Eleven samples of fluids which had been squeezed on board ship, and four, packaged sediment samples were received in our laboratories. As in Leg 2, the volumes of fluid available were scanty and did not permit multiple determinations of constituents in many of the samples; in Hole 21 the fluid available sufficed only for refractometer readings (a few tenths of a milliliter). Therefore, analytical scatter is again responsible for partially obscuring variations (and constancy) in the conservative constituents such as sodium. However, on the whole the results confirm the features which appeared in Legs 1 and 2. Central oceanic sediments display a remarkable constancy in total salinity, chlorinity and sodium concentration to the greatest depths and ages yet penetrated in the project drillings. Variations attributable to postburial reactions do occur in the remaining major ions, but they usually show little systematic trend with depth--with the exception of potassium, which will be discussed later.
\nMethods remain similar to those employed for Leg 2; the detailed techniques are now being prepared for submission, but a brief description may be obtained from the previous Leg reports (Manheim and Sayles, 1969; Chan and Manheim, 1970). Results from four unsqueezed samples are not complete and, therefore, do not appear here.
","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International","publisherLocation":"College Station, TX","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.3.121.1970","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., Chan, K., Kerr, D., and Sunda, W., 1970, Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 3: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 3, p. 663-666, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.3.121.1970.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"663","endPage":"666","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.3.121.1970","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":292433,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -45.0,-35.0 ], [ -45.0,15.0 ], [ 0.0,15.0 ], [ 0.0,-35.0 ], [ -45.0,-35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fe6e4b0333418718928","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chan, K.M.","contributorId":95399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chan","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kerr, D.","contributorId":88280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerr","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sunda, W.","contributorId":73925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sunda","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70226848,"text":"70226848 - 1970 - Comparative hydrogeology: An example of its use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T14:49:06.491853","indexId":"70226848","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-01T08:30:38","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative hydrogeology: An example of its use","docAbstract":"As a start toward needed classifications of hydrogeologic settings, a type of setting is described. The setting includes areas where soluble materials are exposed to considerable recharge from precipitation and where both the topographic relief and permeability are inappreciable. Typical areas of this setting are (1) the Black Belt of the Coastal Plain of Alabama and Mississippi, underlain by chalk of the Selma Group, and (2) a 25-sq-mi area near Harrisburg, Cabarrus County, North Carolina, underlain by gabbro in the Piedmont province.
Hydrologic conditions that may be inferred and that are easily discernible from this type of setting include: excessive evapotranspiration, low water-table gradient, water table near land surface, thin soils, ground-water movement being almost inappreciable, and the zone of movement being almost limited to a thin zone that includes the contact between the soil and rock, inappreciable ground-water discharge to streams leading, in turn, to a low base flow in streams, low drainage density, and subsurface water relatively high in dissolved mineral matter.
Evaluation of the hydrogeologic setting described leads inductively into the undeveloped field of comparative hydrology, which represents a quick useful means of discerning the significance of processes and principles in particular environments. The setting reveals the significance of solution by subsurface water in developing some plains. Comparative hydrology, using the described setting and typical karst settings as examples, allows an advanced analysis of some pertinent factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1243:CHAEOI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"LeGrand, H.E., 1970, Comparative hydrogeology: An example of its use: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 4, p. 1243-1248, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1243:CHAEOI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1243","endPage":"1248","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392947,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina","city":"Harrisburg","otherGeospatial":"Black Belt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.90469360351562,\n 35.06709715666095\n ],\n [\n -80.28533935546875,\n 35.06709715666095\n ],\n [\n -80.28533935546875,\n 35.496456056584165\n ],\n [\n -80.90469360351562,\n 35.496456056584165\n ],\n [\n -80.90469360351562,\n 35.06709715666095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.01123046875,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -89.132080078125,\n 32.14771106595571\n ],\n [\n -85.341796875,\n 32.11980111179328\n ],\n [\n -88.187255859375,\n 33.293803558346596\n ],\n [\n -88.3740234375,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -89.01123046875,\n 35.0120020431607\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeGrand, Harry E.","contributorId":35824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeGrand","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70219892,"text":"70219892 - 1970 - Green River oil shale—concept of origin extended: An interdisciplinary problem being attacked from both ends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T11:23:51.765336","indexId":"70219892","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-01T06:17:35","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Green River oil shale—concept of origin extended: An interdisciplinary problem being attacked from both ends","docAbstract":"A much fuller understanding of the Green River oil shale and its organic chemistry will emerge when the geologists, paleontologists, organic chemists, biologists, paleolimnologists, and biogeochemists, who are now working on it, integrate their findings with those of the others.
We know from the geology, paleontology, and paleolimnology that the biologic progenitors of the organic substance in the Green River oil shale could only have been microscopic algae, and other micro-organisms, that grew and accumulated in the central parts of large, shallow lakes that existed under a subtropical climate. The only nonlacustrine organic components were wind-blown, or water borne, pollens and waxy spores. These, however, made up a large and important part of the organic-rich sediment. The geology of the Green River Formation shows that as the algal and pollen-rich sediment was buried deeper and deeper, progressively more of its pore water and dissolved constituents were expressed. Static pressures may have reached as much as 210 kg cm−2, and the ambient temperature rose, with depth, to somewhere within the range between 90° and 125° C. Beneath the ancient lakes a tectonically quiescent environment persisted for tens of millions of years after their organic sediments had been deeply buried.
The organic material of the Green River oil shale can be divided into three fractions—a small bitumen fraction that is extractable with common organic solvents, a major fraction called koerogen that consists of insoluble pyrobitumens, and a somewhat smaller inert fraction that is neither soluble nor does it yield oil on pyrolysis. As all three fractions originated in the same algal, pollen-rich sediment, an explanation for their marked differences must be sought in their geochemical history or from a study of the modern analogues of their progenitors. The components of the bitumen fraction consisted of “biological markers” that were inherited from the Eocene plants and animals in which they originally formed. Diagenesis has changed these hydrogen-rich compounds, but not enough to obscure their provenance. Kerogen presumably became insoluble because its hydrogen-rich components polymerized. My speculation is that the inert fraction was derived from a polyphenolic substance produced in the original algal ooze by “non-enzymatic browning.”
Only three Classes of non-marine algae need be considered as progenitors of the Green River oil shale; the Xanthophyceae, the Chlorophyceae, and the Cyanophyceae. Only the Cyanophyceae (the blue-green algae) meet the biologic and paleontologic requirements to have served as the dominant precursors of the Green River oil shale. Several other oil shales clearly were derived from the Xanthophyceae, specifically Botryococcus.
The blue-green algal ooze now forming, and accumulating, in Mud Lake, Florida, has been studied biologically and chemically as a possible present-day analogue of the Green River oil shale precursor. In this small lake we have established the fact that a bacterial inhibitor is produced, which inhibits decay of the algae and thereby permits the accumulation of energy-rich organic compounds. We infer that a similar indigenous inhibitor must have acted in the Eocene lakes to permit them to become the huge energy sinks they were.
Studies of the organic chemistry of living blue-green algae show that they contain appreciable percentages of fatty acids, hydrocarbons, and very large percentages of proteins. These promising, energy-rich compounds could serve as source materials for potential conversion into oil shale in the geologic future. Certain marine anaerobic bacteria convert fatty acids into aliphatic hydrocarbons. Fresh-water obligate anaerobes should be investigated to see if they also convert fatty acids into hydrocarbons. The part played by aquatic animals that live in, or on, freshwater algal ooze in synthesizing hydrocarbons has not been investigated, but deserves attention.
Pollen grains, of course, must be considered an important precursor of hydrocarbons produced on pyrolysis. They contain far higher percentages of long chain hydrocarbons and alcohols than most plant materials.
The major problem ahead is to account for the progressive hydrogenation and subsequent polymerization of the relatively oxygen-rich constituents of algae such as the polysaccharides, amino acids, ammo sugars, and fatty acids into the insoluble pyrobitumens that constitute, particularly, the kerogen fraction of the Green River oil shale.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[985:GROSOO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W.H., 1970, Green River oil shale—concept of origin extended: An interdisciplinary problem being attacked from both ends: GSA Bulletin, v. 81, no. 4, p. 985-1000, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[985:GROSOO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"985","endPage":"1000","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385138,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Green River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.9072265625,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -109.13818359375,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -109.13818359375,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -109.9072265625,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -109.9072265625,\n 40.97989806962013\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, W. H.","contributorId":102452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226768,"text":"70226768 - 1970 - Free-iron and -manganese oxide content of reference clays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-10T14:57:05.670343","indexId":"70226768","displayToPublicDate":"1970-03-01T08:45:17","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3419,"text":"Soil Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Free-iron and -manganese oxide content of reference clays","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","doi":"10.1097/00010694-197003000-00004","usgsCitation":"Anderson, B.J., and Jenne, E., 1970, Free-iron and -manganese oxide content of reference clays: Soil Science, v. 109, no. 3, p. 163-169, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-197003000-00004.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"169","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392725,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, B. J.","contributorId":269969,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenne, E. A.","contributorId":45716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenne","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175874,"text":"70175874 - 1970 - Operators manual for proportional frequency controller","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:48:14","indexId":"70175874","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-03T14:15:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Operators manual for proportional frequency controller","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project","usgsCitation":"Skinner, J.V., and Beverage, J., 1970, Operators manual for proportional frequency controller, 42 p.","productDescription":"42 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327062,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82de1e4b03fd6b7da397a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skinner, J. V.","contributorId":32504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beverage, J.P.","contributorId":44120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beverage","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226554,"text":"70226554 - 1970 - Nuclear methods applied to uranium geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-24T13:50:13.258481","indexId":"70226554","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T07:38:44","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1946,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nuclear methods applied to uranium geochemistry","docAbstract":"The water content of the breccia is 150 to 455 ppm, with a δD from—580 to —870 per mil. Hydrogen gas content is 40 to 53 ppm with a δD of —830 to —970 per mil. The CO2 is 290 to 418 ppm with δ 13C = + 2.3 to + 5.1 per mil and δ18O = 14.2 to 19.1 per mil. Non-CO2 carbon is 22 to 100 ppm, δ13C = —6.4 to —23.2 per mil. Lunar dust is 810 ppm H2O (D = 80 ppm) and 188 ppm total carbon(δ13C = —17.6 per mil). The 18O analyses of whole rocks range from 5.8 to 6.2 per mil. The temperature of crystallization of type B rocks is 1100° to 1300°C, based on the oxygen isotope fractionation between coexisting plagioclase and ilmenite.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70230517","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Hartwell, J., 1970, Some aspects of the availability of water from the Everglades to the Everglades National Park, Florida: Open-File Report FL 70-007, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70230517.","productDescription":"36 p.","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":398761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70230517/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":398762,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70230517/ofr-fl-70007.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.47 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR FL 70-008"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.34452175282718,\n 25.92032487251747\n ],\n [\n -81.34452175282718,\n 25.107313769279898\n ],\n [\n -80.46704817507609,\n 25.107313769279898\n ],\n [\n -80.46704817507609,\n 25.92032487251747\n ],\n [\n -81.34452175282718,\n 25.92032487251747\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
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3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70230516","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Geology, Florida Department of Natural Resources, Florida Department of Transportation, Florida Turstees of the Internal Improvement Trut Fund, Central and Southern Florida Flood Control DIstrict, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, and other State, county, local, and Federal agencies","usgsCitation":"Rabon, J., 1970, Evaluation of streamflow-data program in Florida: Open-File Report FL 70-008, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70230516.","productDescription":"81 p.","numberOfPages":"81","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science 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\"}}]}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/70170204","usgsCitation":"Anderson, H., and Schwob, H., 1970, Floods of April-May 1969 in upper midwestern United States: Open-File Report, 555 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70170204.","productDescription":"555 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319960,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570ccab2e4b0ef3b7ca14716","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, H.W.","contributorId":78016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwob, H.H.","contributorId":23171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwob","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047724,"text":"70047724 - 1970 - Estimating steady-state evaporation rates from bare soils under conditions of high water table","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-17T10:16:21","indexId":"70047724","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T14:33:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Estimating steady-state evaporation rates from bare soils under conditions of high water table","docAbstract":"A procedure that combines meteorological and soil equations of water transfer makes it possible to estimate approximately the steady-state evaporation from bare soils under conditions of high water table. Field data required include soil-water retention curves, water table depth and a record of air temperature, air humidity and wind velocity at one elevation. The procedure takes into account the relevant atmospheric factors and the soil's capability to conduct 'water in liquid and vapor forms. It neglects the effects of thermal transfer (except in the vapor case) and of salt accumulation. Homogeneous as well as layered soils can be treated. Results obtained with the method demonstrate how the soil evaporation rates·depend on potential evaporation, water table depth, vapor transfer and certain soil parameters.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/70047724","usgsCitation":"Ripple, C., Rubin, J., and Van Hylckama, T.E., 1970, Estimating steady-state evaporation rates from bare soils under conditions of high water table: Open-File Report, vii, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70047724.","productDescription":"vii, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"73","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276823,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047724/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":279947,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047724/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52148fe2e4b06d85e08fb4ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ripple, C.D.","contributorId":11586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ripple","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, J.","contributorId":26433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Hylckama, T. E. A.","contributorId":73568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Hylckama","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70227371,"text":"70227371 - 1970 - Origin of the lunar regolith at Tranquillity Base","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-11T20:15:38.501198","indexId":"70227371","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T13:48:12","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Origin of the lunar regolith at Tranquillity Base","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference","conferenceDate":"January 5-8, 1970","conferenceLocation":"Houston, Texas, United States","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, E.M., Hait, M., Swann, G.A., Schleicher, D.L., Schaber, G.G., Sutton, R.L., Dahlen, D.H., Goddard, E.N., and Waters, A.C., 1970, Origin of the lunar regolith at Tranquillity Base, in Proceedings of the Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference, v. 3, Houston, Texas, United States, January 5-8, 1970, p. 2399-2412.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2399","endPage":"2412","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394208,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Levinson, A. A.","contributorId":55283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levinson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830638,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, Eugene Merle","contributorId":20342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"Merle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hait, M. H.","contributorId":59052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hait","given":"M. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swann, Gordon Alfred","contributorId":51834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swann","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"Alfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schleicher, D. L.","contributorId":86009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schleicher","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sutton, R. L.","contributorId":24364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dahlen, D. H.","contributorId":271060,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dahlen","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Goddard, E. N.","contributorId":77158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Waters, A. C.","contributorId":13304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waters","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70260859,"text":"70260859 - 1970 - Data on dye dispersion in a reach of the Sacramento River near Red Bluff, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T13:43:39.750144","indexId":"70260859","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T13:42:38","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Data on dye dispersion in a reach of the Sacramento River near Red Bluff, California","docAbstract":"Late in October 1969, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the California Water Resources Control Board, obtained data on the dispersion of injected dye in a reach of the Sacramento River near Red Bluff, Calif. The study area was in the vicinity of the Red Bluff diversion dam, immediately downstream from the mouth of Red Bank Creek (fig. 1).
The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation is presently constructing the Tehama-Colusa Canal. The canal will receive water from the reservoir behind the diversion dam and the first 3.5 miles of the canal will be used as an artificial spawning channel. As many as 60 million king salmon fingerlings a year are expected to hatch in the spawning channel. Sewage and industrial effluents enter the Sacramento River upstream from the headgates to the canal. The poorly dispersed and diluted effluents discharged into the river may have damaging effects on eggs and fingerlings in the artificial spawning channel.
According to a study made by David R. Minard of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (written commun., May 2, 1969), a 1 percent solution of the upstream industrial effluent from a low-grade papermill increased the growth of the bacterium Pseudomonas and caused 100-percent fatalities by suffocation among the salmon fingerlings.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70260859","usgsCitation":"Balding, G.O., 1970, Data on dye dispersion in a reach of the Sacramento River near Red Bluff, California: Open-File Report, iv, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70260859.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":485057,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70260859/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":463884,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70260859/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Red Bluff","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.29471110143567,\n 40.21544877916756\n ],\n [\n -122.29471110143567,\n 40.13387956150936\n ],\n [\n -122.15850807790099,\n 40.13387956150936\n ],\n [\n -122.15850807790099,\n 40.21544877916756\n ],\n [\n -122.29471110143567,\n 40.21544877916756\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balding, Gary O.","contributorId":25210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balding","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":918308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70110383,"text":"wdrIN691 - 1970 - Water resources data for Indiana, 1969","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-11T09:57:50","indexId":"wdrIN691","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T13:30:49","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IN-69-1","title":"Water resources data for Indiana, 1969","docAbstract":"Surface-water records for the 1969 water year for Indiana, including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, are given in this report and their locations shown in figures 1 and 3. Records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States are also included.
\nWater resources data for the 1969 water year for Indiana include records of data for the chemical and physical characteristics of surface water. Records for a few pertinent water-quality stations in bordering States are also included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrIN691","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Indiana Department of Natural Resources; Indiana State Board of Health; Indiana State Highway Commission; Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Water resources data for Indiana, 1969: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report IN-69-1, ix, 301 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrIN691.","productDescription":"ix, 301 p.","numberOfPages":"313","temporalStart":"1968-10-01","temporalEnd":"1969-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288282,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288281,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1969/in-69-1/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.0979,37.7717 ], [ -88.0979,41.7607 ], [ -84.7847,41.7607 ], [ -84.7847,37.7717 ], [ -88.0979,37.7717 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"538052ece4b0826cd5016a72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168632,"text":"70168632 - 1970 - Geology and ground-water resources of Linn County, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-22T17:06:26.745895","indexId":"70168632","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":148,"text":"Water Supply Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"10","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Linn County, Iowa","docAbstract":"Linn County, in east-central Iowa, covers about 713 square miles and lies in the Western Young Drift section of the Central Lowlands physiographic province. The normal annual rainfall in the county is about 88 inches and the annual mean temperature is about 48°F. The population in 1960 was 136,899, of which 75 percent was urban.
Ground water is a vital natural resource in Linn County-all municipal, farm-domestic, livestock, and most industrial supplies are obtained from this source. An estimated 24 mgd (million gallons per day) of ground water was used in the county in 1964.
The principal aquifers are alluvium, buried channel deposits, Silurian-Devonian limestones and dolomites, and the Jordan Sandstone. All yield fair-to-good quality water, although the water is hard and locally contains high concentrations of iron. All are capable of yielding as much as 500 gallons or more per minute to wells.
Alluvium has been developed for water supplies only at Cedar Rapids, where withdrawals in 1964 averaged 12 mgd for municipal supplies and 2.7 mgd for industrial supplies. The alluvial aquifer yields up to 2,000 gpm (gallons per minute) to wells in the Cedar Rapids well field. Similar yields from alluvium may be available along several reaches of the Cedar and Wapsipinicon Rivers. Smaller quantities are available from the alluvium of Prairie Creek. Alluvial aquifers are readily recharged by precipitation and induced infiltration.
Buried channel deposits occur in preglacial or interglacial valleys that were carved into the bedrock. These old valleys, whose trends roughly parallel the present Cedar River and Prairie Creek, contain water-bearing alluvial deposits that are covered by glacial drift. Data from a few wells tapping these deposits indicate that yields of up to 500 gpm of good-quality water are available from this source. The most favorable areas for development of water supplies are those areas where the channel deposits underlie and receive recharge from the alluvium of the Cedar River and Prairie Creek.
The Silurian-Devonian aquifer's county-wide occurrence, near-surface position, and ability to yield as much as several hundred gallons per minute of good-quality water makes it the most widely used aquifer in Linn County. During 1960-64, withdrawals averaged about 1.5 mgd for domestic-livestock use, about 0.6 mgd for small community use, and about 4 mgd for industrial-commercial use. Withdrawals are concentrated in the Cedar Rapids area, where 65 percent of the withdrawals from the aquifer occur. This concentrated pumpage has caused a progressive lowering of the aquifer's piezometric surface in downtown Cedar Rapids. During the past 70 years, water levels in wells in this locality have declined about 105 feet in the center of the cone of depression and about 26 feet about one mile from the cone's center. Water level in the center of the cone presently is declining at an average rate of 1 foot per year. Because the rate of decline in the same area was determined to have been 2 to 3 feet per year during the 1940's and 50's, the cone is believed to be stabilizing or pumpage is being reduced. The aquifer probably could withstand an additional 150 to 200 feet of piezometric lowering in the Cedar Rapids area, but individual wells would be adversely affected.
The Jordan aquifer, which underlies the entire county, is considered to be the most isotropic and homogeneous aquifer in Linn County. Yields of 1,000 gpm or more of fair-to-good quality water from this source are believed to be available anywhere in the county. The aquifer is not yet developed extensively; an average of about 2.4 mgd was pumped during 1964 for industrial and municipal use in the Cedar Rapids-Marion area.
The shallow bedrock and glacial drift aquifers yield only small quantities of good quality water. Their widespread extent and shallow depth, however, make them suitable for the development of small supplies for domestic and livestock use.
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records","docAbstract":"Water-resources investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey include the collection of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface- and ground-water supplies of the Nation. These data for the 1969 water year for the quality of surface waters in Idaho are presented in this report. Data for a few water quality stations in bordering States are also included. The data were collected by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of W. L. Burnham, district chief, Boise, Idaho.
Water-quality information is presented for chemical quality, water temperatures, and fluvial sediment. Chemical quality includes concentrations of individual dissolved constituents and certain properties or characteristics such as hardness, sodium adsorption ratio, specific conductance, and pH. Water temperature data represent once-daily observations except for stations where a continuous temperature recorder furnishes information from which daily maximums and minimums are obtained. Fluvial-sediment information is given for suspended-sediment discharges and concentrations and for particle size distribution of suspended sediment and bed material.
The Geological Survey, from 1941 through 1965, published an annual series of water-supply papers, \"Quality of Surface Waters of the United States,\" which contained the chemical-quality, temperature, and suspended-sediment data of the water. Each volume covered an area whose boundaries coincided with those of certain natural drainage areas. The records for Idaho are contained in Parts 9-14 of the water-supply paper series. These publications are available in most public libraries.
Beginning with the 1964 water year, water quality records for surface and ground water have been released by the Geological Survey on a state boundary basis. This report is primarily for local and immediate use, and its distribution is limited. These records will be published later in Geological Survey water-supply papers.
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surveys","docAbstract":"In 1966 and 1968 aerial infrared surveys were conducted over 10 of 13 high-temperature thermal areas in Iceland. The surveys were made with an airborne scanner system, utilizing radiation in the 4.5–5.5 μm wavelength band.
Supplementary ground geological studies were made in the Reykjanes and Torfajökull thermal areas to interpret features depicted on the infrared imagery and to relate zones of high heat flux to tectonic structure. In the Reykjanes area in southwestern Iceland a shallow ground temperature map was prepared for temperatures at a depth of 0.5 meters; comparison of this map with the infrared imagery reveals some striking similarities.
It appears that aerial infrared surveys outline the surface thermal patterns of high-temperature areas and aid in relating these patterns to possible geological structures controlling the upflow of hot water. Amplitude-slicing techniques applied to the magnetically taped airborne scanner data permit an estimate to be made of the natural heat output on the basis of size of area and specific radiance.
In addition to their value in preliminary studies of high-temperature areas, infrared surveys conducted at regular intervals over thermal area under exploitation can provide valuable data on changes that occur in surface manifestations with time.
e.
No abstract available.
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