40Ar/39Ar dates, field observations, and geochemical data are reported for Irazú volcano, Costa Rica. Volcanism dates back to at least 854 ka, but has been episodic with lava shield construction peaks at ca. 570 ka and 136–0 ka. The recent volcanic record on Irazú volcano comprises lava flows and a variety of Strombolian and phreatomagmatic deposits, with a long-term trend toward more hydrovolcanic deposits. Banded scorias and hybridized rocks reflect ubiquitous magma mixing and commingling. Two distinct magma batches have been identified. One magma type or batch, Haya, includes basalt with higher high field strength (HFS) and rare-earth element contents, suggesting a lower degree melt of a subduction modified mantle source. The second batch, Sapper, has greater enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILE) relative to HFS elements and rare-earth elements, suggesting a higher subduction signature. The recent volcanic history at Irazú records two and one half sequences of the following pattern: eruptions of the Haya batch; eruptions of the Sapper batch; and finally, an unusually clear unconformity, indicating a pause in eruptions. In the last two sequences, strongly hybridized magma erupted after the eruption of the Haya batch. The continuing presence of two distinct magma batches requires two active magma chambers. The common occurrence of hybrids is evidence for a small, nearer to the surface chamber for mixing the two batches. Estimated pre-eruptive temperatures based on two-pyroxene geothermometry range from ∼1000–1176 °C in basalts to 922 °C in hornblende andesites. Crystallization occurred mainly between 4.6 and 3 kb as measured by different geobarometers. Hybridized rocks show intermediate pressures and temperatures. High silica magma occurs in very small volumes as banded scorias but not as lava flows. Although eruptions at Irazú are not often very explosive, the pervasiveness of magma mixing presents the danger of larger, more explosive hybrid eruptions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2006.2412(14)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Alvarado, G.E., Carr, M.J., Turrin, B., Swisher, C., Schmincke, H., and Hudnut, K.W., 2006, Recent volcanic history of Irazu volcano, Costa Rica: alternation and mixing of two magma batches, and pervasive mixing: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 412, p. 259-276, https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2412(14).","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"276","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216100,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2006.2412(14)"}],"country":"Costa Rica","otherGeospatial":"Irazu volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.85623931884766,\n 9.977303980690538\n ],\n [\n -83.85623931884766,\n 9.9871096175011\n ],\n [\n -83.84173393249512,\n 9.9871096175011\n ],\n [\n -83.84173393249512,\n 9.977303980690538\n ],\n [\n -83.85623931884766,\n 9.977303980690538\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","issue":"412","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9658e4b0c8380cd81f3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alvarado, Guillermo E.","contributorId":58489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvarado","given":"Guillermo","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, Michael J.","contributorId":45924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turrin, Brent D.","contributorId":89867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turrin","given":"Brent D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swisher, Carl C. III","contributorId":66313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swisher","given":"Carl C.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich","contributorId":34272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmincke","given":"Hans-Ulrich","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hudnut, Kenneth W. 0000-0002-3168-4797 hudnut@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3168-4797","contributorId":2550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"Kenneth","email":"hudnut@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030959,"text":"70030959 - 2006 - Controls on soil pore water solutes: An approach for distinguishing between biogenic and lithogenic processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:11:41","indexId":"70030959","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on soil pore water solutes: An approach for distinguishing between biogenic and lithogenic processes","docAbstract":"Spatial and temporal variations in pore water compositions are characterized for a deep regolith profile developed on a marine terrace chronosequence near Santa Cruz California. Variations are resolved in terms of the dominance of either a lithogenic process, i.e. chemical weathering, or a biogenic process, i.e. plant nutrient cycling. The concept of elemental fractionation is introduced describing the extent that specific elements are mobilized and cycled as a result of these processes.
A presumed value of shallow-habitat enhanced pelagic productivity derives from the principle that in nutrient-rich aquatic systems phytoplankton growth rate is controlled by light availability, which varies inversely with habitat depth. We measured a set of biological indicators across the gradient of habitat depth within the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta (California) to test the hypothesis that plankton biomass, production, and pelagic energy flow also vary systematically with habitat depth. Results showed that phytoplankton biomass and production were only weakly related to phytoplankton growth rates whereas other processes (transport, consumption) were important controls. Distribution of the invasive clam Corbicula fluminea was patchy, and heavily colonized habitats all supported low phytoplankton biomass and production and functioned as food sinks. Surplus primary production in shallow, uncolonized habitats provided potential subsidies to neighboring recipient habitats. Zooplankton in deeper habitats, where grazing exceeded phytoplankton production, were likely supported by significant fluxes of phytoplankton biomass from connected donor habitats. Our results provide three important lessons for ecosystem science: (a) in the absence of process measurements, derived indices provide valuable information to improve our mechanistic understanding of ecosystem function and to benefit adaptive management strategies; (b) the benefits of some ecosystem functions are displaced by water movements, so the value of individual habitat types can only be revealed through a regional perspective that includes connectedness among habitats; and (c) invasive species can act as overriding controls of habitat function, adding to the uncertainty of management outcomes.
The Campanian Ignimbrite is a large-volume trachytic to phonolitic ignimbrite that was deposited at ≈39.3 ka and represents one of a number of highly explosive volcanic events that have occurred in the region near Naples, Italy. Thermodynamic modeling using the MELTS algorithm reveals that major element variations are dominated by crystal-liquid separation at 0.15 GPa. Initial dissolved H2O content in the parental melt is ∼3 wt.% and the magmatic system fugacity of oxygen was buffered along QFM+1. Significantly, MELTS results also indicate that the liquid line of descent is marked by a large change in the proportion of melt (from 0.46 to 0.09) at ∼884°C, which leads to a discontinuity in melt composition (i.e., a compositional gap) and different thermodynamic and transport properties of melt and magma across the gap. Crystallization of alkali feldspar and plagioclase dominates the phase assemblage at this pseudo-invariant point temperature of ∼884°C. Evaluation of the variations in the trace elements Zr, Nb, Th, U, Rb, Sm, and Sr using a mass balance equation that accounts for changing bulk mineral-melt partition coefficients as crystallization occurs indicates that crystal-liquid separation and open-system processes were important. Th isotope data yield an apparent isochron that is ∼20 kyr younger than the age of the deposit, and age-corrected Th isotope data indicate that the magma body was an open system at the time of eruption. Because open-system behavior can profoundly change isotopic and elemental characteristics of a magma body, these Th results illustrate that it is critical to understand the contribution that open-system processes make to magmatic systems prior to assigning relevance to age or timescale information derived from such systems. Fluid-magma interaction has been proposed as a mechanism to change isotopic and elemental characteristics of magma bodies, but an evaluation of the mass and thermal constraints on such a process suggests large-scale interaction is unlikely. In the case of the magma body associated with the Campanian Ignimbrite, the most likely source of the open-system signatures is assimilation of partial melts of compositionally heterogeneous basement composed of cumulates and intrusive equivalents of volcanic activity that has characterized the Campanian region for over 300 kyr.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1871-644X(06)80027-6","usgsCitation":"Bohrson, W., Spera, F., Fowler, S.J., Belkin, H., de Vivo, B., and Rolandi, G., 2006, Chapter 13 Petrogenesis of the Campanian Ignimbrite: Implications for crystal-melt separation and open-system processes from major and trace elements and Th isotopic data: Developments in Volcanology, v. 9, p. 249-288, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1871-644X(06)80027-6.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"288","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f463e4b0c8380cd4bcda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohrson, W.A.","contributorId":102092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohrson","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spera, F. J.","contributorId":89315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spera","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fowler, S. J.","contributorId":18586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fowler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"de Vivo, B.","contributorId":50549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Vivo","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rolandi, G.","contributorId":76472,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rolandi","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030968,"text":"70030968 - 2006 - Spectral variability among rocks in visible and near-infrared mustispectral Pancam data collected at Gusev crater: Examinations using spectral mixture analysis and related techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:16","indexId":"70030968","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral variability among rocks in visible and near-infrared mustispectral Pancam data collected at Gusev crater: Examinations using spectral mixture analysis and related techniques","docAbstract":"Visible and near-infrared (VNIR) multispectral observations of rocks made by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's Panoramic camera (Pancam) have been analyzed using a spectral mixture analysis (SMA) methodology. Scenes have been examined from the Gusev crater plains into the Columbia Hills. Most scenes on the plains and in the Columbia Hills could be modeled as three end-member mixtures of a bright material, rock, and shade. Scenes of rocks disturbed by the rover's Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) required additional end-members. In the Columbia Hills, there were a number of scenes in which additional rock end-members were required. The SMA methodology identified relatively dust-free areas on undisturbed rock surfaces as well as spectrally unique areas on RAT abraded rocks. Spectral parameters from these areas were examined, and six spectral classes were identified. These classes are named after a type rock or area and are Adirondack, Lower West Spur, Clovis, Wishstone, Peace, and Watchtower. These classes are discriminable based, primarily, on near-infrared (NIR) spectral parameters. Clovis and Watchtower class rocks appear more oxidized than Wishstone class rocks and Adirondack basalts based on their having higher 535 nm band depths. Comparison of the spectral parameters of these Gusev crater rocks to parameters of glass-dominated basaltic tuffs indicates correspondence between measurements of Clovis and Watchtower classes but divergence for the Wishstone class rocks, which appear to have a higher fraction of crystalline ferrous iron-bearing phases. Despite a high sulfur content, the rock Peace has NIR properties resembling plains basalts. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JE002495","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Farrand, W.H., Bell, J., Johnson, J.R., Squyres, S.W., Soderblom, J., and Ming, D.W., 2006, Spectral variability among rocks in visible and near-infrared mustispectral Pancam data collected at Gusev crater: Examinations using spectral mixture analysis and related techniques: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 111, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002495.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477503,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005je002495","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":211421,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002495"},{"id":238706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b954ce4b08c986b31ae67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farrand, W. H.","contributorId":64372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrand","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, J.F.","contributorId":36663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Squyres, S. W.","contributorId":31836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squyres","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Soderblom, J.","contributorId":52699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Soderblom","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ming, D. W.","contributorId":96811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ming","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030978,"text":"70030978 - 2006 - Geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical interpretations of mineral deposits as analogs for understanding transport of environmental contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:15","indexId":"70030978","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical interpretations of mineral deposits as analogs for understanding transport of environmental contaminants","docAbstract":"Base- and precious-metal mineral deposits comprise anomalous concentrations of metals and associated elements, which may be useful subjects for study as analogs for migration of environmental contaminants. In the geologic past, hydrothermal mineral deposits formed at the intersection of favorable geologic, hydrologic and geochemical gradients. In the present, weathering of these sulfide-rich deposits occurs as a result of the interplay between rates of oxygen supply versus rates of ground or surface-water flow. Transport and spatial dispersion of elements from a mineral deposit occurs as a function of competing rates of water flow versus rates of attenuation mechanisms such as adsorption, dilution, or (co)precipitation. In this paper we present several case studies from mineralized and altered sedimentary and crystalline aquifers in the western United States to illustrate the geologic control of ground-water flow and solute transport, and to demonstrate how this combined approach leads to a more complete understanding of the systems under study as well as facilitating some capability to predict major flow directions in aquifers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.08.029","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Wanty, R., and Berger, B.R., 2006, Geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical interpretations of mineral deposits as analogs for understanding transport of environmental contaminants: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 88, no. 1-3 SPEC. ISS., p. 162-165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.08.029.","startPage":"162","endPage":"165","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211563,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.08.029"}],"volume":"88","issue":"1-3 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a220ce4b0c8380cd56ce2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, B. R.","contributorId":77914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030975,"text":"70030975 - 2006 - Rainfall characteristics for shallow landsliding in Seattle, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:19","indexId":"70030975","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rainfall characteristics for shallow landsliding in Seattle, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"Shallow landsliding in the Seattle, Washington, area, has caused the occasional loss of human life and millions of dollars in damage to property. The effective management of the hazzard requires an understanding of the rainfall conditions that result in landslides. We present an empirical approach to quantify the antecedent moisture conditions and rainstorm intensity and duration that have triggered shallow landsliding using 25 years of hourly rainfull data and a complementary record of landslide occurrence. Our approach combines a simple water balance to estimate the antecedent moisture conditions of hillslope materials and a rainfall intensity-duration threshold to identify periods when shallow landsliding can be expected. The water balance is calibrated with field-monitoring data and combined with the rainfall intensity-duration threshold using a decision tree. Results are cast in terms of a hypothetical landslide warning system. Two widespread landslide events are correctly identified by the warning scheme; however, it is less accurate for more isolated landsliding. Copyright ?? 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/esp.1237","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Godt, J., Baum, R., and Chleborad, A., 2006, Rainfall characteristics for shallow landsliding in Seattle, Washington, USA: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 31, no. 1, p. 97-110, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1237.","startPage":"97","endPage":"110","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211535,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1237"},{"id":238837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a945be4b0c8380cd81363","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godt, J. W.","contributorId":76732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baum, R.L.","contributorId":68752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chleborad, A.F.","contributorId":17990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chleborad","given":"A.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70173965,"text":"sim2939 - 2006 - Altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface in the Lower White Clay Creek and Upper Christina River Basins including portions of Franklin, London Britain, New Garden, and New London Townships, Chester County, Pennsylvania, June through September 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T13:49:56","indexId":"sim2939","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2939","title":"Altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface in the Lower White Clay Creek and Upper Christina River Basins including portions of Franklin, London Britain, New Garden, and New London Townships, Chester County, Pennsylvania, June through September 2005","docAbstract":"Since 1984, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been mapping the altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface in Chester County as part of an ongoing cooperative program to measure and describe the water resources of the county. Areas where the potentiometric surface has been mapped are shown on figure 1. These maps can be used to determine the general direction of ground-water flow and are frequently referenced by municipalities and developers to evaluate ground-water conditions for water supply and resource-protection requirements (Wood, 1998).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2939","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority","usgsCitation":"Hale, L.B., 2006, Altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface in the Lower White Clay Creek and Upper Christina River Basins including portions of Franklin, London Britain, New Garden, and New London Townships, Chester County, Pennsylvania, June through September 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2939, 34.16 x 36.46 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2939.","productDescription":"34.16 x 36.46 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324011,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim2939.PNG"},{"id":324125,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2939/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.68687438964844,\n 39.810645900839134\n ],\n [\n -75.89286804199219,\n 39.8101184420615\n ],\n [\n -75.87295532226562,\n 39.722504198231405\n ],\n [\n -75.77339172363281,\n 39.723560455011146\n ],\n [\n -75.75485229492188,\n 39.756296389617624\n ],\n [\n -75.73768615722655,\n 39.77582494105872\n ],\n [\n -75.71022033691406,\n 39.796930657340724\n ],\n [\n -75.68687438964844,\n 39.810645900839134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576913afe4b07657d19fef8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hale, Lindsay B.","contributorId":78833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hale","given":"Lindsay","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70030592,"text":"70030592 - 2006 - The effect of chronic chromium exposure on the health of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-22T14:27:19","indexId":"70030592","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of chronic chromium exposure on the health of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","docAbstract":"This study was designed to determine fish health impairment of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) exposed to chromium. Juvenile Chinook salmon were exposed to aqueous chromium concentrations (0–266 μg l−1) that have been documented in porewater from bottom sediments and in well waters near salmon spawning areas in the Columbia River in the northwestern United States. After Chinook salmon parr were exposed to 24 and 54 μg Cr l−1 for 105 days, neither growth nor survival of parr was affected. On day 105, concentrations were increased from 24 to 120 μg Cr l−1and from 54 to 266 μg Cr l−1 until the end of the experiment on day 134. Weight of parr was decreased in the 24/120 μg Cr l−1 treatment, and survival was decreased in the 54/266 μg Cr l−1 treatment. Fish health was significantly impaired in both the 24/120 and 54/266 μg Cr l−1 treatments. The kidney is the target organ during chromium exposures through the water column. The kidneys of fish exposed to the greatest concentrations of chromium had gross and microscopic lesions (e.g. necrosis of cells lining kidney tububules) and products of lipid peroxidation were elevated. These changes were associated with elevated concentrations of chromium in the kidney, and reduced growth and survival. Also, variations in DNA in the blood were associated with pathological changes in the kidney and spleen. These changes suggest that chromium accumulates and enters the lipid peroxidation pathway where fatty acid damage and DNA damage (expressed as chromosome changes) occur to cause cell death and tissue damage. While most of the physiological malfunctions occurred following parr exposures to concentrations ≥120 μg Cr l−1, nuclear DNA damage followed exposures to 24 μg Cr l−1, which was the smallest concentration tested. The abnormalities measured during this study are particularly important because they are associated with impaired growth and reduced survival at concentrations ≥120 μg Cr l−1. Therefore, these changes can be used to investigate the health of resident fish in natural waters with high chromium concentrations as well as provide insight into the mechanisms of chromium toxicity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.09.011","issn":"0166445X","usgsCitation":"Farag, A., May, T., Marty, G., Easton, M., Harper, D., Little, E.E., and Cleveland, L., 2006, The effect of chronic chromium exposure on the health of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): Aquatic Toxicology, v. 76, no. 3-4, p. 246-257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.09.011.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"246","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211843,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.09.011"}],"volume":"76","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab1be4b08c986b322c11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farag, A.M.","contributorId":106273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farag","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, T.","contributorId":16218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marty, G.D.","contributorId":61240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marty","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Easton, M.","contributorId":39192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Easton","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harper, D.D.","contributorId":82526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harper","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":427779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cleveland, L.","contributorId":82084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleveland","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70035290,"text":"70035290 - 2006 - CO2 outgassing in a combined fracture and conduit karst aquifer near lititz spring, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:55","indexId":"70035290","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"CO2 outgassing in a combined fracture and conduit karst aquifer near lititz spring, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Lititz Spring in southeastern Pennsylvania and a nearby domestic well were sampled for 9 months. Although both locations are connected to conduits (as evidenced by a tracer test), most of the year they were saturated with respect to calcite, which is more typical of matrix flow. Geochemical modeling (PHREEQC) was used to explain this apparent paradox and to infer changes in matrix and conduit contribution to flow. The saturation index varied from 0.5 to 0 most of the year, with a few samples in springtime dropping below saturation. The log PCO2 value varied from -2.5 to -1.7. Lower log PCO2 values (closer to the atmospheric value of -3.5) were observed when the solutions were at or above saturation with respect to calcite. In contrast, samples collected in the springtime had high PCO2, low saturation indices, and high water levels. Geochemical modeling showed that when outgassing occurs from a water with initially high PCO2, the saturation index of calcite increases. In the Lititz Spring area, the recharge water travels through the soil zone, where it picks up CO2 from soil gas, and excess CO 2 subsequently is outgassed when this recharge water reaches the conduit. At times of high water level (pipe full), recharge with excess CO 2 enters the system but the outgassing does not occur. Instead the recharge causes dilution, reducing the calcite saturation index. Understanding the temporal and spatial variation in matrix and conduit flow in karst aquifers benefited here by geochemical modeling and calculation of PCO2 values. ?? 2006 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2006.2404(23)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Toran, L., and Roman, E., 2006, CO2 outgassing in a combined fracture and conduit karst aquifer near lititz spring, Pennsylvania: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 404, p. 275-282, https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2404(23).","startPage":"275","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215096,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2006.2404(23)"},{"id":242870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"404","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2d6e4b0c8380cd4b404","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toran, L.","contributorId":78519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toran","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roman, E.","contributorId":59250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030941,"text":"70030941 - 2006 - The quest for the perfect gravity anomaly: Part 2 - Mass effects and anomaly inversion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:19","indexId":"70030941","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3317,"text":"SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The quest for the perfect gravity anomaly: Part 2 - Mass effects and anomaly inversion","docAbstract":"Gravity anomalies have become an important tool for geologic studies since the widespread use of high-precision gravimeters after the Second World War. More recently the development of instrumentation for airborne gravity observations, procedures for acquiring data from satellite platforms, the readily available Global Positioning System for precise vertical and horizontal control, improved global data bases, and enhancement of computational hardware and software have accelerated the use of the gravity method. As a result, efforts are being made to improve the gravity databases that are made available to the geoscience community by broadening their observational holdings and increasing the accuracy and precision of the included data. Currently the North American Gravity Database as well as the individual databases of Canada, Mexico, and the United States of America are being revised using new formats and standards. The objective of this paper is to describe the use of the revised standards for gravity data processing and modeling and there impact on geological interpretations. ?? 2005 Society of Exploration Geophysicists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1190/1.2370393","issn":"10523812","usgsCitation":"Keller, G.R., Hildenbrand, T., Hinze, W.J., Li, X., Ravat, D., and Webring, M., 2006, The quest for the perfect gravity anomaly: Part 2 - Mass effects and anomaly inversion: SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, v. 25, no. 1, p. 864-868, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2370393.","startPage":"864","endPage":"868","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211533,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2370393"},{"id":238835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baeebe4b08c986b32441a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, Gordon R.","contributorId":90280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinze, W. J.","contributorId":52607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinze","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Li, X.","contributorId":67635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ravat, D.","contributorId":102971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ravat","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Webring, M.","contributorId":67662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webring","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030593,"text":"70030593 - 2006 - Peak discharge of a Pleistocene lava-dam outburst flood in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030593","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Peak discharge of a Pleistocene lava-dam outburst flood in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA","docAbstract":"The failure of a lava dam 165,000 yr ago produced the largest known flood on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. The Hyaloclastite Dam was up to 366 m high, and geochemical evidence linked this structure to outburst-flood deposits that occurred for 32 km downstream. Using the Hyaloclastite outburst-flood deposits as paleostage indicators, we used dam-failure and unsteady flow modeling to estimate a peak discharge and flow hydrograph. Failure of the Hyaloclastite Dam released a maximum 11 ?? 109 m3 of water in 31 h. Peak discharges, estimated from uncertainty in channel geometry, dam height, and hydraulic characteristics, ranged from 2.3 to 5.3 ?? 105 m3 s-1 for the Hyaloclastite outburst flood. This discharge is an order of magnitude greater than the largest known discharge on the Colorado River (1.4 ?? 104 m3 s-1) and the largest peak discharge resulting from failure of a constructed dam in the USA (6.5 ?? 104 m3 s-1). Moreover, the Hyaloclastite outburst flood is the oldest documented Quaternary flood and one of the largest to have occurred in the continental USA. The peak discharge for this flood ranks in the top 30 floods (>105 m3 s-1) known worldwide and in the top ten largest floods in North America. ?? 2005 University of Washington. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2005.09.006","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Fenton, C., Webb, R.H., and Cerling, T., 2006, Peak discharge of a Pleistocene lava-dam outburst flood in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 65, no. 2, p. 324-335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.09.006.","startPage":"324","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211844,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.09.006"},{"id":239214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7607e4b0c8380cd77ea7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenton, C.R.","contributorId":53155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenton","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, R. H.","contributorId":13648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cerling, T.E.","contributorId":85720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cerling","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028887,"text":"70028887 - 2006 - Findings of the Mars Special Regions Science Analysis Group","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028887","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":912,"text":"Astrobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Findings of the Mars Special Regions Science Analysis Group","docAbstract":"In summary, within the upper 5 m most of Mars is either too cold or too dry to support the propagation of terrestrial life. However, there are regions that are in disequilibrium, naturally or induced, and could be classified as \"special\" or, if enough uncertainty exist, could not be declared as \"non-special.\" ?? Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Astrobiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1089/ast.2006.6.677","issn":"15311074","usgsCitation":"Beaty, D., Buxbaum, K., Meyer, M., Barlow, N., Boynton, W., Clark, B., Deming, J., Doran, P., Edgett, K., Hancock, S., Head, J., Hecht, M., Hipkin, V., Kieft, T., Mancinelli, R., McDonald, E., McKay, C., Mellon, M., Newsom, H., Ori, G., Paige, D., Schuerger, A., Sogin, M., Spry, J., Steele, A., Tanaka, K., and Voytek, M., 2006, Findings of the Mars Special Regions Science Analysis Group: Astrobiology, v. 6, no. 5, p. 677-732, https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2006.6.677.","startPage":"677","endPage":"732","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209747,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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H.","contributorId":98934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newsom","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Ori, G.","contributorId":16634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ori","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Paige, D.","contributorId":36349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paige","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Schuerger, A.C.","contributorId":62393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuerger","given":"A.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Sogin, M.","contributorId":51966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sogin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Spry, J.A.","contributorId":26125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spry","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Steele, A.","contributorId":76115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Tanaka, K.","contributorId":6240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Voytek, M.","contributorId":24979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27}]}} ,{"id":70028834,"text":"70028834 - 2006 - Long-term changes of the Lake Michigan fish community following the reduction of exotic alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T09:01:15","indexId":"70028834","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term changes of the Lake Michigan fish community following the reduction of exotic alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)","docAbstract":"We used our long-term annual bottom trawl survey (1973–2004) in Lake Michigan to reveal the response of the native fish community to the biological control of a dominant exotic fish, alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), as well as to changes in total phosphorus and salmonine biomass. Through nonmetric multidimensional scaling, we documented a 1970s community largely dominated by alewife, and then a shift to a community dominated by several native species during the 1980s through 1990s, when alewife remained at relatively low levels. We argue that the recovery of burbot (Lota lota), deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsonii), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) was partially or fully aided by the alewife reduction. We argue that changes in phosphorus or salmonines were not directly related to abundance increases of native species. An additional community shift occurred during 1999–2004, which coincided with a reduction in species richness and total fish biomass in our trawl. The mechanisms underlying this latest shift may be related to reductions in nutrients, but further research is required. The restoration of the native fish community has been incomplete, however, as emerald shiner (Notropis atherinioides), cisco (Coregonus artedii), and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) have yet to demonstrate recovery.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/F06-132","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Bunnell, D., Madenjian, C., and Claramunt, R., 2006, Long-term changes of the Lake Michigan fish community following the reduction of exotic alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 63, no. 11, p. 2434-2446, https://doi.org/10.1139/F06-132.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2434","endPage":"2446","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209957,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F06-132"}],"volume":"63","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a497fe4b0c8380cd68662","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunnell, D.B.","contributorId":8610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"D.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madenjian, C.P.","contributorId":64175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"C.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Claramunt, R.M.","contributorId":38760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claramunt","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028824,"text":"70028824 - 2006 - Distribution and abundance of American eels in the White Oak River estuary, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70028824","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3444,"text":"Southeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and abundance of American eels in the White Oak River estuary, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Apparent widespread declines in abundance of Anguilla rostrata (American eel) have reinforced the need for information regarding its life history and status. We used commercial eel pots and crab (peeler) pots to examine the distribution, condition, and abundance of American eels within the White Oak River estuary, NC, during summers of 2002-2003. Catch of American eels per overnight set was 0.35 (SE = 0.045) in 2002 and 0.49 (SE = 0.044) in 2003. There was not a significant linear relationship between catch per set and depth in 2002 (P = 0.31, depth range 0.9-3.4 m) or 2003 (P = 0.18, depth range 0.6-3.4 m). American eels from the White Oak River were in good condition, based on the slope of a length-weight relationship (3.41) compared to the median slope (3.15) from other systems. Estimates of population density from grid sampling in 2003 (300 mm and larger: 4.0-13.8 per ha) were similar to estimates for the Hudson River estuary, but substantially less than estimates from other (smaller) systems including tidal creeks within estuaries. Density estimates from coastal waters can be used with harvest records to examine whether overfishing has contributed to the recent apparent declines in American eel abundance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"15287092","usgsCitation":"Hightower, J., and Nesnow, C., 2006, Distribution and abundance of American eels in the White Oak River estuary, North Carolina: Southeastern Naturalist, v. 5, no. 4, p. 693-710.","startPage":"693","endPage":"710","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0258e4b0c8380cd4fff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hightower, J.E.","contributorId":16605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hightower","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nesnow, C.","contributorId":100176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nesnow","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028839,"text":"70028839 - 2006 - Light-mediated Zn uptake in photosynthetic biofilm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T08:28:34","indexId":"70028839","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Light-mediated Zn uptake in photosynthetic biofilm","docAbstract":"Our experiments conducted under controlled laboratory conditions demonstrate diel uptake and release of zinc (Zn) in lab-cultured biofilm exposed to Zn concentrations that are present in some mining-impacted streams (1–2 mg Zn/l). Specifically, at constant pH, temperature, and aqueous Zn concentrations in the exposure water, biofilm accumulated Zn during the light periods of the photocycle and released Zn during the dark periods of the photocycle. The range of Zn uptake measured in biofilm during one light period in these laboratory experiments (0.6–8.3 mg Zn/g dw biofilm) encompassed the estimated Zn uptake (1.5–3.7 mg Zn/g dw biofilm) necessary to attribute aqueous diel Zn cycling in a mining-impacted stream in Montana (High Ore Creek) to uptake in biofilm. This is relevant to in situ studies of diel Zn cycling because we controlled three important parameters that naturally fluctuate daily in the field, thus demonstrating the potential for biofilm to remove large percentages of Zn from some mining-impacted streams. Researchers, modelers, regulators, and reclamation teams working in metals-contaminated streams should be aware of diel metal cycling, because the highest Zn concentrations (and therefore, perhaps the most toxic conditions) in the water column might occur at night, and the greatest exposure of grazers of phototrophs to dietborne Zn might occur during daylight hours.
The Comet assay was used to compare levels of DNA damage in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) collected from three known contaminated locations, the Cuyahoga River (OH, USA), Ashtabula River (OH, USA; both tributaries to Lake Erie, USA), and Ashumet Pond (Cape Cod, MA, USA), with brown bullheads collected from three paired reference sites, Old Woman Creek (OH, USA), Conneaut River (OH, USA; both tributaries to Lake Erie), and Great Herring Pond (mainland MA, USA), respectively. Blood was sampled from each fish, and the Comet assay was conducted on erythrocytes. The assay results demonstrate that fish from the three contaminated sites each suffered higher DNA damage compared with fish from their respective reference sites. The results also show that the genetic damage was associated with the occurrence of external lesions and deformities in fish. The Comet assay is sufficiently sensitive to detect exposure of natural fish populations to environmental levels of genotoxic contaminants.
This research was initiated to characterize atmospheric deposition of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM), particulate mercury (HgP; <2.5 μm), and gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) in the arid lands of south central New Mexico. Two methods were field-tested to estimate dry deposition of three mercury species. A manual speciation sampling train consisting of a KCl-coated denuder, 2.5 μm quartz fiber filters, and gold-coated quartz traps and an ion-exchange membrane (as a passive surrogate surface) were deployed concurrently over 24-h intervals for an entire year. The mean 24-h atmospheric concentration for RGM was 6.8 pg m-3 with an estimated deposition of 0.10 ng m-2h-1. The estimated deposition of mercury to the passive surrogate surface was much greater (4.0 ng m-2h-1) but demonstrated a diurnal pattern with elevated deposition from late afternoon to late evening (1400−2200; 8.0 ng m-2h-1) and lowest deposition during the night just prior to sunrise (2200−0600; 1.7 ng m-2h-1). The mean 24-h atmospheric concentrations for HgP and Hg0 were 1.52 pg m-3 and 1.59 ng m-3, respectively. Diurnal patterns were observed for RGM with atmospheric levels lowest during the night prior to sunrise (3.8 pg m-3) and greater during the afternoon and early evening (8.9 pg m-3). Discernible diurnal patterns were not observed for either HgP or Hg0. The total dry deposition of Hg was 5.9 μg m-2 year-1 with the contribution from the three species as follows: RGM (0.88 μg m-2 year-1), HgP (0.025 μg m-2 year-1), and Hg0 (5.0 μg m-2 year-1). The annual wet deposition for total mercury throughout the same collection duration was 4.2 μg m-2 year-1, resulting in an estimated total deposition of 10.1 μg m-2 year-1 for Hg. On one sampling date, enhanced HgP (12 pg m-3) was observed due to emissions from a wildfire approximately 250 km to the east.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es0609957","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Caldwell, C.A., Swartzendruber, P., and Prestbo, E., 2006, Concentration and dry deposition of mercury species in arid south central New Mexico (2001-2002): Environmental Science & Technology, v. 40, no. 24, p. 7535-7540, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0609957.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"7535","endPage":"7540","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f979e4b0c8380cd4d612","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caldwell, Colleen A. 0000-0002-4730-4867 ccaldwel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4730-4867","contributorId":3050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"Colleen","email":"ccaldwel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":420165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swartzendruber, Philip","contributorId":174451,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swartzendruber","given":"Philip","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prestbo, Eric","contributorId":77003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prestbo","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028823,"text":"70028823 - 2006 - Geomorphic effects of large debris flows and flash floods, northern Venezuela, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028823","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3804,"text":"Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic effects of large debris flows and flash floods, northern Venezuela, 1999","docAbstract":"A rare, high-magnitude storm in northern Venezuela in December 1999 triggered debris flows and flash floods, and caused one of the worst natural disasters in the recorded history of the Americas. Some 15,000 people were killed. The debris flows and floods inundated coastal communities on alluvial fans at the mouths of a coastal mountain drainage network and destroyed property estimated at more than $2 billion. Landslides were abundant and widespread on steep slopes within areas underlain by schist and gneiss from near the coast to slightly over the crest of the mountain range. Some hillsides were entirely denuded by single or coalescing failures, which formed massive debris flows in river channels flowing out onto densely populated alluvial fans at the coast. The massive amount of sediment derived from 24 watersheds along 50 km of the coast during the storm and deposited on alluvial fans and beaches has been estimated at 15 to 20 million m3. Sediment yield for the 1999 storm from the approximately 200 km2 drainage area of watersheds upstream of the alluvial fans was as much as 100,000 m3/km2. Rapid economic development in this dynamic geomorphic environment close to the capital city of Caracas, in combination with a severe rain storm, resulted in the death of approximately 5% of the population (300,000 total prior to the storm) in the northern Venezuelan state of Vargas. ?? 2006 Gebru??der Borntraeger.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00442798","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., and Wieczorek, G.F., 2006, Geomorphic effects of large debris flows and flash floods, northern Venezuela, 1999: Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband, v. 145, p. 147-175.","startPage":"147","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"145","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2789e4b0c8380cd59996","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, M. C.","contributorId":66287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028750,"text":"70028750 - 2006 - Pigs on the plains: Institutional analysis of a Colorado water quality initiative","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028750","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2066,"text":"International Journal of Public Administration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pigs on the plains: Institutional analysis of a Colorado water quality initiative","docAbstract":"We used the Legal-Institutional Analysis Model (LIAM) and Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) to analyze the campaign over passage of the Colorado Hogs Rule, an initiative passed by the voters in 1998 to require regulation of swine production facilities in Colorado. Used in tandem, LIAM and ACF provided an opportunity to develop a robust understanding of the obstacles and opportunities that face water quality managers in a state-centered multi-organizational decision process. We found that combining the LIAM with the ACF enhanced the understanding that could be achieved by using either model in isolation. The predictive capacity of the LIAM would have been reduced without information from the ACF, and the ACF by itself would have missed the importance of a single-case study.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Public Administration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/01900690600954405","issn":"01900692","usgsCitation":"King, D., Burkardt, N., and Lee, L.B., 2006, Pigs on the plains: Institutional analysis of a Colorado water quality initiative: International Journal of Public Administration, v. 29, no. 14, p. 1411-1430, https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690600954405.","startPage":"1411","endPage":"1430","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209848,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900690600954405"},{"id":236580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b54e4b0c8380cd793aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, D.","contributorId":84499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkardt, N.","contributorId":13913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkardt","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Lamb B.","contributorId":42008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Lamb","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028751,"text":"70028751 - 2006 - Mallard brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during and following a prairie drought","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T11:43:54","indexId":"70028751","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mallard brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during and following a prairie drought","docAbstract":"We used radiotelemetry to study mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during a major drought (1988-1992) and during the first 2 years of the subsequent wet period (1993-1994) at 4 51-km2 sites in prairie pothole landscapes in eastern North Dakota, USA. About two-thirds of 69 radiomarked mallard broods initiated moves from the nest to water before noon, and all left the nest during daylight. On average, broods used fewer wetlands, but moved greater distances during the dry period than the wet period. Broods of all ages were more likely to make inter-wetland moves during the wet period and probabilities of inter-wetland moves decreased as duckling age increased, especially during the dry period. Brood use of seasonal wetlands nearly doubled from 22% to 43% and use of semi-permanent wetlands declined from 73% to 50% from the dry to the wet period. Eighty-one of 150 radiomarked ducklings died during 1,604 exposure days. We evaluated survival models containing variables related to water conditions, weather, duckling age, and hatch date. Model-averaged risk ratios indicated that, on any given date, radiomarked ducklings were 1.5 (95% CI = 0.8-2.8) times more likely to die when the percentage of seasonal basins containing water (WETSEAS) was ???18% than when WETSEAS was >40%. An interaction between duckling age and occurrence of rain on the current or 2 previous days indicated that rain effects were pronounced when ducklings were 0-7 days old but negligible when they were 8-30 days old. The TMIN (mean daily minimum temperature on the current and 2 previous days) effects generally were consistent between duckling age classes, and the risk of duckling death increased 9.3% for each 1??C decrease in TMIN across both age classes. Overall, the 30-day survival rate of ducklings equipped with radiotransmitters was about 0.23 lower than the survival rate of those without radiotransmitiers. Unmarked ducklings were 7.6 (95% CI = 2.7-21.3) times more likely to die on any given day when WETSEAS was ???18% than when WETSEAS was >40%. Higher duckling survival and increased use of seasonal wetlands during the wet period suggest that mallard production will benefit from programs that conserve and restore seasonal wetland habitat. Given adverse effects of low temperatures on duckling survival, managers may want to include this stochastic variable in models used to predict annual production of mallards in the Prairie Pothole Region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1436:MBMWUA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Krapu, G., Pietz, P., Brandt, D., and Cox, R.R., 2006, Mallard brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during and following a prairie drought: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 70, no. 5, p. 1436-1444, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1436:MBMWUA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1436","endPage":"1444","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209849,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1436:MBMWUA]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c44e4b0c8380cd69b24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krapu, Gary L.","contributorId":56994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pietz, P.J.","contributorId":6398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietz","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brandt, D.A.","contributorId":67448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, R. R. Jr.","contributorId":57006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}