{"pageNumber":"2485","pageRowStart":"62100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68802,"records":[{"id":2790,"text":"wsp1894 - 1969 - Water resources of Windward Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"wsp1894","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1894","title":"Water resources of Windward Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Windward Oahu lies in a large cavity--an erosional remnant of the Koolau volcanic dome at its greatest stage of growth. Outcrops include volcanic rocks associated with caldera collapse and the main fissure zone which is marked by a dike complex that extends along the main axis of the dome. The fissure zone intersects and underlies the Koolau Range north of Waiahole Valley. South of Waiahole Valley, the crest of the Koolau Range is in the marginal dike zone, an area of scattered dikes. The crest of the range forms the western boundary of windward Oahu. \r\n\r\nDikes, mostly vertical and parallel or subparallel to the fissure zone, control movement and discharge of ground water because they are less permeable than the rocks they intrude. Dikes impound or partly impound ground water by preventing or retarding its movement toward discharge points. The top of this water, called high-level water in Hawaii, is at an altitude of about 1,000 feet in the north end of windward Oahu and 400 feet near the south end in Waimanalo Valley. It underlies most of the area and extends near or to the surface in poorly permeable rocks in low-lying areas. Permeability is high in less weathered mountain areas and is highest farthest away from the dike complex. \r\n\r\nGround-water storage fluctuates to some degree owing to limited changes in the level of the ground-water reservoir--maximum storage is about 60,000 million gallons. The fluctuations control the rate at which ground water discharges. \r\n\r\nEven at its lowest recorded level, the reservoir contains a major part of the storage capacity because most of the area is perennially saturated to or near the surface. Tunnels have reduced storage by about 26,000 million gallons--only a fraction of the total storage--by breaching dike controls. Much of the reduction in storage can be restored if the .breached dike controls are replaced by flow-regulating bulkheads. \r\n\r\nPerennial streams intersect high-level water and collectively form its principal discharge. The larger streams are those that cut deepest into high-level reservoirs. Except near the coast in the northern end of the area, where dikes are absent, total base flow of streams equals total ground-water discharge. Development of high-level water by tunnels and wells diverts ground-water discharge from streams, decreasing the base flow of these streams. Construction of Haiku tunnel decreased the flow of Kahaluu Stream, 2 ? miles away, by about 26 percent. \r\n\r\nThe dependable flow of water is estimated at 118 mgd (million gallons per day), of which 84 mgd is discharged by streams, tunnels, springs, and wells The remaining 34 mgd is underflow, most of it discharging into the sea near the northern end of ,the area. Average flow is estimated at 220 mgd, of which 159 mgd is. inventoried flow and 61 mgd is estimated underflow. \r\n\r\nSpecific capacity of wells tapping lava flows of the Koolau Volcanic Series ranges from less than 1 to 11 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown in the dike-complex zone and from 2 to 100 in the marginal dike zone. A transmissivity of 4,000,000 gallons per day per foot was determined for the basal aquifer. \r\n\r\nPermeabilities of rocks in high mountainous areas penetrated by water-development tunnels were compared by recession constants determined from free-flow drainage. \r\n\r\nEvapotranspiration was estimated from regression curves obtained by correlating median annual rainfall and median annual pan evaporation. Evapotranspiration values from these curves compared favorably w4th values obtained from water-budget listings of rainfall and measured ground-water flow. \r\n\r\nThe chemical quality of water in wells and tunnels tapping rocks of the Koolau and Honolulu Volcanic Series is excellent. Except in a few isolated areas near the shore, the chloride content of the water from these sources is generally less than 100 parts per million. Wells tapping calcareous materials are subject to sea-water contamination under heavy pumping.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1894","usgsCitation":"Takasaki, K., Hirashima, G.T., and Lubke, E., 1969, Water resources of Windward Oahu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1894, vii, 119 p. :illus., maps (3 fold. col. in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1894.","productDescription":"vii, 119 p. :illus., maps (3 fold. col. in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110031,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25111.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25111"},{"id":138868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1894/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29271,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1894/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29272,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1894/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29273,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1894/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29274,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1894/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e574d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takasaki, K. J.","contributorId":44523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takasaki","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hirashima, George Tokusuke","contributorId":16398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirashima","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Tokusuke","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lubke, E.R.","contributorId":74363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lubke","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":55888,"text":"ofr6920 - 1969 - Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55888,"text":"ofr6920 - 1969 - Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, California","indexId":"ofr6920","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1040,"text":"wsp1999D - 1971 - Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, southern California","indexId":"wsp1999D","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, southern California"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1040,"text":"wsp1999D - 1971 - Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, southern California","indexId":"wsp1999D","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, southern California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:01","indexId":"ofr6920","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-20","title":"Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6920","usgsCitation":"Bloyd, R., 1969, Underground storage of imported water in the San Gorgonio Pass area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-20, 74 p., 9 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6920.","productDescription":"74 p., 9 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f787","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bloyd, R. M. Jr.","contributorId":73243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bloyd","given":"R. M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3552,"text":"cir631 - 1969 - Disposal of liquid wastes by injection underground--Neither myth nor millennium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T15:51:27","indexId":"cir631","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"631","title":"Disposal of liquid wastes by injection underground--Neither myth nor millennium","docAbstract":"

Injecting liquid wastes deep underground is an attractive but not necessarily practical means for disposing of them. For decades, impressive volumes of unwanted oil-field brine have been injected, currently about 10,000 acre-feet yearly. Recently, liquid industrial wastes are being injected in ever-increasing quantity. Dimensions of industrial injection wells range widely but the approximate medians are: depth, 2,660 feet; thickness of injection zone, 185 feet; injection rate, 135 gallons per minute; wellhead injection pressure, 185 pounds per square inch. Effects of deep injection are complex and not all are understood clearly. In a responsible society, injection cannot be allowed to put wastes out of mind. Injection is no more than storage--for all time in the case of the most intractable wastes--in underground space of which little is attainable in some areas and which is exhaustible in most areas. Liquid wastes range widely in character and concentration-some are incompatible one with another or with materials of the prospective injection zone; some which are reactive or chemically unstable would require pretreatment or could not be injected. Standards by which to categorize the wastes are urgently desirable. To the end that injection may be planned effectively and administered in orderly fashion, there is proposed an immediate and comprehensive canvass of all the United States to outline injection provinces and zones according to their capacities to accept waste. Much of the information needed to this end is at hand. Such a canvass would consider (1) natural zone, of groundwater circulation, from rapid to stagnant, (2) regional hydrodynamics, (3) safe injection pressures, and (4) geochemical aspects. In regard to safe pressure, definitive criteria would be sought by which to avoid recurrence of earthquake swarms such as seem to have been triggered by injection at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal well near Denver, Colo. Three of the 50 States--Missouri, .Ohio, and Texas-have statutes specifically to regulate injection of industrial wastes. Other States impose widely diverse constraints under unlike administrative authorities. Few, if any, State agencies currently have the staff skills, centralized authority, and financial resources to assure rights of the general public to be spared harm from, and to reap the benefit of accrued experience with, deep injection. Some new, fully competent institutional arrangement appears to be essential, under a unified policy. As required, such an institution might have en echelon components, respectively having nationwide, single State or major province, subprovince, or local jurisdiction.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir631","usgsCitation":"Piper, A., 1969, Disposal of liquid wastes by injection underground--Neither myth nor millennium: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 631, iii, 15 p. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir631.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p. ;26 cm.","startPage":"1","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1969/0631/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30572,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1969/0631/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1957","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1969, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1964, Parts 7 and 8, lower Mississippi River basin and western Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1957, xii, 602 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1957.","productDescription":"xii, 602 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1957/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30009,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1957/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651a5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16141,"text":"ofr69271 - 1969 - Fraunhofer line-depth sensing applied to water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:17","indexId":"ofr69271","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-271","title":"Fraunhofer line-depth sensing applied to water","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr69271","usgsCitation":"Stoertz, G.E., 1969, Fraunhofer line-depth sensing applied to water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-271, 43 p. ill. ;30 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr69271.","productDescription":"43 p. ill. ;30 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150496,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a86b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoertz, George Eimert","contributorId":99572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoertz","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Eimert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21672,"text":"ofr6967 - 1969 - Chemical quality of surface water in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T13:09:39","indexId":"ofr6967","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-67","title":"Chemical quality of surface water in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"

In July 1967, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Douglas County, began a 2-year study of the chemical quality of surface water in the Umpqua River basin. The purpose of this report is to present an interpretive summary of the data collected, which will provide answers to the following questions:

\n

What is the chemical quality of the water in the basin?

\n

What areal and seasonal differences exist?

\n

What causes the differences?

\n

What chemical constituents, if any, are present in the water that would affect its usefulness for domestic, industrial, or agricultural purposes?

\n

Data are presented on maps, graphs, and charts. All data collected and analyzed during the study period, together with historical data on file with the Geological Survey, are included in tables 3 through 6 (p. 14, 19, 23, 24).

\n

All water samples were collected and analyzed by using standard U.S. Geological Survey methods (Rainwater and Thatcher, 1960) and \"Standard methods for examination of water and waste water\" (American Public Health Assoc. and others, 1965).

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/ofr6967","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Curtiss, D.A., 1969, Chemical quality of surface water in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-67, iii, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6967.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr6967.jpg"},{"id":324106,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Umpqua River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e331b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtiss, D. A.","contributorId":27862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtiss","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55887,"text":"ofr697 - 1969 - Geology and ground-water resources of Ocean County, New Jersey","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55887,"text":"ofr697 - 1969 - Geology and ground-water resources of Ocean County, New Jersey","indexId":"ofr697","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Ocean County, New Jersey"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047881,"text":"70047881 - 1969 - Geology and Ground Water Resources of Ocean County, New Jersey","indexId":"70047881","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and Ground Water Resources of Ocean County, New Jersey"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70047881,"text":"70047881 - 1969 - Geology and Ground Water Resources of Ocean County, New Jersey","indexId":"70047881","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and Ground Water Resources of Ocean County, New Jersey"},"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-28T15:33:56","indexId":"ofr697","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-7","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Ocean County, New Jersey","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr697","usgsCitation":"Anderson, H., and Appel, C., 1969, Geology and ground-water resources of Ocean County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-7, 134 p., 30 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr697.","productDescription":"134 p., 30 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685adb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, H. R.","contributorId":67487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"H. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Appel, C.A.","contributorId":84786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Appel","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13111,"text":"ofr6954 - 1969 - Review of waterpower classifications and withdrawals, Deschutes River basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:37","indexId":"ofr6954","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-54","title":"Review of waterpower classifications and withdrawals, Deschutes River basin, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[s.n.],","doi":"10.3133/ofr6954","usgsCitation":"Colbert, J.L., and Young, L.L., 1969, Review of waterpower classifications and withdrawals, Deschutes River basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-54, 169 p. ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6954.","productDescription":"169 p. ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603e8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colbert, Jesse Lane","contributorId":9239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colbert","given":"Jesse","email":"","middleInitial":"Lane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, Loyd L.","contributorId":14805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Loyd","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12939,"text":"ofr6936 - 1969 - Recent surface movements in the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12939,"text":"ofr6936 - 1969 - Recent surface movements in the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, California","indexId":"ofr6936","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Recent surface movements in the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5758,"text":"pp882 - 1976 - Recent surface movements in the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, California","indexId":"pp882","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Recent surface movements in the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, California"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5758,"text":"pp882 - 1976 - Recent surface movements in the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, California","indexId":"pp882","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Recent surface movements in the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T19:53:10.458712","indexId":"ofr6936","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-36","title":"Recent surface movements in the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, California","docAbstract":"

The Baldwin Hills are located in the northwest part of the densely populated Los Angeles basin. They comprise one of several groups of isolated hills that extend along the northwest-trending Newport-Inglewood zone of folds and faults, a structural lineament identified with a series of very productive oil fields. In addition to being the site of the Inglewood oil field, these hills are the site of surface deformation that has been monitored for over 35 years. This record of deformation, which includes differential subsidence, horizontal displacements, and surface rupturing, forms one of the best documented examples of oilfield-associated surface deformation yet recognized. The deformation is described in detail, analyzed as to cause(s), and finally attributed largely or essentially entirely to the exploitation of the spatially-associated Inglewood oil field.

The Baldwin Hills are underlain by gently to moderately arched and conspicuously faulted Cenozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks that overlie crystalline basement rocks at a depth of more than 10,000 feet. The Inglewood fault, a part of the northwest-trending Newport-Inglewood zone, diagonally transects the hills. Right-lateral displacements of 3,000-4,000 feet since middle or late Pliocene time and 1,500-2,000 feet during Quaternary time are indicated by offset structural and physio-graphic features; indications of vertical separations of up to about 200 feet during late Quaternary time occur locally.

Evidence of continuing deformation includes recognized seismicity and regional elevation changes. The M5-5 1/2 Inglewood earthquake of 1920, the largest local earthquake of record, is believed to have originated immediately southeast of the Baldwin Hills; it was apparently unassociated with surficial fault displacements. Leveling in and around the west and central Los Angeles basin has shown that lowland stations have been consistently subsiding, whereas foothill stations commonly have been rising. Several seemingly persistent basins of differential subsidence and a zone of positive movement, roughly coincident with the Newport-Inglewood zone, have also been identified in the northwest part of the basin.

A prominent, elliptically-shaped, northwest-trending subsidence bowl encompassing the northwest part of the Baldwin Hills, has been defined by repeated level circuits. Partial reconstruction of selected level circuits with respect to a common, relatively stable control point (Hollywood E-11), located on the edge of the subsidence bowl, has permitted evaluation of the subsidence since 1910 and 1911 at two points near the center of the bowl. Thus bench mark PBM 67 is estimated to have subsided approximately 4.324 feet between June 1910 and February 1963; and bench mark PBM 68 (the only bench mark within the subsidence bowl that was leveled prior to 1926 and has been repeatedly leveled since) subsided 3.846 feet between November 1911 and June 1962. Analysis of the available data indicates little if any elevation change at PBM 68 (or elsewhere throughout the Baldwin Hills-Inglewood area) associated with the Inglewood earthquake of 1920. Maximum subsidence of PBM 122 (which has remained very close to the center of subsidence since at . least 1950) between 1911 and 1963 is calculated to have been 5.67 feet.

Horizontal displacements (with respect to a north-south base line about 3 miles east of the hills) of six triangulation points within the subsidence bowl have been measured for various periods between 1934 and 1963. Displacements have been generally toward the center of subsidence and almost precisely perpendicular to the immediately adjacent isobases of equal elevation change. Maximum movement has been recorded at triangulation point Baldwin Aux, which was displaced 2.21 feet between 1934 and 1961; horizontal displacements of three additional points ranged from 0.95 foot to 1.85 feet between 1936 and 1961. Displacements of 0.10-0.29 foot were recorded at all six monuments during the period 1961-1963.

\"Earth cracks\" and surficial fault displacements were recognized in the Baldwin Hills at least as early as 1957. The cracks are relatively straight, generally continuous fractures confined to the structural block east of the Inglewood fault; they are concentrated in two areas centering on (1) the Baldwin Hills Reservoir and (2) the Stocker Street-LaBrea Avenue-Overhill Drive intersection. The cracks trend north to north-northeast and are nearly everywhere parallel to or coincident with minor faults and joints, and are generally orthogonal to radii emanating from the center of subsidence. Differential movement along the cracks has been almost entirely dip slip along steep to nearly vertical surfaces, and generally down-dropped toward the center of subsidence. Cumulative displacements have been as much as 6 or 7 inches. Rates of displacement have ranged widely, and the movement has generally occurred as creep or very small discrete jumps. A probable exception is the several inches of differential movement that is believed to have occurred along a crack through the floor of the Baldwin Hills Reservoir on or about December 14, 1963.

The contemporary surface movements are attributable to one or more of the following phenomena: (1). exploitation of the Inglewood oil field; (2) changes in the ground-water regimen; (3) compaction of sedimentary materials in response to surface loading; (4) tectonic activity.

The following considerations indicate that the differential subsidence is attributable largely or entirely to exploitation of the underlying Inglewood oil field: (1) the coincidence of the centers of the oil field, the producing structure, and the subsidence bowl; (2) the general correspondence between the pattern of subsidence and the outlines of the oil field; (3) the approximate coincidence between the initiation of production and the initiation of subsidence; (4) the generally linear relations between various measures of subsidence and liquid production from both the field as a whole and the exceptionally prolific Vickers zone in particular; (5) the sharp deceleration of subsidence in the eastern block of the field coincident with the initiation of full-scale water flooding there; (6) the many examples of oil fields In which both spatial and temporal associations between production and subsidence are recognized; (7) the many similarities of the subsidence-production relations in the Inglewood field to those in the Wilmington field, where the subsidence has been authoritatively attributed to oilfield operations; (8) the theoretical relation between subsidence or a tendency toward subsidence and increased effective pressure associated with underground fluid extraction.

Consideration of six possible explanations for the increasing rather than decreasing or constant rate of subsidence with respect to reservoir fluid pressure decline suggests that measured or calculated down-hole reservoir fluid pressure decline is non-representative of average or real fluid pressure decline away from producing wells. The near-linear relations between net-liquid production and subsidence are explained through analogy with a tightly confined artesian system of infinite areal extent, where production must derive from liquid expansion and/or reservoir compaction. Test data from compaction studies in two other oil fields yield estimates of ultimate compaction of the Vickers zone resulting from a total loss of fluid pressure; these estimates range over an order of magnitude. The best estimate, based on these data and considerations of late Cenozoic history in the Baldwin Hills area, is about 10 feet.

The centripetally-directed horizontal movements are considered attributable to exploitation of the Inglewood oil field on the basis of:
(1) their well-defined symmetrical and geometrical association with the differential subsidence; (2) the similarities between these associations and those developed in and around other subsiding oil fields; and (3) the mechanical compatibility of these movements with subsidence induced by the extraction of subsurface materials.

The earth cracks and surficial fault displacements are considered largely or entirely attributable to the exploitation of the Inglewood oil field on the basis of: (1) their spatial and temporal relations to both oil-field operations and the differential subsidence; (2) the similarities of these cracks and displacements to those generated in and around other oil fields and areas of subsurface materials extraction; and (3) surface strain patterns predicted from the measured vertical and horizontal surface movements. The cracks and displacements can i)e explained by an exploitation-based, elastic-rebound model which requires elastic compression of the sedimentary section in response to compaction-induced downdrag within those blocks around the periphery of the subsidence bowl. The measured displacements have been about one-quarter to one-half those predicted for a purely elastic system.

Analysis of: (1) the history of ground-water extraction within and around the Baldwin Hills; and (2) subsidence associated with water-level declines in sediments comparable with those in the Baldwin Hills, indicate that the surface movements can be no more than incidentally attributed to changes in ground-water conditions. Similarly, analysis of the history of natural and artificial changes in surface loading indicate that these movements are generally unassociated with changes in surface loading conditions.

Considerations of local geologic history and various tectonic associations indicate that it is very unlikely that the differential subsidence and horizontal movements are due to tectonic downwarping. There exists a far stronger prima facie argument for tectonic involvement in the earth cracking and associated fault displacements. This argument is disputed by; (1) the spatial and temporal relations of the earth cracks to, and their mechanical compatibility with, the nontectonic differential subsidence; (2) the absence of displacements on the Inglewood fault in conjunction with those along the conjugate earth cracks; (3) the probability that purely tectonic displaceMents would be characterized by oblique or strike slip; and (4) the absence of any clear temporal relation between crack growth and local seismicity, However, because as much as 10 percent of the local isobase gradient may be unexplained' by oil-field exploitation, a small fraction of this gradient, and thus the displacements among the southern group of cracks, may be attributable to tectonic activity. This fraction should have been insignificant in the presence of the strain pattern produced by nontectonic compaction of the underlying oil measures.

Because nearly all of the observed and measured surface movements can be fully explained as the products of oil-field operations, yet can be no more than incidentally attributed to changes in ground-water conditions, surface loading, or tectonic activity, we conclude that these movements are attributable largely or essentially entirely to the exploitation of the Inglewood oil field.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6936","usgsCitation":"Castle, R.O., and Yerkes, R.F., 1969, Recent surface movements in the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-36, xviii, 185 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6936.","productDescription":"xviii, 185 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":429278,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0036/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146998,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0036/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Los Angeles County","otherGeospatial":"Baldwin Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.38187677397389,\n 34.0348739886972\n ],\n [\n -118.38187677397389,\n 33.97553856602411\n ],\n [\n -118.30144514525205,\n 33.97553856602411\n ],\n [\n -118.30144514525205,\n 34.0348739886972\n ],\n [\n -118.38187677397389,\n 34.0348739886972\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648569","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castle, Robert O.","contributorId":22741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yerkes, R. F.","contributorId":24754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2402,"text":"wsp1872 - 1969 - Hydrogeology of the Scioto River Valley near Piketon, south-central Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T22:50:51.030221","indexId":"wsp1872","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1872","title":"Hydrogeology of the Scioto River Valley near Piketon, south-central Ohio","docAbstract":"A systematic study was made of one of Ohio's principal aquifers, a sand and gravel outwash in the Scioto River Valley, to determine the feasibility of developing a ground-water supply of 20 million gallons per day at a site near Piketon. The first part of the study was spent in determining the thickness and physical properties of the sand and gravel aquifer and in drilling test wells to determine the best site for the supply wells. \r\n\r\nThe second part of the investigation was an aquifer infiltration test to determine the hydraulic properties of the aquifer and the conditions of stream recharge. A well 83 feet deep was drilled on the flood plain and was pumped for 9 days at the rate of 1,000 gallons per minute. Tile effect on the hydrologic system during and after the pumping was determined by measuring the water levels in an array of deep and shallow observation wells and in 8 drive-point wells installed in the bed of the river. Seldom have more comprehensive data been collected showing the effects of pumping on a natural, unconfined, hydrologic system. From these data were calculated the coefficient of transmissibility (215,000 gallons per day per foot) and the rate of streambed infiltration (0.235 million gallons per day per acre per foot). \r\n\r\nThe aquifer was tested near the end of a long drought; so the ground-water levels and the river stage were very nearly following a level trend. Because the ground-water levels were essentially unaffected by extraneous influences, the test data are probably as precise and uncomplicated as is practical to obtain in the field. These data proved to be valid for use as design criteria for the location, spacing, and construction of four supply wells. \r\n\r\nThe third part of the investigation was the testing and quantitative evaluation of the four supply wells before they were put into service. The wells were found to perform about as predicted, indicating that the hydraulic properties of the aquifer, as determined by standard methods, are fairly representative.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1872","usgsCitation":"Norris, S.E., and Fidler, R.E., 1969, Hydrogeology of the Scioto River Valley near Piketon, south-central Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1872, Report: vii, 70 p.; 4 Plates: 19.00 × 23.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1872.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 70 p.; 4 Plates: 19.00 × 23.25 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":28394,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1872/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":396215,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25092.htm"},{"id":28393,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1872/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28392,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1872/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28391,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1872/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28395,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1872/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1872/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","city":"Piketon","otherGeospatial":"Scioto River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.05,\n 39.054\n ],\n [\n -82.992,\n 39.054\n ],\n [\n -82.992,\n 39.108\n ],\n [\n -83.05,\n 39.108\n ],\n [\n -83.05,\n 39.054\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64979d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norris, Stanley Eugene","contributorId":24772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fidler, Richard E.","contributorId":86313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fidler","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53797,"text":"ofr69140 - 1969 - Ground Water Inventory for 1967 Edwards Air Force Base, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:45","indexId":"ofr69140","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-140","title":"Ground Water Inventory for 1967 Edwards Air Force Base, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr69140","usgsCitation":"Koehler, J.H., 1969, Ground Water Inventory for 1967 Edwards Air Force Base, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-140, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr69140.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0140/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87788,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0140/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":87789,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0140/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":87790,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0140/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dd4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koehler, J. H.","contributorId":108108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koehler","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44083,"text":"ofr6993 - 1969 - Water-level contour maps of the carbonate rocks of the Great Valley in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T11:19:31","indexId":"ofr6993","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-93","title":"Water-level contour maps of the carbonate rocks of the Great Valley in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

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It drains 1,364 square miles in four physiographic provinces. The Lehigh River basin includes mountainous and forested areas, broad agricultural valleys and areas of urban and industrial development. In the headwaters the water is of good quality and has a low concentration of solutes. Downstream, some tributaries receive coal-mine drainage and become acidic; others drain areas underlain by limestone and acquire alkaline characteristics. The alkaline streams neutralize and dilute the acid mine water where they mix. The dissolved-oxygen content of river water, which is high in the upper reaches of the stream, is reduced in the lower reaches because of lower turbulence, higher temperature, and the respiration of organisms. The Lehigh is used for public supply, recreation, waterpower, irrigation, and mining and other industrial purposes.\r\n\r\n Because the river is shallow in its upper reaches, most of the water comes in contact with the atmosphere as it churns over rocks and around islets and large boulders. Aeration of the water is rapid. When water that was low in dissolved-oxygen concentration was released from the lower strata of the Francis E. Walter Reservoir in June 1966, it quickly became aerated in the Lehigh River, and for 40 miles downstream from the dam the water was nearly saturated with oxygen.\r\n\r\n Most of the river water requires only moderate treatment for industrial use and public distribution throughout the Lehigh River valley. At times, however, some segments of the main river and its tributaries transport industrial wastes and acid coal-mine drainage. Usually the relatively high concentrations of solutes in water and the ensuing damage caused to quality by such waste discharges are more extensive and prolonged during droughts and other periods of low streamflow.\r\n\r\n For many years the Lehigh River flow has been continuously measured and its water chemically analyzed. Since May 1966 an instrument installed by the U.S. Geological Survey at Easton, Pa., has continuously recorded such water-quality parameters as specific conductance, temperature, and dissolved oxygen content.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1879H","usgsCitation":"McCarren, E.F., and Keighton, W.B., 1969, Water quality and discharge of streams in the Lehigh River Basin, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1879, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1879H.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1879h/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27993,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1879h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9c5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarren, Edward F.","contributorId":106472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarren","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keighton, Walter B.","contributorId":81877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keighton","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":63772,"text":"gp643 - 1969 - Aeromagnetic map of the Winsted quadrangle and parts of the Torrington and Tolland Center quadrangles, Litchfield and Hartford Counties, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-18T19:49:31.098932","indexId":"gp643","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"643","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Winsted quadrangle and parts of the Torrington and Tolland Center quadrangles, Litchfield and Hartford Counties, Connecticut","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp643","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1969, Aeromagnetic map of the Winsted quadrangle and parts of the Torrington and Tolland Center quadrangles, Litchfield and Hartford Counties, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 643, 1 Plate: 21.03 x 33.67 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp643.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 21.03 x 33.67 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490947,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_6010.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":253466,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0643/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":249966,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0643/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":249965,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0643/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","county":"Litchfield County, Hartford County","otherGeospatial":"Winsted quadrangle and parts of the Torrington and Tolland Center quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.125,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -73.125,\n 41.875\n ],\n [\n -73,\n 41.875\n ],\n [\n -73,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -73.125,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae7e4b07f02db68baf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":192,"text":"wsp1954 - 1969 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1964, Parts 1 and 2, North Atlantic slope basins and South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:10","indexId":"wsp1954","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1954","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1964, Parts 1 and 2, North Atlantic slope basins and South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1954","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1969, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1964, Parts 1 and 2, North Atlantic slope basins and South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1954, xiii, 606 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1954.","productDescription":"xiii, 606 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1954/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24803,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1954/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651aa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68256,"text":"ha317 - 1969 - Water resources of the Belle River basin, southeastern Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T10:12:19","indexId":"ha317","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"317","title":"Water resources of the Belle River basin, southeastern Michigan","docAbstract":"

This hydrologic atlas represents a part of a comprehensive study of the water resources of southeastern Michigan. The purpose of the atlas is to present data on (1) the physical features of the Belle River and its tributaries, (2) the characteristics of streamflow, (3) the quality of ground and surface waters, and (4) an evaluation of the ground-water potential of the area. The atlas is one in a series of atlases on several river basins in southeastern Michigan.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/ha317","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Knutilla, R., 1969, Water resources of the Belle River basin, southeastern Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 317, 3 Plates: 41 x 47 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha317.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 41 x 47 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science 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The formations consist of several depositional facies that can be recognized by characteristic lithologies bedding structures, and fossils; these are the alluvial plain, deltaic plain, lagoonal-paludal, barrier sandstone, and offshore marine facies. The distribution of facies clearly defines the paleogeography of the region during several cycles of marine transgression and regression. The nonmarine beds were deposited on a broad alluvial coastal plain that was bordered on the west and southwest by highlands and on the east and northeast by the Western Interior seaway. The marine beds were deposited whenever the seaway advanced into or across the region. \r\n\r\nThe Dakota Formation and the lower part of the Tropic Shale were deposited in nonmarine and marine environments, while the shoreline advanced generally westward across the region. The middle and upper part of the Tropic Shale and the Tibbet Canyon and Smoky Hollow Members of the Straight Cliffs Formation were deposited in marine and nonmarine environments when the seaway had reached its greatest areal extent and began a gradual northeastward withdrawal. An unconformity at the top of the Smoky Hollow represents a period of erosion and possibly nondeposition before deposition of the John Henry Member of the Straight Cliffs. \r\n\r\nThe John Henry Member grades from nonmarine in the southwest to predominantly marine in the northeast, and was deposited during two relatively minor cycles of transgression and regression. The Drip Tank Member at the top of the Straight Cliffs Formation is a widespread sandstone unit deposited mainly in fluvial environments. Some of the beds in the northeastern part of the region were probably deposited in marine waters during the final incursion of the seaway into the Kaiparowits region. The overlying Wahweap Formation was deposited in nonmarine environments. Slight but continued tectonism during Late Cretaceous time is indicated by lateral changes of facies and thickness variations that coincide at least partly with present structures. These criteria indicate that Laramide tectonism consisted of two phases. An early phase that lasted from about late Albian to late Campanian time included regional subsidence, basin downwarping, and movement on local folds and faults. A later phase that lasted from late Campanian to about late Paleocene time included regional uplift, monoclinal flexing, and probable new faulting, as well as continued basin downwarping and movement on local folds and probably on the older faults. \r\n\r\nThe principal economic resource in the Kaiparowits region is bituminous or subbituminous coal in the john Henry Member. Because basin downwarping and movement on local folds occurred during deposition, the thicker and more continuous coal beds are in the ancestral synclines and tile deeper part of the structural basin. Presently indicated resources total 7.3 billion tons, but considerably larger quantities are probably present in the unexplored parts of the region. Several potential resources include ground water, titaniferous sandstone, and possibly oil and gas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr69202","usgsCitation":"Peterson, F., 1969, Cretaceous sedimentation and tectonism in the southeastern Kaiparowits region, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-202, Report: 259 p.; 21 Plates: 56.21 x 22.56 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr69202.","productDescription":"Report: 259 p.; 21 Plates: 56.21 x 22.56 inches or 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States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"southeastern Kaiparowits region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.75,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -111.75,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -110.957,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -110.957,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -111.75,\n 37.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6833a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Fred fpeterson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Fred","email":"fpeterson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":171062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68418,"text":"ha343 - 1969 - Ground-water resources of Craven County, North Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55840,"text":"ofr68100 - 1968 - Ground-water resources of Craven 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Edwin O.","contributorId":15599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Floyd","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":67908,"text":"ha296 - 1969 - Water resources of the Otter Tail River Watershed, West-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:07:06","indexId":"ha296","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"296","title":"Water resources of the Otter Tail River Watershed, West-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"

The Otter Tail River watershed includes three general physiographic areas- a moraine and ice-contact area, an outwash plain, and the plain of Glacial Lake Agassiz.

\n

The moraine and ice-contact area is a fairly rugged complex of hills characterized by local relief of several hundred feet in some areas, particularly in the extreme north and southeastern parts of the watershed. The outwash plain is fairly flat to rolling and the Glacial Lake Agassiz plain is extremely flat.

\n

The watershed has an area of about 1,920 square miles and includes parts of Becker, Otter Tail, Wilkin, and Clearwater Counties. The population of the area is about 55,500; 32,600 urban and 22,900 rural. The economy is largely agricultural. Grain farming is dominant, but dairying is important.

\n

The extremely large number of lakes in the area provides a basis for a large recreation-based economy.

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The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the quality and quantity of the ground-water resources in the area of St. James, Minnesota. St. James is located in the center of Watonwan County in south-central Minnesota. The area is covered by a thick layer of glacial drift which is underlain by Cretaceous, Cambrian, and Precambrian rocks. St. James presently obtains its water supply from two aquifers. One is a Cretaceous sandstone 160 feet below the surface, in which two wells are completed. This aquifer yields abundant water but it is of poor quality and is expensive to treat. The second source, tapped by three municipal wells, is a surficial sand and gravel deposit less than 40 feet thick at the well field. This aquifer produces water of better quality, but its extent and capacity are not known. There are other wells in the area completed at depths ranging from 15 to 500 feet.

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No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr69216","usgsCitation":"Reeder, H., 1969, Ground water for irrigation in the Perhem area, Otter Tail County, west-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-216, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr69216.","productDescription":"62 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Otter Tail County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-95.1627,46.7191],[-95.1624,46.6306],[-95.1545,46.6303],[-95.1559,46.3708],[-95.1563,46.2828],[-95.1464,46.2825],[-95.1454,46.108],[-95.7693,46.1073],[-96.0862,46.1076],[-96.2667,46.109],[-96.2656,46.2854],[-96.2813,46.2851],[-96.2827,46.6308],[-96.1729,46.6307],[-96.1745,46.7187],[-96.0228,46.7179],[-96.0163,46.7199],[-96.0062,46.7178],[-95.1627,46.7191]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Otter Tail\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dbef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeder, H.O.","contributorId":108169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeder","given":"H.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55929,"text":"ofr69217 - 1969 - A reappraisal of the ground-water resources of Winkler County, Texas, with particular emphasis on conditions in the vicinity of Kermit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T16:57:50","indexId":"ofr69217","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-217","title":"A reappraisal of the ground-water resources of Winkler County, Texas, with particular emphasis on conditions in the vicinity of Kermit","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr69217","usgsCitation":"Reeves, R., 1969, A reappraisal of the ground-water resources of Winkler County, Texas, with particular emphasis on conditions in the vicinity of Kermit: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-217, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr69217.","productDescription":"35 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":183954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Winkler County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-102.7982,32.0871],[-102.7986,31.6513],[-103.1387,31.6505],[-103.3276,31.6513],[-103.3265,32.0007],[-103.3084,32.0006],[-103.0642,31.9996],[-103.0641,32.0856],[-102.7982,32.0871]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Winkler\",\"state\":\"TX\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a86ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeves, R.D.","contributorId":95043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}