2006, Essential elements of online information networks on invasive alien species, v. 8, no. 7, p. 1579-1587, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-005-5850-1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1579","endPage":"1587","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a5fe4b0c8380cd5231c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Annie 0000-0001-8338-5134 asimpson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8338-5134","contributorId":127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Annie","email":"asimpson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":417776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sellers, Elizabeth A. 0000-0003-4676-2994 esellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-2994","contributorId":4704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sellers","given":"Elizabeth","email":"esellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":417777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grosse, Andrea","contributorId":191645,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grosse","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xie, Y.","contributorId":107917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xie","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028368,"text":"70028368 - 2006 - Trends in snowfall versus rainfall in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T11:47:39","indexId":"70028368","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in snowfall versus rainfall in the western United States","docAbstract":"The water resources of the western United States depend heavily on snowpack to store part of the wintertime precipitation into the drier summer months. A well-documented shift toward earlier runoff in recent decades has been attributed to 1) more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow and 2) earlier snowmelt. The present study addresses the former, documenting a regional trend toward smaller ratios of winter-total snowfall water equivalent (SFE) to winter-total precipitation (P) during the period 1949-2004. The trends toward reduce d SFE are a response to warming across the region, with the most significant reductions occurring where winter wet-day minimum temperatures, averaged over the study period, were warmer than -5??C. Most SFE reductions were associated with winter wet-day temperature increases between 0?? and +3??C over the study period. Warmings larger than this occurred mainly at sites where the mean temperatures were cool enough that the precipitation form was less susceptible to warming trends. The trends toward reduced SFE/P ratios w ere most pronounced in March regionwide and in January near the West Coast, corresponding, to widespread warming in these months. While mean temperatures in March were sufficiently high to allow the warming, trend to produce SFE/P declines across the study region, mean January temperatures were cooler. with the result that January SFE/P impacts were restricted to the lower elevations near the West Coast. Extending the analysis back to 1920 sho ws that although the trends presented here may be partially attributable to interdecadal climate variability associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation. they also appear to result from still longer-term climate shifts.
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Plants can affect available soil carbon, temperature, and water content, which each have the potential to affect microbial community composition and function. These same variables change seasonally, and thus plant control on microbial community composition may be modulated or overshadowed by annual climatic patterns. We examined microbial community composition, C cycling processes, and environmental data in California annual grassland soils from beneath oak canopies and in open grassland areas to distinguish factors controlling microbial community composition and function seasonally and in association with the two plant overstory communities. Every 3 months for up to 2 years, we monitored microbial community composition using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, microbial biomass, respiration rates, microbial enzyme activities, and the activity of microbial groups using isotope labeling of PLFA biomarkers (13C-PLFA) . Distinct microbial communities were associated with oak canopy soils and open grassland soils and microbial communities displayed seasonal patterns from year to year. The effects of plant species and seasonal climate on microbial community composition were similar in magnitude. In this Mediterranean ecosystem, plant control of microbial community composition was primarily due to effects on soil water content, whereas the changes in microbial community composition seasonally appeared to be due, in large part, to soil temperature. Available soil carbon was not a significant control on microbial community composition. Microbial community composition (PLFA) and 13C-PLFA ordination values were strongly related to intra-annual variability in soil enzyme activities and soil respiration, but microbial biomass was not. In this Mediterranean climate, soil microclimate appeared to be the master variable controlling microbial community composition and function. ?? 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Microbial Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00248-006-9100-6","issn":"00953628","usgsCitation":"Waldrop, M., and Firestone, M., 2006, Seasonal dynamics of microbial community composition and function in oak canopy and open grassland soils: Microbial Ecology, v. 52, no. 3, p. 470-479, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-006-9100-6.","startPage":"470","endPage":"479","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210321,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-006-9100-6"},{"id":237207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b889be4b08c986b316a6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waldrop, M. P. 0000-0003-1829-7140","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-7140","contributorId":105104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldrop","given":"M. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Firestone, M.K.","contributorId":10593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Firestone","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028370,"text":"70028370 - 2006 - Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Alasmidonta heterodon (Bivalvia: Unionidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:53","indexId":"70028370","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2775,"text":"Molecular Ecology Notes","onlineIssn":"1471-8286","printIssn":"1471-8278","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Alasmidonta heterodon (Bivalvia: Unionidae)","docAbstract":"We developed 13 species-specific microsatellite markers for the federally endangered Atlantic slope unionid Alasmidonta heterodon. Four to 18 alleles per locus were observed among 30 individuals. Observed heterozygosity throughout the loci ranged from 26.9 to 86.2% and averaged 63.6%. Estimates of individual pairwise genetic distances indicated that levels of genetic diversity among loci were sufficient to produce unique multilocus genotypes for all animals surveyed. Randomization tests showed that genotypes for this collection were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg expectations, and no significant linkage disequilibrium was observed between loci. These loci therefore appear suitable for population surveys, kinship assessment and other such applications. ?? 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Molecular Ecology Notes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01235.x","issn":"14718278","usgsCitation":"Shaw, K., King, T., Lellis, W., and Eackles, M., 2006, Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Alasmidonta heterodon (Bivalvia: Unionidae): Molecular Ecology Notes, v. 6, no. 2, p. 365-367, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01235.x.","startPage":"365","endPage":"367","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210320,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01235.x"},{"id":237206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f42e4b0c8380cd643bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, K.M.","contributorId":21754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, T.L.","contributorId":93416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lellis, W.A.","contributorId":67441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lellis","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eackles, M.S.","contributorId":79059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eackles","given":"M.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1004025,"text":"1004025 - 2006 - Update on the distribution of the invasive Asian fish tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, in the U.S. and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-24T10:33:59","indexId":"1004025","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1298,"text":"Comparative Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Update on the distribution of the invasive Asian fish tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, in the U.S. and Canada","docAbstract":"The documented range of the invasive and potentially pathogenic Asian fish tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 in the United States and Canada is updated based on examination of museum depositions and original field collections. Gravid specimens of B. acheilognathi were collected from the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Rafinesque in Peter Lake, at the University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center (UNDERC) Land o' Lakes, Wisconsin. A single immature specimen of the parasite was collected from a white bass, Morone chrysops (Rafinesque) in Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. This is the first record of B. acheilognathi in Canada and extends its northern range in the interior of the continent by more than 600 miles over the last documented record. The previous record of B. acheilognathi in Canada, from the northern pikeminnow, Ptychocheilus oregonensis in British Columbia, is a misidentification of Eubothrium tulipai. Examination of selected records of intestinal cestodes from native cyprinids, in the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology (HWML, n = 9) collection and in the United States National Parasite Collection (USNPC, n = 8), provided evidence of the parasite in Nebraska and possibly in the upper Colorado River basin. Introductions into Wisconsin-Michigan were due to the stocking of golden shiners, whereas the source of the introduction in Manitoba remains unknown.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Helminthological Society of Washington","doi":"10.1654/4240.1","usgsCitation":"Choudhury, A., Charipar, E., Nelson, P., Hodgson, J., Bonar, S., and Cole, R.A., 2006, Update on the distribution of the invasive Asian fish tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, in the U.S. and Canada: Comparative Parasitology, v. 73, no. 2, p. 269-273, https://doi.org/10.1654/4240.1.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"273","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486884,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Update_on_the_distribution_of_the_invasive_Asian_fish_tapeworm_Bothriocephalus_acheilognaaht_in_the_U_S_and_Canada/24815241","text":"External Repository"},{"id":134126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6884cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choudhury, A. 0000-0001-7553-4179","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7553-4179","contributorId":50873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Choudhury","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Charipar, E.","contributorId":63361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charipar","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, P.","contributorId":58243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hodgson, J.R.","contributorId":55791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgson","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bonar, S.","contributorId":27019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonar","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cole, Rebecca A. 0000-0003-2923-1622 rcole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-1622","contributorId":2873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Rebecca","email":"rcole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":314961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}