{"pageNumber":"247","pageRowStart":"6150","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11361,"records":[{"id":70017634,"text":"70017634 - 1994 - Emission rates of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide from Redoubt Volcano, Alaska during the 1989-1990 eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017634","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emission rates of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide from Redoubt Volcano, Alaska during the 1989-1990 eruptions","docAbstract":"Airborne measurements of sulfur dioxide emission rates in the gas plume emitted from fumaroles in the summit crater of Redoubt Volcano were started on March 20, 1990 using the COSPEC method. During the latter half of the period of intermittent dome growth and destruction, between March 20 and mid-June 1990, sulfur dioxide emission rates ranged from approximately 1250 to 5850 t/d, rates notably higher than for other convergent-plate boundary volcanoes during periods of active dome growth. Emission rates following the end of dome growth from late June 1990 through May 1991 decreased steadily to less than 75 t/d. The largest mass of sulfur dioxide was released during the period of explosive vent clearing when explosive degassing on December 14-15 injected at least 175,000 ?? 50,000 tonnes of SO2 into the atmosphere. Following the explosive eruptions of December 1989, Redoubt Volcano entered a period of intermittent dome growth from late December 1989 to mid-June 1990 during which Redoubt emitted a total mass of SO2 ranging from 572,000 ?? 90,000 tonnes to 680,000 ?? 90,000 tonnes. From mid-June 1990 through May 1991, the volcano was in a state of posteruption degassing into the troposphere, producing approximately 183,000 ?? 50,000 tonnes of SO2. We estimate that Redoubt Volcano released a minimum mass of sulfur dioxide of approximately 930,000 tonnes. While COSPEC data were not obtained frequently enough to enable their use in eruption prediction, SO2 emission rates clearly indicated a consistent decline in emission rates between March through October 1990 and a continued low level of emission rates through the first half of 1991. Values from consecutive daily measurements of sulfur dioxide emission rates spanning the March 23, 1990 eruption decreased in the three days prior to eruption. That decrease was coincident with a several-fold increase in the frequency of shallow seismic events, suggesting partial sealing of the magma conduit to gas loss that resulted in pressurization of the shallow magma system and an increase in earthquake activity. Unlike the short-term SO2 decrease in March 1990, the long-term decrease of sulfur dioxide emission rates from March 1990 through May 1991 was coincident with low rates of seismic energy release and was interpreted to reflect gradual depressurization of the shallow magma reservoir. The long-term declines in seismic energy release and in SO2 emission rates led AVO scientists to conclude on April 19, 1991 that the potential for further eruptive activity from Redoubt Volcano had diminished, and on this basis, the level of concern color code for the volcano was changed from code yellow (Volcano is restless; earthquake activity is elevated; activity may include extrusion of lava) to code green (Volcano is in its normal 'dormant' state). ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Casadevall, T.J., Doukas, M., Neal, C., McGimsey, R.G., and Gardner, C.A., 1994, Emission rates of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide from Redoubt Volcano, Alaska during the 1989-1990 eruptions: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 519-530.","startPage":"519","endPage":"530","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228476,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08fbe4b0c8380cd51d41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Casadevall, T. J.","contributorId":96680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doukas, M.P.","contributorId":28615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neal, C.A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":91122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGimsey, R. G.","contributorId":93921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gardner, C. A.","contributorId":75916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017632,"text":"70017632 - 1994 - Seismic evolution of the 1989-1990 eruption sequence of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017632","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic evolution of the 1989-1990 eruption sequence of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Redoubt Volcano in south-central Alaska erupted between December 1989 and June 1990 in a sequence of events characterized by large tephra eruptions, pyroclastic flows, lahars and debris flows, and episodes of dome growth. The eruption was monitored by a network of five to nine seismic stations located 1 to 22 km from the summit crater. Notable features of the eruption seismicity include : (1) small long-period events beginning in September 1989 which increased slowly in number during November and early December; (2) an intense swarm of long-period events which preceded the initial eruptions on December 14 by 23 hours; (3) shallow swarms (0 to 3 km) of volcano-tectonic events following each eruption on December 15; (4) a persistent cluster of deep (6 to 10 km) volcano-tectonic earthquakes initiated by the eruptions on December 15, which continued throughout and beyond the eruption; (5) an intense swarm of long-period events which preceded the eruptions on January 2; and (6) nine additional intervals of increased long-period seismicity each of which preceded a tephra eruption. Hypocenters of volcano-tectonic earthquakes suggest the presence of a magma source region at 6-10 km depth. Earthquakes at these depths were initiated by the tephra eruptions on December 15 and likely represent the readjustment of stresses in the country rock associated with the removal of magma from these depths. The locations and time-history of these earthquakes coupled with the eruptive behavior of the volcano suggest this region was the source of most of the erupted material during the 1989-1990 eruption. This source region appears to be connected to the surface by a narrow pipe-like conduit as inferred from the hypocenters of volcano-tectonic earthquakes. Concentrations of shallow volcano-tectonic earthquakes followed each of the tephra eruptions on December 15; these shocks may represent stress readjustment in the wall rock related to the removal of magma and volatiles at these depths. This shallow zone was the source area of the majority of long-period seismicity through the remainder of the eruption. The long-period seismicity likely reflects the pressurization of the shallow portions of the magmatic system. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Power, J., Lahr, J., Page, R., Chouet, B., Stephens, C., Harlow, D., Murray, T., and Davies, J., 1994, Seismic evolution of the 1989-1990 eruption sequence of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 69-94.","startPage":"69","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b12e4b08c986b31757c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Power, J.A.","contributorId":20765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lahr, J.C.","contributorId":34892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Page, R.A.","contributorId":40197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stephens, C.D.","contributorId":18752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harlow, D.H.","contributorId":34533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlow","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Murray, T.L.","contributorId":30226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Davies, J.N.","contributorId":95045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70017631,"text":"70017631 - 1994 - Unusual ice diamicts emplaced during the December 15, 1989 eruption of Redoubt volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-18T22:12:00.971144","indexId":"70017631","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unusual ice diamicts emplaced during the December 15, 1989 eruption of Redoubt volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Ice diamict comprising clasts of glacier ice and subordinate rock debris in a matrix of ice (snow) grains, coarse ash, and frozen pore water was deposited during the eruption of Redoubt Volcano on December 15, 1989. Rounded clasts of glacier ice and snowpack are as large as 2.5 m, clasts of Redoubt andesite and basement crystalline rocks reach 1 m, and tabular clasts of entrained snowpack are as long as 10 m.</p><p>Ice diamict was deposited on both the north and south volcano flanks. On Redoubt's north flank along the east side of Drift piedmont glacier and outwash valley, ice diamict accumulated as at least 3 units, each 1–5 m thick. Two ice-diamict layers underlie a pumice-lithic fall tephra that accumulated on December 15 from 10:15 to 11:45 AST. A third ice diamict overlies the pumiceous tephra. Some of the ice diamicts have a basal ‘ice-sandstone’ layer. The north side icy flows reached as far as 14 km laterally over an altitude drop of 2.3 km and covered an area of about 5.7 km<sup>2</sup>. On Crescent Glacier on the south volcano flank, a composite ice diamict is locally as thick as 20 m. It travelled 4.3 km over an altitude drop of 1.7 km, covering about 1 km<sup>2</sup>. The much higher mobility of the northside flows was influenced by their much higher water contents than the southside flow(s).</p><p>Erupting hot juvenile andesite triggered and turbulently mixed with snow avalanches at snow-covered glacier heads. These flows rapidly entrained more snow, firn, and ice blocks from the crevassed glacier. On the north flank, a trailing watery phase of each ice-diamict flow swept over and terraced the new icy deposits. The last (and perhaps each) flood reworked valley-floor snowpack and swept 35 km downvalley to the sea. Ice diamict did not form during eruptions after December 15 despite intervening snowfalls. These later pyroclastic flows swept mainly over glacier ice rather than snowpack and generated laharic floods rather than snowflows.</p><p>Similar flows of mixed ice grains and pyroclastic debris resulted from the November 13, 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano and from eruptions of snowclad Mount St. Helens in 1982–1984. Such deposits at snowclad volcanoes are initially broad and geomorphically distinct, but they soon become extensively reworked and hard to recognize in the geologic record.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)90045-0","usgsCitation":"Waitt, R., Gardner, C.A., Pierson, T., Major, J., and Neal, C., 1994, Unusual ice diamicts emplaced during the December 15, 1989 eruption of Redoubt volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 409-428, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)90045-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"428","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -152.8932952880859,\n              60.391808675970445\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.6103973388672,\n              60.391808675970445\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.6103973388672,\n              60.575500068060016\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.8932952880859,\n              60.575500068060016\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.8932952880859,\n              60.391808675970445\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd03e4b08c986b328e8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waitt, R. B.","contributorId":78766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waitt","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, C. A.","contributorId":75916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierson, T.C. 0000-0001-9002-4273","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-4273","contributorId":41855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Major, J. J. 0000-0003-2449-4466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":29461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"J. J.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Neal, C.A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":91122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017585,"text":"70017585 - 1994 - Disruption of Drift glacier and origin of floods during the 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-18T22:16:00.306289","indexId":"70017585","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disruption of Drift glacier and origin of floods during the 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Melting of snow and glacier ice during the 1989–1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano caused winter flooding of the Drift River. Drift glacier was beheaded when 113 to 121 × 10</span><sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;of perennial snow and ice were mechanically entrained in hot-rock avalanches and pyroclastic flows initiated by the four largest eruptions between 14 December 1989 and 14 March 1990. The disruption of Drift glacier was dominated by mechanical disaggregation and entrainment of snow and glacier ice. Hot-rock avalanches, debris flows, and pyroclastic flows incised deep canyons in the glacier ice thereby maintaining a large ice-surface area available for scour by subsequent flows. Downvalley flow rheologies were transformed by the melting of snow and ice entrained along the upper and middle reaches of the glacier and by seasonal snowpack incorporated from the surface of the lower glacier and from the river valley. The seasonal snowpack in the Drift River valley contributed to lahars and floods a cumulative volume equivalent to about 35 × 10</span><sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;of water, which amounts to nearly 30% of the cumulative flow volume 22 km downstream from the volcano. The absence of high-water marks in depressions and of ice-collapse features in the glacier indicated that no large quantities of meltwater that could potentially generate lahars were stored on or under the glacier; the water that generated the lahars that swept Drift River valley was produced from the proximal, eruption-induced volcaniclastic flows by melting of snow and ice.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)90043-4","usgsCitation":"Trabant, D., Waitt, R., and Major, J., 1994, Disruption of Drift glacier and origin of floods during the 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 369-385, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)90043-4.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"385","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -153.5723876953125,\n              60.18659839709946\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.28424072265625,\n              60.18659839709946\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.28424072265625,\n              60.788662338870736\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.5723876953125,\n              60.788662338870736\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.5723876953125,\n              60.18659839709946\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0224e4b0c8380cd4fedc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trabant, D.C.","contributorId":42209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waitt, R. B.","contributorId":78766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waitt","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Major, J. J. 0000-0003-2449-4466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":29461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"J. J.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017541,"text":"70017541 - 1994 - Classification properties of Holocene sediment in Shelikof Strait, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T19:07:36","indexId":"70017541","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2669,"text":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification properties of Holocene sediment in Shelikof Strait, Alaska","docAbstract":"A textural sorting pattern is evident, with pronounced and regular changes in sand content throughout the strait but with consistent separation of silt from clay only at the lowest sand contents. Vane shear strength values fall in the very soft to medium range. They are best predicted by the amount of silt-size grains (an indicator of mean grain size). -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/10641199409388265","usgsCitation":"Hampton, M.A., 1994, Classification properties of Holocene sediment in Shelikof Strait, Alaska: Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, v. 12, no. 3, p. 237-257, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641199409388265.","startPage":"237","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268180,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641199409388265"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f630e4b0c8380cd4c5e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampton, M. A.","contributorId":103271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017502,"text":"70017502 - 1994 - Rare earth element contents and multiple mantle sources of the transform-related Mount Edgecumbe basalts, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-22T19:55:17.120806","indexId":"70017502","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare earth element contents and multiple mantle sources of the transform-related Mount Edgecumbe basalts, southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Pleistocene basalt of the Mount Edgecumbe volcanic field (MEF) is subdivided into a plagioclase type and an olivine type. Olivine basalt crops out farther inboard from the nearby Fairweather transform than plagioclase basalt. Th/La ratios of plagioclase basalt are similar to those of mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB), whereas those of olivine basalt are of continental affinity. The olivine basalt has higher&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr ratios than the plagioclase basalt.We model rare earth element (REE) contents of the olivine basalt, which resemble those of transitional MORB, by 10–15% partial melting of fertile spinel–plagioclase lherzolite followed by removal of 8–13% olivine. Normative mineralogy indicates melting in the spinel stability field. REE contents of an undersaturated basalt (sample 5L005) resemble those of Mauna Loa tholeiite and are modelled by 5–10% partial melting of fertile garnet lherzolite followed by 10% olivine removal. Plagioclase basalt resembles sample 5L005 in REE contents but is lower in other incompatible-element contents and&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr ratios. Plagioclase basalt either originated in depleted garnet lherzolite or is a mixture of sample 5L005 and normal MORB; complex zoning of plagioclase and colinear Sc and Th contents are consistent with magma mixing.We conclude that olivine basalt originated in subcontinental spinel lherzolite and that plagioclase basalt may have originated in suboceanic lithosphere of the Pacific plate. Lithospheric melting seemingly requires vertical flow of mantle material, although there is no direct evidence at the MEF for crustal extension that might provide a mechanism for mantle advection. In any case, most MEF magmas are subalkaline because of moderately high degrees of partial melting at shallow depth.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e94-078","usgsCitation":"Riehle, J., Budahn, J., Lanphere, M.A., and Brew, D.A., 1994, Rare earth element contents and multiple mantle sources of the transform-related Mount Edgecumbe basalts, southeastern Alaska: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 31, no. 5, p. 852-864, https://doi.org/10.1139/e94-078.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"852","endPage":"864","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kruzof Island, Mount Edgecumbe Volcanic Field","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -136.153564453125,\n              56.772293472653445\n            ],\n            [\n              -134.98489379882812,\n              56.772293472653445\n            ],\n            [\n              -134.98489379882812,\n              57.36579294673093\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.153564453125,\n              57.36579294673093\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.153564453125,\n              56.772293472653445\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9519e4b0c8380cd817df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riehle, J.R.","contributorId":73573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riehle","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brew, D. A.","contributorId":88344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":47858,"text":"fs05894 - 1994 - Hydrologic hazards at Alaska volcanoes?Chakachatna River Basin near Crater Peak, Spurr Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-04T09:50:30","indexId":"fs05894","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"058-94","title":"Hydrologic hazards at Alaska volcanoes?Chakachatna River Basin near Crater Peak, Spurr Volcano","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs05894","usgsCitation":"Dorava, J., and Waythomas, C.F., 1994, Hydrologic hazards at Alaska volcanoes?Chakachatna River Basin near Crater Peak, Spurr Volcano: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 058-94, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05894.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":170851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606a42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorava, J.M.","contributorId":68756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorava","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waythomas, C. F.","contributorId":10065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017409,"text":"70017409 - 1994 - First recognition of the genus Verneuilia Hall and Clarke (Brachiopoda, Spiriferida) from North America (west-central Alaska)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-07T10:59:16.44687","indexId":"70017409","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First recognition of the genus Verneuilia Hall and Clarke (Brachiopoda, Spiriferida) from North America (west-central Alaska)","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-content\"><div class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"><p>The brachiopod genus<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">Verneuilia</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Hall and Clarke, 1893, is recognized for the first time in North America, where it is represented by a new species described here,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">V. langenstrasseni.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>This occurrence not only extends the geographic range of the genus, but also the lower age and stratigraphic limit into the Eifelian (early Middle Devonian). Previously, the oldest known species was the type,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">V. cheiropteryx</span><span>&nbsp;</span>d'Archiac and de Verneuil, 1842, from the Givetian (late Middle Devonian) of Germany. Internal structures of<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">V. langenstrasseni</span><span>&nbsp;</span>n. sp. are similar to those of genera in the ambocoeliid subfamily Rhynchospiriferinae, providing the first good evidence of a systematic relationship.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontological Society","doi":"10.1017/S0022336000034235","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Blodgett, R.B., and Johnson, J., 1994, First recognition of the genus Verneuilia Hall and Clarke (Brachiopoda, Spiriferida) from North America (west-central Alaska): Journal of Paleontology, v. 68, no. 6, p. 1240-1242, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022336000034235.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1240","endPage":"1242","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228418,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a105be4b0c8380cd53c32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blodgett, R. B.","contributorId":25176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, J.G.","contributorId":83515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017334,"text":"70017334 - 1994 - Artifacts resembling budding bacteria produced in placer-gold amalgams by nitric acid leaching","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-21T22:56:31.365267","indexId":"70017334","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Artifacts resembling budding bacteria produced in placer-gold amalgams by nitric acid leaching","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15576292\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Microscopic filiform morphologies in gold which are indistinguishable from forms originally interpreted as bacterial in origin were produced in the laboratory by treating amalgams made from natural and artificial gold with hot nitric acid. Textures ranging from cobblestone to deeply crenulated to nodular filiform were produced in the laboratory from all tested natural and artificial gold amalgams; analogous textures widespread in Alaskan placer gold may have a similar inorganic origin. These results indicate that morphology alone cannot be considered adequate evidence of microbial involvement in gold formation.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<1144:ARBBPI>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Watterson, J., 1994, Artifacts resembling budding bacteria produced in placer-gold amalgams by nitric acid leaching: Geology, v. 22, no. 12, p. 1144-1146, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<1144:ARBBPI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1144","endPage":"1146","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eda8e4b0c8380cd49924","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watterson, J.R.","contributorId":102890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watterson","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017202,"text":"70017202 - 1994 - Volcanic mixed avalanches: A distinct eruption-triggered mass-flow process at snow-clad volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-22T20:07:24.24454","indexId":"70017202","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic mixed avalanches: A distinct eruption-triggered mass-flow process at snow-clad volcanoes","docAbstract":"<p>A generally unrecognized type of pyroclastic deposit was produced by rapid avalanches of intimately mixed snow and hot pyroclastic debris during eruptions at Mount St. Helens, Nevado del Ruiz, and Redoubt Volcano between 1982 and 1989. These \"mixed avalanches\" traveled as far as 14 km at velocities up to ∼27 m/s, involved as much as 10<sup>7</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of rock and ice, and left unmelted deposits of single flow units as thick as 5 m. During flow downslope, heat transfer from hot rocks to snow produced meltwater that partially saturated the mixtures, apparently giving these mixed avalanches mobilities equal to or greater than those of \"dry\" debris avalanches of similar volume. The avalanches studied for this report began as snow avalanches, triggered during explosive phases of the eruptions by ballistic bombardment of snow slopes by hot pyroclastic debris. Erosion by the avalanches incorporated additional snow, fragments of glacier ice, and other rock debris.</p><p>Mixed-avalanche deposits were massive, very poorly sorted, and ungraded to inversely graded prior to melting. Although rock debris composed as much as 70 wt% of the frozen samples, the bulk volumetric content of rock debris was only 9% to 36%. Snow and ice composed between 36% and 72% of the frozen samples, with void space making up the remainder of the volume. Deformation and consolidation after melting of the ice content reduced the deposits to loose, porous layers that were only a fraction of their original thickness and that later gave little hint of their origin. After melting and desiccation, the deposits are highly susceptible to erosion and unlikely to be well preserved in the stratigraphic record.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1351:VMAADE>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pierson, T., and Janda, R.J., 1994, Volcanic mixed avalanches: A distinct eruption-triggered mass-flow process at snow-clad volcanoes: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, no. 10, p. 1351-1358, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1351:VMAADE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1351","endPage":"1358","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224828,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Colombia, United States","state":"Alaska, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens, Nevado del Ruiz, Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.37258911132812,\n              46.10942153064161\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.04849243164061,\n              46.10942153064161\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.04849243164061,\n              46.3838859037291\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.37258911132812,\n              46.3838859037291\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.37258911132812,\n              46.10942153064161\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -153.06838989257812,\n              60.28272771685622\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.3968505859375,\n              60.28272771685622\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.3968505859375,\n              60.79670385526034\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.06838989257812,\n              60.79670385526034\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.06838989257812,\n              60.28272771685622\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.44586181640625,\n              4.681823392265324\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.91714477539062,\n              4.681823392265324\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.91714477539062,\n              5.033490930561194\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.44586181640625,\n              5.033490930561194\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.44586181640625,\n              4.681823392265324\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2fbe4b08c986b32aebc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierson, T.C. 0000-0001-9002-4273","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-4273","contributorId":41855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Janda, R. J. 0000-0002-3251-8088","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3251-8088","contributorId":64693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janda","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185084,"text":"70185084 - 1994 - Shorebirds in western North America: Late 1800s to late 1900s","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:28:11","indexId":"70185084","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5103,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","printIssn":"0197-9922","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Shorebirds in western North America: Late 1800s to late 1900s","docAbstract":"<p><span>Only anecdotal information is available to assess whether populations of the 47 shorebird species that breed or winter west of the Rocky Mountains changed in size or distribution during the past century. Unregulated hunting from 1870 to 1927 reduced populations of several species, at least temporarily, and was a factor in bringing the Eskimo Curlew (</span><i>Numenius borealis</i><span>) close to extinction. Large scale transformation of native grasslands and wetlands for agriculture and other purposes resulted in population declines and nesting range contractions of several temperate-zone breeders. In general, upland species were affected more than wetland species, breeding ranges contracted westward, and alteration of breeding habitat was the factor most responsible for range contractions and population declines. A ranking system assessing shorebird susceptibility to habitat alteration also predicted temperate breeders to be among the most vulnerable species to environmental change. The few estimates for current population sizes of western North American shorebirds range from fewer than 50 Eskimo Curlews to a few million Western Sandpipers (</span><i>Calidris mauri</i><span>), the most abundant species. Concentrations of at least 1000 shorebirds occur on migration at over 120 western North American sites and of 100,000 to 1,000,000 shorebirds at 18 sites. Whether populations are limited by conditions on breeding, wintering or migration ranges is unknown for most species. Expansion of ongoing programs coupled with economical new census efforts could be useful for monitoring the majority of western North American shorebirds during the next century.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"A century of avifaunal change in western North America (Studies in Avian Biology no. 15)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","isbn":"0935868720","usgsCitation":"Page, G.W., and Gill, R., 1994, Shorebirds in western North America: Late 1800s to late 1900s, chap. <i>of</i> A century of avifaunal change in western North America (Studies in Avian Biology no. 15): Studies in Avian Biology, v. 15, p. 147-160.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"160","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337530,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337529,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.americanornithology.org/content/studies-avian-biology","text":"<i>Studies in Avian Biology</i> Homepage"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","volume":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c9012ae4b0849ce97abd32","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Jehl, Joseph R. Jr.","contributorId":6309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jehl","given":"Joseph","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684281,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Ned K.","contributorId":77462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Ned","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684282,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Page, Gary W.","contributorId":46015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70186818,"text":"70186818 - 1994 - A seabird monitoring program for the North Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T16:27:10","indexId":"70186818","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5322,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","printIssn":"0078-1355","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"title":"A seabird monitoring program for the North Pacific","docAbstract":"<p><span>Seabird monitoring is the accumulation of time series data on any aspect of seabird distribution, abundance, demography, or behavior. Typical studies include annual or less frequent measures of numbers or productivity; less commonly, the focus is on marine habitat use, phenology, food habits, or survival. The key requirement is that observations are replicated over time and made with sufficient precision and accuracy to permit the meaningful analysis of variability and trends. Along the Pacific coast of North America, seabird monitoring has consumed substantial amounts of public funding since the early 1970s. The effort has been largely uncoordinated among the many entities involved, including provincial, state, and federal agencies, some private organizations, university faculty, and students. We reaffirm the rationale for monitoring seabirds, review briefly the nature and accomplishments of the existing effort, and suggest actions needed to improve the effectiveness of seabird monitoring in the Pacific. In particular, we propose and describe a comprehensive Seabird Monitoring Database designed specifically to work with observations on seabird population parameters that are replicated over time.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the 59th North American wildlife and natural resources conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"59th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","conferenceDate":"March 18-23, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management Institute","issn":"0078-1355","usgsCitation":"Hatcher, S., Kaiser, G., Kondratyev, A.V., and Byrd, G., 1994, A seabird monitoring program for the North Pacific, <i>in</i> Transactions of the 59th North American wildlife and natural resources conference, v. 59, Anchorage, Alaska, March 18-23, 1994, p. 121-131.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"131","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339584,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339583,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dev.wildlifemanagementinstitute.org/store/product/82?variant_id=27062715848&options[9808118344]=Standard%20-%20Single%20Use"}],"volume":"59","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58edeb44e4b0eed1ab8cb04a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatcher, S.A.","contributorId":32686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaiser, G.W.","contributorId":190774,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaiser","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kondratyev, Alexander V.","contributorId":60160,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kondratyev","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Byrd, G.V.","contributorId":39320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrd","given":"G.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70188693,"text":"70188693 - 1994 - A genetic comparison of French alpine ibex populations (Capra ibex ibex) and implications for their management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-21T12:19:21","indexId":"70188693","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5433,"text":"Travaux scientifiques du Parc National de la Vanoise","printIssn":"0180-961","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A genetic comparison of French alpine ibex populations (<i>Capra ibex ibex</i>) and implications for their management","title":"A genetic comparison of French alpine ibex populations (Capra ibex ibex) and implications for their management","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English, French","usgsCitation":"Stuwe, M., Scribner, K.T., and Gauthier, D., 1994, A genetic comparison of French alpine ibex populations (Capra ibex ibex) and implications for their management: Travaux scientifiques du Parc National de la Vanoise, v. 18, p. 71-76.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"76","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"France","volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594b85b6e4b062508e382baa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuwe, M.","contributorId":107376,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stuwe","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":698939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gauthier, D.","contributorId":11387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gauthier","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":87174,"text":"87174 - 1994 - An intersection model for estimating sea otter mortality along the Kenai Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T15:47:50","indexId":"87174","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"An intersection model for estimating sea otter mortality along the Kenai Peninsula","docAbstract":"We developed an intersection model to integrate parameters estimated from three distinct data sets that resulted from the Exxon Valdez oil spill: (1) the distribution,\r\namount, and movements of spilled oil; (2) the distribution and abundance of sea otters along the Kenai Peninsula; and (3) the estimates of site-specific sea otter\r\nmortality relative to oil exposure from otters captured for rehabilitation and from collected carcasses. In this chapter, we describe the data sets and provide examples\r\nof how they can be used in the model to generate acute loss estimates. We also examine the assumptions required for the model and provide suggestions for\r\nimproving and applying the model. ","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine mammals and the <i>Exxon Valdez</i>","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"San Diego, CA","isbn":"9781483288819","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., and Udevitz, M.S., 1994, An intersection model for estimating sea otter mortality along the Kenai Peninsula, chap. <i>of</i> Marine mammals and the <i>Exxon Valdez</i>, p. 81-95.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339229,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.elsevier.com/books/marine-mammals-and-the-exxon-valdez/loughlin/978-0-12-456160-1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684437","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Loughlin, Thomas R.","contributorId":18885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loughlin","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504828,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70197323,"text":"70197323 - 1994 - Continent-ocean transition in Alaska:  The tectonic assembly of eastern Denalia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T15:45:13.360747","indexId":"70197323","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Continent-ocean transition in Alaska:  The tectonic assembly of eastern Denalia","docAbstract":"<p><span>Alaska is the eastern, subaerial part of a large subcontinent of distinctive tectonic character that serves as an isthmus between nuclear North America, with its fringing belt of allochthonous terranes, and the accreted terranes and volcanic belts that constitute northeastern Russia. Physiographically, this subcontinent, which we name Denalia, is a bulge in the continental platform in the vicinity of Alaska, the Chukotsk Peninsula, and the broad continental shelf of the Bering Sea. The bulge is convex to the south and is bounded on the east and west by constrictions in the width of the continental platform and on the north and south by the edge of the continental shelf (Fig. 1). Tectonically, Denalia is characterized by geologic youthfulness and complexity, an abundance of convergent and transcurrent faults, and absence of autochthonous cratonic rocks. It contains a profusion of lithotectonic terranes of diverse origin and age that were emplaced in late Mesozoic and Cenozoic time. In addition, it includes the superimposed Cenozoic Aleutian arc and subduction zone and the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather transform fault system. Parts of Denalia were created by pre-middle Mesozoic tectonic events, but these took place elsewhere, before the affected rocks were tectonically transported and incorporated into the landmass of Denalia. Except for a small area in the Porcupine Plateau region along the Alaska-Yukon boundary, the only Precambrian rocks that have been recognized in the subcontinent are in tectonically emplaced fragments, the largest of which is the Arctic Alaska terrane in the Brooks Range, Arctic Foothills, and Arctic Foothills.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Phanerozoic evolution of North American continent ocean transitions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/DNAG-COT-PEN.399","usgsCitation":"Moore, T.E., Grantz, A., and Roeske, S.M., 1994, Continent-ocean transition in Alaska:  The tectonic assembly of eastern Denalia, chap. <i>of</i> Phanerozoic evolution of North American continent ocean transitions, p. 399-441, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-COT-PEN.399.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"441","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354536,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States, Russia","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -135,\n              75\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              75\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.9,\n              50\n            ],\n            [\n              -135,\n              50\n            ],\n            [\n              -135,\n              75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              179.9,\n              75\n            ],\n            [\n              160,\n              75\n            ],\n            [\n              160,\n              50\n            ],\n            [\n              179.9,\n              50\n            ],\n            [\n              179.9,\n              75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a001e4b092d9651e228c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":736649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":736650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roeske, S. M.","contributorId":96865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeske","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70007012,"text":"70007012 - 1994 - Invasive cohorts: Impacts of hatchery-reared coho salmon on the trophic, developmental, and genetic ecology of wild stocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-10T01:01:51","indexId":"70007012","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Invasive cohorts: Impacts of hatchery-reared coho salmon on the trophic, developmental, and genetic ecology of wild stocks","largerWorkTitle":"Theory and Application in Fish Feeding Ecology; Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Sciences Number 18; Proceedings of GUTSHOP '92 held in Nov. 1992, at Rosario Resort, San Juan Islands, WA","language":"English","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, J.L., 1994, Invasive cohorts: Impacts of hatchery-reared coho salmon on the trophic, developmental, and genetic ecology of wild stocks, chap. <i>of</i> Theory and Application in Fish Feeding Ecology; Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Sciences Number 18; Proceedings of GUTSHOP '92 held in Nov. 1992, at Rosario Resort, San Juan Islands, WA, p. 361-385.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"385","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259533,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30625092","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e22e4b0c8380cd63b21","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stouder, Deanna J.","contributorId":111699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stouder","given":"Deanna","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508432,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fresh, K.L.","contributorId":105916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fresh","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508431,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feller, R.J.","contributorId":112627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feller","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508433,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, Jennifer L.","contributorId":43722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70176564,"text":"70176564 - 1993 - Challenges in real-time data collection at active volcanoes in the Pacific Northwest, the Philippines, and Alaska [abs.]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-21T13:46:22","indexId":"70176564","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Challenges in real-time data collection at active volcanoes in the Pacific Northwest, the Philippines, and Alaska [abs.]","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":" American Water Resources Association, Alaska Chapter Proceedings of 1993 Annual Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"American Water Resources Association 1993 Annual Conference","conferenceDate":"April 8-9, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Middleburg, VA","usgsCitation":"Dorava, J., and May, B., 1993, Challenges in real-time data collection at active volcanoes in the Pacific Northwest, the Philippines, and Alaska [abs.], chap. <i>of</i>  American Water Resources Association, Alaska Chapter Proceedings of 1993 Annual Conference, p. 1-1.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":328818,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Phillipines, United States","state":"Alaska, Oregon, 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57feb33ae4b0824b2d154766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorava, J.M.","contributorId":68756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorava","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, B.A.","contributorId":8872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70176430,"text":"70176430 - 1993 - Mt. Spurr's 1992 eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T12:57:09.125964","indexId":"70176430","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mt. Spurr's 1992 eruptions","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>On June 27, 1992, the Crater Peak vent on the south side of Mt. Spurr awoke from 39 years of dormancy and burst into subplinian eruption after 10 months of elevated seismicity. Two more eruptions followed in August and September. The volcano lies 125-km west of Anchorage, which is Alaska's largest city and an important international hub for air travel. The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) was able to warn communities and the aviation industry well in advance of these eruptions.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93EO00284","usgsCitation":"American Geophysical Union, 1993, Mt. Spurr's 1992 eruptions: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 74, no. 19, p. 217-222, https://doi.org/10.1029/93EO00284.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"3","temporalStart":"1992-07-27","temporalEnd":"1992-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328610,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Arc","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -152.501220703125,\n              61.19952130477601\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.501220703125,\n              61.3611962736049\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.98486328125,\n              61.3611962736049\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.98486328125,\n              61.19952130477601\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.501220703125,\n              61.19952130477601\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d9233de4b090824ffa1aea"}
,{"id":70017877,"text":"70017877 - 1993 - Comparison of deep structure along three transects of the western North American continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-09T15:34:36.335187","indexId":"70017877","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of deep structure along three transects of the western North American continental margin","docAbstract":"<p><span>Similarities in geology and potential field data that have in the past been noted among the regions of southern Alaska, southern Vancouver Island, and central California are now seen to be accompanied by similarities in deep crustal structure. A number of tectonic elements have been identified in the deep structure along transects in these three regions, although not all elements are present along each transect. These elements are (A) an actively subducting oceanic plate and (B) an overriding continental plate that consists of (1) a Cenozoic accretionary prism, (2) a Mesozoic accretionary prism, (3) a backstop to the Mesozoic prism, (4) a tectonically underplated body of oceanic rocks, and (5) a crustal root. The Mesozoic prism is in some cases an underthrust body (type 2a) but in other cases forms the principal component of a landward verging tectonic wedge (type 2b). The technically underplated body of oceanic rocks extends landward from the fault contact between the Cenozoic and Mesozoic prisms to a point beneath the backstop. The crustal root lies beneath the backstop and landward of the underplated body. All of these elements are interpreted to be present along the Alaskan and Vancouver Island transects. In Alaska the underplated body is interpreted to be fragments of the Kula plate; the same may be true at Vancouver Island. These two transects appear to differ in that, in Alaska, the Mesozoic prism, in one interpretation, is the principal component of a tectonic wedge (type 2b), whereas at Vancouver Island, it is an underthrust body (type 2a). Along the central California transect, active subduction is no longer taking place, and the San Andreas fault has removed the Cenozoic prism from this region of the North American plate. On the North American plate (i.e., east of the San Andreas fault), the Mesozoic prism, interpreted as the main component of a tectonic wedge (type 2b), and the backstop to the Mesozoic prism are present. There is, however, no clear evidence of tectonically underplated oceanic rocks, and the crust is thin (no root). In both Alaska and Vancouver Island, the Mesozoic prisms above the underplated bodies experienced low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphism at about the time of tectonic underplating; no such metamorphism is currently exposed in California. The metamorphism may have been caused by the underplating of young, hot oceanic crust, or, alternatively, by subduction of an oceanic ridge. The presence of a tectonic wedge (type 2b) in Alaska and California and the absence of such a wedge at Vancouver Island could arise either from the fact that in the former two locations the Mesozoic prisms were more voluminous, owing to either more rapid trench sedimentation or more rapid convergence, or to the possibility that at the latter location the Mesozoic prism was juxtaposed with the backstop primarily by strike-slip faulting.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93TC01063","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Fuis, G.S., and Clowes, R., 1993, Comparison of deep structure along three transects of the western North American continental margin: Tectonics, v. 12, no. 6, p. 1420-1435, https://doi.org/10.1029/93TC01063.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1420","endPage":"1435","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228681,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, California","otherGeospatial":"southern Vancouver Island","volume":"12","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f859e4b0c8380cd4d03f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clowes, R.M.","contributorId":72545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clowes","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5222661,"text":"5222661 - 1993 - Resistance of young wolf pups to inclement weather","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T00:22:40.788414","indexId":"5222661","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:10","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resistance of young wolf pups to inclement weather","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">Three observations of young wolf (<i>Canis lupus</i>) pups in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, and two on Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, Canada, indicate that pups &lt;33 days of age are highly resistant to inclement weather, contrary to earlier conjecture.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1382407","usgsCitation":"Mech, L., 1993, Resistance of young wolf pups to inclement weather: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 74, no. 2, p. 485-486, https://doi.org/10.2307/1382407.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"486","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197679,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629e73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":63424,"text":"gq1688 - 1993 - Geologic map of the Nabesna B-6 quadrangle, south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:47","indexId":"gq1688","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1688","title":"Geologic map of the Nabesna B-6 quadrangle, south-central Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq1688","usgsCitation":"Richter, D.H., Smith, J., Schmoll, H., and Smith, R.L., 1993, Geologic map of the Nabesna B-6 quadrangle, south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 1688, 1 map :col. ;44 x 41 cm., on sheet 75 x 109 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq1688.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;44 x 41 cm., on sheet 75 x 109 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102748,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1198.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1198"},{"id":249517,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1688/report.pdf","size":"71","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":252999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1688/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"63360","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -144,62.25 ], [ -144,62.5 ], [ -143.5,62.5 ], [ -143.5,62.25 ], [ -144,62.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69625a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richter, Donald H.","contributorId":61021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":268820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, James G.","contributorId":44534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":268819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmoll, H. R.","contributorId":71543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoll","given":"H. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":268821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":268822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":67530,"text":"i1984 - 1993 - Geologic map of the Cordova and Middleton Island quadrangles, southern Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47102,"text":"ofr811164 - 1981 - Geologic map and cross-sections of the Cordova and Middleton Island quadrangles, southern Alaska","indexId":"ofr811164","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map and cross-sections of the Cordova and Middleton Island quadrangles, southern Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":67530,"text":"i1984 - 1993 - Geologic map of the Cordova and Middleton Island quadrangles, southern Alaska","indexId":"i1984","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Cordova and Middleton Island quadrangles, southern Alaska"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:25","indexId":"i1984","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1984","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Geologic map of the Cordova and Middleton Island quadrangles, southern Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i1984","usgsCitation":"Winkler, G.R., and Plafker, G., 1993, Geologic map of the Cordova and Middleton Island quadrangles, southern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1984, 1 map :col. ;56 x 67 cm., on sheet 99 x 130 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i1984.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;56 x 67 cm., on sheet 99 x 130 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":107237,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10061.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"10061"},{"id":188536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -147,59.75 ], [ -147,61 ], [ -144,61 ], [ -144,59.75 ], [ -147,59.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6843a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winkler, G. R.","contributorId":17964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winkler","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":16941,"text":"ofr93685B - 1993 - Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Redoubt Volcano and Mt. Spurr, Alaska: October 12, 1989 - December 31, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-07T16:49:03","indexId":"ofr93685B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-685","chapter":"B","title":"Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Redoubt Volcano and Mt. Spurr, Alaska: October 12, 1989 - December 31, 1990","docAbstract":"<p>This diskette contains a Hypoellipse summary file, 1989-90.SUM.&nbsp;For more&nbsp;information and explanation see U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report &nbsp;89-116 by John C. Lahr.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93685B","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Power, J.A., March, G.D., Lahr, J.C., Jolly, A.D., and Cruse, G.R., 1993, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Redoubt Volcano and Mt. Spurr, Alaska: October 12, 1989 - December 31, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-685, 1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93685B.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277778,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0685b/application.zip","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5efb3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":174250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"March, Gail D.","contributorId":22028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"Gail","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lahr, John C.","contributorId":20328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jolly, Arthur D.","contributorId":57913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jolly","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cruse, Gina R.","contributorId":174442,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cruse","given":"Gina","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13662,"text":"Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":174253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":16915,"text":"ofr93215 - 1993 - Barite deposits in the Howard Pass Quadrangle and possible relations to barite elsewhere in the northwestern Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:12","indexId":"ofr93215","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-215","title":"Barite deposits in the Howard Pass Quadrangle and possible relations to barite elsewhere in the northwestern Brooks Range, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93215","usgsCitation":"Kelley, J., Tailleur, I., Morin, R.L., Reed, K.M., Harris, A., Schmidt, J., Brown, F., and Kurtak, J., 1993, Barite deposits in the Howard Pass Quadrangle and possible relations to barite elsewhere in the northwestern Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-215, 13 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93215.","productDescription":"13 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108257,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12648.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12648"},{"id":149683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0215/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46018,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0215/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46019,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0215/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46020,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0215/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46021,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0215/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46022,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0215/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46023,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0215/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46024,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0215/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46025,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0215/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46026,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0215/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46027,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0215/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aa9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, John S.","contributorId":23560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"John S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tailleur, I.L.","contributorId":59027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tailleur","given":"I.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morin, R. L.","contributorId":95484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reed, K. M.","contributorId":93888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harris, A. G.","contributorId":39791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schmidt, J.M.","contributorId":97916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brown, F.M.","contributorId":68753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kurtak, J.M.","contributorId":70780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurtak","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":38426,"text":"pp1497C - 1993 - Distribution, facies, ages, and proposed tectonic associations of regionally metamorphosed rocks in east- and south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T11:45:23","indexId":"pp1497C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1497","chapter":"C","title":"Distribution, facies, ages, and proposed tectonic associations of regionally metamorphosed rocks in east- and south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Most of the exposed bedrock in east- and south-central Alaska has been regionally metamorphosed and deformed during Mesozoic and early Cenozoic time. All the regionally metamorphosed rocks are assigned to metamorphic-facies units on the basis of their temperature and pressure conditions and metamorphic age. North of the McKinley and Denali faults, the crystalline rocks of the Yukon- Tanana upland and central Alaska Range compose a sequence of dynamothermally metamorphosed Paleozoic and older(?) metasedimentary rocks and metamorphosed products of a Devonian and Mississippian continental-margin magmatic arc. This sequence was extensively intruded by postmetamorphic mid-Cretaceous and younger granitoids. Many metamorphic-unit boundaries in the Yukon-Tanana upland are low-angle faults that juxtapose units of differing metamorphic grade, which indicates that metamorphism predated final emplacement of the fault-bounded units. In some places, the relation of metamorphic grade across a fault is best explained by contractional faulting; in other places, it is suggestive of extensional faulting.</p><p>Near the United States-Canadian border in the central Yukon- Tanana upland, metamorphism, plutonism, and thrusting occurred during a latest Triassic and Early Jurassic event that presumably resulted from the accretion of a terrane that had affinities to the Stikinia terrane onto the continental margin of North America. Elsewhere in the Yukon-Tanana upland, metamorphic rocks give predominantly late Early Cretaceous isotopic ages. These ages are interpreted to date either the timing of a subsequent Early Cretaceous episode of crustal thickening and metamorphism or, assuming that these other areas were also originally heated during the latest Triassic to Early Jurassic and remained buried, the timing of their uplift and cooling. This uplift and cooling may have resulted from extension.</p><p>South of the McKinley and Denali faults and north of the Border Ranges fault system, medium-grade metamorphism across much of the southern Peninsular and Wrangellia terranes was early to synkinematic with the intrusion of tonalitic and granodioritic plutons of primarily Early and Middle Jurassic age in the Peninsular terrane&nbsp;and Late Jurassic age in the Wrangellia terrane. Areas metamorphosed during the Jurassic episode that crop out near the Border Ranges fault system were subsequently retrograded and deformed in Cretaceous and early Tertiary time during accretion of younger units to the south. North of the Jurassic metamorphic and plutonic complex, low-grade metamorphism affected the rest of the Wrangellia terrane sometime during Jurassic and (or) Cretaceous time.</p><p>North of the Wrangellia terrane and immediately south of the McKinley and Denali faults, flyschoid rocks, which were deposited within a basin that separated the Wrangellia terrane from the western margin of North America, form a northeastward-tapering wedge. Within the western half of the wedge, flysch and structurally interleaved tectonic fragments were highly deformed and weakly metamorphosed; much of the metamorphism and deformation probably occurred sometime during mid- to Late Cretaceous time. In the eastern half of the wedge, flyschoid rocks form an intermediate-pressure Barrovian sequence (Maclaren metamorphic belt). Metamorphism of the Maclaren metamorphic belt was synkinematic with the Late Cretaceous to earliest Tertiary intrusion of foliated plutons of intermediate composition. Isotopic data suggest metamorphism extended into the early Tertiary and was accompanied by rapid uplift and cooling. Low- to medium-grade metamorphism throughout the wedge was probably associated with the accretion of the outboard Wrangellia terrane, as has been proposed for the Maclaren metamorphic belt.</p><p>South of the Border Ranges fault system lie variably metamorphosed sequences of oceanic rocks that comprise the successively accreted Chugach, Yakutat, Ghost Rocks, and Prince William terranes. The Chugach terrane consists of three successively accreted sequences of differing metamorphic histories. Metamorphism in all the sequences was associated with north-directed underthrusting beneath either the combined Peninsular-Wrangellia terrane or the older and inner parts of the Chugach terrane. These sequences, from innermost to outermost are: (1) intermediate- to highpressure, transitional greenschist- to blueschist-facies metabasalt and metasedimentary rocks that were metamorphosed during the Early and Middle Jurassic; (2) prehnite-pumpellyite-facies melange that was metamorphosed sometime during the Jurassic and Cretaceous; and (3) low-pressure prehnite-pumpellyite- or greenschist- facies flysch and metavolcanic rocks that were initially&nbsp;metamorphosed during latest Cretaceous to early Tertiary time and, in the eastern Chugach Mountains, were subsequently overprinted by low-pressure amphibolite-facies metamorphism that accompanied widespread intrusion during Eocene time. A similar low-pressure-facies series also developed within melange and flysch of the Yakutat terrane; these rocks are also intruded by Eocene plutons and are correlated with similar rocks of the Chugach terrane.</p><p>Seaward of the Chugach terrane are the strongly deformed but weakly metamorphosed (prehnite-pumpellyite-facies) deep-sea metasedimentary rocks and oceanic metavolcanic rocks of the Ghost Rocks and Prince William terranes. Metamorphism and deformation occurred during underthrusting of these terranes beneath the Chugach terrane in early Tertiary time and predated, perhaps by very little, intrusion by early Tertiary granitoids.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Regionally metamorphosed rocks of Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1497C","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., Csejtey, B., Foster, H.L., Doyle, E.O., Nokleberg, W.J., and Plafker, G., 1993, Distribution, facies, ages, and proposed tectonic associations of regionally metamorphosed rocks in east- and south-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1497, Report: iv, p. C1-C73; 2 Plates: 41.75 x 40.58 inches and 41.96 x 40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1497C.","productDescription":"Report: iv, p. 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