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,{"id":70028812,"text":"70028812 - 2006 - An exploratory method to detect tephras from quantitative XRD scans: Examples from Iceland and east Greenland marine sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70028812","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1905,"text":"Holocene","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An exploratory method to detect tephras from quantitative XRD scans: Examples from Iceland and east Greenland marine sediments","docAbstract":"Tephras, mainly from Iceland, are becoming increasingly important in interpreting leads and lags in the Holocene climate system across NW Europe. Here we demonstrate that Quantitative Phase Analysis of x-ray diffractograms of the < 2 mm of marine sediment fraction (ie, sand, silt and clay) from Iceland and East Greenland can detect peaks in volcanic glass concentrations (weight%) even though discrete tephra layers are not visible; thus it provides a rapid overview of the probable location of volcanic glass within sediment sequences. Experiments in spiking samples from Baffin Bay and an artificial mixture of minerals with known weight% fractions of an Icelandic tephra (Hekla 4) demonstrate a significant correlation (r2 = 0.92 and 0.97) between known and estimated weight percentages, although the slope of the measured to observed weight% is around 0.65 and not 1.0 as expected. In core B997-321PC off North Iceland we identify tephras from point counting in the > 150 um fraction and identify these same peaks in XRD scans - two of these correlate geochemically and chronologically with Hekla 1104 and 3. At a distal site to the WNW of Iceland, on the East Greenland margin (core MD99-2317), the weight% of volcanic glass reaches values of 11% at about the time of the Saksunarvatn tephra. The XRD method identifies the presence of volcanic glass but not its elemental composition; hence it will assist in focusing attention on specific sections of sediment cores for subsequent geochemical fingerprinting of tephras. ?? 2006 SAGE Publications.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Holocene","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1177/0959683606069384","issn":"09596836","usgsCitation":"Andrews, J.T., Eberl, D.D., and Kristjansdottir, G., 2006, An exploratory method to detect tephras from quantitative XRD scans: Examples from Iceland and east Greenland marine sediments: Holocene, v. 16, no. 8, p. 1035-1042, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683606069384.","startPage":"1035","endPage":"1042","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209716,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683606069384"},{"id":236408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea6be4b0c8380cd48851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, John T.","contributorId":79678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kristjansdottir, G.B.","contributorId":27247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kristjansdottir","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028411,"text":"70028411 - 2006 - Ball clay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-16T10:50:50","indexId":"70028411","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ball clay","docAbstract":"In 2005, four companies including H.C. Spinks Clay, Kentucky-Tennessee Clay, Old Hickory Clay and Unimin mined ball clay in four states. Based on a preliminary survey of the ball clay industry, production reached 1.32 Mt valued at $53.3 million. Tennessee was the leading ball clay producer state with 61% of domestic production, followed by Texas, Mississippi and Kentucky.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00265187","usgsCitation":"Virta, R., 2006, Ball clay: Mining Engineering, v. 58, no. 6, p. 19-20.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"20","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efaee4b0c8380cd4a3ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Virta, R.L.","contributorId":39357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virta","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70028453,"text":"70028453 - 2006 - Upstream migration of two pre-spawning shortnose sturgeon passed upstream of Pinopolis Dam, Cooper River, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70028453","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3444,"text":"Southeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upstream migration of two pre-spawning shortnose sturgeon passed upstream of Pinopolis Dam, Cooper River, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Two shortnose sturgeon were artificially passed above the Pinopolis Lock and Dam into the Santee-Cooper Lakes in order to simulate the use of a fish-passage mechanism. Movement patterns and spawning behavior were studied to determine the potential success of future shortnose sturgeon migrations if and when a fish-migration bypass structure is installed. In addition to movement patterns, water temperature was monitored in areas that shortnose sturgeons utilized. Shortnose sturgeon migrated through a large static system to a known shortnose sturgeon spawning area more than 160 km upstream where water temperatures were consistent with known shortnose sturgeon spawning temperatures. No specific movement patterns in the reservoir system were recorded during downstream migrations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1656/1528-7092(2006)5[369:UMOTPS]2.0.CO;2","issn":"15287092","usgsCitation":"Finney, S., Isely, J.J., and Cooke, D., 2006, Upstream migration of two pre-spawning shortnose sturgeon passed upstream of Pinopolis Dam, Cooper River, South Carolina: Southeastern Naturalist, v. 5, no. 2, p. 369-375, https://doi.org/10.1656/1528-7092(2006)5[369:UMOTPS]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"369","endPage":"375","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210437,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1656/1528-7092(2006)5[369:UMOTPS]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":237352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd70e4b08c986b329018","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finney, S.T.","contributorId":66907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finney","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Isely, J. Jeffery","contributorId":97224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isely","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeffery","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooke, D.W.","contributorId":78133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooke","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030509,"text":"70030509 - 2006 - Reproductive and early life stages pathology - Histopathology workshop report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-13T16:58:20","indexId":"70030509","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1123,"text":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive and early life stages pathology - Histopathology workshop report","docAbstract":"<p>Pathology occurring during reproduction and larval development represents an important part of the life cycle of fish, and the diseases that affect eggs and larvae often result in significant losses. However, mortality during this period is frequently ignored or poorly researched as the temptation is to replace the losses rather than investigate the causes. A histopathology workshop organised at the newly refurnished laboratory within the Danish Veterinary School was an opportunity to discuss the pathology of selected diseases associated with Reproductive and Early Life Stages Pathology. Several people also kindly provided reference slides.</p>","language":"English","issn":"01080288","usgsCitation":"Bruno, D., Nowak, B., and Elliott, D.G., 2006, Reproductive and early life stages pathology - Histopathology workshop report: Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, v. 26, no. 1, p. 55-56.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"56","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":319855,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://eafp.org/bulletin-archive/"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa8b5e4b0c8380cd85a32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bruno, D.W.","contributorId":44319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruno","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nowak, B.","contributorId":84948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowak","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, Diane G. 0000-0002-4809-6692 dgelliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-6692","contributorId":2947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Diane","email":"dgelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":427420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70030366,"text":"70030366 - 2006 - Both msa genes in Renibacterium salmoninarum are needed for full virulence in bacterial kidney disease","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-12T16:13:25","indexId":"70030366","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Both msa genes in Renibacterium salmoninarum are needed for full virulence in bacterial kidney disease","docAbstract":"<p>Renibacterium salmoninarum, a gram-positive diplococcobacillus that causes bacterial kidney disease among salmon and trout, has two chromosomal loci encoding the major soluble antigen (msa) gene. Because the MSA protein is widely suspected to be an important virulence factor, we used insertion-duplication mutagenesis to generate disruptions of either the msa1 or msa2 gene. Surprisingly, expression of MSA protein in broth cultures appeared unaffected. However, the virulence of either mutant in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by intraperitoneal challenge was severely attenuated, suggesting that disruption of the msa1 or msa2 gene affected in vivo expression. Copyright ?? 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.72.4.2672-2678.2006","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Coady, A., Murray, A., Elliott, D., and Rhodes, L., 2006, Both msa genes in Renibacterium salmoninarum are needed for full virulence in bacterial kidney disease: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 72, no. 4, p. 2672-2678, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.4.2672-2678.2006.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2672","endPage":"2678","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477592,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.4.2672-2678.2006","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":239548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212122,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.4.2672-2678.2006"}],"volume":"72","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f225e4b0c8380cd4b02b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coady, A.M.","contributorId":60856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coady","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, A.L.","contributorId":70151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, D.G.","contributorId":58226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rhodes, L.D.","contributorId":35948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1008266,"text":"1008266 - 2006 - A structural equation model analysis of postfire plant diversity in California shrublands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-24T12:36:47","indexId":"1008266","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A structural equation model analysis of postfire plant diversity in California shrublands","docAbstract":"<p><span>This study investigates patterns of plant diversity following wildfires in fire‐prone shrublands of California, seeks to understand those patterns in terms of both local and landscape factors, and considers the implications for fire management. Ninety study sites were established following extensive wildfires in 1993, and 1000‐m</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;plots were used to sample a variety of parameters. Data on community responses were collected for five years following fire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to relate plant species richness to plant abundance, fire severity, abiotic conditions, within‐plot heterogeneity, stand age, and position in the landscape. Temporal dynamics of average richness response was also modeled. Richness was highest in the first year following fire, indicating postfire enhancement of diversity. A general decline in richness over time was detected, with year‐to‐year variation attributable to annual variations in precipitation. Peak richness in the landscape was found where (1) plant abundance was moderately high, (2) within‐plot heterogeneity was high, (3) soils were moderately low in nitrogen, high in sand content, and with high rock cover, (4) fire severity was low, and (5) stands were young prior to fire. Many of these characteristics were correlated with position in the landscape and associated conditions. We infer from the SEM results that postfire richness in this system is strongly influenced by local conditions and that these conditions are, in turn, predictably related to landscape‐level conditions. For example, we observed that older stands of shrubs were characterized by more severe fires, which were associated with a low recovery of plant cover and low richness. These results may have implications for the use of prescribed fire in this system if these findings extrapolate to prescribed burns as we would expect.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0503:ASEMAO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Grace, J., and Keeley, J., 2006, A structural equation model analysis of postfire plant diversity in California shrublands: Ecological Applications, v. 16, p. 503-514, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0503:ASEMAO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"503","endPage":"514","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.6083984375,\n              37.996162679728116\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.904296875,\n              36.70365959719456\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.498046875,\n              34.59704151614417\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.43261718749999,\n              33.76088200086917\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.2900390625,\n              32.58384932565662\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.00488281250001,\n              32.58384932565662\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.82910156249999,\n              32.95336814579932\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.2578125,\n              34.05265942137599\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.3896484375,\n              34.92197103616377\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.6083984375,\n              37.996162679728116\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6274","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008407,"text":"1008407 - 2006 - Water-clover ferns, Marsilea, in the Southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-10T13:17:59","indexId":"1008407","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1195,"text":"Castanea","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water-clover ferns, Marsilea, in the Southeastern United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>A surge in the collection of exotic&nbsp;</span><i>Marsilea</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>M. mutica</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>M. minuta</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>M. hirsuta</i><span>&nbsp;in the southeastern United States has prompted the need for updated identification aids. This study provides an annotated key to all water-clover ferns occurring in the region. It describes and illustrates recently documented exotic species and a previously misidentified western introduction. It details the rediscovery of&nbsp;</span><i>M. ancylopoda</i><span>, presumed extinct, and confirms its identification as the western species&nbsp;</span><i>M. oligospora</i><span>. Finally it clarifies the status and distribution of two additional western North American species introduced to the southeast,&nbsp;</span><i>M. vestita</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>M. macropoda</i><span>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Southern Appalachian Botanical Society","doi":"10.2179/05-1.1","usgsCitation":"Jacono, C.C., and Johnson, D.M., 2006, Water-clover ferns, Marsilea, in the Southeastern United States: Castanea, v. 71, no. 1, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.2179/05-1.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49efe4b07f02db5edb02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacono, Colette C.","contributorId":99092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacono","given":"Colette","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, David M.","contributorId":93857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008255,"text":"1008255 - 2006 - The allometric relationship between resting metabolic rate and body mass in wild waterfowl (Anatidae) and an application to estimation of winter habitat requirements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:25","indexId":"1008255","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The allometric relationship between resting metabolic rate and body mass in wild waterfowl (Anatidae) and an application to estimation of winter habitat requirements","docAbstract":"Breeding densities and migration periods of Common Snipe in Colorado were investigated in 1974-75. Sites studied were near Fort Collins and in North Park, both in north central Colorado; in the Yampa Valley in northwestern Colorado; and in the San Luis Valley in south central Colorado....Estimated densities of breeding snipe based on censuses conducted during May 1974 and 1975 were, by region: 1.3-1.7 snipe/ha near Fort Collins; 0.6 snipe/ha in North Park; 0.5-0.7 snipe/ha in the Yampa Valley; and 0.5 snipe/ha in the San Luis Valley. Overall mean densities were 06 and 0.7 snipe/ha in 1974 and 1975 respectively. On individual study sites, densities of snipe ranged from 0.2 to 2.1 snipe/ha. Areas with shallow, stable, discontinuous water levels, sparse, short vegetation, and soft organic soils had the highest densities.....Twenty-eight nests were located having a mean clutch size of 3.9 eggs. Estimated onset of incubation ranged from 2 May through 4 July. Most nests were initiated in May.....Spring migration extended from late March through early May. Highest densities of snipe were recorded in all regions during l&23 April. Fall migration was underway by early September and was completed by mid-October with highest densities occurring about the third week in September. High numbers of snipe noted in early August may have been early migrants or locally produced juveniles concentrating on favorable feeding areas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., and Eadie, J.M., 2006, The allometric relationship between resting metabolic rate and body mass in wild waterfowl (Anatidae) and an application to estimation of winter habitat requirements: Condor, v. 108, p. 166-177.","productDescription":"p. 166-177","startPage":"166","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d6d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M. R.","contributorId":19104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eadie, J. McA","contributorId":92206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eadie","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"McA","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008661,"text":"1008661 - 2006 - Distribution of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-01T13:34:28","indexId":"1008661","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, 2004","docAbstract":"<p>The US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) proposed delisting the Yellowstone grizzly bear (<i>Ursus arctos horribilis</i>) in November 2005. Part of that process required knowledge of the most current distribution of the species. Here, we update an earlier estimate of occupied range (1990&ndash;2000) with data through 2004. We used kernel estimators to develop distribution maps of occupied habitats based on initial sightings of unduplicated females (<i>n</i>&nbsp;= 481) with cubs of the year, locations of radiomarked bears (<i>n</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;170), and spatially unique locations of conflicts, confrontations, and mortalities (<i>n =&nbsp;</i>1,075). Although each data set was constrained by potential sampling bias, together they provided insight into areas in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) currently occupied by grizzly bears. The current distribution of 37,258 km<sup>2</sup> (1990&ndash;2004) extends beyond the distribution map generated with data from 1990&ndash;2000 (34,416 km<sup>2</sup> ). Range expansion is particularly evident in parts of the Caribou&ndash;Targhee National Forest in Idaho and north of Spanish Peaks on the Gallatin National Forest in Montana.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Ursus","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research & Management","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, C., Haroldson, M., Gunther, K., and Moody, D., 2006, Distribution of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, 2004: Ursus, v. 17, p. 63-66.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312250,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bearbiology.com/index.php?id=ursvol17_1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.95068359374999,\n              42.439674178149424\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.95068359374999,\n              45.68315803253308\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.55615234375,\n              45.68315803253308\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.55615234375,\n              42.439674178149424\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.95068359374999,\n              42.439674178149424\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db6409eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, C.C.","contributorId":33658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haroldson, M.A. 0000-0002-7457-7676","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":108047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gunther, K.","contributorId":89841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunther","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moody, D.","contributorId":42562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028289,"text":"70028289 - 2006 - Bald Friar Metabasalt and Kennett Square Amphibolite: Two Iapetan Ocean Floor Basalts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028289","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2897,"text":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bald Friar Metabasalt and Kennett Square Amphibolite: Two Iapetan Ocean Floor Basalts","docAbstract":"The Bald Friar Metabasalt (BFM) and Kennett Square Amphibolite (KSA) are basaltic units found in the Piedmont of southeastern Pennsylvania. The BFM is also recognized in northern Maryland. Both are believed to represent fragments of the floor of the Iapetus Ocean, but are not known occur in direct association with one another. The BFM typically occurs as small fragments having typical stratigraphic thicknesses of 2.5 m, and composed of greenish, fine-grained chlorite-epidote-actinolite-albite metabasalt in ophiolite me??lange. One bed of pillow basalt has been found at the type locality, Bald Friar, Cecil County, Maryland. Even though outcrops of BFM are highly discontinuous, they have a remarkable chemical uniformity over a strike length of 143 km and appear to be equivalent to the Caldwell Group 1b metabasalt of the Thetford, Quebec, area. The BFM is typically associated with ultramafic fragments and may be affiliated with the Baltimore Mafic Complex (BMC), from which a baddeleyite date of 442 +/- 7 Ma (Silurian) has been obtained. The BFM is probably a back arc basin basalt (BABB). Pod and schlieren chromite compositions suggest an island arc environment for the BMC itself. The poorly defined, informal \"Conowingo Creek metabasalt\" of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, occurs on the north margin of the BMC and appears to be a fore arc boninite. The BFM and associated ultramafic fragments serve as a field-mappable marker for the structural equivalent of the Baie Verte-Brompton line in southeastern Pennsylvania and northern Maryland. Steatization of the associated ultramafic fragments has produced zones of extremely low competence that facilitated and localized thrusts of presumed Silurian age and later Alleghanian folding. The KSA typically occurs as much larger bodies having lengths of 3 km and composed of dark, medium-grained hornblende-plagioclase-clinopyroxene gneiss. No ultramafic rocks or me??lange have been recognized with the KSA. In Pennsylvania, the KSA appears to be restricted to a single belt on the south side of the Brandywine massifs. The KSA is transitional from N-OFB (Normal-Ocean Floor Basalt, which can be generated in a variety of oceanic spreading center environments) on the east to P=E-OFB (Plume=Enriched Ocean Floor Basalt, also generated in spreading centers) on the west, suggesting an evolving tectonomagmatic environment. It may be affiliated with the Wilmington Complex.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01941453","usgsCitation":"Smith, R., 2006, Bald Friar Metabasalt and Kennett Square Amphibolite: Two Iapetan Ocean Floor Basalts: Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, v. 28, no. 3, p. 238-253.","startPage":"238","endPage":"253","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efabe4b0c8380cd4a3bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R.C. II","contributorId":74936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.C.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70028174,"text":"70028174 - 2006 - Warming and earlier spring increase Western U.S. forest wildfire activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T12:59:04","indexId":"70028174","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Warming and earlier spring increase Western U.S. forest wildfire activity","docAbstract":"<p>Western United States forest wildfire activity is widely thought to have increased in recent decades, yet neither the extent of recent changes nor the degree to which climate may be driving regional changes in wildfire has been systematically documented. Much of the public and scientific discussion of changes in western United States wildfire has focused instead on the effects of 19th- and 20th-century land-use history. We compiled a comprehensive database of large wildfires in western United States forests since 1970 and compared it with hydroclimatic and land-surface data. Here, we show that large wildfire activity increased suddenly and markedly in the mid-1980s, with higher large-wildfire frequency, longer wildfire durations, and longer wildfire seasons. The greatest increases occurred in mid-elevation, Northern Rockies forests, where land-use histories have relatively little effect on fire risks and are strongly associated with increased spring and summer temperatures and an earlier spring snowmelt.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1128834","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Westerling, A., Hidalgo, H., Cayan, D., and Swetnam, T., 2006, Warming and earlier spring increase Western U.S. forest wildfire activity: Science, v. 313, no. 5789, p. 940-943, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128834.","startPage":"940","endPage":"943","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487564,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/313/5789/940","text":"External Repository"},{"id":237333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210423,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1128834"}],"volume":"313","issue":"5789","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc3c8e4b08c986b32b39e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Westerling, A.L.","contributorId":49562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westerling","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hidalgo, H.G.","contributorId":81229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hidalgo","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":416909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swetnam, T.W.","contributorId":95433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swetnam","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028967,"text":"70028967 - 2006 - Prediction of broadband ground-motion time histories: Hybrid low/high-frequency method with correlated random source parameters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-27T14:01:18","indexId":"70028967","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction of broadband ground-motion time histories: Hybrid low/high-frequency method with correlated random source parameters","docAbstract":"<p>We present a new method for calculating broadband time histories of ground motion based on a hybrid low-frequency/high-frequency approach with correlated source parameters. Using a finite-difference method we calculate low- frequency synthetics (&lt; &sim;1 Hz) in a 3D velocity structure. We also compute broadband synthetics in a 1D velocity model using a frequency-wavenumber method. The low frequencies from the 3D calculation are combined with the high frequencies from the 1D calculation by using matched filtering at a crossover frequency of 1 Hz. The source description, common to both the 1D and 3D synthetics, is based on correlated random distributions for the slip amplitude, rupture velocity, and rise time on the fault. This source description allows for the specification of source parameters independent of any <i>a priori</i> inversion results. In our broadband modeling we include correlation between slip amplitude, rupture velocity, and rise time, as suggested by dynamic fault modeling. The method of using correlated random source parameters is flexible and can be easily modified to adjust to our changing understanding of earthquake ruptures. A realistic attenuation model is common to both the 3D and 1D calculations that form the low- and high-frequency components of the broadband synthetics. The value of <i>Q</i> is a function of the local shear-wave velocity. To produce more accurate high-frequency amplitudes and durations, the 1D synthetics are corrected with a randomized, frequency-dependent radiation pattern. The 1D synthetics are further corrected for local site and nonlinear soil effects by using a 1D nonlinear propagation code and generic velocity structure appropriate for the site&rsquo;s National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) site classification. The entire procedure is validated by comparison with the 1994 Northridge, California, strong ground motion data set. The bias and error found here for response spectral acceleration are similar to the best results that have been published by others for the Northridge rupture.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismomological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Stanford","doi":"10.1785/0120060036","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Liu, P., Archuleta, R., and Hartzell, S., 2006, Prediction of broadband ground-motion time histories: Hybrid low/high-frequency method with correlated random source parameters: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 6, p. 2118-2130, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120060036.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2118","endPage":"2130","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209806,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120060036"}],"volume":"96","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81eae4b0c8380cd7b7cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, P.","contributorId":98443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Archuleta, R.J.","contributorId":79245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archuleta","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hartzell, S.H.","contributorId":27426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028125,"text":"70028125 - 2006 - Near real-time monitoring and mapping of specific conductivity levels across Lake Texoma, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:42","indexId":"70028125","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near real-time monitoring and mapping of specific conductivity levels across Lake Texoma, USA","docAbstract":"A submersible sonde equipped with a specific conductivity probe, linked with a global positioning satellite receiver was developed, deployed on a small boat, and used to map spatial and temporal variations in specific conductivity in a large reservoir. 7,695 sample points were recorded during 8 sampling trips. Specific conductivity ranged from 442 uS/cm to 3,378 uS/cm over the nine-month study. The data showed five statistically different zones in the reservoir: 2 different riverine zones, 2 different riverine transition zones, and a lacustrine zone (the main lake zone). These data were imported to a geographic information system where they were spatially interpolated to generate 8 maps showing specific conductivity levels across the entire surface of the lake. The highly dynamic nature of water quality, due to the widely differing nature of the rivers that flow into the reservoir and the effect of large inflows of fresh water during winter storms is easily captured and visualized using this approach. ?? Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10661-005-9072-x","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Atkinson, S., and Mabe, J., 2006, Near real-time monitoring and mapping of specific conductivity levels across Lake Texoma, USA: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 120, no. 1-3, p. 449-460, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-9072-x.","startPage":"449","endPage":"460","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210229,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-9072-x"},{"id":237089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63d3e4b0c8380cd72704","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkinson, S.F.","contributorId":105902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkinson","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mabe, J.A.","contributorId":47566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mabe","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028486,"text":"70028486 - 2006 - <i>Cladophora</i> (Chlorophyta) spp. harbor human bacterial pathogens in nearshore water of Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T09:05:02","indexId":"70028486","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"<i>Cladophora</i> (Chlorophyta) spp. harbor human bacterial pathogens in nearshore water of Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"<p><i>Cladophora glomerata</i><span>, a macrophytic green alga, is commonly found in the Great Lakes, and significant accumulations occur along shorelines during the summer months. Recently,&nbsp;</span><i>Cladophora</i><span>&nbsp;has been shown to harbor high densities of the fecal indicator bacteria&nbsp;</span><i>Escherichia coli</i><span>&nbsp;and enterococci.&nbsp;</span><i>Cladophora</i><span>&nbsp;may also harbor human pathogens; however, until now, no studies to address this question have been performed. In the present study, we determined whether attached</span><i>Cladophora</i><span>, obtained from the Lake Michigan and Burns Ditch (Little Calumet River, Indiana) sides of a breakwater during the summers of 2004 and 2005, harbored the bacterial pathogens Shiga toxin-producing&nbsp;</span><i>Escherichia coli</i><span>&nbsp;(STEC),</span><i>Salmonella</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>Shigella</i><span>, and&nbsp;</span><i>Campylobacter</i><span>. The presence of potential pathogens and numbers of organisms were determined by using cultural methods and by using conventional PCR, most-probable-number PCR (MPN-PCR), and quantitative PCR (QPCR) performed with genus- and toxin-specific primers and probes. While</span><i>Shigella</i><span>&nbsp;and STEC were detected in 100% and 25%, respectively, of the algal samples obtained near Burns Ditch in 2004, the same pathogens were not detected in samples collected in 2005. MPN-PCR and QPCR allowed enumeration of&nbsp;</span><i>Salmonella</i><span>&nbsp;in 40 to 80% of the ditch- and lakeside samples, respectively, and the densities were up to 1.6 &times; 10</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;cells per g&nbsp;</span><i>Cladophora</i><span>. Similarly, these PCR methods allowed enumeration of up to 5.4 &times; 10</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span><i>Campylobacter</i><span>&nbsp;cells/g</span><i>Cladophora</i><span>&nbsp;in 60 to 100% of lake- and ditchside samples. The&nbsp;</span><i>Campylobacter</i><span>densities were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the lakeside&nbsp;</span><i>Cladophora</i><span>&nbsp;samples than in the ditchside&nbsp;</span><i>Cladophora</i><span>&nbsp;samples. DNA fingerprint analyses indicated that genotypically identical&nbsp;</span><i>Salmonella</i><span>&nbsp;isolates were associated with geographically and temporally distinct&nbsp;</span><i>Cladophora</i><span>&nbsp;samples. However,&nbsp;</span><i>Campylobacter</i><span>&nbsp;isolates were genetically diverse. Since animal hosts are thought to be the primary habitat for</span><i>Campylobacter</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Salmonella</i><span>&nbsp;species, our results suggest that&nbsp;</span><i>Cladophora</i><span>&nbsp;is a likely secondary habitat for pathogenic bacteria in Lake Michigan and that the association of these bacteria with&nbsp;</span><i>Cladophora</i><span>&nbsp;warrants additional studies to assess the potential health impact on beach users.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.00131-06","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Ishii, S., Yan, T., Shively, D., Byappanahalli, M., Whitman, R., and Sadowsky, M., 2006, <i>Cladophora</i> (Chlorophyta) spp. harbor human bacterial pathogens in nearshore water of Lake Michigan: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 72, no. 7, p. 4545-4553, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00131-06.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"4545","endPage":"4553","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477473,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00131-06","text":"External Repository"},{"id":237319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210411,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00131-06"}],"volume":"72","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f60be4b0c8380cd4c57f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ishii, S.","contributorId":59613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishii","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yan, T.","contributorId":92864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yan","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shively, D.A.","contributorId":78123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shively","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Byappanahalli, M.N.","contributorId":11384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byappanahalli","given":"M.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whitman, R.L.","contributorId":69750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sadowsky, M.J.","contributorId":19337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadowsky","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70028311,"text":"70028311 - 2006 - Response of oxidative enzyme activities to nitrogen deposition affects soil concentrations of dissolved organic carbon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:52","indexId":"70028311","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of oxidative enzyme activities to nitrogen deposition affects soil concentrations of dissolved organic carbon","docAbstract":"Recent evidence suggests that atmospheric nitrate (NO3- ) deposition can alter soil carbon (C) storage by directly affecting the activity of lignin-degrading soil fungi. In a laboratory experiment, we studied the direct influence of increasing soil NO 3- concentration on microbial C cycling in three different ecosystems: black oak-white oak (BOWO), sugar maple-red oak (SMRO), and sugar maple-basswood (SMBW). These ecosystems span a broad range of litter biochemistry and recalcitrance; the BOWO ecosystem contains the highest litter lignin content, SMRO had intermediate lignin content, and SMBW leaf litter has the lowest lignin content. We hypothesized that increasing soil solution NO 3- would reduce lignolytic activity in the BOWO ecosystem, due to a high abundance of white-rot fungi and lignin-rich leaf litter. Due to the low lignin content of litter in the SMBW, we further reasoned that the NO3- repression of lignolytic activity would be less dramatic due to a lower relative abundance of white-rot basidiomycetes; the response in the SMRO ecosystem should be intermediate. We increased soil solution NO3- concentrations in a 73-day laboratory incubation and measured microbial respiration and soil solution dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and phenolics concentrations. At the end of the incubation, we measured the activity of ??-glucosidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, phenol oxidase, and peroxidase, which are extracellular enzymes involved with cellulose and lignin degradation. We quantified the fungal biomass, and we also used fungal ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) to gain insight into fungal community composition. In the BOWO ecosystem, increasing NO 3- significantly decreased oxidative enzyme activities (-30% to -54%) and increased DOC (+32% upper limit) and phenolic (+77% upper limit) concentrations. In the SMRO ecosystem, we observed a significant decrease in phenol oxidase activity (-73% lower limit) and an increase in soluble phenolic concentrations (+57% upper limit) in response to increasing NO 3- in soil solution, but there was no significant change in DOC concentration. In contrast to these patterns, increasing soil solution NO3- in the SMBW soil resulted in significantly greater phenol oxidase activity (+700% upper limit) and a trend toward lower DOC production (-52% lower limit). Nitrate concentration had no effect on microbial respiration or ??-glucosidase or N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activities. Fungal abundance and basidiomycete diversity tended to be highest in the BOWO soil and lowest in the SMBW, but neither displayed a consistent response to NO 3- additions. Taken together, our results demonstrate that oxidative enzyme production by microbial communities responds directly to NO3- deposition, controlling extracellular enzyme activity and DOC flux. The regulation of oxidative enzymes by different microbial communities in response to NO3- deposition highlights the fact that the composition and function of soil microbial communities directly control ecosystem-level responses to environmental change. ?? 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10021-004-0149-0","issn":"14329840","usgsCitation":"Waldrop, M., and Zak, D., 2006, Response of oxidative enzyme activities to nitrogen deposition affects soil concentrations of dissolved organic carbon: Ecosystems, v. 9, no. 6, p. 921-933, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0149-0.","startPage":"921","endPage":"933","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210430,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0149-0"},{"id":237343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa5ee4b0c8380cd862c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waldrop, M. P. 0000-0003-1829-7140","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-7140","contributorId":105104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldrop","given":"M. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zak, D.R.","contributorId":55625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zak","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028262,"text":"70028262 - 2006 - The chemical quality of self-supplied domestic well water in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T10:16:21","indexId":"70028262","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1864,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemical quality of self-supplied domestic well water in the United States","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Existing water quality data collected from domestic wells were summarized to develop the first national‐scale retrospective of self‐supplied drinking water sources. The contaminants evaluated represent a range of inorganic and organic compounds, and although the data set was not originally designed to be a statistical representation of national occurrence, it encompasses large parts of the United States including at least some wells sampled in every state and Puerto Rico. Inorganic contaminants were detected in many of the wells, and concentrations exceeded the U.S. EPA maximum contaminant levels (MCLs; federal drinking water standards used to regulate public drinking water quality) more often than organic contaminants. Of the inorganic constituents evaluated, arsenic concentrations exceeded the MCL (10 μg/L) in ∼11% of the 7580 wells evaluated, nitrate exceeded the MCL (10 mg/L) in ∼8% of the 3465 wells evaluated, uranium‐238 exceeded the MCL (30 μg/L) in ∼4% of the wells, and radon‐222 exceeded 300 and 4000 pCi/L (potential drinking water standards currently under review by the U.S. EPA) in ∼75% and 9% of the wells, respectively. The MCLs for total mercury and fluoride were each exceeded in &lt;1% of the wells evaluated. The MCL was exceeded in &lt;1% of all wells for all anthropogenically derived organic contaminants evaluated and was not exceeded for many contaminants. In addition, 10 contaminants evaluated do not currently have an MCL. Atrazine, however, was detected in 24% of the wells evaluated and was the most frequently detected organic contaminant of the 28 organic contaminants evaluated in this study. Simazine and metolachlor each were detected in ∼9% of all wells and tied for second in frequency of detection for organic contaminants. The third and fourth most frequently detected organic contaminants were methyl<span>&nbsp;</span><i>tert</i>‐butyl ether (MTBE) (6%) and chloroform (5%), respectively. Because the water quality of domestic wells is not federally regulated or nationally monitored, this study provides a unique, previously nonexistent, perspective on the quality of the self‐supplied drinking water resources used by ∼45 million Americans in the United States.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.2006.00089.x","issn":"10693629","usgsCitation":"Focazio, M.J., Tipton, D., Shapiro, S.D., and Geiger, L.H., 2006, The chemical quality of self-supplied domestic well water in the United States: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 26, no. 3, p. 92-104, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2006.00089.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"92","endPage":"104","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":210267,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2006.00089.x"},{"id":237136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa2ce4b08c986b322744","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Focazio, Michael J. 0000-0003-0967-5576 mfocazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0967-5576","contributorId":1276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"Michael","email":"mfocazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":417292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tipton, D.","contributorId":58453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tipton","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shapiro, Stephanie Dunkle","contributorId":82738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"Dunkle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Geiger, Linda H.","contributorId":91113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geiger","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70010375,"text":"70010375 - 2006 - Paleoseismic observations of an onshore transform boundary: The Magallanes-Fagnano fault, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:26","indexId":"70010375","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3293,"text":"Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoseismic observations of an onshore transform boundary: The Magallanes-Fagnano fault, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina","docAbstract":"We present preliminary information on the geomorphologic features and paleoseismic record associated with the ruptures of two Ms 7.8 earthquakes that struck Tierra del Fuego and the southernmost continental margin of South America on December 17, 1949. The fault scarp was surveyed in several places cast of Lago Fagnano and a trench across a secondary fault trace of the Magallanes-Fagnano fault was excavated at the Ri??o San Pablo. The observed deformation in a 9 kyr-old peat bog sequence suggests evidence for two, and possibly three pre-1949 paleoearthquakes is preserved in the stratigraphy. The scarp reaches heights up to 11 m in late Pleistocene-Holocence(?) deposits, but the vertical component of the 1949 events was always less than ???1 m. This observation also argues for the occurrence of previous events during the Quaternary. Along die part of the fault we investigated east of Lago Fagnano, the horizontal component of the 1949 rupture does not exceed 4 m and is likely lower than 0.4 m, which is consistent with the kinematics of a local releasing bend, or at the end of a strike-slip rupture zone. ?? 2006 Revista de la Asociacio??n Geolo??gica Argentina.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00044822","usgsCitation":"Costa, C., Smalley, R., Schwartz, D.P., Stenner, H.D., Ellis, M., Ahumada, E., and Velasco, M., 2006, Paleoseismic observations of an onshore transform boundary: The Magallanes-Fagnano fault, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina, v. 61, no. 4, p. 647-657.","startPage":"647","endPage":"657","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7446e4b0c8380cd77558","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Costa, C.H.","contributorId":16972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smalley, R. Jr.","contributorId":74503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smalley","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":52968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stenner, Heidi D.","contributorId":35868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenner","given":"Heidi","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ellis, M.","contributorId":75672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ahumada, E.A.","contributorId":19702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahumada","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Velasco, M.S.","contributorId":77292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velasco","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70028265,"text":"70028265 - 2006 - Airborne lidar sensing of massive stony coral colonies on patch reefs in the northern Florida reef tract","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T13:47:48","indexId":"70028265","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Airborne lidar sensing of massive stony coral colonies on patch reefs in the northern Florida reef tract","docAbstract":"In this study we examined the ability of the NASA Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL) to discriminate cluster zones of massive stony coral colonies on northern Florida reef tract (NFRT) patch reefs based on their topographic complexity (rugosity). Spatially dense EAARL laser submarine topographic soundings acquired in August 2002 were used to create a 1-m resolution digital rugosity map for adjacent NFRT study areas characterized by patch reefs (Region A) and diverse substratums (Region B). In both regions, sites with lidar-sensed rugosities above 1.2 were imaged by an along-track underwater videography system that incorporated the acquisition of instantaneous GPS positions. Subsequent manual interpretation of videotape segments was performed to identify substratum types that caused elevated lidar-sensed rugosity. Our study determined that massive coral colony formation, modified by subsequent physical and biological processes that breakdown patch reef framework, was the primary source of topographic complexity sensed by the EAARL in the NFRT. Sites recognized by lidar scanning to be topographically complex preferentially occurred around the margins of patch reefs, constituted a minor fraction of the reef system, and usually reflected the presence of massive coral colonies in cluster zones, or their derivatives created by mortality, bioerosion, and physical breakdown.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2006.04.017","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Brock, J.C., Wright, C.W., Kuffner, I., Hernandez, R., and Thompson, P., 2006, Airborne lidar sensing of massive stony coral colonies on patch reefs in the northern Florida reef tract: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 104, no. 1, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.04.017.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":210289,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.04.017"},{"id":237167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","volume":"104","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e924e4b0c8380cd48104","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brock, J. C.","contributorId":36095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, C. W. wwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":49758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"C.","email":"wwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuffner, I. B.","contributorId":40328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuffner","given":"I. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hernandez, R.","contributorId":9840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hernandez","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, P.","contributorId":70987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1008236,"text":"1008236 - 2006 - Home range characteristics of great gray owls in Yosemite National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-25T13:37:35","indexId":"1008236","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Home range characteristics of great gray owls in Yosemite National Park, California","docAbstract":"We studied home range and habitat use of radio-tagged Great Gray Owls (<i>Strix nebulosa</i>) in Yosemite, California. From 1986&ndash;90 we made 5338 relocations on nine adult and three juvenile owls. Home-range size was not correlated with number of locations and was significantly different between breeding and nonbreeding periods. Breeding female summer home range averaged 61.47 ha and during the winter 2457.27 ha, while males average 19.89 and 2112.87 ha, respectively. Juveniles and nonbreeding birds had home-range sizes intermediate between seasonal values of breeding owls. Home ranges for California Great Gray Owls were larger than has been recorded for all studies in North America, but smaller than in Europe. All owls were found to have intensive high-use activity centers (<i>x</i><sup>&#8722;</sup> = 17.56 ha) in summer, with use patterns influenced primarily by meadows. Over 60% of all relocations occurred within 100 m of a meadow. Great Gray Owls habitat usage during summer was concentrated in fir (<i>Abies</i> spp.) and lodgepole (<i>Pinus contorta</i>) habitat types, while during the winter, birds moved to lower elevations into Sierra mixed conifer habitats. This post-breeding movement was the cause of the large nonbreeding home ranges. During winter, paired birds did not remain together, even though all birds moved to lower elevation habitats below deep snow-pack levels. We suggest that Great Gray Owls in California have responded to the relatively hot and southern habitat with unique adaptations that have allowed several local populations to persist within the upper montane Sierra Nevada forest zone. The protection of meadow foraging habitat, as well as nesting locations, will be important for the continued preservation of this southernmost North American population of Great Gray Owls in Yosemite National Park.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Raptor Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"van Riper, C., and van Wagtendonk, J., 2006, Home range characteristics of great gray owls in Yosemite National Park, California: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 40, no. 2, p. 130-141.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"130","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":112452,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3356/0892-1016%282006%2940%5B130%3AHRCOGG%5D2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Yosemite National Park","volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bec7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":317112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Wagtendonk, Jan W. 0000-0002-0788-2654","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0788-2654","contributorId":98269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Wagtendonk","given":"Jan W.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":317113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70028360,"text":"70028360 - 2006 - Cometary impact and amino acid survival - Chemical kinetics and thermochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028360","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2424,"text":"Journal of Physical Chemistry A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cometary impact and amino acid survival - Chemical kinetics and thermochemistry","docAbstract":"The Arrhenius parameters for the initiating reactions in butane thermolysis and the formation of soot, reliable to at least 3000 K, have been applied to the question of the survival of amino acids in cometary impacts on early Earth. The pressure/temperature/time course employed here was that developed in hydrocode simulations for kilometer-sized comets (Pierazzo and Chyba, 1999), with attention to the track below 3000 K where it is shown that potential stabilizing effects of high pressure become unimportant kinetically. The question of survival can then be considered without the need for assignment of activation volumes and the related uncertainties in their application to extreme conditions. The exercise shows that the characteristic times for soot formation in the interval fall well below the cooling periods for impacts ranging from fully vertical down to about 9?? above horizontal. Decarboxylation, which emerges as more rapid than soot formation below 2000-3000 K, continues further down to extremely narrow impact angles, and accordingly cometa??ry delivery of amino acids to early Earth is highly unlikely. ?? 2006 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Physical Chemistry A","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/jp054848r","issn":"10895639","usgsCitation":"Ross, D., 2006, Cometary impact and amino acid survival - Chemical kinetics and thermochemistry: Journal of Physical Chemistry A, v. 110, no. 21, p. 6633-6637, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp054848r.","startPage":"6633","endPage":"6637","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210212,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp054848r"},{"id":237065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7e4e4b0c8380cd4cd69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, D.S.","contributorId":33867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70028218,"text":"70028218 - 2006 - Effects of structural complexity enhancement on eastern red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus) populations in northern hardwood forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:43","indexId":"70028218","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of structural complexity enhancement on eastern red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus) populations in northern hardwood forests","docAbstract":"Managing for stand structural complexity in northern hardwood forests has been proposed as a method for promoting microhabitat characteristics important to eastern red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus). We evaluated the effects of alternate, structure-based silvicultural systems on red-backed salamander populations at two research sites in northwestern Vermont. Treatments included two uneven-aged approaches (single-tree selection and group-selection) and one unconventional approach, termed \"structural complexity enhancement\" (SCE), that promotes development of late-successional structure, including elevated levels of coarse woody debris (CWD). Treatments were applied to 2 ha units and were replicated two to four times depending on treatment. We surveyed red-backed salamanders with a natural cover search method of transects nested within vegetation plots 1 year after logging. Abundance estimates corrected for detection probability were calculated from survey data with a binomial mixture model. Abundance estimates differed between study areas and were influenced by forest structural characteristics. Model selection was conducted using Akaike Information Criteria, corrected for over-dispersed data and small sample size (QAICc). We found no difference in abundance as a response to treatment as a whole, suggesting that all of the uneven-aged silvicultural systems evaluated can maintain salamander populations after harvest. However, abundance was tied to specific structural habitat attributes associated with study plots within treatments. The most parsimonious model of habitat covariates included site, relative density of overstory trees, and density of more-decayed and less-decayed downed CWD. Abundance responded positively to the density of downed, well-decayed CWD and negatively to the density of poorly decayed CWD and to overstory relative density. CWD volume was not a strong predictor of salamander abundance. We conclude that structural complexity enhancement and the two uneven-aged approaches maintained important microhabitat characteristics for red-backed salamander populations in the short term. Over the long-term, given decay processes as a determinant of biological availability, forestry practices such as SCE that enhance CWD availability and recruitment may result in associated population responses. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.034","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"McKenny, H., Keeton, W., and Donovan, T., 2006, Effects of structural complexity enhancement on eastern red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus) populations in northern hardwood forests: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 230, no. 1-3, p. 186-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.034.","startPage":"186","endPage":"196","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210127,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.034"},{"id":236953,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"230","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07e3e4b0c8380cd518a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenny, H.C.","contributorId":7486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenny","given":"H.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeton, W.S.","contributorId":35936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeton","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donovan, T.M.","contributorId":91602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donovan","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70028316,"text":"70028316 - 2006 - A static predictor of seismic demand on frames based on a post-elastic deflected shape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028316","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1434,"text":"Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A static predictor of seismic demand on frames based on a post-elastic deflected shape","docAbstract":"Predictors of seismic structural demands (such as inter-storey drift angles) that are less time-consuming than nonlinear dynamic analysis have proven useful for structural performance assessment and for design. Luco and Cornell previously proposed a simple predictor that extends the idea of modal superposition (of the first two modes) with the square-root-of-sum-of-squares (SRSS) rule by taking a first-mode inelastic spectral displacement into account. This predictor achieved a significant improvement over simply using the response of an elastic oscillator; however, it cannot capture well large displacements caused by local yielding. A possible improvement of Luco's predictor is discussed in this paper, where it is proposed to consider three enhancements: (i) a post-elastic first-mode shape approximated by the deflected shape from a nonlinear static pushover analysis (NSPA) at the step corresponding to the maximum drift of an equivalent inelastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system, (ii) a trilinear backbone curve for the SDOF system, and (iii) the elastic third-mode response for long-period buildings. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed predictor is less biased and results in less dispersion than Luco's original predictor. Copyright ?? 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/eqe.587","issn":"00988847","usgsCitation":"Mori, Y., Yamanaka, T., Luco, N., and Cornell, C., 2006, A static predictor of seismic demand on frames based on a post-elastic deflected shape: Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, v. 35, no. 10, p. 1295-1318, https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.587.","startPage":"1295","endPage":"1318","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210051,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.587"},{"id":236853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5ace4b0c8380cd46eea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mori, Y.","contributorId":66902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yamanaka, T.","contributorId":10601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamanaka","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luco, N.","contributorId":34240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luco","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cornell, C.A.","contributorId":36238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornell","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028248,"text":"70028248 - 2006 - Mortality and pathology in brown bullheads Amieurus nebulosus associated with a spontaneous Edwardsiella ictaluri outbreak under tank culture conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-18T11:05:36","indexId":"70028248","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality and pathology in brown bullheads Amieurus nebulosus associated with a spontaneous Edwardsiella ictaluri outbreak under tank culture conditions","docAbstract":"Brown bullheads Amieurus nebulosus (family Ictaluridae) are commonly used as a sentinel of environmental contamination. These fish are not generally cultured under laboratory conditions and little is known about their disease susceptibility. Here we report an outbreak of disease due to Edwardsiella ictaluri in a laboratory population of tank-reared, wild-caught brown bullheads. The isolate was positively identified as E. ictaluri using standard bacteriological substrate utilization tests and a monoclonal antibody specific for this bacterium. This pathogen causes a significant disease in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and is associated with disease in other ictalurid and non-ictalurid fishes. It appears that E. ictaluri is also a significant pathogen in brown bullheads and produces clinical signs and lesions similar but not identical to those observed in channel catfish. Since commercial sources of bullheads for laboratory tank studies are not available, precautions should be taken to prevent potential E. ictaluri disease outbreaks from wild-caught bullheads intended for laboratory research. ?? Inter-Research 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","issn":"01775103","usgsCitation":"Iwanowicz, L., Griffin, A., Cartwright, D.D., and Blazer, V., 2006, Mortality and pathology in brown bullheads Amieurus nebulosus associated with a spontaneous Edwardsiella ictaluri outbreak under tank culture conditions: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 70, no. 3, p. 219-225.","productDescription":"p.219-225","startPage":"219","endPage":"225","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":265911,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.int-res.com/articles/dao2006/70/d070p219.pdf"},{"id":236884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e6ce4b0c8380cd70a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iwanowicz, L. R. 0000-0002-1197-6178","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1197-6178","contributorId":43864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwanowicz","given":"L. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, A.R.","contributorId":79281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cartwright, Deborah D.","contributorId":28202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blazer, V. S. 0000-0001-6647-9614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":56991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"V. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028137,"text":"70028137 - 2006 - The giant Carlin gold province: A protracted interplay of orogenic, basinal, and hydrothermal processes above a lithospheric boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70028137","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The giant Carlin gold province: A protracted interplay of orogenic, basinal, and hydrothermal processes above a lithospheric boundary","docAbstract":"Northern Nevada hosts the only province that contains multiple world-class Carlin-type gold deposits. The first-order control on the uniqueness of this province is its anomalous far back-arc tectonic setting over the rifted North American paleocontinental margin that separates Precambrian from Phanerozoic subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Globally, most other significant gold provinces form in volcanic arcs and accreted terranes proximal to convergent margins. In northern Nevada, periodic reactivation of basement faults along this margin focused and amplified subsequent geological events. Early basement faults localized Devonian synsedimentary extension and normal faulting. These controlled the geometry of the Devonian sedimentary basin architecture and focused the discharge of basinal brines that deposited syngenetic gold along the basin margins. Inversion of these basins and faults during subsequent contraction produced the complex elongate structural culminations that characterize the anomalous mineral deposit \"trends.\" Subsequently, these features localized repeated episodes of shallow magmatic and hydrothermal activity that also deposited some gold. During a pulse of Eocene extension, these faults focused advection of Carlin-type fluids, which had the opportunity to leach gold from gold-enriched sequences and deposit it in reactive miogeoclinal host rocks below the hydrologic seal at the Roberts Mountain thrust contact. Hence, the vast endowment of the Carlin province resulted from the conjunction of spatially superposed events localized by long-lived basement structures in a highly anomalous tectonic setting, rather than by the sole operation of special magmatic or fluid-related processes. An important indicator of the longevity of this basement control is the superposition of different gold deposit types (e.g., Sedex, porphyry, Carlin-type, epithermal, and hot spring deposits) that formed repeatedly between the Devonian and Miocene time along the trends. Interestingly, the large Cretaceous Alaska-Yukon intrusion-related gold deposits (e.g., Fort Knox) are associated with the northern extension of the same lithospheric margin in the Selwyn basin, which experienced an analogous series of geologic events. ?? Springer-Verlag 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00126-006-0085-3","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Emsbo, P., Groves, D., Hofstra, A., and Bierlein, F., 2006, The giant Carlin gold province: A protracted interplay of orogenic, basinal, and hydrothermal processes above a lithospheric boundary: Mineralium Deposita, v. 41, no. 6, p. 517-525, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-006-0085-3.","startPage":"517","endPage":"525","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210393,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-006-0085-3"},{"id":237298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac84e4b08c986b32354f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emsbo, P.","contributorId":59901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Groves, D.I.","contributorId":73616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bierlein, F.P.","contributorId":74945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bierlein","given":"F.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}