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There is a distinctive difference between the assemblages in the northern and southern parts of this region. Many sublittoral cryophilic species are not present south of Cape Cod or the Northeast Channel, and several thermophilic species a.re not .found north of Cape Cod or Georges Bank. The ostracode assemblages in the southern part of the cold-temperate Nova Scotian province are a mixture of amphiatlantic cryophilic species and endemic, mainly thermophilic species; European forms make up approximately 50 percent of the species. Less than 25 percent of the species known from the mild-temperate Virginian province have been reported from European waters. More endemic species pass Cape Cod from the south than amphiatlantic cryophilic species do from the north. This is consistent with the fact that summer isotherms are more compressed than winter isotherms in the Cape Cod region, and the southern limit of distribution of most amphiatlantic species is regulated by summer high temperatures. The distribution data on which these interpretations are based are presented in a series of .figures and over 60 species distribution maps. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp529E","usgsCitation":"Hazel, J.E., 1970, Atlantic Continental Shelf and Slope of the United States - Ostracode zoogeography in the southern Nova Scotian and northern Virginian faunal provinces: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 529, Report: v,  21 p.; 69 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp529E.","productDescription":"Report: v,  21 p.; 69 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Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":494771,"rank":18,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_31057.htm","text":"Transmissivity and storage coefficient of aquifers in the Fox Hills Sandstone and the Hell Creek Formation, Mercer and Oliver Counties, North Dakota","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":494763,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_31049.htm","text":"Whole-rock Rb-Sr age of the Pikes Peak batholith, Colorado","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":494762,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_31048.htm","text":"Reconnaissance geophysical studies of the Trinidad quadrangle, south-central Colorado","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":494759,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_31045.htm","text":"Allochthonous Paleozoic blocks in the Tertiary San Luis - Upper Arkansas graben, Colorado","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":494758,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_31044.htm","text":"Blueschist and related greenschist facies rocks of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687760","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":37011,"text":"ifc43 - 1970 - Effect of MS-222 on electrolyte and water content in the brain of rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:51","indexId":"ifc43","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":39,"text":"Investigations in Fish Control","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"43","title":"Effect of MS-222 on electrolyte and water content in the brain of rainbow trout","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Willford, W.A., 1970, Effect of MS-222 on electrolyte and water content in the brain of rainbow trout: Investigations in Fish Control 43, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ifc/041/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91312,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ifc/041/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6258b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willford, Wayne A.","contributorId":67446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willford","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":33176,"text":"b1266 - 1970 - Bibliography of North American geology, 1966","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:30","indexId":"b1266","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1266","title":"Bibliography of North American geology, 1966","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b1266","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Bibliography of North American geology, 1966: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1266, 1069 p. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1266.","productDescription":"1069 p. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":166757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1266/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60985,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1266/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629890","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":33177,"text":"b1267 - 1970 - Bibliography of North American geology, 1967","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:30","indexId":"b1267","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1267","title":"Bibliography of North American geology, 1967","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b1267","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Bibliography of North American geology, 1967: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1267, 1029 p. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1267.","productDescription":"1029 p. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":166871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1267/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60986,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1267/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629893","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":41917,"text":"ofr70338 - 1970 - Aeromagnetic map of North Park and vicinity, north-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-28T19:57:11.840088","indexId":"ofr70338","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-338","title":"Aeromagnetic map of North Park and vicinity, north-central Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70338","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Aeromagnetic map of North Park and vicinity, north-central Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-338, 1 Plate: 29.00 × 37.32 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70338.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 29.00 × 37.32 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":79651,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0338/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393538,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8523.htm"}],"scale":"125000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"North Park and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.75,\n              40.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.75,\n              40.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.75,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.75,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.75,\n              40.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6981d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":42128,"text":"ofr70339 - 1970 - Aeromagnetic map of the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, northeastern Idaho and western Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":42128,"text":"ofr70339 - 1970 - Aeromagnetic map of the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, northeastern Idaho and western Montana","indexId":"ofr70339","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, northeastern Idaho and western Montana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":63987,"text":"gp832 - 1972 - Aeromagnetic map of parts of the Hamilton and Elk City 1° by 2° quadrangles, Idaho-Montana","indexId":"gp832","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of parts of the Hamilton and Elk City 1° by 2° quadrangles, Idaho-Montana"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":63987,"text":"gp832 - 1972 - Aeromagnetic map of parts of the Hamilton and Elk City 1° by 2° quadrangles, Idaho-Montana","indexId":"gp832","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of parts of the Hamilton and Elk City 1° by 2° quadrangles, Idaho-Montana"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-03T19:36:23.248224","indexId":"ofr70339","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-339","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, northeastern Idaho and western Montana","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70339","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Aeromagnetic map of the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, northeastern Idaho and western Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-339, 2 Plates: 36.35 x 58.11 inches and 34.05 x 75.24 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70339.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 36.35 x 58.11 inches and 34.05 x 75.24 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401714,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0339/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401713,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0339/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0339/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana","otherGeospatial":"Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.75219726562499,\n              45.706179285330855\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.2413330078125,\n              45.706179285330855\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.2413330078125,\n              46.20644812194458\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.75219726562499,\n              46.20644812194458\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.75219726562499,\n              45.706179285330855\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db6912c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38980,"text":"pp433J - 1970 - Composition of water in Clinch River, Tennessee River, and Whiteoak Creek as related to disposal of low-level radioactive liquid wastes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:14","indexId":"pp433J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"433","chapter":"J","title":"Composition of water in Clinch River, Tennessee River, and Whiteoak Creek as related to disposal of low-level radioactive liquid wastes","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp433J","usgsCitation":"Pickering, R., 1970, Composition of water in Clinch River, Tennessee River, and Whiteoak Creek as related to disposal of low-level radioactive liquid wastes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 433, p. J1-J15, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp433J.","productDescription":"p. J1-J15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0433j/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66084,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0433j/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a7ff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pickering, R.J.","contributorId":103253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pickering","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":39689,"text":"pp683A - 1970 - Late Miocene nonmarine diatoms from the Kilgore area, Cherry County, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-28T09:38:49","indexId":"pp683A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"683","chapter":"A","title":"Late Miocene nonmarine diatoms from the Kilgore area, Cherry County, Nebraska","docAbstract":"<p>The Valentine Formation of A. L. Lugn, which is of late Miocene and early Pliocene age, contains diatomaceous and plant-bearing sediments at a locality on the north bluff of the Niobrara River, about 10 miles south of Kilgore, Cherry County, Nebr. The fossil flora has been studied by H. D. MacGinitie, who concluded that the deposit is of late Miocene age. Correlative strata near Valentine, Nebr., several miles east of this locality, are reported to contain a vertebrate fauna of late Miocene age. The Kilgore diatom assemblage consists of 45 taxa of nonmarine diatoms. Of these, four species are herein recorded as new, one species has been previously reported from the middle Pliocene of France, and the remaining 40 taxa are identified as still living in modern nonmarine environments. The diatom assemblage suggests deposition in a relatively shallow, small lake. The waters of this lake were probably hard, and perhaps at times somewhat alkaline or saline. It is difficult to separate the influences of ecology and geologic age on the composition of the diatom assemblage, but this problem should be resolved as other Tertiary assemblages are studied. The five presumably extinct species may prove to be useful for stratigraphic correlation when their geologic ranges are better known. The composition of the assemblage, the relative number of taxa, and the absence of several widespread modern genera and species of nonmarine diatoms should be of value in identifying other late Miocene assemblages and in distinguishing them from assemblages of different age.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to paleontology, 1970","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp683A","usgsCitation":"Andrews, G., 1970, Late Miocene nonmarine diatoms from the Kilgore area, Cherry County, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 683, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp683A.","productDescription":"40 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0683a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67417,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0683a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","county":"Cherry County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-102.0829,42.9979],[-102.0007,42.9973],[-101.9652,42.9971],[-101.7528,42.9958],[-101.6775,42.9953],[-101.2277,42.9953],[-100.7509,42.9947],[-100.6721,42.9949],[-100.3938,42.996],[-100.1984,42.997],[-100.1985,42.8461],[-100.1984,42.782],[-100.184,42.7829],[-100.1837,42.4338],[-100.1675,42.4348],[-100.1667,42.0881],[-100.2675,42.0871],[-100.6156,42.0872],[-100.73,42.0885],[-100.8444,42.0896],[-100.9582,42.0897],[-100.9841,42.09],[-101.1016,42.0913],[-101.1926,42.0914],[-101.3094,42.0925],[-101.3323,42.0927],[-101.4097,42.0942],[-101.4251,42.0936],[-101.4492,42.0933],[-101.6861,42.0945],[-101.7733,42.0938],[-101.803,42.0934],[-101.8902,42.0962],[-101.9199,42.0958],[-102.0065,42.0958],[-102.0393,42.0962],[-102.0387,42.1826],[-102.0402,42.4448],[-102.0669,42.4448],[-102.0664,42.5302],[-102.0665,42.7867],[-102.0846,42.7864],[-102.0836,42.9606],[-102.0829,42.9979]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Cherry\",\"state\":\"NE\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8bca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, G.W.","contributorId":106549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32614,"text":"pp545D - 1970 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":32614,"text":"pp545D - 1970 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad","indexId":"pp545D","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048241,"text":"pp545 - 1967 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities","indexId":"pp545","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048241,"text":"pp545 - 1967 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities","indexId":"pp545","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T20:33:33.73754","indexId":"pp545D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"545","chapter":"D","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad","docAbstract":"In the 1964 Alaska earthquake, the federally owned Alaska Railroad sustained damage of more than $35 million: 54 percent of the cost for port facilities; 25 percent, roadbed and track; 9 percent, buildings and utilities; 7 percent, bridges and culverts; and 5 percent, landslide removal. Principal causes of damage were: (1) landslides, landslide-generated waves, and seismic sea waves that destroyed costly port facilities built on deltas; (2) regional tectonic subsidence that necessitated raising and armoring 22 miles of roadbed made susceptible to marine erosion; and (3), of greatest importance in terms of potential damage in seismically active areas, a general loss of strength experienced by wet waterlaid unconsolidated granular sediments (silt to coarse gravel) that allowed embankments to settle and enabled sediments to undergo fiowlike displacement toward topographic depressions, even in fiat-lying areas. The term “landspreading” is proposed for the lateral displacement and distension of mobilized sediments; landspreading appears to have resulted largely from liquefaction. Because mobilization is time dependent and its effects cumulative, the long duration of strong ground motion (timed as 3 to 4 minutes) along the southern 150 miles of the rail line made landspreading an important cause of damage. Sediments moved toward natural and manmade topographic depressions (stream valleys, gullies, drainage ditches, borrow pits, and lakes). Stream widths decreased, often about 20 inches but at some places by as much as 6.5 feet, and sediments moved upward beneath stream channels. Landspreading toward streams and even small drainage ditches crushed concrete and metal culverts. Bridge superstructures were compressed and failed by lateral buckling, or more commonly were driven into, through, or over bulkheads. Piles and piers were torn free of superstructures by moving sediments, crowded toward stream channels, and lifted in the center. The lifted piles arched the superstructures. Vertical pile displacement was independent of the depth of the pile penetration in the sediment and thus was due to vertical movement of the sediments, rather than to differential compaction. The fact that bridge piles were carried laterally without notable tilting suggests that mobilization exceeded pile depths, which averaged about 20 feet. Field observations, largely duplicated by vibrated sandbox models of stream channels, suggest that movement was distributed throughout the sediments, rather than restricted to finite failure surfaces. Landspreading generated stress that produced cracks in the ground surface adjacent to depressions. The distribution of this stress controlled the crack patterns: tension cracks parallel to straight or concave streambanks, shear cracks intersecting at 45° to 70° on convex banks where there was some component of radial spreading, and orthogonal cracks on the insides of tight meander bends or islands where spreading was omnidirectional. Ground cracks of these kinds commonly extended 500 feet, and occasionally about 1,000 feet, back from streams, which indicates that landspreading occurred over large areas. In areas of landspreading, highway and railroad embankments, pavements, and rails were pulled apart endways and were displaced laterally if they lay at an angle to the direction of sediment displacement. Sediment movement commonly skewed bridges that crossed streams obliquely. The maximum horizontal skew was 10 feet. Embankment settlement, nearly universal in areas of landspreading, also occurred in areas where there was no evidence for widespread loss of strength in the unconsolidated sediments. In the latter areas embankments themselves clearly caused the loss of bearing strength in the underlying sediment. In both areas, settlement was accompanied by the formation of ground cracks approximately parallel to the embankment in the adjacent sediments. Sediment-laden ground water was discharged from the cracks, and extreme local settlements (as much as 6 ft) were associated with large discharges. Landspreading was accompanied by transient horizontal displacement of the ground that pounded bridge ends with slight or considerable force. The deck of a 105-foot bridge was repeatedly arched up off its piles by transient compression. Bridges may also have developed high horizontal accelerations. One bridge deck, driven through its bulkhead, appears to have had an acceleration of at least 1.1 to 1.7 g; however, most evidence for high accelerations is ambiguous. Limited standard penetration data show that landspreading damage was not restricted to soft sediments. Some bridges were severely damaged by displacement of piles driven in sediments classified as compact and dense. Total thickness of unconsolidated sediments strongly controlled the degree of damage. In areas underlain by wet water-laid sediments the degree of damage to uniformly designed and built wooden railroad bridges shows a closer correlation with total sediment thickness at the bridge site than with the grain size of the material in which the piles were driven. Local geology and physiography largely controlled the kind, distribution, and severity of damage to the railroad. This relationship is so clear that maps of surficial geology and physiography of damaged areas of the rail belt show that only a few geologic-physiographic units serve to identify these areas: 1. Bedrock and glacial till on bedrock. No foundation displacements, but ground vibration increased toward the area of maximum strain-energy release. 2. Glacial outwash terraces. Landspreading and damage ranged from none where the water table was low and the terrace undissected to severe where the water table was near the surface and the terrace dissected by streams. 3. Inactive flood plains. Landspreading, ground cracking, flooding by ejected ground water, and damage were generally slight but increased to severe toward lower, wetter active flood plains or river channels. 4. Active flood plains. Landspreading, ground cracking, and flooding were nearly universal and were greater than on adjacent inactive flood plains. 5. Fan deltas. Radial downhill spreading and ground cracking were considerable near the lower edges of the fan deltas and were accompanied by ground-water discharge. Landslides were common from edges of deltas. Damage, landspreading, ground crack-ing, vibration, and flooding by ground water generally increased with (1) increasing thickness of unconsolidated sediments, (2) decreasing depth to the water table, (3) proximity to topographic depressions, and (4) proximity to the area of maximum strain-energy release.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on transportation, communications, and utilities (Professional Paper 545)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp545D","usgsCitation":"McCulloch, D.S., and Bonilla, M.G., 1970, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 545, Report: viii, 161 p.; 4 Plates: 42.15 inches x 12.39 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp545D.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 161 p.; 4 Plates: 42.15 inches x 12.39 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"173","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. 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,{"id":39568,"text":"pp700D - 1970 - Geological Survey research 1970, Chapter D","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14370,"text":"ofr68153 - 1968 - Potential for potash and other evaporite mineral resources in West Pakistan","indexId":"ofr68153","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Potential for potash and other evaporite mineral resources in West Pakistan"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39568,"text":"pp700D - 1970 - Geological Survey research 1970, Chapter D","indexId":"pp700D","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Geological Survey research 1970, Chapter D"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":16044,"text":"ofr70309 - 1970 - Gold resource potential of the Denali bench gravels, Alaska","indexId":"ofr70309","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Gold resource potential of the Denali bench gravels, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39568,"text":"pp700D - 1970 - Geological Survey research 1970, Chapter D","indexId":"pp700D","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Geological Survey research 1970, Chapter D"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":17964,"text":"ofr699 - 1969 - Preliminary geologic interpretation of aeromagnetic data in the Nixon Fork district, Alaska","indexId":"ofr699","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic interpretation of aeromagnetic data in the Nixon Fork district, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39568,"text":"pp700D - 1970 - Geological Survey research 1970, Chapter D","indexId":"pp700D","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Geological Survey research 1970, Chapter D"},"id":3}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-22T21:19:22.255746","indexId":"pp700D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"700","chapter":"D","title":"Geological Survey research 1970, Chapter D","docAbstract":"<p>This collection of 45 short papers is the third published chapter of \"Geological Survey Research 1970.\" The papers report on scientific and economic results of current work by members of the Geologic, Water Resources, and Topographic Divisions of the U.S. Geological Survey.</p><p>Chapter A, to be published later in the year, will present a summary of significant results of work done in fiscal year 1970, together with lists of investigations in progress, reports published, cooperating agencies, and Geological Survey offices.</p><p>\"Geological Survey Research 1970\" is the eleventh volume of the annual series Geological Survey Research. The ten volumes already published are listed below, with their series designations.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Survey research 1970","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp700D","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Geological Survey research 1970, Chapter D: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 700, 316 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp700D.","productDescription":"316 p.","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":421095,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_31082.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":164639,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0700d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":113671,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0700d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687795","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":34177,"text":"b1294G - 1970 - Age of the Bedford Shale, Berea Sandstone, and Sunbury Shale in the Appalachian and Michigan basins, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-22T13:12:19","indexId":"b1294G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1294","chapter":"G","title":"Age of the Bedford Shale, Berea Sandstone, and Sunbury Shale in the Appalachian and Michigan basins, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan","docAbstract":"<p>The suggestion by Sanford (1967, p. 994) that the Bedford Shale, Berea Sandstone, and Sunbury Shale of the Michigan basin are of Late Devonian age because these strata contain <i>Hymenozonotriletes lepidophytus</i> Kedo is invalid for these formations in the Appalachian basin, the area of their type localities. <i>Endosporites lacunosus</i> Winslow, a synonym of <i>Hymenozonotriletes lepidophytus</i> Kedo, occurs in upper Chautauqua (Upper Devonian) rocks through much of the Kinderhook (Lower Mississippian) strata in Ohio. The Sunbury Shale, the Sunbury Member of the Orangeville Shale in part of northern Ohio, contains a <i>Siplionodella</i> fauna which clearly demonstrates the Kinderhook age of the unit. The basal strata of the Bedford Shale contain <i>Spathoffnathodus anteposlcornis</i> which suggests a very Late Devonian or very Early Mississippian age for this part of the Bedford. Except for the basal fossil zone, most of the Bedford Shale and the younger Berea Sandstone overlie the Murrysville sand, which along the Allegheny Front in central Pennsylvania contains an <i>Adiantites</i> flora of Early Mississippian (Kinderhook) age. The presence of <i>Adiantites</i> in the Murrysville sand indicates that most of the Bedford Shale and all the Berea Sandstone are of Early Mississippian age. Lithostratigraphic evidence suggests that the Berea Sandstone of Ohio may be a temporal equivalent of the basal Beckville Member of the Pocono Formation of the Anthracite region of Pennsylvania. </p><p>The clearly demonstrable Kinderhook age of the Sunbury, Berea, and most of the Bedford in the Appalachian basin strongly indicates a similar age for the same units in the Michigan basin. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1294G","usgsCitation":"De Witt, W., 1970, Age of the Bedford Shale, Berea Sandstone, and Sunbury Shale in the Appalachian and Michigan basins, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1294, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1294G.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1294g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":62077,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1294g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian basin, Michigan basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6892e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Witt, Wallace Jr.","contributorId":87521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Witt","given":"Wallace","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":41967,"text":"ofr70340 - 1970 - Aeromagnetic map of the Winnemucca area, northwestern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T16:48:06.561637","indexId":"ofr70340","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-340","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Winnemucca area, northwestern Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70340","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Aeromagnetic map of the Winnemucca area, northwestern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-340, 1 Plate: 57.00 x 26.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70340.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 57.00 x 26.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136668,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":493118,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8525.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":98767,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0340/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Winnemucca area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.25,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.25,\n              40.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.25,\n              40.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.25,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.25,\n              41\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae7e4b07f02db68bcb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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,{"id":63971,"text":"gp695 - 1970 - Aeromagnetic map of Antelope Valley and part of the Garlock Fault zone, south-central California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":41932,"text":"ofr6425 - 1964 - Aeromagnetic map of the Garlock area, Kern and Los Angeles Counties, California","indexId":"ofr6425","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Garlock area, Kern and Los Angeles Counties, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":63971,"text":"gp695 - 1970 - Aeromagnetic map of Antelope Valley and part of the Garlock Fault zone, south-central California","indexId":"gp695","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of Antelope Valley and part of the Garlock Fault zone, south-central California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-08T22:17:26.139631","indexId":"gp695","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"695","title":"Aeromagnetic map of Antelope Valley and part of the Garlock Fault zone, south-central California","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp695","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Aeromagnetic map of Antelope Valley and part of the Garlock Fault zone, south-central California: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 695, 1 Plate: 42.00 × 25.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp695.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 42.00 × 25.94 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":260600,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0695/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":186803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":391493,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_6061.htm"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Antelope Valley, Garlock Fault zone","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.75,34.5 ], [ -118.75,35.8667 ], [ -116,35.8667 ], [ -116,34.5 ], [ -118.75,34.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6972e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":64019,"text":"gp719 - 1970 - Aeromagnetic map of part of the Ipswich quadrangle, Essex County, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-23T20:37:17.296339","indexId":"gp719","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"719","title":"Aeromagnetic map of part of the Ipswich quadrangle, Essex County, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp719","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Ipswich quadrangle, Essex County, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 719, 1 Plate: 20.14 x 31.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp719.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 20.14 x 31.94 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":491148,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_6074.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":253949,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0719/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":250438,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0719/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":250437,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0719/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","county":"Essex County","otherGeospatial":"Ipswich quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.75,\n              42.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.75,\n              42.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.875,\n              42.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.875,\n              42.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.75,\n              42.625\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697993","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":67910,"text":"ha339 - 1970 - Water resources of the Wild Rice River watershed, northwestern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:07:55","indexId":"ha339","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"339","title":"Water resources of the Wild Rice River watershed, northwestern Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>The Wild Rice watershed includes two general physiographic areas- the glacial Lake Agassiz Plain and a glacial moraine.</p>\n<p>The lake plain is extremely flat in the western part, sloping only a few feet per mile, but in the eastern part the plain is traversed in a north-south direction by long, narrow beach ridges up to 20 feet high. The moraine is an area of hills and depressions. The local relief is low in the western part of the moraine but increases to more than 200 feet in the east. Altitude of the land surface ranges from 800 feet above mean sea level where the Red River flows north out of the area to 2,040 feet near the southeastern edge of the watershed (one of the highest points in Minnesota).</p>\n<p>The area of the watershed is about 2,600 square miles and includes most of Mahnomen and Norman Counties and parts of Becker, Clay, Clearwater, and Polk Counties. The population of the area is about 37,000 people of which about 70 percent live on farms. The economy is based principally on farming. The area of lake clay and silt is used mostly for raising sugar beets and wheat; and potatoes are grown largely on the sandy soils. In the western part of the morainal area small grain, dairy, and cattle farming is the most common. The eastern part of the morainal area is important for forest products and recreation. Industries in the area are small and are based on agricultural processing and service.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/ha339","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Waters, Soils, and Minerals","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., Bidwell, L.E., and Maclay, R.W., 1970, Water resources of the Wild Rice River watershed, northwestern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 339, Document: 1 p. 4 Plates: 41.66 x 40.27 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha339.","productDescription":"Document: 1 p. 4 Plates: 41.66 x 40.27 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":101437,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/339/plate-1.pdf","size":"8948","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":101436,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/339/report.pdf","size":"42","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":101438,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/339/plate-2.pdf","size":"7443","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":101439,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/339/plate-3.pdf","size":"7660","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":101440,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/339/plate-4.pdf","size":"6766","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":189361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/339/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Wild Rice River watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97,47 ], [ -97,47.5 ], [ -95.5,47.5 ], [ -95.5,47 ], [ -97,47 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f02df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bidwell, L. E.","contributorId":100029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bidwell","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maclay, Robert W.","contributorId":13210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maclay","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":63825,"text":"gp722 - 1970 - Aeromagnetic map of the Salem quadrangle, Essex County, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-23T20:53:45.504344","indexId":"gp722","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"722","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Salem quadrangle, Essex County, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp722","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Aeromagnetic map of the Salem quadrangle, Essex County, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 722, 1 Plate: 20.82 x 31.96 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp722.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 20.82 x 31.96 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":491151,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_6077.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":253599,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0722/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":250067,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0722/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":250066,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0722/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","county":"Essex County","otherGeospatial":"Salem quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71,\n              42.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -71,\n              42.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.875,\n              42.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.875,\n              42.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -71,\n              42.625\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db6914bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":68438,"text":"ha344 - 1970 - Reconnaissance of the ground-water resources of the Missouri River alluvium between Miami and Kansas City, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:30","indexId":"ha344","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"344","title":"Reconnaissance of the ground-water resources of the Missouri River alluvium between Miami and Kansas City, Missouri","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha344","usgsCitation":"Emmett, L.F., and Jeffery, H., 1970, Reconnaissance of the ground-water resources of the Missouri River alluvium between Miami and Kansas City, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 344, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha344.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89968,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/344/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"25000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.5,39 ], [ -94.5,39.25 ], [ -93.25,39.25 ], [ -93.25,39 ], [ -94.5,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db636c4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emmett, Leo F.","contributorId":67130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmett","given":"Leo","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jeffery, H. G.","contributorId":74353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeffery","given":"H. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":63817,"text":"gp702 - 1970 - Aeromagnetic map of the Sterling quadrangle, Worcester County, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:55","indexId":"gp702","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"702","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Sterling quadrangle, Worcester County, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gp702","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Aeromagnetic map of the Sterling quadrangle, Worcester County, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 702, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/gp702.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":250050,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0702/report.pdf","size":"35","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":250051,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0702/plate-1.pdf","size":"3269","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":253508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0702/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.86749999999999,42.3675 ], [ -71.86749999999999,42.5 ], [ -71.75,42.5 ], [ -71.75,42.3675 ], [ -71.86749999999999,42.3675 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db691164","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":63810,"text":"gp717 - 1970 - Aeromagnetic map of the South Groveland quadrangle, Essex County, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-23T20:24:06.617045","indexId":"gp717","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"717","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the South Groveland quadrangle, Essex County, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp717","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Aeromagnetic map of the South Groveland quadrangle, Essex County, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 717, 1 Plate: 20.56 x 32.49 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp717.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 20.56 x 32.49 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":491146,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_6072.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":253501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0717/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":250037,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0717/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":250036,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0717/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","county":"Essex County","otherGeospatial":"South Groveland quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.125,\n              42.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.125,\n              42.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -71,\n              42.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -71,\n              42.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.125,\n              42.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db6911b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":68127,"text":"ha322 - 1970 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Grand Rapids area, north-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-13T18:49:26.962528","indexId":"ha322","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"322","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Grand Rapids area, north-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>This report is one of a series of studies of geology and ground-water availability conducted in and near selected communities on the Mesabi Iron Range, north-central and northeastern Minnesota. This report describes the geology and ground-water conditions in the 303 square-mile Grand Rapids area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/ha322","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation","usgsCitation":"Oakes, E.L., 1970, Geology and ground-water resources of the Grand Rapids area, north-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 322, 6 Plates: 43.5 x 36.5 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha322.","productDescription":"6 Plates: 43.5 x 36.5 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89415,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/322/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89420,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/322/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":398654,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15696.htm"},{"id":89416,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/322/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89417,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/322/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89419,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/322/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89418,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/322/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"48000","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Grand Rapids area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.75,\n              47.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75,\n              47.375\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.375,\n              47.375\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.375,\n              47.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75,\n              47.125\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6856ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oakes, Edward L.","contributorId":79517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakes","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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