The occurrence of abundant ground-water supplies in the lower Platte River Valley has made possible the present agricultural and industrial economy of the area. Likewise, the future development of the area is dependent on the wise use of this important resource. The current investigation, on which this report is based, is a necessary step in the planning for the greatest ultimate utilization of the water resources in the lower Platte River Valley.
The area covered by this study is the floor of the lower Platte River Valley between North Platte and Fremont and embraces about 2,500 square miles. The entire valley floor is underlain by unconsolidated Pleistocene sediments which consist of clay, silt, sand and gravel and range in thickness from less than 20 feet to nearly 200 feet. Westward from Cozad these sediments were deposited in a valley entrenched in bedrock, but east of Cozad they are continuous with similar deposits which underlie the adjacent uplands. Bedrock formations of Tertiary age are in contact with the basal Pleistocene sediments from the west end of the area to about Central City. From Central City eastward, formations of Cretaceous age immediately underlie the Pleistocene deposits.
The Pleistocene sediments and underlying pervious formations are water saturated below depths which range from less than 1 foot to about 90 feet below the surface. In general, the configuration of the water table is similar to the topography of the land surface, but the relief on the water table is considerably less by comparison. Movement of ground water is either toward the river or parallel to it. Based on present information, movement of ground water out of the valley is not indicated but additional water-level control is needed south of the valley between Grand Island and Columbus to determine the possibility of ground-water loss in this stretch of the valley.
Periodic observations of water-table fluctuations have constituted an important phase of ground-water studies in the lower Platte River Valley. Examination of water-level data collected by the Geological Survey in cooperation with the Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska indicates that water levels throughout most of the valley between Gothenburg and Grand Island declined during the 9-year period, December 1930 to December 1939. The maximum net declines observed during this period were a little greater than 4 feet. During the period December 1939 to December 1946, water levels recovered throughout much of the same area; in local areas on the south side of the Platte River between North Platte and Overton water levels rose in excess of 10 feet as a result of seepage losses tram canals and irrigated lands. However, north of Wood River in western Hall County water levels continued to decline to the extent that in at least 3 observation wells water levels in December 1946 were more than 5 feet lower than in December 1930.
Water levels were measured monthly in 1946 and bimonthly in 1947 in observation wells located throughout the area covered by this report. During this period water levels fluctuated through a range of about 3 feet, the lowest levels being reached in September 1946 and the highest levels being reached in July 1947. Average fluctuations between successive measurements were a little less than 0.4 foot. The amount of ground-water discharge in the summer months of 1947 was approximately double that of the previous summer. However, replenishment to groundwater storage during the fall of 1946 and the spring of 1947 was sufficiently great that the amount of water in storage in the valley as a whole at the end of the 2-year period was essentially equal to the amount in storage at the beginning of the period. At the end of 1947 the Dawson and Buffalo County areas showed gains to storage whereas the remainder of the valley suffered vary slight losses during the same 2 years.
The quantity of ground water that a water-bearing material will yield is dependent upon the hydrologic properties of the material. Two hydrologic properties of greatest importance are permeability and specific yield. During the course of the present investigation 5 pumping tests were conducted to determine the coefficients of permeability and storage of the Pleistocene deposits. The values of the former range from 955 to 4,925 and the latter tram 0.007. to 0.236 attar 24 hours of pumping.
The mineral character of the ground water has been determined from analyses of samples, of which 15 represented municipal supplies and 3 were irrigation waters. Ground waters analyzed for this report contained variable amounts of dissolved solids ranging from 240 to 1,060 parts per million, with hardness values above limits considered desirable tor public supplies. The increased concentration of dissolved solids for ground waters in the western part of the valley as a result of return flow conditions, is noted. Ground waters in the valley are discussed as to suitability for municipal and irrigation uses, and analyses of samples do not reveal any serious condition that would adversely affect the use of these waters for the purposes intended. As irrigation increases, periodic chemical analyses of ground waters in this area will be required to evaluate the effects of the re-use of drainage waters and to provide information for salinity control.
Ground-water supplies are drawn upon extensively for irrigation purposes, for municipal supplies, and for rural, domestic and stock supplies. Nearly 4,000 irrigation wells are known to exist in the area, the greatest concentrations of these being in Dawson, Buffalo, and Hall Counties.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir20","usgsCitation":"Waite, H.A., and Swenson, H.A., 1949, Progress report on the geology and ground-water hydrology of the lower Platte River Valley, Nebraska, with a section on the chemical quality of the ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 20, Report: v, 211 p.; 4 plates: 43.75 x 22.00 inches or less , https://doi.org/10.3133/cir20.","productDescription":"Report: v, 211 p.; 4 plates: 43.75 x 22.00 inches or less ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1949/0020/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30314,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1949/0020/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"},{"id":30313,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1949/0020/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":30315,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1949/0020/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 3"},{"id":30316,"rank":301,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1949/0020/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":337200,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1949/0020/plate-9.pdf","text":"Plate 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Lower Platte River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.27319335937499,\n 41.47566020027821\n ],\n [\n -96.35009765625,\n 41.6154423246811\n ],\n [\n -96.800537109375,\n 41.66470503009207\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 41.63186741069748\n ],\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 41.549700145132725\n ],\n [\n -97.822265625,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -98.250732421875,\n 41.45919537950706\n ],\n [\n -98.50341796875,\n 41.236511201246216\n ],\n [\n -98.82202148437499,\n 41.08763212467916\n ],\n [\n -99.0966796875,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -99.55810546875,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -100.65673828125,\n 41.244772343082076\n ],\n [\n -101.162109375,\n 41.244772343082076\n ],\n [\n -101.458740234375,\n 41.19518982948959\n ],\n [\n -101.458740234375,\n 41.054501963290505\n ],\n [\n -101.14013671875,\n 40.93841495689795\n ],\n [\n -100.887451171875,\n 40.863679665481676\n ],\n [\n -100.283203125,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -99.931640625,\n 40.622291783092706\n ],\n [\n -99.459228515625,\n 40.463666324587685\n ],\n [\n -98.87695312499999,\n 40.50544628405211\n ],\n [\n -98.20678710937499,\n 40.772221877329024\n ],\n [\n -97.822265625,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -97.48168945312499,\n 41.20345619205131\n ],\n [\n -97.152099609375,\n 41.261291493919884\n ],\n [\n -96.78955078125,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -96.427001953125,\n 41.269549502842565\n ],\n [\n -96.27319335937499,\n 41.47566020027821\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65de1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waite, Herbert A.","contributorId":40973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"Herbert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swenson, Herbert A.","contributorId":93461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Herbert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2255,"text":"wsp1078 - 1949 - Ground-water supplies of the Ypsilanti area, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T14:35:34","indexId":"wsp1078","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1078","title":"Ground-water supplies of the Ypsilanti area, Michigan","docAbstract":"As of the date of this report (August 1945), the major water users in the Ypsilanti area are: (1) the city of Ypsilanti, (2) the Willow Run bomber plant, built by the Federal Government and operated by the Ford Motor Co., and (3) the war housing project of the Federal Public Housing Authority, designated in this report the Willow Run Townsite. The city, bomber plant, and townsite have required large quantities of water for domestic and industrial uses, and the necessary water supplies have been developed from wells. The Federal Works Agency had the responsibility of deciding whether the existing water facilities were adequate to meet the expected demands and determining the character of any additional public water-supply facilities that might be constructed with Federal assistance. In order to appraise the ground-water resources of the area the Federal Works Agency requested the Geological Survey to investigate the adequacy of the existing supplies and the availability of additional water. The present report is the result of the investigation, which was made in cooperation with the Michigan Geological Survey Division.
The water supplies of the three major users are obtained from wells penetrating glacial and associated sands and gravels. Supplies for the city of Ypsilanti and the Willow Run bomber plant are obtained from wells in the valley of the Huron River; the supply for the Willow Run Townsite is obtained from wells penetrating glacial gravels underlying the upland northeast of the valley. The bedrock formations of the area either yield little water to wells or yield water that is too highly mineralized for most uses.
The water supply for the bomber plant is obtained from three closely spaced, highly productive wells at the northern edge of the Huron River, a little more than 3 miles southeast of Ypsilanti. The water receives complete treatment in a modern treatment plant. River water also can be treated and has been used occasionally in the winter and spring. The average daily pumpage during periods of maximum production at the bomber plant has been 4.5 to 4.75 million gallons. On June 30, 1945, production of bombers was suspended, and the plant went on a. maintenance basis.
The water supply of the bomber-plant well field is replenished by recharge from precipitation and from the Huron River. The evidence shows that recharge from the river is one of the principal sources of water and gives assurance both of the adequacy of the present supply and of the availability of additional water if needed. The safe yield of the three existing wells is estimated to be not less than 6 million gallons per day.
The Ypsilanti public water supply is obtained from three tubular wells drilled in 1943, which replaced a number of suction-pumped tubular wells and one large dug well. All the wells penetrate sand and gravel in the bend of the Huron River in the southeastern part of Ypsilanti. The water is treated in a modern treatment plant completed in 1939. The average daily pumpage in million gallons was about 1.68 in 1942, 1.70 in 1943, and 1.66 in 1944. Considerable water was furnished to the Willow Run bomber plant from the Ypsilanti public-supply system during the period from August 1941 through March 1943.
The available information indicates that the water pumped from the Ypsilanti well field is replenished by ground-water flow from adjacent stretches of the Huron Valley and from the upland areas outside the valley, from precipitation on the valley in the vicinity of the well field, and possibly from the Huron River. It is believed that sufficient water can be obtained from the well field to meet the expected demand for a considerable time. The safe yield of the present wells is estimated to be not less than 3 million gallons per day, and detailed pumping tests might show that still larger supplies could be safely developed.
The water supply of the Willow Run Townsite is obtained from four wells in two well fields about 2 miles apart, one well in the northwest or Prospect and Geddes Road field, and three wells in the southeast or Wiard Road field. The pumpage was originally expected to be 2 to 3 million gallons per day, but it averaged only about 450,000 gallons per day from March 1943 through June 1945.
The evidence afforded by logs of wells and by pumping tests indicates that the water-bearing gravels at the townsite are covered by relatively impermeable materials and thus that the rate of recharge is low. However, only relatively small declines in water level have occurred during more than 2 years' operation of the wells, indicating that recharge may occur nearby. The safe yield of the present wells is estimated to be 1.0 to 1.5 million gallons per day, and detailed pumping tests might show it to be somewhat greater. The water supply of the Willow Run Townsite has the smallest potential capacity of the three major ground-water supplies in the area; however, the demand has been relatively small, and no difficulty should arise unless this demand increases greatly.
The investigation involved the drilling of 13 test wells to locate additional ground-water supplies, on the assumption that the wartime demand for water in the Ypsilanti area might increase beyond the capacity of the present sources. All 13 wells were drilled at sites selected by the Geological Survey. Two wells on the Willow Run Townsite were drilled by the Federal Public Housing Authority and 11 at other sites by the Federal Works Agency. Records of the wells are given in the report and discussed with respect to the availability of water at the different sites; similarly, the results of the controlled pumping tests made on four of the test wells drilled by the Federal Works Agency are analyzed and discussed with respect to the availability of additional water. The combined results of the test drilling and the pumping tests show that emergency supplies of several million gallons per day can be developed at the sites of the test wells. The best site shown by the test drilling is on the south bank of the Huron River opposite the bomber-plant well field, where a Well with a capacity of several thousand gallons per minute could be constructed if necessary. Three wells in the outwash-filled valley now occupied by Fleming Creek, on two of which pumping tests were made, show that emergency supplies ranging from a few hundred thousand to a million gallons per day could be developed at these test-well sites if necessary. Smaller Supplies ranging from a gallon or two per minute to perhaps 100,000 or 200,000 gallons per day could be developed at the sites of the remaining test Wells.
Pumping tests made on the supply wells of the three major water users by the consulting-engineering firms who designed the systems are analyzed and discussed briefly by the authors.
The report includes maps and graphs showing the surficial geology of the area, the location of wells, and fluctuations of water level in selected wells. Alsp included are tables giving data on water levels and pumpage, chemical analyses of representative ground waters, and records of wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1078","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Works Agency and the Geological Survey Division, Michigan Department of Conservation","usgsCitation":"McGuinness, C., Poindexter, O., and Otton, E., 1949, Ground-water supplies of the Ypsilanti area, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1078, Document: v, 105 p.; 5 Plates: 14.0 x 14.5 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1078.","productDescription":"Document: v, 105 p.; 5 Plates: 14.0 x 14.5 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1078/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28033,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1078/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28034,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1078/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28035,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1078/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28036,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1078/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28037,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1078/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28038,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1078/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Ypsilanti","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.75289916992188,\n 42.09618442380296\n ],\n [\n -83.75289916992188,\n 42.42548395494743\n ],\n [\n -83.5235595703125,\n 42.42548395494743\n ],\n [\n -83.5235595703125,\n 42.09618442380296\n ],\n [\n -83.75289916992188,\n 42.09618442380296\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b13e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuinness, Charles L.","contributorId":32902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuinness","given":"Charles L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poindexter, O.F.","contributorId":57050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poindexter","given":"O.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Otton, E. G.","contributorId":22311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"E. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185550,"text":"70185550 - 1948 - Ground water hydraulics as a geophysical aid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T14:27:43","indexId":"70185550","displayToPublicDate":"1948-07-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":138,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"1","title":"Ground water hydraulics as a geophysical aid","docAbstract":"The publication of the non-equilibrium formula in 1935 in a paper by Theis marked the opening of a new era in the analysis and understanding of the hydraulics of percolating ground waters. Through the past decade 9 an ever-increasing number of engineers and geologists have become familiar-with the application of this formula to practical problems of ground-water flow and have tested it in the field, against precise observations, under controlled conditions. Although the highly idealized aquifer assumed for the derivation of this formula is not of widespread occurrence in the field, we gain increasing confidence in the use of the Theis method as our backlog of proven data accumulates until we now look askance at test data which do not conform to this theory. In many cases, careful study of these anomalous data will reveal the means for estimating the degree or manner in which an observed aquifer diverges from the idealized aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Michigan Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","usgsCitation":"Ferris, J.G., 1948, Ground water hydraulics as a geophysical aid: Technical Report 1, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338200,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338199,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/GIMDL-TR01_302969_7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df19e4b05ec79911d213","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferris, John G.","contributorId":14251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferris","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2149,"text":"wsp1048 - 1948 - Discharge and sediment loads in the Boise River drainage basin, Idaho 1939-40","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T20:30:56.743928","indexId":"wsp1048","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1048","title":"Discharge and sediment loads in the Boise River drainage basin, Idaho 1939-40","docAbstract":"The Boise River project is a highly developed agricultural area comprising some \n520 square miles of valley and bench lands in southwestern Idaho. Water for \nirrigation is obtained from the Boise River and its tributaries which are regulated \nby storage in Arrow Rock and Deer Flat reservoirs. Distribution of water to the \nfarms is effected by 27 principal canals and several small farm laterals which \ndivert directly from the river. The- New York Canal, which is the largest, not \nonly supplies water to smaller canals and farm laterals, but also is used to fill \nDeer Flat Reservoir near Nampa from which water is furnished to farms in the \nlower valley. During the past 15 years maintenance costs in a number of those \ncanals have increased due to deposition of sediment in them and in the river \nchannel itself below the mouth of Moore Creek.
\nInterest in determining the runoff and sediment loads from certain areas in the \nBoise River drainage basin led to an investigation by the Flood Control Coordinating \nCommittee of the Department of Agriculture. Measurements of daily \ndischarge and sediments loads were made by the Geological Survey at 13 stations \nin the drainage basin during the 18-month period ended June 30, 1940. The \nstations were on streams in areas having different kinds of vegetative cover and \nsubjected to different kinds of land-use practice. Data obtained during the investigation \nfurnish a basis for certain comparisons of runoff and sediment loads \nfrom several areas arid for several periods of time.
\nRunoff measured at stations on the. Boise River near Twin Springs and on \nMoore Creek near Arrow Rock was smaller during 1939 than during 1940 and was \nbelow the average annual runoff for the period of available record. Runoff \nmeasured at the other stations on the project also was smaller during 1939 than \nduring 1940 and probably did not exceed the average for the previous 25 years.
\nThe sediment loads measured during the spring runoff in 1939 were smaller \nat most stations than those measured during the spring runoff in 1940. At those \nstations where the flow was not affected, or only slightly affected, by upstream \ndiversions or by placer-mining operations, the largest sadiment loads per unit of \ndrainage area were measured in Grouse Creek during both 1939 and 1940, amounting \nto 3,460 and 2,490 tons per square mile, respectively, and the smallest loads \nper unit of drainage area were measured in Bannock Creek during 1939 and in the \nBoise River near Twin Springs during 1940, amounting to 14 and 83 tons per \nsquare mile, respectively.
\nSize anaylses of a large number of samples of suspended and deposited \nsediments give an indication of the origin of sediments carried past some of the \nstations. The analyses show that most of the sediment measured at the five \nstations in the Moore Creek drainages basin above Idaho City consisted largely of \ncoarse material. They show, also, that the sediment measured at the station on \nMoore Creek above Thorn Creek consisted almost entirely of fine material during \npractically the entire period of the investigation. Most of the coarse material passing \nthe stations above Idaho City probably was retained behind the dikes or in \nthe pools usually formed by tailings from dredging operations in the placer-mining \narea below Idaho City, and much of the fine material measured at the station \non Moore Creek above Thorn Creek probably was contributed by placer-mining \nactivity. During the years when the spring runoff is greater than that measured \nduring 1939 and 1940, it is probable that the dikes and pools will be less effective \nin retaining coarse sediments within the placered area.
\nRecords of sediment loads measured in the New York Canal indicate that a \nnegligible amount of sediment was deposited there during 1939, but that in 1940 \nfrom 10 to 15 percent of the total load at the gaging station consisted of coarse \nsediment which was later deposited on the canal bottom. Most of the fine material \nwas doubtless carried through the canal and eventually deposited in diversion \nditches and on farm land. Because the sediment carried past the station on Moore \nCreek above Thorn Creek consisted almost entirely of fine material, it is probable, \nthat a considerable part of the coarse sediment carried in the New York Canal \nduring the 1940 spring runoff period was scoured from the large bed of deposited \nmaterial in the Boise River above Diversion- Dam, and that the remainder came \nfrom Grimes Creek. Arrow Rock Reservoir was not sluiced during the investigation, \nand it is therefore unlikely that any of the coarse sediment in the New York \nCanal came from the Boise River above Moore Creek during 1939 and 1940.
\nThe average dry weight of 71 samples of deposited sediments collected from \nseveral parts of the Boise River drainage basin is about 90 pounds per cubic \nfoot. The average specific gravity of 77 samples of deposited sediments is 2.57.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1048","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Flood Control Coordinating Committee, United States Department of Agriculture","usgsCitation":"Love, S.K., and Benedict, P.C., 1948, Discharge and sediment loads in the Boise River drainage basin, Idaho 1939-40: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1048, v, 150 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1048.","productDescription":"v, 150 p.","numberOfPages":"165","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414574,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24198.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1048/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27759,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1048/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Boise River drainage basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117,\n 43.273\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 44.075\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 44.075\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 43.273\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 43.273\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aaaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benedict, Paul Charles","contributorId":32135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":125,"text":"wsp915 - 1947 - Major winter and nonwinter floods in selected basins in New York and Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T19:21:15.107617","indexId":"wsp915","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"915","title":"Major winter and nonwinter floods in selected basins in New York and Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The scientific design of flood-control works is based on an evaluation of the hydrologic factors basic to flood events, particularly how rainfall and snow runoff, soil conditions, and channel influences can combine to produce greater or lesser floods. For this purpose an analysis of the pertinent hydrologic data is needed. The methods of analysis adopted should conform as closely as possible to those already in use and must be adapted to the quality of the available information. Maximum floods in 8 basins in New York and Pennsylvania during the winter and nonwinter months were studied, a total of 21 floods. The most outstanding winter flood of record in the North Atlantic region was that of March 1936. Rainfall plus snow melt in the basins studied ranged between 3.04 and 6.87 inches, and associated volumes of direct runoff from 1.88 to 5.63 inches. Winter floods have a common characteristic in their relation to freezing temperature. The antecedent periods, representing a period of snow accumulation and frost penetration, are below freezing, and the flood itself is contemporaneous with a period of above-freezing temperatures, usually associated with rain, during which the previously accumulated snow is melted. A second common characteristic of major winter floods is their tendency to be associated with widespread causal meteorologic conditions. There was a more complete conversion of rainfall and snow melt into runoff during the winter storms studied than during the wettest nonwinter flood. Snow melt during winter floods ranged from 0.04 to 0.07 inch per degree-day above 32° F. The depth of mean areal rainfall produced by the nonwinter storms studied ranged from 3.05 to 4.96 inches. The maximum 24-hour quantity at single stations was 14 inches, which was measured during the storm of July 1935 in New York. The volume of direct runoff ranged between 1.39 and 3.41 inches. The portion of rainfall that was converted into runoff varied in accordance with the rate of antecedent base flow, expressed in second-feet per square mile, and emphasized the influence of antecedent conditions. The average volume of direct runoff during winter floods was 4.24 inches, and the average during nonwinter floods was 2.44 inches. The latter, however, were more concentrated as to time, tending to compensate for large volume of runoff in winter, so that the crest rates of direct runoff averaged 0.056 inches per hour during the winter and 0.051 inches during the nonwinter period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp915","usgsCitation":"Langbein, W.B., 1947, Major winter and nonwinter floods in selected basins in New York and Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 915, ix, 139 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp915.","productDescription":"ix, 139 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424716,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24687.htm","text":"Susquehanna and Delaware River basins","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24687"},{"id":424715,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24686.htm","text":"Sacandaga River basin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24686"},{"id":24733,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0915/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":136415,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0915/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -78.75,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -78.75,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 43\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.583,\n 43.681\n ],\n [\n -74.583,\n 43.229\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 43.229\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 43.681\n ],\n [\n -74.583,\n 43.681\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64980b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, Walter Basil","contributorId":40581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"Basil","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70222084,"text":"70222084 - 1947 - Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the area of Kigalik and Awuna Rivers, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T20:25:08.009678","indexId":"70222084","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-31T17:15:22","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"11","subseriesTitle":"Preliminary Report","title":"Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the area of Kigalik and Awuna Rivers, Alaska","docAbstract":"During the summer of. 1947, U. S. Geological Survey Party No. 2 made a reconnaissance survey of the area between Awuna River and the divide north of the Kigalik River. The westernmost observations were made along the Awuna anticline to longitude about 157°30' W. and along the Kigalik anticline to longitude about 156°55'W. The easternmost work was done along the Knife Blade Ridge anticline at a longitude of about 154°30'W. Not all of this area was traversed, but a general idea of the area studied may be had by noting the distribution of dip and strike symbols on Figure 1.
Parts of this area had been previously visited by Smith 1/ in 1927 as a part of his traverse from Allakaket to the Arctic Coast. In the period from about July 10 to August 5 his party ascended the Awuna River and Birthday Creek, portaged over the Kigalik-Awuna divide at Birthday Pass, and descended the Kigalik River to its mouth.
Various parties in the field season of 1946 worked in areas not far distant. Webber 2/ began his field work near the headwaters of the Meade River and measured a section across the Kigalik anticline about 25 miles beyond the westernmost observations made on that structure by Party No. 2. Work by Chapman and Thurrell 3/ along the Colville River parallels at a distance of three or four miles work by Party No. 2 in the vicinity of Knife Blade Ridge. The easternmost observations by Party No. 2 in the vicinity of Knife Blade Ridge are about 11 miles west of the area south of Maybe Creek mapped by Ray and Fischer.4/
Of the 1947 work of other field parties that of Thurrell 5/ along the Colville River is most closely related to this report. His thickness from the base of Zone A to his Trace No. 5 is included in Column 1 of Figure 3. Webber's work 6/ along the Ikpikpuk and Titaluk Rivers is also in a closely related area.
Party No. 2 moved through this area by weasel, the weasels being used extensively on the daily traverses. The party assembled at Umiat late in May and was flown out to a lake about one mile west of the Ikpikpuk River at latitude 69°40' N. where the weasels and initial supplies had been previously cached. Early in June the party moved south into the area in which it was to begin work. For the next several weeks the party worked in the area north of the Kigalik River, moving westward along the divide north of that river. At this time considerable work was done south of the Kigalik River, west of longitude 154°40'W. No closure was detected along the Kigalik anticline. Shortly after the middle of July the party moved southwestward to the vicinity of the Awuna anticline where a westerly plunge had been suggested from the study of aerial photographs. The general route of the party from then on was eastward along the divide between the Awuna and Kigalik Rivers. Due to the need to reach a food cache further east very little data was gathered in the area between Birthday and Section Creeks. It was intended to work this area by one or two spike trips from the camp at the head of Section Creek. However, after constructing a cross-section from data gathered by the party along Section Creek and by Thurreli in the area between the Colville and Awuna Rivers it became apparent that the strata exposed along the axis of the Awuna anticline were stratigraphically below the base of Zone A. It thus appeared that there would be little point in attempting to gather additional data in the area between Birthday and Section Creeks. The party continued eastward, working along the south flank of the Kigalik anticline. On September 1, the party camped about one mile west of the summit of Knife Blade Ridge. Because of unfavorable weather at this time only a small amount of field work was accomplished in the next week. Enough data was gathered to give a general picture of the structure here, but the data on stratigraphy and structure is far from exhaustive. On September 9 the party moved eastward, camping that night about 3 miles northeast of :Wolf Creek, and arriving at Umiat on the afternoon of September 10.
Aerial photographs were carried in the field and used to record the points at which observations were made. A considerable amount of data was recorded on the photographs. Approximate elevations were obtained, at first by aneroid barometers, and later by more sensitive airplane altimeters. Plane table and alidade were used in local traverses in the area north of the Kigalik River to obtain dips and strikes by the 'three-point method. Nearly all other dips and strikes recorded were measured by Brunton compass. Dips of 5° or less in the area south of the Kigalik River should, in general, be considered as dip components with only the approximate strike shown. These low dips were taken on bedding traces* where it was usually impossible to observe an accurate strike with the Brunton.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70222084","usgsCitation":"Whittington, C.L., and Troyer, M.L., 1947, Preliminary report on stratigraphy and structure of the area of Kigalik and Awuna Rivers, Alaska: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 11, Report: 9 p.; 3 Plates: 54.47 x 24.76 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70222084.","productDescription":"Report: 9 p.; 3 Plates: 54.47 x 24.76 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401385,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222084/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401386,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222084/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401387,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222084/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401388,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222084/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":387247,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74566.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396835,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222084/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"area of the Kigalik and Awuna Rivers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.5,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -154.3333,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -154.3333,\n 69.4167\n ],\n [\n -157.5,\n 69.4167\n ],\n [\n -157.5,\n 69\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whittington, C. L.","contributorId":33310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whittington","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troyer, M. L.","contributorId":13672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210448,"text":"70210448 - 1947 - Stratigraphy and structure of the area of Maybe Creek","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T20:13:22.94605","indexId":"70210448","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-31T15:46:03","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"4","title":"Stratigraphy and structure of the area of Maybe Creek","docAbstract":"During the summer of 1946 the United States Geological Survey continued its program of stratigraphic and structural investigations in Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, northern Alaska. This report summarizes the results of work in the area of Maybe Creek (see inset, fig. 1). The area studied is southwest of Umiat and includes about 500 square miles lying generally between the headwaters and mouth of Maybe Creek. Structural data covering approximately 250 square miles of this area has been compiled from aerial photographic studies. The area is bordered generally on the north by the lake country and on the west by the Ikpikpuk River. Most of the area is north of Maybe Creek except for that part extending for 6 miles south of Maybe Creek between longitudes 153° 30' W. and 154° 20' W. The latitude of Maybe Creek is about 69° 15' N. The stream flows generally westward and at longitude 154° 40' W. unites with the eastward-flowing Kigalik River to form the Ikpikpuk River, which has a northerly course across the Arctic Slope to the ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210448","usgsCitation":"Ray, R.G., and Fischer, W., 1947, Stratigraphy and structure of the area of Maybe Creek: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 4, Report: 10 p.; 4 Figures: 36.61 x 24.22 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210448.","productDescription":"Report: 10 p.; 4 Figures: 36.61 x 24.22 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401190,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/figure-4.pdf","text":"Figure 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401189,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401188,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401187,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401186,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":375318,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74595.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210448/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Maybe Creek area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.8333,\n 69.150\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 69.150\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -154.8333,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -154.8333,\n 69.150\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ray, Richard G.","contributorId":29802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fischer, William A.","contributorId":47787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"William A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":836510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178708,"text":"70178708 - 1946 - Ground water in Pavant Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-09T11:30:25","indexId":"70178708","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"3","title":"Ground water in Pavant Valley","docAbstract":"The users of wells for irrigation in Pavant Valley, particularly in the Flowell district, have long been cognizant of their utter dependency upon ground water for livelihood, and were among the first in the State to make an organized effort to conserve supplies by prevention of waste. Since passage of the State ground-water law in 1935, the State Engineer has not approved applications for new wells in the areas of most concentrated development, and has deferred adjudication of existing water rights until adequate data concerning the ground-water resources become available. The investigation of ground-water resources in Pavant Valley was suggested by the State Engineer and constitutes one of a series that are being made in the important groundwater basins of Utah by the Federal Geological Survey in cooperation with the State Engineer. The investigation was under the general supervision of Oscar E. Meinzer, geologist in charge of the ground-water division of the Federal Geological Survey. H. E. Thomas, in charge of groundwater investigations in Utah, returned from military service overseas in time to assist in the completion of the manuscript, and edited the report.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","usgsCitation":"Dennis, P., Maxey, G.B., and Thomas, H.E., 1946, Ground water in Pavant Valley: Technical Publication 3, 96 p. .","productDescription":"96 p. ","numberOfPages":"102","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331482,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":331480,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-4-080"},{"id":331481,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/w920/w9200082.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Millard County","otherGeospatial":"Pavant Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.664794921875,\n 38.68443777679761\n ],\n [\n -112.664794921875,\n 39.257778150283364\n ],\n [\n -111.983642578125,\n 39.257778150283364\n ],\n [\n -111.983642578125,\n 38.68443777679761\n ],\n [\n -112.664794921875,\n 38.68443777679761\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58468aefe4b04fc80e5236e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennis, P. E.","contributorId":118921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennis","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maxey, G. B.","contributorId":76458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174093,"text":"70174093 - 1944 - Surface water resources of Iowa for the period October 1, 1940 to September 30, 1942","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T19:29:18.596656","indexId":"70174093","displayToPublicDate":"1945-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1944","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":148,"text":"Water Supply Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"2","title":"Surface water resources of Iowa for the period October 1, 1940 to September 30, 1942","docAbstract":"The State and Federal cooperative program for the systematic collection of stream-flow records in Iowa was initiated in L914, although a few records were obtained by special arrangements during an earlier period. Since the beginning of the cooperative program measurements of stage or discharge have been obtained at about 100 stations on Iowa streams and lakes for periods of various lengths. The longest records are those for the Mississippi River at Le Claire and Keokuk where authenticated data have been used to extend the record back to 1873 with decreasing accuracy for the earlier years. In addition to the records of daily stages or discharges, hundreds of measurements of a miscellaneous character also have been made at other points.
","language":"English","publisher":"The State of Iowa","publisherLocation":"Des Moines, IA","usgsCitation":"Crawford, L.C., 1944, Surface water resources of Iowa for the period October 1, 1940 to September 30, 1942: Water Supply Bulletin 2, viii, 222 p.","productDescription":"viii, 222 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324464,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":493153,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70174093/IGS_wsb_2.pdf","text":"Report","size":"43.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57724e35e4b07657d1a819d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crawford, Lawrence C.","contributorId":172475,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crawford","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":550,"text":"wsp928 - 1943 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1941, Part VIII, Western Gulf of Mexico basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-07T13:13:35","indexId":"wsp928","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1943","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"928","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1941, Part VIII, Western Gulf of Mexico basins","docAbstract":"Th!s volume is one of a series of 14 reports presenting results or measurements of stage and flow made on streams, lakes, and reservoirs in the United States during the water year ending September 30, 1941. The work was begun !n 1888 in connection with special studies relating to irrigation. Measurements or the flow or streams and of the stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs have been made at about 9,120 gaging stations !n the United States and also at many gaging stations !n Alaska and Hawaii. In July 1941, 4,850 gaging stations were being maintained by the Geological Survey and cooperating organizations. Miscellaneous discharge measurements were made at many other points.
\nIn the execution of the work many State and private organizations have cooperated, either by furnishing data or by assisting !n collecting data. Cooperation of the first kind is acknowledged in connection with the description of each station affected; cooperation of the second kind is acknowledged on page 11.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/wsp928","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1943, Surface water supply of the United States, 1941, Part VIII, Western Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 928, vi, 314 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp928.","productDescription":"vi, 314 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0928/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25113,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0928/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69734d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174092,"text":"70174092 - 1942 - Summaries of yearly and flood flow relating to Iowa streams 1873-1940","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T19:26:37.06005","indexId":"70174092","displayToPublicDate":"1942-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1942","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":148,"text":"Water Supply Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"1","title":"Summaries of yearly and flood flow relating to Iowa streams 1873-1940","docAbstract":"As a result of the need for basic data and the lack of a current and convenient summary concerning the surface-water resources of Iowa, a synoptic inventory has been prepared as a part of the present State-wide program which is made possible by State and Federal cooperative action. These hydrologic data are assembled in abbreviated form for the convenient* of the public and in order that a current State report containing stream-flow records under one cover will be more readily accessible for Iowa.
This inventory is here presented in the form of a brief compilation report which summarizes results of stream-flow measurements relating to Iowa streams through out the years during which local. State and Federal agencies have cooperated in Iowa with the water resources branch of the United States Geological Survey.
The principal basic data consist of concise summaries for gaging stations in Iowa and certain relevant locations adjacent thereto for which records for five or more complete years have been collected. These summaries include a comprehensive description and history of each station followed by a table giving in convenient form and for general use the figures of maximum and minimum daily dis charge and yearly mean discharge and runoff for the water and calendar years of record. In addition, approximately 300 miscellaneous discharge measurements, which have been made within the State of Iowa, am included in an original and convenient listing. A summary of maximum discharges at LIS places is also given together with other data pertinent to flood flow in Iowa.
","language":"English","publisher":"The State of Iowa","publisherLocation":"Des Moines, IA","usgsCitation":"Crawford, L.C., 1942, Summaries of yearly and flood flow relating to Iowa streams 1873-1940: Water Supply Bulletin 1, 129 p.","productDescription":"129 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324462,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":493152,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70174092/IGS_wsb_1.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.3 MB"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57724e35e4b07657d1a819d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crawford, Lawrence C.","contributorId":172475,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crawford","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45279,"text":"b899A - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 1, Structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany sandstone in Steuben, Yates, and parts of the adjacent counties","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45279,"text":"b899A - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 1, Structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany sandstone in Steuben, Yates, and parts of the adjacent counties","indexId":"b899A","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 1, Structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany sandstone in Steuben, Yates, and parts of the adjacent counties"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33813,"text":"b899 - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York","indexId":"b899","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33813,"text":"b899 - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York","indexId":"b899","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T18:12:17.460206","indexId":"b899A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"899","chapter":"A","title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 1, Structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany sandstone in Steuben, Yates, and parts of the adjacent counties","docAbstract":"The area covered by this report is in southwestern New York and includes a little more than 3,000 square miles in Steuben and Yates counties and parts of the six adjacent counties. This area has been mapped to determine the structural attitude of the exposed rocks, so as to aid those interested in prospecting for natural gas in the Oriskany sandstone of Lower Devonian age.
Because of the gentle regional dip toward the southwest, the youngest beds are exposed in the southwest corner of the area, and progressively older beds crop out northeastward in successive bands that strike generally northwest. All the exposed rocks are of Upper Devonian age except those in a narrow belt at the extreme north edge of the area, where a small thickness of Middle Devonian rocks crops out. The maximum thickness of beds so exposed is nearly 4,000 feet, of which the lower part is predominantly soft dark shale and the upper part predominantly fine-grained sandstone and gray shale. All the beds are marine except a few tongues of continental deposits red shale and sandstone and gray mudstone in the youngest beds. All the beds thicken southeastward, so that there is a northwestward convergence between any two lithologic units in the series. More than 30 key horizons that are persistent and distinctive were mapped, and altitudes on these key horizons served as a basis for constructing the structure contour map. Many of the key horizons are formation or member boundaries, but others are the tops or bottoms of limestone or sandstone beds within formations. All the stratigraphic units mapped are purely lithologic. (See pi. 2.)
The Tully limestone, which crops out along the northern border of the area, is an easily recognizable and therefore valuable key bed for subsurface correlations in this part of the State. Below the Tully limestone is a thick body of Middle Devonian shales of the Hamilton group which rests on another valuable key bed, the hard, cherty Onondaga limestone, also of Middle Devonian age. Below the Onondaga limestone is the Lower Devonian Oriskany sandstone, which is the gas-producing bed. Unlike the Onondaga, the Oriskany is locally thin or absent.
The structure of most of the area is shown by contour lines at 25-foot intervals, but where key horizons are lacking the structure is indicated by dip symbols. Upon the regional south and southwest dip are superposed numerous gentle folds whose axes trend approximately northeastward in the greater part of the area but more nearly eastward in the eastern part. The folds generally tend to become narrower and steeper, and therefore more closely spaced, southwestward. Many of the anticlines fork southwestward, whereas the synclines. tend to fork northeastward. All the folds have a westward or southwestward plunge.
Throughout the area the rocks are jointed in two dominant sets one that trends northwest and the other east or northeast. No evident relation .between these joints, which were measured only in the hard, relatively brittle beds, and the individual folds or domes was discernible.
The faults are concentrated in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the area and trend either northeastward or northwestward. Some are nearly vertical normal faults; others are steep reverse faults. Subsurface data show that most of the faults increase in throw downward and also that many subsurface faults do not reach the surface. A group of faults in the northwestern part of the Greenwood quadrangle and the southwestern part of the Hornell quadrangle were active during Upper Devonian time, while the Gowanda shale and overlying beds were being deposited. At this stratigraphic horizon the beds in a zone a few hundred feet thick are highly deformed in a wide belt on both sides of the faults. Sandstone layers are thinned out into long stringers or swollen into thick masses and in places are bent acutely without fracture. Thin layers of shale, coquina, and sand have flowed together into intricately plicated zones that lack cleavage and joints. These features show that the sediments were deformed while wet and plastic and buried only a little way below the sea floor. The beds that were laid down over these disturbed zones were not involved in this deformation. Many of the sharper flexures and most of the faults are not evident in the beds several hundred feet stratigraphically higher. Accordingly, broad, gentle folds in these higher beds in parts of the area south and west of the northwest corner of the Greenwood quadrangle may conceal, at considerable depths below them, narrow folds separated by abrupt flexures or faults.
Several of the larger streams and rivers occupy strike valleys, and their j courses swing to follow the changing strike of the rocks where they cross ( successive folds. But, with few exceptions, the small streams are not adjusted to the bedrock structure.
Domes likely to serve as traps for natural gas are concentrated in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the area. The Wayne-Dundee gas field is in the northeastern part. All the other potentially valuable domes in this part of the area have been drilled and found valueless except one small structural feature in the southern part of the Ovid quadrangle, which, if the Oriskany is present, may trap a small quantity of gas.
In the Greenwood quadrangle in the southwestern part of the area there is one gas field and four well-defined domes, all of which may be productive if the Oriskany sandstone is present. In the northwest corner of the quadrangle the dips indicate at least two domes that can be adequately defined and evaluated only by geophysical prospecting. The State Line gas field is in tbe Wellsville quadrangle. In the southeast corner of this quadrangle there are three other domes of comparable size that may also be productive if underlain by the Oriskany sandstone. At other places in the Wellsville quadrangle the dips suggest several anticlinal axes on which analogous productive domes maybe found. The structural features in this quadrangle, however, are defined by contours only in the southeastern part. In the Woodhull quadrangle a large dome east of Jasper may be productive, and the western top of the large Woodhull dome in the southwestern part of the quadrangle seems to warrant drilling, despite the absence of the Oriskany in a well on the eastern top. Two wells drilled in 1936 and 1937 a little northeast of a broad, nearly flat-topped dome in the Hornell quadrangle, a few miles east of Hornell,, struck small flows of gas, suggesting that wells drilled higher on this dome may be productive.
In much of the southwestern part of the area seismograph surveys should be of great value in determining the structure at the Tully and Onondaga horizons. Without abundant subsurface control of this sort, the danger of drilling into subsurface faults can hardly be overemphasized.
Three closed or nearly closed synclines in the Greenwood and Wellsville quadrangles appear to be favorable places to drill for oil in the shallow sands presumably parts of the Dunkirk sandstone.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b899A","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W.H., and Pepper, J.F., 1941, Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 1, Structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany sandstone in Steuben, Yates, and parts of the adjacent counties: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 899, Report: iii, 68 p.; 1 Plate: 33.98 x 35.11 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b899A.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 68 p.; 1 Plate: 33.98 x 35.11 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":93910,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0899a/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"},{"id":402106,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93211.htm"},{"id":134603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0899a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":93911,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0899a/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -76.75,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -76.75,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 43\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68817c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, W. H.","contributorId":102452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pepper, J. F.","contributorId":71522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pepper","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33813,"text":"b899 - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45279,"text":"b899A - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 1, Structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany sandstone in Steuben, Yates, and parts of the adjacent counties","indexId":"b899A","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 1, Structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany sandstone in Steuben, Yates, and parts of the adjacent counties"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33813,"text":"b899 - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York","indexId":"b899","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":45280,"text":"b899B - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 2. Subsurface structure in part of southwestern New York and mode of occurrence of gas in the Medina group","indexId":"b899B","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 2. Subsurface structure in part of southwestern New York and mode of occurrence of gas in the Medina group"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33813,"text":"b899 - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York","indexId":"b899","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T09:29:16","indexId":"b899","displayToPublicDate":"1938-01-01T11:10:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"899","title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York","docAbstract":"The area covered by this report is in southwestern New York and includes a little more than 3,000 square miles in Steuben and Yates counties and parts of the six adjacent counties. This area has been mapped to determine the structural attitude of the exposed rocks, so as to aid those interested in prospecting for natural gas in the Oriskany sandstone of Lower Devonian age.
Because of the gentle regional dip toward the southwest, the youngest beds are exposed in the southwest corner of the area, and progressively older beds crop out northeastward in successive bands that strike generally northwest. All the exposed rocks are of Upper Devonian age except those in a narrow belt at the extreme north edge of the area, where a small thickness of Middle Devonian rocks crops out. The maximum thickness of beds so exposed is nearly 4,000 feet, of which the lower part is predominantly soft dark shale and the upper part predominantly fine-grained sandstone and gray shale. All the beds are marine except a few tongues of continental deposits—red shale and sandstone and gray mudstone—in the youngest beds. All the beds thicken southeastward, so that there is a northwestward convergence between any two lithologic units in the series. More than 30 key horizons that are persistent and distinctive were mapped, and altitudes on these key horizons served as a basis for constructing the structure contour map. Many of the key horizons are formation or member boundaries, but others are the tops or bottoms of limestone or sandstone beds within formations. All the stratigraphic units mapped are purely lithologic. (See pl. 2.)
The Tully limestone, which crops out along the northern border of the area, is an easily recognizable and therefore valuable key bed for subsurface correlations in this part of the State. Below the Tully limestone is a thick body of Middle Devonian shales of the Hamilton group which rests on another valuable key bed, the hard, cherty Onondaga limestone, also of Middle Devonian age. Below the Onondaga limestone is the Lower Devonian Oriskany sandstone, which is the gas-producing bed. Unlike the Onondaga, the Oriskany is locally thin or absent.
The structure of most of the area is shown by contour lines at 25-foot intervals, but, where key horizons are lacking the structure is indicated by dip symbols. Upon the regional south and southwest dip are superposed numerous gentle folds whose axes trend approximately northeastward in the greater part of the area but more nearly eastward in the eastern part. The folds generally tend to become narrower and steeper, and therefore more closely spaced, southwestward. Many of the anticlines fork southwestward, whereas the synclines tend to fork northeastward. All the folds have a westward or southwestward plunge.
Throughout the area the rocks are jointed in two dominant sets—one that trends northwest and the other east or northeast. No evident relation between these joints, which were measured only in the hard, relatively brittle beds, and the individual folds or domes was discernible.
The faults are concentrated in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the area and trend either northeastward or northwestward. Some are nearly vertical normal faults ; others are steep reverse faults. Subsurface data show that most of the faults increase in throw downward and also that many subsurface faults do not reach the surface. A group of faults in the northwestern part of the Greenwood quadrangle and the southwestern part of the Hornell quadrangle were active during Upper Devonian time, while the Gowanda shale and overlying beds were being deposited. At this stratigraphic horizon the beds in a zone a few hundred feet thick are highly deformed in a wide belt on both sides of the faults. Sandstone layers are thinned out into long stringers or swollen into thick masses and in places are bent acutely without fracture. Thin layers of shale, coquina, and sand have flowed together into intricately plicated zones that lack cleavage and joints. These features show that the sediments were deformed while wet and plastic and buried only a little way below the sea floor. The beds that were laid down over these disturbed zones were not involved in this deformation. Many of the sharper flexures and most of the faults are not evident in the beds several hundred feet stratigraphically higher. Accordingly, broad, gentle folds in these higher beds in parts of the area south and west of the northwest corner of the Greenwood quadrangle may conceal, at considerable depths below them, narrow folds separated by abrupt flexures or faults.
Several of the larger streams and rivers occupy strike valleys, and their courses swing to follow the changing strike of the rocks where they cross successive folds. But, with few exceptions, the small streams are not adjusted to the bedrock structure.
Domes likely to serve as traps for natural gas are concentrated in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the area. The Wayne-Dundee gas field is in the northeastern part. All the other potentially valuable domes in this part of the area have been drilled and found valueless except one small structural feature in the southern part of the Ovid quadrangle, which, if the Oriskany is present, may trap a small quantity of gas.
In the Greenwood quadrangle in the southwestern part of the area there is one gas field and four well-defined domes, all of which may be productive if the Oriskany sandstone is present. In the northwest corner of the quadrangle the dips indicate at least two domes that can be adequately defined and evaluated only by geophysical prospecting. The State Line gas field is in the Wellsville quadrangle. In the southeast corner of this quadrangle there are three other domes of comparable size that may also be productive if underlain by the Oriskany sandstone. At other places in the Wellsville quadrangle the dips suggest several anticlinal axes on which analogous productive domes may be found. The structural features in this quadrangle, however, are defined by contours only in the southeastern part. In the Woodhull quadrangle a large dome east of Jasper may be productive, and the western top of the large Wood-hull dome in the southwestern part of the quadrangle seems to warrant drilling, despite the absence of the Oriskany in a well on the eastern top. Two wells drilled in 1936 and 1937 a little northeast of a broad, nearly flat-topped dome in the Hornell quadrangle, a few miles east of Hornell, struck small flows of gas, suggesting that wells drilled higher on this dome may be productive.
In much of the southwestern part of the area seismograph surveys should be of great value in determining the structure at the Tully and Onondaga horizons. Without abundant subsurface control of this sort, the danger of drilling into subsurface faults can hardly be overemphasized.
Three closed or nearly closed synclines in the Greenwood and Wellsville quadrangles appear to be favorable places to drill for oil in the shallow sands— presumably parts of the Dunkirk sandstone.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b899","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W., Pepper, J., and Richardson, G.B., 1941, Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 899, Report: iv, 93 p.; Plate: 33.83 x 35.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b899.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 93 p.; Plate: 33.83 x 35.33 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289891,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0899/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":334031,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0899/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"27.46 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":334032,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0899/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"15.37 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.7621,40.496 ], [ -79.7621,45.0159 ], [ -71.8563,45.0159 ], [ -71.8563,40.496 ], [ -79.7621,40.496 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fc1ee4b0b58d96eeb598","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Wilmot H.","contributorId":51751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Wilmot H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pepper, James F.","contributorId":10086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pepper","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richardson, G. B.","contributorId":70356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2987,"text":"wsp847 - 1940 - Maximum discharges at stream-measurement stations through December 31, 1937, with a supplement including additions and changes through September 30, 1938","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-17T10:25:25","indexId":"wsp847","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"847","title":"Maximum discharges at stream-measurement stations through December 31, 1937, with a supplement including additions and changes through September 30, 1938","docAbstract":"This report is a compilation of the highest known discharges at most gaging stations in the United States and at several places on boundary streams in Canada and Mexico. In the design and operation of a variety of engineering works on rivers, such as dams, spillways, bridges, dikes, and floodways, it is important to know the flood flows for which provision should be made. This report makes available a summary of the records of flood discharges of the streams of the United States for thousands of drainage areas. Many of the records extend back scores of years, and a few extend back more than 100 years. The data concerning maximum known flood flows in this report form a basis of comparison for floods that may occur in the future.
The records in the annual surface water reports of the Geological Society provide the broad network on which this compilation is based.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp847","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Research and Statistical Division of the Works Progress Administration for New York City and the Soil Conservation Service of the United States Department of Agriculture","usgsCitation":"Williams, G.R., Crawford, L.C., and Eisenlohr, W.S., 1940, Maximum discharges at stream-measurement stations through December 31, 1937, with a supplement including additions and changes through September 30, 1938: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 847, iii, 272 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp847.","productDescription":"iii, 272 p.","numberOfPages":"276","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":29759,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0847/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0847/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db6100fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Gordon R.","contributorId":51729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, Lawrence C.","contributorId":172475,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crawford","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eisenlohr, William Stewart Jr.","contributorId":115220,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eisenlohr","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Stewart","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1740,"text":"wsp838 - 1938 - Floods of Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, January-February 1937, with a section on the Flood deposits of the Ohio River, January-February 1937","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-24T11:12:48","indexId":"wsp838","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"838","title":"Floods of Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, January-February 1937, with a section on the Flood deposits of the Ohio River, January-February 1937","docAbstract":"In January and February 1937 the Ohio and mid-Mississippi Rivers experienced floods which, over reaches many hundreds of miles in length, exceeded all previously recorded stages. When measured by the loss of life and property, extent of damage, and general disruption of human activities, these floods constituted a major catastrophe.
\nThe floods were caused by a succession of heavy rainstorms that began late in December 1936 and continued nearly to the end of the following January. Although the storms covered a considerable part of the lower Mississippi River Basin and almost the entire Ohio River Basin, the center of heaviest precipitation was in the middle and lower portions of the Ohio River Valley.
\nThe total storm period can be subdivided into several individual storms, which were more or less clearly demarked by short intervening periods of little or no precipitation. Although the individual storm periods were the same or nearly the same over wide areas, their subdivisions were somewhat different in the most widely separated parts of the affected areas, with intermediate gradations in the intervening areas. The heaviest rainfall--that of January 20 to 25--was centered in the lower Ohio Valley, and, falling as it did upon a region with soil saturated and waterways already running full, it had the effect of producing extreme floods.
\nThe small quantity of snow on the ground over the higher eastern parts of the area at the beginning of the storm period disappeared in a short time. Some of the precipitation occurred in the form of snow, but this snow and the associated cold weather were much less significant in their influence on the floods than in the misery and discomfort they caused to ill-sheltered flood refugees and flood-bound people.
\nSequence and time of the storms were such that in the upper and smaller tributary basins the associated flood rises tended to clear to a notable degree before the-next flood rises came; hence many of these tributaries were at no time in extreme flood. In the lower reaches of the largest tributaries, and especially on the middle and lower reaches of the Ohio River, there were extreme and almost continuously increasing accumulations of run-off, which culminated in the region of Louisville, Ky., in stages 10 or 11 feet higher than any previously known.
\nThe precipitation was heaviest in the Ohio River Basin, and the flood in the Mississippi River, like other notable floods of the past, was caused largely by the extraordinary contributions from the Ohio River. The river stages exceeded those previously recorded for the lower 700 miles on the Ohio River and for 250 miles .on the Mississippi River below the Ohio. At Cairo, Ill., at the mouth Of the Ohio River, the river stage was higher for a period of 19 days, from January 24 to February 11, than at any previous time on record. The height above previous flood stages diminished materially as the flood progressed down the Mississippi.
\nThe mean precipitation ever the Ohio River Basin during the storm period was. 12.85 inches. The snow on the ground at the beginning of the period is estimated to have been equivalent to a mean depth of 0.10 inch of water over the basin. Out of the total precipitation 8.9 inches appeared as flood flow. On January 26 the computed volume of water in the stream channels of the Ohio River Basin was 56,000,000 acre-feet, equivalent to a depth of 5.1 inches over the drainage basin. The maximum discharge of the Ohio River at its mouth was 1,880,000 second-feet on February 1. On February 2, the day of the crest stage at the mouth of the Ohio, the computed volume of water on the surface channel system was equivalent to a depth of 3.7 inches over the drainage basin, of which 2.4 inches was in the 337-mile reach of the Ohio River between Louisville, Ky., and the mouth.
\nThis water-supply paper presents records of stage and discharge for the period including the floods at about 250 measurement stations, records of stage and discharge for the period including the floods at about 250 measurement stations, records of storage in many reservoirs, a summary of peak discharges with comparative data for other floods at about 470 measurement points, and tables
showing crest stages along an aggregate length of stream channel for 5,000 miles. The report also includes basic information in regard to the
weather associated with the floods, results of detailed studies of the rainfall and run-off, analyses of the volume of flood waters'in the surface
channel systems during the progress of the floods, and many other kinds of flood information.
Following the main flood report is a brief report entitled \"Flood\" deposits of the Ohio River, January-February 1937, a study of sedimentation.\"
An abstract of that report is presented on page 693.
The paper entitled “An investigation of the flow‐duration characteristics of North Carolina streams,” by Thorndlke Saville and John Dargan Watson, which was published by the American Geophysical Union in its report of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting in 1933 (pp. 406–425), stimulated the writer, who is familiar with the streams discussed, having been assigned for several years to the United States Geological Survey offices that collected the base data. Knowing that there is a marked similarity in runoff‐characteristics of the western North Carolina streams and also that fairly good similarity is shown by New England streams within reasonable zones, he felt it would be desirable to carry the investigation to a part of the country where stream‐flow characteristics are diverse. The present investigation was therefore made to cover all the long‐time records in Illinois on streams of definite drainage‐area, particular attention being paid to comparisons of records from the same stream. The record on the Rock River at Afton, Wisconsin, was also included. The streams studied are listed in Table 1.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR017i002p00418","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J.H., 1936, Flow‐duration characteristics of Illinois streams: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 17, no. 2, p. 418-426, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR017i002p00418.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"418","endPage":"426","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378148,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J. H.","contributorId":9243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":797962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179607,"text":"70179607 - 1926 - Stream measurement work: Chapter 7 in Fifteenth biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1925-1926","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T11:18:02","indexId":"70179607","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1926","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5276,"text":"Utah State Engineer Biennial Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"15","chapter":"7","title":"Stream measurement work: Chapter 7 in Fifteenth biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1925-1926","docAbstract":"The general stream measurement work has been continued during the biennium by the United States Geological Survey under cooperative agreement with the State Engineer. This agreement is essentially the same as that outlined in previous reports and the details of the stream gauging operations carried on under these agreements can be found in the biennial reports of the State Engineer.
The data collected are published in the annual water supply papers of the United States Geological Survey which contain stream flow records for the whole United States including Alaska and Hawaii. For convenience and uniformity in publications the United States has been divided into 12 primary drainage basins and the results of stream measurements are published annually in a series of progress reports that correspond to these twelve divisions. Data for Utah appear in two of these: the Great Basin and the Colorado River basin reports. A complete set of these publications is on fine at the district office of the Geological Survey, 313 Federal Building, Salt Lake City, where the data in advance of publication are also available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fifteenth biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1925-1926","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Arrow Press","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City","usgsCitation":"Purton, A., 1926, Stream measurement work: Chapter 7 in Fifteenth biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1925-1926: Utah State Engineer Biennial Report 15, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332928,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333785,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-361","text":"Full Text of Biennial Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586f69c3e4b01a71ba0bc923","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purton, A.B.","contributorId":18338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purton","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25063,"text":"wsp520E - 1925 - The artesian water supply of the Dakota sandstone in North Dakota, with special reference to the Edgeley quadrangle","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":25063,"text":"wsp520E - 1925 - The artesian water supply of the Dakota sandstone in North Dakota, with special reference to the Edgeley quadrangle","indexId":"wsp520E","publicationYear":"1925","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"The artesian water supply of the Dakota sandstone in North Dakota, with special reference to the Edgeley quadrangle"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":1737,"text":"wsp520 - 1925 - Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1923-1924","indexId":"wsp520","publicationYear":"1925","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1923-1924"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":1737,"text":"wsp520 - 1925 - Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1923-1924","indexId":"wsp520","publicationYear":"1925","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1923-1924"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-30T21:13:52.498817","indexId":"wsp520E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1925","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"520","chapter":"E","title":"The artesian water supply of the Dakota sandstone in North Dakota, with special reference to the Edgeley quadrangle","docAbstract":"The Dakota sandstone and the overlying dense plastic shales form the most remarkable artesian basin in the United States with respect to its great extent, the long distances through which its water has percolated from the outcrops of the sandstone in the western mountains to the areas of artesian flow, and especially the tremendous pressure under which the water in the sandstone was originally by thick and continuous cover of impermeable shales. In 1882 a well was drilled to the Dakota sandstone at Aberdeen, S. Dak., by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co. This well was reported by Nettleton1 to have been \"the first bore put down which reached the artesian basin of the Dakotas.\" In 1896 Darton2 estimated that about 400 artesian wells had been drilled to the Dakota sandstone, presumably in South Dakota and adjacent parts of the artesian basin in North Dakota which he investigated.3 The strongest of these wells had pressures ranging from 100 to more than 200 pounds to the square inch and flows ranging from 1,000 to more than 4,000 gallons a minute.
\nThe present brief paper is based chiefly on the data that have been obtained in the successive surveys in regard to about 230 artesian wells in or near the Edgeley quadrangle. A table of these well data is on file in the United States Geological Survey and is to be published in the detailed report on the geology and hydrology of the Edgeley and La Moure quadrangles that has been prepared by Mr. Hard. The well data obtained by Mr. Hard have already been published in a report prepared by him in his capacity as State flood-control engineer.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1923-1924 (Water Supply Paper 520)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp520E","usgsCitation":"Meinzer, O.E., and Hard, H.A., 1925, The artesian water supply of the Dakota sandstone in North Dakota, with special reference to the Edgeley quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 520, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp520E.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388207,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24584.htm"},{"id":156698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0520e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":279498,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0520e/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -99.0,46.0 ], [ -99.0,46.5 ], [ -98.5,46.5 ], [ -98.5,46.0 ], [ -99.0,46.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6697cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meinzer, Oscar E.","contributorId":83436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meinzer","given":"Oscar","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hard, Herbert A.","contributorId":88205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hard","given":"Herbert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180080,"text":"70180080 - 1922 - Stream measurement work: Chapter 9 in Thirteenth biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1921-1922","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T12:30:46","indexId":"70180080","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1922","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5276,"text":"Utah State Engineer Biennial Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"13","chapter":"9","title":"Stream measurement work: Chapter 9 in Thirteenth biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1921-1922","docAbstract":"Systematic stream measurement work was probably first undertaken in Utah when the United States Geological Survey in 1888 began collecting records of flow of certain streams in the West in connection with special studies relating to irrigation in the arid sections. Since 1895 Congress has made small appropriations “for gaging the streams and determining the water supply of the United States.” These appropriations have permitted of federal allotments in each State only sufficient to carry on a limited amount of investigation and in recent years many private and State organizations have co-operated wither by furnishing data or by making appropriations to assist in collecting data. This co-operation has more than doubled the extent of the work carried out by the Surface Water division of the Geological Survey.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Thirteenth biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1921-1922","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Arrow Press","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","usgsCitation":"Purton, A., 1922, Stream measurement work: Chapter 9 in Thirteenth biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1921-1922: Utah State Engineer Biennial Report 13, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333776,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333775,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-358","text":"Full Text of Biennial Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5888770ee4b05ccb964bab73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purton, A.B.","contributorId":18338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purton","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174800,"text":"70174800 - 1921 - Surface waters of Kansas, 1895-1919","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-15T14:34:19","indexId":"70174800","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-16T14:30:00","publicationYear":"1921","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Surface waters of Kansas, 1895-1919","docAbstract":"Kansas is preeminently an agricultural state. According to the United States census of 1910, the area in farms was 43,384,799 acres, or 67,789 square miles, 83 per cent of the total area of the state —82,158 square miles.
\nThe products of these farms rank high in value among those of farms in other states, as shown by comparative statistics compiled by the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Crop Estimates. For the period from 1913 to 1917 Kansas ranked ninth of the states of the United States in the value of all crops raised, exclusive of livestock; in 1919 Kansas ranked fifth. In livestock Kansas ranked sixth in 1918 and eighth in 1919.
\nClimatic conditions have largely dominated agricultural development in Kansas. Early ventures in dry farming in western Kansas, encouraged by a succession of rainy seasons, resulted in disheartening disasters, due to the dry seasons that followed. Throughout that region the farmers have gradually utilized the surface and underground waters for irrigation to provide against this deficiency of rainfall.
\nThe floods that have occurred in the valleys of eastern\" Kansas at frequent intervals during the past twenty years have been the subject of much investigation by state and Federal organizations. In 1844 and 1903 exceptionally disastrous floods occurred in the Kansas (Kaw) valley. Floods that were of lesser magnitude, but that caused widespread loss and injury to property, have occurred in other years, the most recent being the flood of 1915. Much of the cultivated land in these valleys lies along fertile river bottoms that are annually liable to overflow, and the control of the flood waters on these rivers and their tributaries is therefore one of the problems arising from unfavorable climate that demand early solution.
\nIn view of the increasing demand for water for domestic service and fire protection, the need of determining whether the supply is adequate for rapidly growing centers of population throughout the state has recently been impressed very strongly upon a great many communities. The dependability of available sources of water supply during seasons of drought is fully as important as investigations of flood problems.
\nPractical solutions of the many local and statewide water problems, such as flood protection, flood prevention, domestic water supply, drainage, irrigation, and water power, depend largely on a thorough knowledge of certain physical data relating to water resources.
\nHydrologic conditions differ widely in the different drainage basins, so that long-time investigations of stream-flow phenomena in each basin, as well as long-time investigations of meteorologic conditions over the state, are essential in the formulation of comprehensive plans to meet specific water problems.
\nThe collection of long-time records of stream-flow in Kansas which is published in this volume has been prepared for the use of those who are concerned with the different phases of the utilization of water in the state.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kansas Water Commission, Printed by Kansas state printing plant, B. P. 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