The IASH Commission of Snow and Ice met jointly with the Working Group on Glaciology of the Special Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR).
Five technical guides have been prepared by the Commission of Snow and Ice for major IHD projects and have been in press at Unesco for more than a year and a half. They should be published by December 1969. A sixth guide, on Sea, Lake and River Ice, was approved for publication, and two other guides (Avalanche Classification and Part 2 of Combined Heat, Ice, and Water Balances) have been distributed in first or second draft form. They should be ready for approval by the next meeting of the officers of the Commission. Even though these guides have not yet been officially published, they have served as instruction and coordination media for a large number of glacier and seasonal snow cover projects in many nations during the first part of the International Hydrological Decade.
","conferenceTitle":"IASH Commission of Snow and Ice Meeting","conferenceDate":"September 3-5, 1969","conferenceLocation":"Paris, France","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO051i001p00030-01","usgsCitation":"Meier, M.F., 1970, IASH Commission of Snow and Ice meeting: Paris, France, September 3-5, 1969: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 51, no. 1, p. 30-30, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO051i001p00030-01.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391866,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meier, Mark Frederick","contributorId":30982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"Frederick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81373,"text":"81373 - 1970 - A brief history of commercial fishing in Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-18T11:48:52","indexId":"81373","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":29,"text":"Fishery Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"630","title":"A brief history of commercial fishing in Lake Erie","docAbstract":"Salient features of the development of the industry from about 1815 to 1968, changes in fishing gears and methods, changes in the kinds and abundance of fishes caught, and the attendant effects of disappearing species on the stability of the fishery are described. The history and present status of the walleye, yellow perch, and eight other fishes, still taken in commercial quantities, are presented in more detail and are considered in the context of their effect on the current moribund state of the U.S. fishery. Past and present contributions of Lake Erie's tributaries and northerly connecting waters to the fishery are outlined briefly. The \"outlook\" for the fishery under present conditions of selective overfishing for high-value species, excessive pollution, ineffective and uncoordinated regulation, and antiquated methods of handling, processing, and marketing fish are discussed, and possible solutions to these problems are suggested.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Applegate, V.C., and Van Meter, H.D., 1970, A brief history of commercial fishing in Lake Erie: Fishery Leaflet 630, iii, 28 p.","productDescription":"iii, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318410,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/81373.jpg"},{"id":318402,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/81373/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.8983154296875,\n 42.90413649491733\n ],\n [\n -79.69482421875,\n 42.87596410238254\n ],\n [\n -80.233154296875,\n 42.79943131987838\n ],\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 42.61374895431491\n ],\n [\n -80.6011962890625,\n 42.589488572714245\n ],\n [\n -81.1175537109375,\n 42.68243539838623\n ],\n [\n -81.4581298828125,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -81.73278808593749,\n 42.45183466943919\n ],\n [\n -82.100830078125,\n 42.26511445833756\n ],\n [\n -82.4359130859375,\n 42.11859868281563\n ],\n [\n -82.51281738281249,\n 42.02481360781777\n ],\n [\n -82.518310546875,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -82.5897216796875,\n 42.04113400940809\n ],\n [\n -82.6666259765625,\n 42.05337156043361\n ],\n [\n -82.9302978515625,\n 42.004407212963585\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -83.16650390625,\n 42.13896840458089\n ],\n [\n -83.243408203125,\n 42.02889410108475\n ],\n [\n -83.485107421875,\n 41.7672146942102\n ],\n [\n -83.4796142578125,\n 41.68932225997044\n ],\n [\n -83.33129882812499,\n 41.66470503009207\n ],\n [\n -83.0841064453125,\n 41.57847058443442\n ],\n [\n -82.99072265625,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -83.0181884765625,\n 41.43449030894922\n ],\n [\n -82.9193115234375,\n 41.38917324986403\n ],\n [\n -82.6611328125,\n 41.4509614012039\n ],\n [\n -82.5018310546875,\n 41.35619553438905\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 41.413895564677304\n ],\n [\n -82.254638671875,\n 41.42625319507272\n ],\n [\n -82.02941894531249,\n 41.51269075845857\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 41.463311976686235\n ],\n [\n -81.6119384765625,\n 41.53325414281322\n ],\n [\n -81.40869140625,\n 41.68111756290652\n ],\n [\n -81.0791015625,\n 41.81636125072054\n ],\n [\n -80.694580078125,\n 41.91045347666418\n ],\n [\n -80.13427734374999,\n 42.10229818948117\n ],\n [\n -79.5465087890625,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -79.3212890625,\n 42.48019996901214\n ],\n [\n -79.12902832031249,\n 42.55712670332118\n ],\n [\n -79.013671875,\n 42.69454866207692\n ],\n [\n -78.848876953125,\n 42.767178634023345\n ],\n [\n -78.8433837890625,\n 42.81555136172695\n ],\n [\n -78.8983154296875,\n 42.90413649491733\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d579bae4b015c306f1fc21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Applegate, Vernon C.","contributorId":39317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Applegate","given":"Vernon","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Meter, Harry D.","contributorId":36887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Meter","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000319,"text":"1000319 - 1970 - Pesticide concentrations in Great Lakes fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T13:04:13","indexId":"1000319","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3038,"text":"Pesticides Monitoring Journal","onlineIssn":" 0031-615","printIssn":" 0031-615","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticide concentrations in Great Lakes fish","docAbstract":"During the past 4 years the Ann Arbor Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has been monitoring insecticide levels in fish from the Great Lakes. The two insecticides found in all Great Lakes fish have been DDT (DDT, DDD, DDE) and dieldrin. Fish from Lake Michigan contain from 2 to 7 times as much of these insecticides as those from the other Great Lakes. Insecticide levels calculated on a whole-fish basis show a marked difference from species to species. Within a species there is also an increase in DDT and dieldrin levels with an increase in size. If these insecticide levels are, however, calculated as ppm of insecticide in the extractable fish oil, the differences in concentration between species and the differences between size groups becomes considerably less. Laboratory experiments indicate that fish can build up concentrations of DDT and dieldrin at the parts-per-million level from parts-per-trillion concentrations in the water.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pesticides Monitoring Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Reinert, R.E., 1970, Pesticide concentrations in Great Lakes fish: Pesticides Monitoring Journal, v. 3, no. 4, p. 233-240.","productDescription":"p. 233-240","startPage":"233","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130476,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269747,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26094207"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68838e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reinert, Robert E.","contributorId":101214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinert","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":93772,"text":"93772 - 1970 - Testing of selected pharmacological agents for capturing waterfowl [Annual Progress Report]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:01","indexId":"93772","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Testing of selected pharmacological agents for capturing waterfowl [Annual Progress Report]","docAbstract":"The response of game-farm mallards (Frost strain) to seven pharmacological immobilizing agents was evaluated in Phase I of a planned four-phase study. A limited amount of testing was also done with wild mallards. Single dosages were administered to determine the mean effective dose (ED50) and mean lethal dose (LD50), The therapeutic index, or safety factor (LD50/ED50), and palatability were also established. Optimum dosage rates of compounds administered orally on baits were not considered in this phase of the study. Compounds were-administered by intubation and calculated in terms of mg/kg. All except one compound produced narcosis within 5 minutes at the effective dose rate.Immobilization periods for the seven compounds ranged from 7-24 minutes, and recovery periods from 1.0-6.5 hours. Such wide variations in actions of the compounds can be attributed to a compound's rate of absorption, the ease with which it passes the blood-brain barrier, its solubility in tissues, and its rate of metabolism in the liver and kidneys. Length of both the immobilization and recovery periods were extended when dosages were increased. There was no delayed mortality among survivors with any of the seven compounds at either the ED50 or LD50. Females were generally more sensitive to the anesthetizing agents than males. The ED50 for wild mallards was substantially higher than that for the experimental game-farm birds for the two compounds on which this was tested.Tribromoethanol (Avertin of Winthrop Laboratories) satisfied all test criteria an Phase I and will be subjected to more intensive investigation in ensuing tests. Thiopental sodium (Pentothal of Amdal Company) and pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal of Abbott Laboratories) were judged to be marginal. Although their therapeutic indexes were good (5.00), recovery periods were prolonged and toxic convulsions occurred at medium to high dose rates as the LD50 was approached.Alpha-chloralose (Fisher Scientific) proved least promising of the seven compounds, mainly because of its unacceptable therapeutic index (2.25) and because it possesses prolonged induction and recovery periods. Two new experimental drugs, methoxymol and metomidate (Pitman-Moore), appeared effective and safe when administered by intubation but produced a taste aversion when added to bait. Rejection because of taste was also a problem with secobarbital (Seconal of Elanco Products), and its therapeutic index of 2.75 was unacceptable. Monitoring of heart and respiratory rates, and body temperature by telemetry showed promise as a technique for determining physiological response to drug action.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","usgsCitation":"Cline, D., 1970, Testing of selected pharmacological agents for capturing waterfowl [Annual Progress Report], 26 pp.","productDescription":"26 pp.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db68477b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cline, D.R.","contributorId":45655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cline","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000457,"text":"1000457 - 1970 - An annotated list of the fishes of Lake Erie and its tributary waters exclusive of the Detroit River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T15:34:32","indexId":"1000457","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2938,"text":"Ohio Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An annotated list of the fishes of Lake Erie and its tributary waters exclusive of the Detroit River","docAbstract":"Dramatic fluctuations have occurred in the abundance of many species in Lake Erie and its tributary waters in the last century. Some fishes of former economic importance have become commercially extinct. Several species apparently have been extirpated, especially in the tributaries. It is believed that further changes in the abundance of other species will occur in the near future. This publication consolidates the confirmed records of fish species for Lake Erie and its tributaries. One hundred and thirty-eight species of fishes are listed and, where appropriate, brief comments on present and past distribution and abundance and economic status are given. Selected references are listed as additional sources of information for each species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ohio Journal of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ohio Academy of Science","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Van Meter, H.D., and Trautman, M.B., 1970, An annotated list of the fishes of Lake Erie and its tributary waters exclusive of the Detroit River: Ohio Journal of Science, v. 70, no. 2, p. 65-78.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266963,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1811/5521"}],"volume":"70","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6857b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Meter, Harry D.","contributorId":36887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Meter","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trautman, Milton B.","contributorId":19120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trautman","given":"Milton","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000057,"text":"1000057 - 1970 - Trace metal characterization in aquatic environments by anodic stripping voltammetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-18T11:45:20","indexId":"1000057","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2573,"text":"Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace metal characterization in aquatic environments by anodic stripping voltammetry","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Water Environment Federation","usgsCitation":"Allen, H., Matson, W., and Mancy, K.H., 1970, Trace metal characterization in aquatic environments by anodic stripping voltammetry: Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, v. 42, no. 4, p. 573-581.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"573","endPage":"581","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":318957,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25036540"}],"volume":"42","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db62754f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Herbert E.","contributorId":42553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Herbert E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matson, W.R.","contributorId":106830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matson","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mancy, K. H.","contributorId":14344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mancy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000481,"text":"1000481 - 1970 - Walleye fishery of Lake Erie in 1943-62 with emphasis on contributions of the 1942-61 year-classes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T15:45:32","indexId":"1000481","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Walleye fishery of Lake Erie in 1943-62 with emphasis on contributions of the 1942-61 year-classes","docAbstract":"The commercial fishery for walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) in Lake Erie virtually collapsed in the late 1950's. The extreme decline in production was attributed primarily to a succession of weak year-classes, caused by habitat deterioration (increased water temperatures, enrichment, and pollution) in western Lake Erie. Unusually high fishing intensity and high yields of walleyes in the mid-1950's contributed to the collapse.Annual lakewide production of walleyes dropped from a record high of 15 million lb in 1956 to a record low of 717,000 lb in 1962. Canadian catches exceeded those of the United States only during the high production years of 1956–58; U.S. fishermen took 71% of the total catch in 1915–62.On the basis of the numbers of fish of the various year-classes in the fall trapnet samples at Sandusky, Ohio, in 1943–62, all but one of the 1942–52 year-classes were above average strength, and all but one of the 1953–61 year-classes were below average. Fish of the 1953–61 year-classes grew much faster than those of the 1942–52 year-classes. The strong 1948 year-class was followed by a series of progressively weaker year-classes until 1958; year-class strengths remained low through 1962.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f70-169","usgsCitation":"Parsons, J.W., 1970, Walleye fishery of Lake Erie in 1943-62 with emphasis on contributions of the 1942-61 year-classes: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 27, no. 8, p. 1475-1489, https://doi.org/10.1139/f70-169.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1475","endPage":"1489","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd50f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, John W.","contributorId":21899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":96406,"text":"96406 - 1970 - Topographic influence on the pattern of plant communities, phenology, and water relations of a desert ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:50","indexId":"96406","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Topographic influence on the pattern of plant communities, phenology, and water relations of a desert ecosystem","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"Arizona State University, Tempe","publisherLocation":"Tempe, AZ","usgsCitation":"Halvorson, W.L., 1970, Topographic influence on the pattern of plant communities, phenology, and water relations of a desert ecosystem, 152 p.","productDescription":"152 p.","startPage":"152","numberOfPages":"152","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629f29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halvorson, W. L.","contributorId":26246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halvorson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000384,"text":"1000384 - 1970 - Species interactions of the alewife in the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T13:57:04","indexId":"1000384","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Species interactions of the alewife in the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"The alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) has caused serious problems in the Great Lakes for almost 100 years. It entered Lake Ontario in abundance via the Erie Canal during the 1860's when major piscivores were declining, and became the dominant species in the lake during the 1870's. The alewife subsequently spread throughout the Great Lakes and became the dominant species in Lakes Huron and Michigan as major piscivores declined. In lakes where it became extremely abundant, the shallow-water planktivores declined in the first decade after alewife establishment, the minor piscivores increased then declined in the second decade, and the deep-water planktivores declined in the third decade. The consequence has been a general reduction in fishery productivity. Rehabilitation will require extreme reduction of the alewife, and restoration of an interacting complex of deep- and shallow-water forage species, and minor and major piscivores, either by reestablishing species affected by the alewife, or by the introduction of new species that can thrive under the new ecological conditions of the lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1970)99<754:SIOTAI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.H., 1970, Species interactions of the alewife in the Great Lakes: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 99, no. 4, p. 754-765, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1970)99<754:SIOTAI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"754","endPage":"765","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e609b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Stanford H.","contributorId":86711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stanford","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001521,"text":"1001521 - 1970 - Alula removal technique for identifying wings of released waterfowl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T17:41:15.326122","indexId":"1001521","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alula removal technique for identifying wings of released waterfowl","docAbstract":"A technique for marking waterfowl ducklings less than 1 day old was developed to permit subsequent identification in the hand. Marking was accomplished by removing the alulae from wings of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings with a small scissors or clipper. No differences in growth rate, behavior, or flight capability were noted between clipped and nonclipped birds. Thirty-five hundred ducklings were clipped when less than 1 day old, and 1,880 of these birds were subsequently examined at 4 1/2 weeks of age. Significant (P <0.01) differences in successful removal of right and left alulae indicate that right-handed persons should exercise more care when clipping left wings than when clipping right wings. Alula removal appears to be effective for marking the wings of waterfowl.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799500","usgsCitation":"Burger, G., Greenwood, R.J., and Oldenburg, R., 1970, Alula removal technique for identifying wings of released waterfowl: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 34, no. 1, p. 137-140, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799500.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"140","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133723,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686878","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burger, G.V.","contributorId":64209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burger","given":"G.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greenwood, R. J.","contributorId":74326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenwood","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oldenburg, R.C.","contributorId":10393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oldenburg","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5220822,"text":"5220822 - 1970 - Correction of bias in belt transect studies of immotile objects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T17:37:16.514433","indexId":"5220822","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correction of bias in belt transect studies of immotile objects","docAbstract":"Unless a correction is made, population estimates derived from a sample of belt transects will be biased if a fraction of, the individuals on the sample transects are not counted. An approach, useful for correcting this bias when sampling immotile populations using transects of a fixed width, is presented. The method assumes that a searcher's ability to find objects near the center of the transect is nearly perfect. The method utilizes a mathematical equation, estimated from the data, to represent the searcher's inability to find all objects at increasing distances from the center of the transect. An example of the analysis of data, formation of the equation, and application is presented using waterfowl nesting data collected in Colorado.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799501","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D., and Pospahala, R., 1970, Correction of bias in belt transect studies of immotile objects: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 34, no. 1, p. 141-146, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799501.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"146","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193400,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6848fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":8413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pospahala, R.S.","contributorId":74466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pospahala","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001799,"text":"1001799 - 1970 - Waterfowl in relation to land use and water levels on the Spring Run Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T11:41:10","indexId":"1001799","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2108,"text":"Iowa State Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waterfowl in relation to land use and water levels on the Spring Run Area","docAbstract":"Low water levels during critical phases of the breeding cycle appear to have caused population declines of waterfowl and other marsh birds on the Spring Run Game Management Area. Pair-counts indicated a decline from 70 pairs of waterfowl in 1965 to 2 pairs in 1968. Nest success of upland nesting blue-winged teal (Anas discors) averaged 33% and mallards (Anas platyrhyncos) averaged 23%. Blue-winged teal selected nest sites closer to water than did mallards (314 feet versus 424 feet). Teal nested in ungrazed bluegrass (Poa pratensis) in preference to alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hayland. Bromegrass (Bromus inermis) was readily used by teal and mallards when it became available for nesting. Nest success of species nesting overwater was considerably higher: Redheads (Aythya americana) were 55% successful and 93% of 75 coot (Fulica americana) nests hatched. A study of dummy-nests showed nest success significantly higher on ungrazed than on grazed bluegrass. Grazing did not significantly lower total mouse populations but did change species composition because deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) increased as other species declined with grazing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Iowa State Journal of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Krapu, G., Parsons, D., and Weller, M., 1970, Waterfowl in relation to land use and water levels on the Spring Run Area: Iowa State Journal of Science, v. 44, no. 4, p. 437-452.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"452","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.34994506835938,\n 41.24180361544047\n ],\n [\n -91.31132125854492,\n 41.24180361544047\n ],\n [\n -91.31132125854492,\n 41.27109776324752\n ],\n [\n -91.34994506835938,\n 41.27109776324752\n ],\n [\n -91.34994506835938,\n 41.24180361544047\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3bcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krapu, Gary L.","contributorId":56994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, D.R.","contributorId":84322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weller, M.W.","contributorId":54562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weller","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001479,"text":"1001479 - 1970 - Waterfowl breeding habitat in agricultural and nonagricultural land in Manitoba","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T17:46:50.889832","indexId":"1001479","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waterfowl breeding habitat in agricultural and nonagricultural land in Manitoba","docAbstract":"Waterfowl populations and habitat characteristics were examined on 33 potholes in each of two 16-square-mile study areas of agricultural and nonagricultural land in southwestern Manitoba. The agricultural land potholes, lacking in or incompletely surrounded by trees, received greater use by lesser scaup (Aythya affinis), canvasback (A. valisineria), redhead (A. americana), coot (Fulica americana), and three species of grebes (Podicipedidae). The nonagricultural land potholes, completely surrounded by trees, were more attractive to blue-winged teal (Anas discors), and mallard (A. platyrhynchos), and over twice as many dabbler broods were censused there. Abundant, undisturbed nesting cover may have been the reason for greater dabbler use on the nonagricultural land potholes since chemical and biological properties suggest more fertile conditions in the agricultural land.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799499","usgsCitation":"Dwyer, T., 1970, Waterfowl breeding habitat in agricultural and nonagricultural land in Manitoba: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 34, no. 1, p. 130-136, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799499.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"130","endPage":"136","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128765,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Manitoba","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.78193109043474,\n 60.09030199848877\n ],\n [\n -101.78193109043474,\n 49.04708011844869\n ],\n [\n -95.18488657943354,\n 49.04708011844869\n ],\n [\n -95.40983855493064,\n 52.964667026923316\n ],\n [\n -88.80806748674448,\n 57.01717628513886\n ],\n [\n -95.18488657943354,\n 60.09030199848877\n ],\n [\n -101.78193109043474,\n 60.09030199848877\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cbe4b07f02db543d1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dwyer, T.J.","contributorId":56177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2480,"text":"wsp1879G - 1970 - Dispersal of plating wastes and sewage contaminants in ground water and surface water, South Farmingdale-Massapequa area, Nassau County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T20:16:30.919963","indexId":"wsp1879G","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1879","chapter":"G","title":"Dispersal of plating wastes and sewage contaminants in ground water and surface water, South Farmingdale-Massapequa area, Nassau County, New York","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1879G","usgsCitation":"Perlmutter, N., and Lieber, M., 1970, Dispersal of plating wastes and sewage contaminants in ground water and surface water, South Farmingdale-Massapequa area, Nassau County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1879, Report: v, 67 p.; 5 Plates: 32.00 x 23.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1879G.","productDescription":"Report: v, 67 p.; 5 Plates: 32.00 x 23.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413779,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25102.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28570,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1879g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28566,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1879g/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28565,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1879g/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1879g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28569,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1879g/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28568,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1879g/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28567,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1879g/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Nassau County","otherGeospatial":"South Farmingdale-Massapequa area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.4528,\n 40.7261\n ],\n [\n -73.4528,\n 40.7144\n ],\n [\n -73.444,\n 40.7144\n ],\n [\n -73.444,\n 40.7261\n ],\n [\n -73.4528,\n 40.7261\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a367","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perlmutter, Nathaniel M.","contributorId":32139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perlmutter","given":"Nathaniel M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lieber, Maxim","contributorId":49779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lieber","given":"Maxim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010137,"text":"70010137 - 1970 - Latitudinal gradients in tertiary molluscan faunas of the Pacific coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-04T01:19:14.581837","indexId":"70010137","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Latitudinal gradients in tertiary molluscan faunas of the Pacific coast","docAbstract":"Tertiary molluscan faunas of the middle latitudes of the marginal eastern North Pacific are characterized by warm-water taxa whose descendants now live in more southerly latitudes. A series of profiles in which cumulative percentages of warm-water faunal elements are plotted against latitude show progressive northward decreases in the percentage of these elements in the faunas of Pacific coast Tertiary stages. Systematic changes in the relative position of these latitudinal gradients during the Middle and Late Tertiary are related to climatic change in the Pacific Basin.
Widespread tropical marine climate in the middle latitudes of the eastern North Pacific during the Eocene is indicated by widespread faunal units characterized by high levels of taxonomic diversity. Succeeding Early Oligocene faunas are less diverse, suggesting cooler climatic conditions. Unusually low representations of warm-water genera characterize the molluscan faunas of the Acila shumardi Zone in central California (latitude 34°–37°N). The anomalously cool-water aspect of these faunas may record the occurrence of upwelling along a bold linear segment of the Pacific coast. During the Late Oligocene or the Early Miocene, they are replaced by faunas of unusually warm-water aspect resulting in positive anomalies in Miocene latitudinal faunal gradients in central California. The Miocene anomalies seem to result from the development of an irregular Neogene coastline with extensive, newly established shallow-water embayments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(70)90103-3","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Addicott, W., 1970, Latitudinal gradients in tertiary molluscan faunas of the Pacific coast: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 8, no. 4, p. 287-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(70)90103-3.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"312","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4584e4b0c8380cd673af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Addicott, W.O.","contributorId":17609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Addicott","given":"W.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010223,"text":"70010223 - 1970 - Determination of mercury in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T14:26:38.593303","indexId":"70010223","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of mercury in water","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac60294a008","usgsCitation":"Fishman, M.J., 1970, Determination of mercury in water: Analytical Chemistry, v. 42, no. 12, p. 1462-1463, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60294a008.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1462","endPage":"1463","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219222,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffb5e4b0c8380cd4f349","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fishman, M. J.","contributorId":65069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010079,"text":"70010079 - 1970 - Chemical indicators of subsurface temperature applied to hot spring waters of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-11T15:57:21.90054","indexId":"70010079","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical indicators of subsurface temperature applied to hot spring waters of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Under favorable conditions the chemistry of hot springs may give reliable indications of subsurface temperatures and circulation patterns. These chemical indicators can be classified by the type of process involved:
| Indicator | Dominant Process |
| The silica geothermometer | Solution-precipitation |
| Alkali ratios | Ion exchange |
| Cl/(HCO3 + CO3) ratio | Rock alteration by dissolved |
| CO2 | |
| Relative concentration of | Partitioning owing to subsur- |
| volatiles in spring water | face boning |
All these indicators have certain limitations. The silica geothermometer gives results independent of the local mineral suite and gas partial pressures, but may be affected by dilution. Alkali ratios are strongly affected by the local mineral suite and the formation of complex ions. Carbonate-chloride ratios are strongly affected by subsurface PCO2. The relative concentration of volatiles can be very misleading in high-pressure liquid systems.
In Yellowstone National Park most thermal waters issue from hot, shallow aquifers with pressures in excess of hydrostatic by 2 to 6 bars and with large flows (the flow of hot spring water from the Park is greater than 4000 liters per second). These conditions should be ideal for the use of chemical indicators to estimate aquifer temperatures. In five drill holes aquifer temperatures were within 2°C of that predicted from the silica content of nearby hot springs; the temperature level off at a lower value than predicted in only one hole, and in four other holes drilling was terminated before the predicted aquifer temperature was reached.
The temperature-Na/K ratio relationship does not follow any published experimental or empirical curve for water-feldspar or water-clay reactions. We suspect that ion exchange reactions involving zeolites in the Yellowstone rocks result in higher Na/K ratios at given temperatures than result from feldspar or clay reactions. Comparison of SiO2 and Cl/(HCO3 + CO3) suggest that because of higher subsurface PCO2 in Upper Geyser Basin a given Cl/(HCO3 + CO3) ratio there means a higher temperature than in Lower Geyser Basin. No correlation was found in Yellowstone Park between the subsurface regions of highest temperature and the relative concentration of volatile components such as boron and ammonia.
The isotopic compositions of the travertine and of the hot spring solutions were studied at Main Springs and New Highland Terrace in the Mammoth Hot Springs area of Yellowstone Park. The springs issue at 74°C and a pH of 6.65 and the carbon isotopic composition of the travertine depositing at the orifice is +2%.δC13 (PDB). As the water travels out from the orifice, it cools and loses CO2. The travertine depositing at lower temperature is enriched in C13, reaching values of +4.8%. and the solution has a pH of 8.2 at 27°C. The δC13 of the carbon species in solution is about −2.3%. at 74° and about +4.3 at 27°C. Therefore, the difference in δC13 between the solid and solution is approximately 4%. at 74° and decreases to zero at about 20°C. These differences are shown to be due to kinetic (non-equilibrium) factors. The δO18 contents of the travertine and water show that in most samples the carbonate oxygen is in equilibrium with the water O18 at the temperatures of deposition. This is especially true for travertine depositing slowly and at temperatures above about 50°C. Calculations based on pH and alkalinity titrations of the hot spring waters in situ show that at the spring orifice the water is very high in free CO2, which is quickly lost in transit. The springs are supersaturated with respect to both aragonite and calcite during most of their travel in the open air.
The carbon isotopic composition of the travertine is similar to that in the marine carbonates that are adjacent to the springs and that are the probable source of the calcium carbonate.
The travertine from inactive prehistoric springs near Mammoth has similar δC13 and O18 to that from the active springs. Soda Butte, an inactive center 25 miles east of Mammoth, contains heavier carbon and oxygen than the springs near Mammoth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(70)90043-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., 1970, Some investigations of the deposition of travertine from Hot Springs-I. The isotopic chemistry of a travertine-depositing spring: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 34, no. 12, p. 1303-1315, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(70)90043-8.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1303","endPage":"1315","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b92b5e4b08c986b31a089","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010192,"text":"70010192 - 1970 - Isotopic composition of strontium in sea water throughout Phanerozoic time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T16:30:17.532773","indexId":"70010192","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic composition of strontium in sea water throughout Phanerozoic time","docAbstract":"Isotopic analyses of strontium in primary fossil carbonate reveal significant variations in
Oxygen, carbon and strontium isotope ratios point to a ground-water origin for the carbonates found in Hawaiian Volcanic Series rocks. Strontium isotope ratios in the xenoliths and host basalts indicate a genetic relationship between them.
Rocks and minerals are fused with sodium peroxide in the presence of carrierfree 95Nb. The fusion cake is leached with water and the precipitate dissolved in hydrofluoric-sulfuric acid mixture. Niobium is extracted into methyl isobutyl ketone and further purified by ion exchange. The amount of niobium is determined spectrophotometrically with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol, and the chemical yield of the separations determined by counting 95Nb. This procedure is faster and less sensitive to interferences than previously proposed methods for determining niobium in rocks. The high purity of the separated niobium makes the method applicable to nearly all matrices.
New techniques, involving interpretation of panchromatic, ektachrome and ektachrome infrared aerographic photogaphs and thermographic infrared imagery recording emission from the earth's surface in middle and far infrared wavelengths (3–5μm and 8–14μm), are being introduced in geothermal investigations in Mexico to identify outstanding structural and geologic features in a rapid and economical manner. The object of this work is to evaluate the new airborne infrared techniques and equipment as a complement to the data obtained from panchromatic aerial photography.
This project is part of the Mexican remote sensing program of natural resources carried out under the auspices of the Comision Nacional del Espacio Exterior and in which the Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones de la Industria Electrica) is actively participating. The present study was made cooperatively with the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the U.S. Geological Survey.
The Los Negritos-Ixtlan de los Hervores geothermal fields are located east of Lake Chapala at the intersection of the Sierra Madre occidental and the west-central segment of the neovolcanic axis of Mexico. The two principal zones of hydrothermal activity occur in a tectonic trench filled with lake sediments of the Quaternary intercalated with Quaternary and Holocene volcanic rocks and characterized by an intricate system of block-fault tectonics, part of the Chapala-Acambay tectonic system, along which there has been volcanic activity in modern time. Surface manifestations of geothermal activity consist of relatively high heat flow and hot springs, small geysers and small steam vents aligned along an E-W axis at Ixtlan, possibly at the intersection of major fault trends and mud volcanoes and hot pools aligned NE-SW at Los Negritos.
More than 20 exit points of thermal waters are shown on infrared imagery to be aligned along an extension of the Ixtlan fault between Ixtlan and El Salitre. A narrow zone of hydrothermal alteration and deposition at the surface is identifiable on the infrared imagery of this area, closey related spatially to a resistivity low at depth. Extinct geothermal areas near El Salitre, Ixtlan, and farther west at San Gregorio are clearly delineated on both infrared images and infrared ektachrome photographs. Predawn infrared images also show high-angle fault zones suggesting the dominance of block tectonics in much of the area. Special image enhancement techniques applied to the original magnetic tape records will be required for more precise identification of warm ground zones and for a qualitative or semiquantitative estimate of ground radiance associated with anomalously high convective heat flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(70)90036-2","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Gomez, V.R., Friedman, J.D., Gawarecki, S., and Banwell, C., 1970, Photogeologic and thermal infrared reconnaissance surveys of the Los Negritos-Ixtlan de los Hervores geothermal area, Michoacan, Mexico: Geothermics, v. 2, no. 1, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(70)90036-2.","productDescription":"20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 14.859850400601036\n ],\n [\n -86.923828125,\n 14.859850400601036\n ],\n [\n -86.923828125,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 14.859850400601036\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a78ece4b0c8380cd787e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomez, Valle R.","contributorId":97621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomez","given":"Valle","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, J. D.","contributorId":99157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gawarecki, S.J.","contributorId":103297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gawarecki","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Banwell, C.J.","contributorId":50286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banwell","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70010151,"text":"70010151 - 1970 - Bioresources of shallow water environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T14:59:14.680083","indexId":"70010151","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioresources of shallow water environments","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.170.3955.355","usgsCitation":"Greeson, P., 1970, Bioresources of shallow water environments: Science, v. 170, no. 3955, p. 355-356, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.170.3955.355.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"356","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"170","issue":"3955","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f195e4b0c8380cd4ad08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greeson, P. E.","contributorId":50908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeson","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010261,"text":"70010261 - 1970 - Geothermal resources of the northern gulf of Mexico basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-03T01:44:32.893583","indexId":"70010261","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geothermal resources of the northern gulf of Mexico basin","docAbstract":"Published geothermal gradient maps for the northern Gulf of Mexico basin indicate little or no potential for the development of geothermal resources. Results of deep drilling, from 4000 to 7000 meters or more, during the past decade however, define very sharp increases in geothermal gradient which are associated with the occurrence of abnormally high interstitial fluid pressure (geopressure). Bounded by regional growth faults along the landward margin of the Gulf Basin, the geopressured zone extends some 1300 km from the Rio Grande (at the boundary between the United States and Mexico) to the mouth of the Mississippi river. Gulfward, it extends to an unknown distance across the Continental Shelf.
Within geopressured deposits, geothermal gradients range upwards to 100 °C/km, being greatest within and immediately below the depth interval in which the maximum pressure gradient change occurs. The 120 °C isogeotherm ranges from about 2500 to 5000 m below sea level, and conforms in a general way with depth of occurrence of the top of the geopressured zone. Measured geostatic ratios range upward to 0.97; the maximum observed temperature is 273 °C, at a depth of 5859 m.
Dehydration of montmorillonite, which comprises 60 to 80 percent of clay deposited in the northern Gulf Basin during the Neogene, occurs at depths where temperature exceeds about 80 °C, and is generally complete at depths where temperature exceeds 120 °C. This process converts intracrystalline and bound water to free pore water, the volume produced being roughly equivalent to half the volume of montmorillonite so altered. Produced water is fresh, and has low viscosity and density. Sand-bed aquifers of deltaic, longshore, or marine origin form excellent avenues for drainage of geopressured deposits by wells, each of which may yield 10,000 m3 or more of superheated water per day from reservoirs having pressures up to 1000 bars at depths greater than 5000 m.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(70)90002-7","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Jones, P., 1970, Geothermal resources of the northern gulf of Mexico basin: Geothermics, v. 2, no. Part 1, p. 14-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(70)90002-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"14","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218637,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.173828125,\n 25.997549919572112\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 25.958044673317843\n ],\n [\n -93.955078125,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -91.93359375,\n 28.65203063036226\n ],\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 28.806173508854776\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -90.4833984375,\n 30.751277776257812\n ],\n [\n -94.21875,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -96.328125,\n 30.826780904779774\n ],\n [\n -99.00878906249999,\n 28.806173508854776\n ],\n [\n -99.140625,\n 27.254629577800063\n ],\n [\n -98.173828125,\n 25.997549919572112\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"Part 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28d9e4b0c8380cd5a482","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, P.H.","contributorId":50963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009841,"text":"70009841 - 1970 - Winds over saltcedar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-16T00:27:35.769193","indexId":"70009841","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":678,"text":"Agricultural Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winds over saltcedar","docAbstract":"An analysis of hourly wind speeds above and within a stand of saltcedar near Buckeye, Arizona, reveals that in 90% of all observed cases, the wind profiles above the stand can be represented by the simple logarithmic equation:
Within the thickets there is considerable turbulence, and irregular wind inversions occur during daylight hours.
The results are important for estimating water losses by evapotranspiration by either the energy-budget or the mass-transfer formulae.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0002-1571(70)90018-X","issn":"00021571","usgsCitation":"Van Hylckama, T.E., 1970, Winds over saltcedar: Agricultural Meteorology, v. 7, no. C, p. 217-233, https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-1571(70)90018-X.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"233","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Maricopa 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