A graphic presentation of cumulative monthly stream gain or loss on a given stream reach is used as a tool to show whether the stream gain or loss is apparent or real, and to determine the magnitude, time, and cause of the gain or loss. The graphic method could also be used to determine how much of the base flow is ground-water discharge. Interpretations of the cumulative gain or loss graph are described for three reaches on the James River in northeastern South Dakota and southeastern North Dakota.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR006i001p00239","usgsCitation":"Koch, N.C., 1970, A graphic presentation of stream gain or loss as an aid in understanding streamflow characteristics: Water Resources Research, v. 6, no. 1, p. 239-245, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR006i001p00239.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"245","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320172,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"James River","volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571756ace4b0ef3b7caa5f86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koch, Neil C.","contributorId":64656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70120899,"text":"70120899 - 1970 - Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 5","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-16T14:38:06","indexId":"70120899","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T11:54:52","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 5","docAbstract":"Leg 5 samples fall into two categories with respect to interstitial water composition: 1) rapidly deposited terrigenous or appreciably terrigenous deposits, such as in Hole 35 (western Escanaba trough, off Cape Mendocino, California); and, 2) slowly deposited pelagic clays and biogenic muds and oozes. Interstitial waters in the former show modest to slight variations in chloride and sodium, but drastic changes in non-conservative ions such as magnesium and sulfate. The pelagic deposits show only relatively minor changes in both conservative and non-conservative pore fluid constituents. As was pointed out in earlier Leg Reports, it is believed that much of the variation in chloride in pore fluids within individual holes is attributable to the manipulation of samples on board ship and in the laboratory. On the other hand, the scatter in sodium is due in part to analytical error (on the order of 2 to 3 per cent, in terms of a standard deviation), and it probably accounts for most of the discrepancies in total anion and cation balance.
\nAll constituents reported here, with the exception of bulk water content, were analyzed on water samples which were sealed in plastic tubes aboard ship and were subsequently opened and divided into weighed aliquots in the laboratory. Analytical methods follow the atomic absorption, wet chemical and emission spectrochemical techniques briefly summarized in previous reports, e.g. Manheim et al., 1969, and Chan and Manheim, 1970. The authors acknowledge assistance from W. Sunda, D. Kerr, C. Lawson and H. Richards, and thank D. Spencer, P. Brewer and E. Degens for allowing the use of equipment and laboratory facilities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International","publisherLocation":"College Station, TX","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.5.120.1970","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., Chan, K., and Sayles, F., 1970, Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 5: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 5, p. 501-511, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.5.120.1970.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"501","endPage":"511","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.5.120.1970","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":292426,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -162.0,10.0 ], [ -162.0,60.0 ], [ -109.0,60.0 ], [ -109.0,10.0 ], [ -162.0,10.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fe6e4b033341871892a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chan, K.M.","contributorId":95399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chan","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sayles, F.L.","contributorId":77657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayles","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207467,"text":"70207467 - 1970 - Interstitial water studies on small core samples, leg 4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T17:08:24","indexId":"70207467","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-31T16:56:42","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interstitial water studies on small core samples, leg 4","docAbstract":"Reorganization and recodification of shipboard procedures for collecting interstitial waters has resulted in improved and more regular collection and analysis of pore fluids. Comparative studies of waters squeezed and analyzed on shipboard and analyzed in the shore laboratory show generally good agreement, except for some aberrations whose sources are hard to track down. Influences of pressure and temperature during squeezing on composition of effluents were re-examined for clayey samples from Leg 4 cores. Pressure was not found to be significant, whereas the temperature effects are significant, but are less than variations attributable to diagenetic reactions in the sediments. Conservative constituents, such as, chloride, sodium and bromide, remain relatively constant (within about 1.5 per cent) with changing depth in the holes; but, large depletions with respect to normal sea water occur in calcium (to 0.06 g/kg), magnesium (to 0.7), potassium (to 0.20), and sulfate (to 0.11) in most of the cores. On the other hand, large enrichments of calcium (to 1.57 g/kg) and lithium (to 1.7 ppm) occurred in Holes 24 and 24A. The depletion of several constituents in pore waters of Hole 26 (Vema fracture zone) caused a drop in total salt content to as low as 31 o/oo. However, no real dilution effects are involved, since chloride and sodium values remain typical of those in ocean bottom waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.4.119.1970","usgsCitation":"Sayles, F., Manheim, F.T., and Chan, K., 1970, Interstitial water studies on small core samples, leg 4: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 4, p. 401-414, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.4.119.1970.","productDescription":"14","startPage":"401","endPage":"414","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488841,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.4.119.1970","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":370526,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sayles, F.L.","contributorId":77657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayles","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":20770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chan, K.M.","contributorId":95399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chan","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206976,"text":"70206976 - 1970 - Geochemical balance of a small watershed and its geomorphic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-03T08:00:30","indexId":"70206976","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-31T12:32:25","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical balance of a small watershed and its geomorphic implications","docAbstract":"A detailed input-output study of a small forested watershed draining the Wissahickon Formation in the Piedmont of Maryland revealed that chemical solution is five times as effective in removing material as is mechanical erosion. Solution weathering removes 16.9 tons/sq mi/yr of material compared with 3.2 tons/sq mi/yr by mechanical erosion. Plant activity during the growing season increased the concentration of silica, bicarbonate, calcium, and potassium, thus increasing total dissolved solids by one-third. Autumn leaf fall also caused a short-term increase of these ions. Rainfall does not simply dilute floodwaters as the concentration of sulfate, potassium, and calcium increases whereas silica and bicarbonate decrease in concentration during a flood cycle. Our data suggest that during the first half of a flood cycle, both the flood water and the dissolved solids in it come from an area in and immediately adjacent to the flood plain. The weathering model derived from our study suggests that on a long-term basis approximately one-half of the erosion of the Pond Branch watershed is caused by chemical solution of the silicate minerals kaolinite, vermiculite, biotite, and oligoclase. This contrasts to short-term ratio of solutional to mechanical weathering of five to one.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3015:GBOASW]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Cleaves, E., Godfrey, A., and Bricker, O., 1970, Geochemical balance of a small watershed and its geomorphic implications: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81, no. 10, p. 3015-3032, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3015:GBOASW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"81","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cleaves, E.T.","contributorId":41148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleaves","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godfrey, A.E.","contributorId":57245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175607,"text":"70175607 - 1970 - Selected ground-water data in the eugene-springfield area, southern Willamette Valley, oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T13:00:54","indexId":"70175607","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":115,"text":"Ground Water Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"title":"Selected ground-water data in the eugene-springfield area, southern Willamette Valley, oregon","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geosciences Institute","usgsCitation":"Frank, F.J., and Johnson, N.A., 1970, Selected ground-water data in the eugene-springfield area, southern Willamette Valley, oregon: Ground Water Report.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326683,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b58b5ce4b03bcb0104bc6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frank, F. J.","contributorId":95037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Nyra A.","contributorId":173771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Nyra","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226521,"text":"70226521 - 1970 - Minor metals of the geochemical environment, health and disease","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-22T21:18:03.456809","indexId":"70226521","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-11T15:07:48","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Minor metals of the geochemical environment, health and disease","docAbstract":"Thermal-infrared images obtained on flights over the Tishomingo anticline and South Flank areas near Mill Creek in the Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, were used to study the possibility of identifying some common rock types from their diagnostic reflection and emission characteristics, and to evaluate the usefulness of infrared images in structural geologic investigations. The areas flown are underlain by folded and faulted Paleozoic dolomite, limestone, sandstone, shale, and Precambrian granite.
Images were obtained at 6:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., and 2:00 p.m. The predawn (6:00 a.m.) image is the most useful in distinguishing rock types. Of particular interest is a thermal contrast of dolomite (warm) and limestone (cool), sufficient to distinguish those rock types and to reveal facies changes between them. Theoretical considerations indicate that this thermal contrast arises from a combination of albedo and thermal-inertia characteristics distinctive of dolomites and limestones in many areas.
The daytime images display much stratigraphic and structural detail. Small-scale bedding detail is enhanced in the morning images of low-relief areas, and contrasts of alternating formations that form hogbacks and valleys are enhanced in the afternoon images of higher relief areas. The difference in features displayed in morning and afternoon images appears to be a function of the insolation on sunward and shadowed slopes of differing scale. Fault or fracture zones are best displayed in the predawn image; they appear cooler than surrounding ground, because of greater water content and concomitant evaporation. The abundance and throughgoing nature of lineaments (which coincide for the most part with joint systems) are more obvious in the infrared images than in aerial photographs. Lineaments striking northwest are preferentially enhanced in the morning images, and lineaments striking northeast are preferentially shown in the afternoon images. This enhancement cannot be ascribed to the effects of topography, insolation, or wind; it may relate to a combination of ground-water and vegetation effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3549:TIIAMO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rowan, L.C., Offield, T., Watson, K., Cannon, P., and Watson, R.D., 1970, Thermal infrared investigations, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 12, p. 3549-3561, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3549:TIIAMO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3549","endPage":"3561","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392012,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","city":"Mill Creek","otherGeospatial":"Arbuckle Mountains, South Flank, Tishomingo anticline","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.18780517578125,\n 34.13567837774557\n ],\n [\n -96.57943725585938,\n 34.13567837774557\n ],\n [\n -96.57943725585938,\n 34.496370914707285\n ],\n [\n -97.18780517578125,\n 34.496370914707285\n ],\n [\n -97.18780517578125,\n 34.13567837774557\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, L. C.","contributorId":40584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Offield, Terry W.","contributorId":64217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Offield","given":"Terry W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watson, Kenneth","contributorId":91109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Kenneth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cannon, P. J.","contributorId":83616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Watson, R. D.","contributorId":96413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70226466,"text":"70226466 - 1970 - International symposium on hydrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-18T15:37:06.583322","indexId":"70226466","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-01T09:32:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"International symposium on hydrometry","docAbstract":"Approximately 520 engineers and scientists from 55 countries attended the International Symposium on Hydrometry held at Koblenz, Federal Republic of Germany, from September 13 through 22, 1970. The symposium was convened by Unesco and organized in cooperation with the World Meteorological Organizations (WMO), Unesco, the National Committee for the International Hydrological Decade of the Federal Republic of Germany, and the International Association of Scientific Hydrology (IASH). The symposium was organized within the framework of the International Hydrological Decade (IHD).
After a welcoming speech by J. Wallner, Chairman of the Organizing Committee, the opening address was presented by S. Dumitrescu, the representative of Unesco. Introductory statements were then delivered by T. Palas, the representative of WMO; by L.J. Tison, the representative of IASH; and by K. Wittock, the representative of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany.
","conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Hydrometry","conferenceDate":"September 13-22, 1970","conferenceLocation":"Koblenz, Germany","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO051i012p00884","usgsCitation":"Smoot, G.F., 1970, International symposium on hydrometry: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 51, no. 12, p. 884-884, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO051i012p00884.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"884","endPage":"884","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smoot, George F.","contributorId":34116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226168,"text":"70226168 - 1970 - Similarities, differences, and some genetic problems of the Wyoming and Colorado plateau types of uranium deposits in sandstone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-15T20:32:23.502527","indexId":"70226168","displayToPublicDate":"1970-11-01T14:19:14","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Similarities, differences, and some genetic problems of the Wyoming and Colorado plateau types of uranium deposits in sandstone","docAbstract":"Uranium deposits of the Wyoming roll type and the Colorado Plateau peneconcordant type are the principal domestic resources of uranium. Both types occur in lenticular sandstone beds of continental origin, have a similar suite of elements and minerals, are associated with mildly altered rock, and are thought to have formed by reduction precipitation from ground waters before significant regional deformation. They differ in several respects. The Wyoming deposits are in unlithified sandstone that is highly arkosic, whereas the Colorado Plateau deposits are in lithified sandstone that is only slightly to moderately arkosic. Uranium is the only ore metal in the Wyoming deposits, whereas vanadium or copper is more abundant than uranium in some of the Plateau deposits. The Wyoming deposits are elongate crescent-shaped bodies that extend vertically through, or partly through, a sandstone unit and which are scattered, like widely spaced beads on a string, along miles-long interfaces between oxidized (altered) and unoxidized sandstone, whereas the Plateau deposits are thin tabular layers that are nearly concordant to bedding and which occur as discrete bodies, like raisins in raisin bread, enveloped in rock altered by reduction. The Wyoming ore rolls and interfaces were dynamic, having been pushed downdip by downward-moving oxygen-bearing water that passed through the interfaces and deposited the ore minerals on the reducing side, whereas the Plateau deposits seemingly formed as static bodies, localized by intensive reducing \"patches\" in a mildly reducing environment. These differences focus attention on genetic problems relating to the Eh of the ore-bearing and altering solutions, the shape and localization of deposits, and the source of the uranium.
Saline water is arbitrarily defined as water containing more than 1000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids. Saline ground water is known to underlie about two‐thirds of the 48 states. Locally, aquifers yield saline ground water in profuse quantities, some of which is used by industry, particularly for cooling. Generally, however, saline water has been considered a nuisance. In this report it is dealt with as a resource, especially for the future. Forty chemical types of mineralized ground water were recognized, but sodium chloride dominates the occurrences and is almost the only type found where concentrations exceed about 20,000 mg/l. The occurrence and hydrologic properties of saline water aquifers deserve much more study than they have had. Copyright 1970 by the American Geophysical Union.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR006i005p01454","issn":"00431397","usgsCitation":"Feth, J.H., 1970, Saline groundwater resources of the conterminous United States: Water Resources Research, v. 6, no. 5, p. 1454-1457, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR006i005p01454.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1454","endPage":"1457","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370396,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feth, J. H.","contributorId":50495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feth","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010150,"text":"70010150 - 1970 - Brines and interstitial brackish water in drill cores from the deep Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T16:46:16.445095","indexId":"70010150","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brines and interstitial brackish water in drill cores from the deep Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"Marked increases in interstitial salinity occur in two drill holes located in the Gulf of Mexico at a water depth of more than 3500 meters. The increases probably arose through diffusion of salt from buried evaporites. In one hole, however, brackish water was encountered on penetrating the oil-permeated cap rock of a salt dome. The phenomenon is attributed to production of fresh water during oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbons and decomposition of gypsum to form native sulfur.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.170.3953.57","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., and Sayles, F., 1970, Brines and interstitial brackish water in drill cores from the deep Gulf of Mexico: Science, v. 170, no. 3953, p. 57-61, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.170.3953.57.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219356,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.78387916948623,\n 29.54413740231888\n ],\n [\n -97.43864547128346,\n 27.242578131972927\n ],\n [\n -97.46077793013689,\n 25.961607264239774\n ],\n [\n -81.98918531110581,\n 25.852858348792083\n ],\n [\n -82.27113796673324,\n 28.544243690230644\n ],\n [\n -83.68685304614004,\n 30.179559981046587\n ],\n [\n -85.5275784639827,\n 30.652175207940914\n ],\n [\n -95.78387916948623,\n 29.54413740231888\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"170","issue":"3953","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f283e4b0c8380cd4b1f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sayles, F.L.","contributorId":77657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayles","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226468,"text":"70226468 - 1970 - A progress report: Water conservation by removal of phreatophytes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-18T16:25:51.973948","indexId":"70226468","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-01T09:54:47","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A progress report: Water conservation by removal of phreatophytes","docAbstract":"Evapotranspiration from the flood plain of a major river depletes the water contributed from upstream areas of the watershed. This depletion can be significant in arid regions where water supplies are inadequate. Phreatophyte control offers a method of reducing the evapotranspiration and thus increases the water available to downstream users. This control is achieved by removing the woody phreatophytes and replacing them with grasses having a lower consumptive use.
Two generations of chert have been observed in the Mississippian Leadville Limestone of west-central Colorado: (1) an early chert inferred to have precipitated from hypersaline marine waters of high pH after those waters seeped into carbonate muds prior to final burial and lithification of the carbonate; and (2) a late chert that appears to have precipitated from ground waters as amorphous silica after initial lithification but prior to or during karst erosion of the formation in Late Mississippian (?) and Early Pennsylvanian time. A third type of microcrystalline quartz, hydrothermal jasperoid, is associated with ore deposits of Laramide age in the Leadville, but it is not discussed here.
Conditions in west-central Colorado at the time that the early cherts formed in the Leadville were probably similar to those associated with the formation of early diagenetic chert in modern sediments, and the early chert in the Leadville is believed to have formed in a manner similar to the modern early cherts.
The silica of the late chert appears to have come from Paleozoic sandstones below the Leadville. It was carried by slightly acid artesian waters into the formation, probably in concentrations of less than 60 ppm SiO2 Super-saturation of amorphous silica occurred within the Leadville and probably was obtained by evaporative concentration at the water-air interface during dry seasons. Dissolution of the limestone by the slightly acid waters may account for the removal of the calcite that is replaced by chert.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3033:NAOOEA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Banks, N.G., 1970, Nature and origin of early and late cherts in the Leadville Limestone, Colorado: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 10, p. 3033-3048, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3033:NAOOEA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"3033","endPage":"3048","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392723,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Leadville","otherGeospatial":"Sawatch Range, White River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.84454345703125,\n 39.49132430037711\n ],\n [\n -107.611083984375,\n 39.48496522541802\n ],\n [\n -106.9683837890625,\n 38.46649284538942\n ],\n [\n -105.75714111328125,\n 38.46434231629165\n ],\n [\n -105.74066162109375,\n 39.35341418045878\n ],\n [\n -107.03704833984375,\n 39.92448212528485\n ],\n [\n -107.84454345703125,\n 39.920269337633975\n ],\n [\n -107.84454345703125,\n 39.49132430037711\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Norman G.","contributorId":89524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1013893,"text":"1013893 - 1970 - Control methods for snail-borne zoonoses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-02T16:26:23.470597","indexId":"1013893","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Control methods for snail-borne zoonoses","docAbstract":"All trematodes which cause infections and diseases in humans (zoonoses) require snails for their first intermediate host. Some have additional intermediate hosts such as crustaceans, fishes and frogs.
In this paper I have discussed the use of various procedures for controlling snail populations thereby reducing the population of trematodes whose cercariae penetrate the skin of man, or which are acquired by eating raw aquatic vegetation such as watercress, or which cause pathology in fish. Biological, chemical, and physical snail control techniques are discussed. The most promising molluscucides are copper compounds, Bayluscide, biocidal rubber and molluscicidal bait.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-6.4.262","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, G.L., 1970, Control methods for snail-borne zoonoses: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 6, no. 4, p. 262-265, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-6.4.262.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"262","endPage":"265","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132013,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688c83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, G. L.","contributorId":70713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010122,"text":"70010122 - 1970 - Deuterium: Natural variations used as a biological tracer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T16:51:53.489271","indexId":"70010122","displayToPublicDate":"1970-09-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deuterium: Natural variations used as a biological tracer","docAbstract":"The suggestion is made that isotope tracing be carried out by monitoring the natural variations in deuterium concentrations. As an example, the natural variations in deuterium concentrations between food and water collected in Illinois and food and water collected in Colorado were used to determine the residence time of water in the blood and urine of rats. We observed not only a 51/2-day turnover time of water in the blood and urine, but also evidence for the influx of water vapor from the atmosphere through the lungs into the blood.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.169.3950.1085","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Gleason, J., and Friedman, I., 1970, Deuterium: Natural variations used as a biological tracer: Science, v. 169, no. 3950, p. 1085-1086, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3950.1085.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1085","endPage":"1086","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218849,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"169","issue":"3950","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0005e4b0c8380cd4f53c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gleason, J.D.","contributorId":27072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226484,"text":"70226484 - 1970 - A re-evaluation of basalt-obsidian relations at East Lake Fissure, Newberry Caldera, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-19T16:24:37.732118","indexId":"70226484","displayToPublicDate":"1970-09-01T10:15:58","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A re-evaluation of basalt-obsidian relations at East Lake Fissure, Newberry Caldera, Oregon","docAbstract":"Andesite scoria, agglutinate, and small flows formed by thin lava gushes that erupted from East Lake Fissure on the north wall of Newberry Caldera carry numerous inclusions of platy rhyolite, partly melted platy rhyolite, and frothy obsidian. This association of obsidian and “basalt” has been interpreted as the result of intermingling of mafic and siliceous magmas. The locality has been repeatedly cited as an example of a mixed intrusion of the “basalt-rhyolite association.” Field, petrographic, chemical, and experimental evidence suggest, however, that the inclusions of frothy and massive obsidian are melted fragments of platy rhyolite which were ripped from a rhyolite unit forming part of the caldera wall by uncontaminated andesite magma which rose and fountained from the fissure.
This paper provides background information on the effect of tide waves upon the movement of water in the Hudson River estuary. Computations based on records from three continuous stage recorders and current-meter discharge measurements made throughout a tidal cycle show that peak discharge rates in the estuary at Poughkeepsie may be as great as 500,000 cubic feet per second and that total daily tidal volumes as great as 20 billion cubic feet move in the estuary. Computation of water movement in the estuary requires precise field data and continued efforts are needed to perfect the data-collection system and the computation procedure in order to adequately define water movement in the Hudson estuary.
An outbreak of fowl cholera (Pasteurella multocida infection) occurred in waterfowl wintering on the Chesapeake Bay during February to March 1970. Losses were primarily confined to sea ducks: oldsquaws (Clangula hyemalis), white-winged scoters (Melanitta deglandi), golden-eyes (Bucephala clangula), and buffleheads (Bucephala albeola).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-6.4.404","usgsCitation":"Locke, L.N., Stotts, V., and Wolfhard, G., 1970, An outbreak of fowl cholera in waterfowl on the Chesapeake Bay: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 6, no. 4, p. 404-407, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-6.4.404.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"404","endPage":"407","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488678,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-6.4.404","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":193841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.5915145620614,\n 39.63448158918419\n ],\n [\n -76.5915145620614,\n 38.20939089287066\n ],\n [\n -75.81938065029263,\n 38.20939089287066\n ],\n [\n -75.81938065029263,\n 39.63448158918419\n ],\n [\n -76.5915145620614,\n 39.63448158918419\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c1e4b07f02db53c4f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Locke, L. N.","contributorId":73539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stotts, V.","contributorId":68841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stotts","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfhard, G.","contributorId":57969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfhard","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70139928,"text":"70139928 - 1970 - Saline ground-water resources of the Tularosa Basin, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-03T10:09:14","indexId":"70139928","displayToPublicDate":"1970-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3864,"text":"Research and Development Progress Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"seriesNumber":"561","title":"Saline ground-water resources of the Tularosa Basin, New Mexico","docAbstract":"This report describes the location, extent, and quality of saline ground water in the Tularosa Basin, a north-trending elongated, intermontane, desert basin in south-central New Mexico. There are no through-flowing streams; runoff from the bordering mountains flows to ephemeral lakes in the center of the basin.
\nFresh-water supplies in the Tularosa Basin are limited; however, large volumes of saline ground-water underlie most of the basin.
\nConsolidated rocks ranging from Precambrian through Cretaceous in age form \"bedrock\" aquifers in the basin. Where these rocks are exposed in the mountains bordering the basin, and in the north part of the basin, they may yield up to 150 gallons per minute, although yields are usually less than 20 gpm. Water at shallow depths in these rocks usually contain 1-3 g/l. Water quality deteriorates with depth, and more than 35 g/l water is present in some rock units. Few wells have penetrated these rocks beneath the alluvial deposits in the central part of the basin, where well yields and water quality are generally unknown.
\nThe most widely developed aquifer in the basin is the alluvial fill of Tertiary to Holocene age which exceeds 6,000 feet in thickness in the southern part of the basin. Well yields of as much as 1,400 gallons per minute have been measured. Fresh water lenses occur in the alluvial fill adjacent to the mountains on the east and west sides of the southern part of the basin. The water below the fresh-water lenses in the alluvial fill increases in salinity with depth. Salinity also increases toward the center of the basin.
\nThe altitude of isosaline surfaces and thickness of the saline-water zones are shown on maps of the entire basin and of the following detailed areas within the basin: Alamogordo, Tularosa, Carrizozo, and the western margin of the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"McLean, J.S., 1970, Saline ground-water resources of the Tularosa Basin, New Mexico: Research and Development Progress Report 561, ix, 128 p.","productDescription":"ix, 128 p.","numberOfPages":"162","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":298745,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70139928.jpg"},{"id":316473,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70139928/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.787109375,\n 32.00341778396365\n ],\n [\n -106.787109375,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -106.19384765625,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -106.19384765625,\n 32.00341778396365\n ],\n [\n -106.787109375,\n 32.00341778396365\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550bf335e4b02e76d759cdfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLean, J. S.","contributorId":116657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLean","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010222,"text":"70010222 - 1970 - Geological history of the western North Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-30T17:41:16.841041","indexId":"70010222","displayToPublicDate":"1970-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological history of the western North Pacific","docAbstract":"A considerable portion of the abyssal floor of the western North Pacific was already receiving pelagic sediment in late Jurassic time. Carbonate sediments were later replaced by abyssal clays as the basin deepened and bottom waters became more aggressive. The resulting facies boundary, which can be recognized on seismic profiles, is broadly transgressive; it ranges in age from mid-Cretaceous in the western Pacific to Oligocene in the central Pacific. Cherts are encountered at and below the major facies boundary and appear to have been formed by postdepositional processes.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.168.3936.1210","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Fischer, A., Heezen, B., Boyce, R., Bukry, D., Douglas, R., Garrison, R., Kling, S., Krasheninnikov, V., Lisitzin, A., and Pimm, A., 1970, Geological history of the western North Pacific: Science, v. 168, no. 3936, p. 1210-1214, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.168.3936.1210.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1210","endPage":"1214","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219221,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"168","issue":"3936","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2266e4b0c8380cd56ff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, A.G.","contributorId":103001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heezen, B.C.","contributorId":6536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heezen","given":"B.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyce, R.E.","contributorId":8987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyce","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bukry, D.","contributorId":15338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Douglas, R.G.","contributorId":11326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Garrison, R.E.","contributorId":100117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrison","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kling, S.A.","contributorId":64796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kling","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Krasheninnikov, V.","contributorId":78083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krasheninnikov","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lisitzin, A.P.","contributorId":14105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisitzin","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Pimm, A.C.","contributorId":37887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pimm","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70226144,"text":"70226144 - 1970 - Reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-12T16:58:14.566392","indexId":"70226144","displayToPublicDate":"1970-06-01T10:54:53","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","doi":"10.1029/WR006i003p00999","usgsCitation":"Benson, M.A., 1970, Reply: Water Resources Research, v. 6, no. 3, p. 999-999, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR006i003p00999.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"999","endPage":"999","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391619,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, Manuel A.","contributorId":41405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Manuel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010271,"text":"70010271 - 1970 - Comparison of chemical hydrogeology of the carbonate peninsulas of Florida and Yucatan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T15:11:41.544657","indexId":"70010271","displayToPublicDate":"1970-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of chemical hydrogeology of the carbonate peninsulas of Florida and Yucatan","docAbstract":"Aquifers of the peninsulas of Florida and northern Yucatan are Tertiary marine carbonate formations showing many lithologic and faunal similarities. In addition, the tropical to subtropical climates of the two areas are similar, each having annual rainfall of about 1000 to 1500 mm.
Despite similarities in these fundamental controls, contrasts in the hydrologic and geochemical systems are numerous and striking. For example, Florida has many rivers; Yucatan has none. Maximum thickness of fresh ground water in Florida is about 700 meters; in the Yucatan it is less than 70 meters. In Florida the gradient of the potentiometric surface averages about 1 meter per kilometer; in the Yucatan it is exceedingly low, averaging about 0.02 meter per kilometer. In Florida the chemical character of water changes systematically downgradient, owing to solution of minerals of the aquifer and corresponding increases in total dissolved solids, sulfate, calcium, and Mg-Ca ratio; in the Yucatan no downgradient change exists, and dominant processes controlling the chemical character of the water are solution of minerals and simple mixing of the fresh water and the body of salt water that underlies the peninsula at shallow depth.
Hydrologic and chemical differences are caused in part by the lower altitude of the Yucatan plain. More important, however, these differences are due to the lack of an upper confining bed in Yucatan that is hydrologically equivalent to the Hawthorn Formation of Florida. The Hawthorn cover prevents recharge and confines the artesian water except where it is punctured by sinkholes, but sands and other unconsolidated sediments fill sinkholes and cavities and impede circulation. In the Yucatan the permeability of the entire section is so enormous that rainfall immediately infiltrates to the water table and then moves laterally to discharge areas along the coasts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(70)90222-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Back, W., and Hanshaw, B., 1970, Comparison of chemical hydrogeology of the carbonate peninsulas of Florida and Yucatan: Journal of Hydrology, v. 10, no. 4, p. 330-368, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(70)90222-2.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"330","endPage":"368","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218857,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"Florida Peninsula, Yucatan Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 25.403584973186703\n ],\n [\n -82.44140625,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n -83.935546875,\n 30.826780904779774\n ],\n [\n -88.154296875,\n 30.90222470517144\n ],\n [\n -91.318359375,\n 30.675715404167743\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 30.44867367928756\n ],\n [\n -98.7890625,\n 28.07198030177986\n ],\n [\n -99.140625,\n 22.755920681486405\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 19.062117883514652\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 17.811456088564483\n ],\n [\n -90.439453125,\n 17.644022027872726\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 20.3034175184893\n ],\n [\n -89.6484375,\n 21.453068633086783\n ],\n [\n -92.10937499999999,\n 20.2209657795223\n ],\n [\n -94.306640625,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n -96.416015625,\n 21.861498734372567\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 25.3241665257384\n ],\n [\n -96.328125,\n 27.527758206861886\n ],\n [\n -92.021484375,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 28.459033019728043\n ],\n [\n -85.95703125,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -83.75976562499999,\n 28.14950321154457\n ],\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 26.27371402440643\n ],\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 25.24469595130604\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 25.403584973186703\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f854e4b0c8380cd4d01e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Back, W.","contributorId":33839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010288,"text":"70010288 - 1970 - Metamorphic waters from the Pacific tectonic belt of the west coast of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-02T22:32:15.15175","indexId":"70010288","displayToPublicDate":"1970-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metamorphic waters from the Pacific tectonic belt of the west coast of the United States","docAbstract":"Waters unusually rich in ammonia, boron, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrocarbons are found in more than 100 localities along the Pacific coast of the United States. The waters are believed to be products of low-grade metamorphism of marine sediments. The marine sedimentary rocks would have to be tectonically emplaced below crystalline rocks in many places. Mercury are deposits are probably also products of the low-grade metamorphism.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.168.3934.973","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Barnes, I., 1970, Metamorphic waters from the Pacific tectonic belt of the west coast of the United States: Science, v. 168, no. 3934, p. 973-975, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.168.3934.973.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"973","endPage":"975","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219135,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Pacific coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -127.35635450214752,\n 48.04898190833393\n ],\n [\n -126.34257143863715,\n 41.14615384922983\n ],\n [\n -121.28687360549881,\n 32.22727099377326\n ],\n [\n -116.10642335911416,\n 32.61767604636684\n ],\n [\n -121.62983282164126,\n 48.90900218831945\n ],\n [\n -127.35635450214752,\n 48.04898190833393\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"168","issue":"3934","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5502e4b0c8380cd6d0cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, I.","contributorId":23678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010175,"text":"70010175 - 1970 - Tektite 1, man-in-the-sea project: Marine Science Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-02T22:41:37.487661","indexId":"70010175","displayToPublicDate":"1970-05-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tektite 1, man-in-the-sea project: Marine Science Program","docAbstract":"The Tektite experiment was designed to provide data for a number of behavioral, biomedical, and engineering studies in addition to the marine sciences program. Conditions for some of these studies were not altogether compatible with the program for the marine sciences. For example, isolation imposed by human behavioral studies precluded physical contact with the surface team, even though such contact was physically possible and desirable for the conduct of the marine sciences program. Isolation also imposed on the scientific team the duty of all in-habitat maintenance, both scheduled and unscheduled, thereby taking substantial time from scientific research. In addition, between 10 and 20 percent of the waking time was devoted to performance of psychological tests required for the biomedical studies. Most of the experiments were directed toward detecting potentially adverse changes and thus were accepted as necessary and desirable. The only health problem to affect the scientific program during the dive was a minor external ear infection contracted by all the divers. Nonetheless, the experiment demon. strated, at least to our satisfaction, the advantages of underwater habitation and saturation diving for biological and geological research. A major advantage is the opportunity for continuous monitoring of organisms or processes. In addition, underwater habitation provides for considerably more research time in the water than surface diving or intermittent bottom dwelling, and this advantage increases greatly as the depth of habitation increases. Even in the relatively shallow depths at which Tektite 1 was conducted, the undersea team could spend appreciably more time at work in the water than their colleagues on the surface. Finally, Tektite 1 demonstrated that the scientist who lives in the sea need not have the extensive qualifications of a professional diver. Of the four scientists of the in-habitat team, only Crew Chief Waller was so qualified; the other three had used scuba as a research tool, but on a relatively limited basis. Any healthy, well-conditioned marine scientist with a basic diving background is capable of extending his research into the shallow sea on a full-time basis. It is hoped that many such scientists will in the future be able to utilize the undersea laboratory.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.168.3932.659","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Clifton, H., Mahnken, C., Van Derwalker, J.C., and Waller, R., 1970, Tektite 1, man-in-the-sea project: Marine Science Program: Science, v. 168, no. 3932, p. 659-663, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.168.3932.659.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"659","endPage":"663","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219743,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"168","issue":"3932","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba496e4b08c986b320459","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clifton, H.E.","contributorId":44151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifton","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahnken, C.V.W.","contributorId":89636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahnken","given":"C.V.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Derwalker, J. C.","contributorId":47080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Derwalker","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waller, R.A.","contributorId":28002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70230519,"text":"70230519 - 1970 - Some hydrologic & biologic aspects of the Big Cypress Swamp drainage area, southern Florida 1970","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T15:00:28.580447","indexId":"70230519","displayToPublicDate":"1970-05-01T15:47:42","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"FL 70-003","displayTitle":"Some Hydrologic & Biologic Aspects of the Big Cypress Swamp Drainage Area, Southern Florida 1970","title":"Some hydrologic & biologic aspects of the Big Cypress Swamp drainage area, southern Florida 1970","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70230519","usgsCitation":"Klein, H., Schneider, W., McPherson, B.F., and Buchanan, T., 1970, Some hydrologic & biologic aspects of the Big Cypress Swamp drainage area, southern Florida 1970: Open-File Report FL 70-003, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70230519.","productDescription":"94 p.","numberOfPages":"94","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":398771,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70230519/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":398772,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70230519/ofr-fl-70003.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.32 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR FL 70-003"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Big Cypress Swamp drainage area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.42058622198428,\n 26.327094668628618\n ],\n [\n -81.42058622198428,\n 25.544397412931332\n ],\n [\n -80.71638185426374,\n 25.544397412931332\n ],\n [\n -80.71638185426374,\n 26.327094668628618\n ],\n [\n -81.42058622198428,\n 26.327094668628618\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
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