Groundwater provides nearly 50 percent of the Nation’s drinking water. To help protect this vital resource, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project assesses groundwater quality in aquifers that are important sources of drinking water (Burow and Belitz, 2014). The Biscayne aquifer constitutes one of the important aquifers being evaluated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20193056","collaboration":"National Water-Quality ProgramNAWQA Chief Scientist
National Water-Quality Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 413
Reston, VA 20192-0002
Groundwater provides nearly 50 percent of the Nation’s drinking water. To help protect this vital resource, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project assesses groundwater quality in aquifers that are important sources of drinking water (Burow and Belitz, 2014). The Ozark Plateaus aquifer system constitutes one of the important aquifer systems being evaluated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20193057","collaboration":"National Water-Quality ProgramNAWQA Chief Scientist
National Water-Quality Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 413
Reston, VA 20192-0002
Groundwater provides nearly 50 percent of the Nation’s drinking water. To help protect this vital resource, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project assesses groundwater quality in aquifers that are important sources of drinking water. The Columbia Plateau basaltic-rock aquifers constitute one of the important resources being evaluated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20193058","collaboration":"National Water-Quality ProgramNAWQA Chief Scientist
National Water-Quality Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 413
Reston, VA 20192-0002
Groundwater provides nearly 50 percent of the Nation’s drinking water. To help protect this vital resource, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project assesses groundwater quality in aquifers that are important sources of drinking water. The High Plains aquifer constitutes one of the important aquifers being evaluated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20193055","collaboration":"National Water-Quality ProgramNAWQA Chief Scientist
National Water-Quality Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 413
Reston, VA 20192-0002
A study was conducted in the lower Yakima River, Washington, during June–October 2019 to evaluate water temperature effects on adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) behavior. A total of 60 sockeye salmon adults were tagged with radio transmitters and monitored during the study. Fourteen of the fish were collected and tagged at Prosser Dam in late June and the remainder were collected and tagged at the mouth of the Yakima River in late July. Water temperature exceeded 20 degrees Celsius (°C), conditions shown to block upstream migration of adult sockeye salmon in other river systems, from June 9, 2019 to September 15, 2019. These elevated temperatures seemed to affect the behavior of tagged fish during this study. Fish that were collected and tagged at Prosser Dam left the Yakima River within days of release and tagged fish that were collected and released at the mouth of the Yakima River failed to enter and move upstream until mid-September when water temperature decreased to less than (<) 20 °C. Monitoring sites were located adjacent to several known areas of cool-water inputs that may provide thermal refuge for fish in the lower Yakima River to determine if tagged fish spent time in these areas. Although several tagged fish moved repeatedly past these sites, most fish spent <30 minutes at any given site, indicating that fish were actively migrating past the sites rather than holding near cool-water inputs. A single tagged fish moved upstream to Roza Dam and was collected for upstream transport to Cle Elum Reservoir during our study. Additional research in subsequent years likely will be required to better understand how water temperature affects adult sockeye salmon in the lower Yakima River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201033","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, Yakama Nation Fisheries, and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife","usgsCitation":"Kock, T.J., Evans., S.D., Hansen, A.C., Ekstrom, B.K., Visser, R., Saluskin, B., and Hoffarth, P., 2020, Evaluation of water temperature effects on adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) behavior in the Yakima River, Washington, 2019: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020-1033, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201033.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-115963","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373693,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1033/ofr20201033.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1033"},{"id":373692,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1033/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.59417724609375,\n 46.96338498544958\n ],\n [\n -120.5804443359375,\n 46.916503267244835\n ],\n [\n -120.52001953124999,\n 46.837649560937464\n ],\n [\n -120.50628662109374,\n 46.77184961467733\n ],\n [\n -120.57220458984376,\n 46.67394106549699\n ],\n [\n -120.56671142578124,\n 46.590956573124544\n ],\n [\n -120.51727294921875,\n 46.44731998341687\n ],\n [\n -120.31402587890625,\n 46.3127900695348\n ],\n [\n -120.17120361328125,\n 46.219752144776876\n ],\n [\n -119.92401123046875,\n 46.181732100439916\n ],\n [\n -119.34997558593749,\n 46.20834889395228\n ],\n [\n -119.19342041015624,\n 46.26534147068603\n ],\n [\n -119.16595458984374,\n 46.42271253466717\n ],\n [\n -119.37469482421875,\n 46.67205646734499\n ],\n [\n -119.47631835937499,\n 46.741742832123364\n ],\n [\n -119.66308593749999,\n 46.71161922789268\n ],\n [\n -119.83612060546874,\n 46.69278343251575\n ],\n [\n -119.84710693359375,\n 46.98399993718925\n ],\n [\n -120.59417724609375,\n 46.96338498544958\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115-5016
Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
The lakebed in Wapato Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in northwestern Oregon was farmed for decades prior to the establishment of the refuge in 2013. Planning for restoration of these lands required extensive data collection and construction of a water budget and tools to design and evaluate potential restoration strategies. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service worked together to monitor streamflow and water levels in and around Wapato Lake NWR, apply the USGS Shoreline Management Tool (SMT), then construct and apply a water-budget-based Water Management Scenario Tool (WMST). The SMT was used to determine the spatial availability of different water depths (as potential habitat for different species) as a function of water level and other factors, based on topographic data. The WMST uses a water-budget approach to predict daily water levels, inflows, outflows, and areas of specific categories of water depth in the refuge over the course of a water year in response to a range of hydrologic and meteorological conditions and potential water-management strategies. In this study, two hypothetical water-management strategies were simulated to predict their effect on water levels and areas with specific water depths as an indicator of potential habitat. In the first scenario, several tributaries that had been diverted around the lakebed since the 1930s were reconnected to the lake, and an outflow weir was used to control lake level and to create a lake and seasonal wetlands of specific depths. In the second scenario, an outflow weir was combined with pumps to help meet target lake levels. Results showed that reconnecting the largest three tributaries to Wapato Lake would provide sufficient water to create a range of aquatic conditions in most years. For a median water year, rainfall and tributary flows in these scenarios provided 99 percent of total inputs to the lake, whereas pumping, weir outflows, and open-water evaporation
accounted for 95–97 percent of losses. Management of lake levels could be accomplished with a variable-elevation outflow weir or a combination of a weir and pumps. The lake would take longer to fill to a higher seasonal target level during a dry year. Without an outflow weir or other means of allowing water to flow out of the lake, the largest of two existing pumps would need to be used during late spring or early summer to attain a lower seasonal target water level in summer. High-water conditions downstream of Wapato Lake may prevent the use of a simple outflow weir, as historical downstream water levels in winter and spring sometimes were higher than the target water levels used in these scenarios. Water-budget-based methods applied in this study have proven to be valuable for the design and evaluation of potential restoration strategies at Wapato Lake NWR.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205013","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Joint Water Commission","usgsCitation":"Rounds, S.A., Freed, T.Z., Snyder, D.T., Smith, C.D., Doyle, M.C., Holmes, E., Mykut, C., Mayer, T., Stockenberg, E., and Pilson, S.L., 2020, Evaluation of restoration alternatives using water-budget tools for the Wapato Lake National Wildlife Refuge, northwestern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5013, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205013.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-110975","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373658,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5013/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":373659,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5013/sir20205013.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5013"},{"id":399634,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109890.htm"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Wapato Lake National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.1417,\n 45.4\n ],\n [\n -123.1083,\n 45.4\n ],\n [\n -123.1083,\n 45.4431\n ],\n [\n -123.1417,\n 45.4431\n ],\n [\n -123.1417,\n 45.4\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
Water is an important resource in the arid southwest region of the United States where there is a limited supply of surface water and groundwater. In the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system (DVRFS) in southern Nevada and eastern California, groundwater is the main source of supply for agricultural, commercial, and domestic water needs.
For over four decades, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Nevada Water Science Center (NVWSC) has assisted environmental programs with the collection of hydrologic information within the DVRFS. Three hydrologic networks, managed in cooperation with local (Nye County, Nev., and Inyo County, Calif.) and federal (Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, U.S. Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration) agencies, are used to actively monitor wells and springs in the region.
Director,
Nevada Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2730 N. Deer Run Road
Carson City, Nevada 89701
This white paper provides the results of a survey by members of the NGWA Groundwater Modeling Advisory Panel to assess the use of uncertainty analysis in groundwater modeling.
The objective of the survey was to improve understanding of the use of uncertainty analysis in practical groundwater modeling projects subject to real-world constraints, such as limited budgets and tight deadlines.
Records of discharge for the connecting channels within the Great Lakes Basin are important to national governments of Canada and the United States and the various water management agencies and users in the basin. For more than 100 years, the official discharge records for the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers, two connecting channels within the Great Lakes Basin, have been computed using various stage-fall-discharge (SFQ) methods. However, as a result of technological advancements, newer methods have recently been considered for discharge computations. In this study, three discharge computation methods were compared: two SFQ methods and the index-velocity discharge (IVQ) method. Although the two SFQ methods have significantly different assumptions and use different data from the index-velocity method, the differences between the computed discharges derived from the methods are small, especially as the time step approaches monthly discharge values. Statistical analyses of discharge measurements and discharges computed using each of these methods indicate that there is no substantive difference in the discharges computed using the three methods. However, the IVQ method provides distinct advantages over the SFQ methods, including increased temporal resolution of computed discharge (minutes versus daily) and the ability to account for changes caused by aquatic vegetation and ice. Based on the results of the comparisons described herein, the IVQ discharge computation method is the most appropriate method for discharge computation in the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers. Updated SFQ equations for the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers, also presented herein, can be used to compute discharge during periods of missing or invalid IVQ record.
Priority Geographic Area: The outer continental shelf and upper continental slope from Canada/U.S. border offshore Washington State to the Mendocino Fracture Zone (Northern California), entirely within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), from the outermost shelf to at least 2000 m water depth (Figure 1).
Description of Priority Area: Since 2015, over a thousand water column gas plumes originating at seafloor gas seeps have been discovered landward of the Cascadia deformation front (e.g., Embley et al., 2016; Johnson et al., 2015, 2019; Merle and Embley, 2016; NA-95 Cruise Report, 2018; Riedel et al., 2018), adding to those that had long been known on Hydrate Ridge (e.g., Heeschen et al., 2003; Tréhu et al., 2004). The recently-discovered seeps stretch from offshore Vancouver Island to the Mendocino Fracture Zone and from the outer shelf to ~2000 m water depth, occurring both landward and seaward of the nominal limit for gas hydrate stability zone on the upper continental slope (Figure 1). Hundreds of seeps likely remain undiscovered. Water column imaging is incomplete both within the target geographic area and farther seaward, between the 2000 m isobath and the deformation front, which is the subject of an imaging study described in a white paper by Watt et al. The recently-discovered Cascadia Margin cold seeps partially overlap an important active margin gas hydrate province (Spence et al., 2001; Tréhu et al., 2003, 2004), as well as an area where sediments on the North American plate are folded and faulted and affected by fluids generated in the subduction complex beneath the Cascadia forearc (e.g., Saffer and Tobin, 2011). Several Ocean Drilling Program expeditions have focused on hydrate systems offshore Vancouver and Oregon (e.g., Riedel et al., 2009; Tréhu et al., 2004) and on the connection between the shallow and deep hydrogeologic systems. Cabled observatories now continuously monitor physical, chemical, and venting processes on south Hydrate Ridge (OOI; e.g., Philip et al., 2016a) and offshore Vancouver Island (NEPTUNE; e.g. Römer et al., 2016). Outside of these well-studied gas hydrate areas, a subset of the recently-discovered Cascadia seeps, including some that we visited with R/V Falkor in 2019 (e.g., https://schmidtocean.org/cruise/methane-seeps-at-edge-of-hydrate-stability/), also likely emit methane associated with shallow subseafloor gas hydrate systems. Other seeps are delivering not only methane, but also deep-derived gases (Baumberger et al., 2018, 2020) to the seafloor. Many Cascadia Margin seeps have also been recognized at water depths too shallow (e.g., 175 m) to be connected to gas hydrate dynamics. These seeps are postulated to be emitting gas and fluids that originated deep in accretionary wedge before migrating up normal faults generated during forearc extension associated with large earthquakes (Johnson et al., 2019). Only a small fraction of the recently discovered U.S. Cascadia Margin water column gas plumes has so far been verified by ROVs (Hercules from E/V Nautilus in 2016 and 2018; SuBastian from R/V Falkor in 2018 and 2019) to correspond to seafloor seeps. Careful scientific mapping, investigation, and sampling at the seeps have also been limited (e.g., Baumberger et al., 2018, 2020; Merle and Embley, 2016; Seabrook et al., 2018; Greinert et al. 2019). This white paper focuses on expanding exploration of already-identified U.S. Cascadia Margin cold seeps through a multipronged and multidisciplinary discovery program that could be accomplished with a variety of NOAA assets. The goals of the proposed exploration activities are to develop high-resolution maps of seep fields from deep ocean vehicles; to verify (and sample) seafloor gas emissions at the locations of water column plumes for compositional and isotopic studies; to map, sample, and conduct analyses on chemosynthetic communities and deep-sea coral habitats near seep sites to document species distributions and habitats as a function of depth and latitude along the margin; to collect seep geologic samples that can constrain the timing of methane emissions through geochronology; and to record environmental data (e.g., CTD) near the seafloor and in the water column above the seeps. Seafloor mapping using shipboard systems (multibeam/backscatter) would be needed to characterize seafloor features near seep sites. Water column imaging (EK60/80 and/or multibeam WCD data) conducted before and after seafloor explorations would capture active methane plumes and constrain temporal variations in seep emissions (e.g., Kannberg et al., 2013; Philip et al., 2016a, 2016b), which are known to vary on time scales as rapid as tidal cycles on this margin (e.g., Römer et al., 2016). What are the characterization and data needs in this area? Check all that apply: __x_ Biology, Geology, Physical Oceanography, Chemistry ___ Marine Archaeology ___ Other Provide a list or brief description of the data needed within this area, from your perspective: 1. Water column backscatter to image active gas plumes 2. High-resolution multibeam bathymetry, seafloor backscatter, and shallow sub-bottom imaging 3. Visual characterization and ground truthing of potential seeps, including high-resolution mapping and photography from near-seafloor vehicles; collection of seep-associated species, corals, sediments, authigenic carbonates, gases, and seawater Describe relevance to national security, conservation, and/or the economy: The Cascadia margin seeps provide significant ecosystem services, including habitat for commercially important fishes and support for diversity along the continental margin. Methane seeps are also biological hotspots for krill, plankton, and crustaceans, which in turn sustain higher trophic levels (e.g., whales). Methane-derived authigenic carbonates serve as a hard substrate for deep-sea corals and sponges on millennial time scales. The studies proposed here will elucidate the relationship among seep environments, deep-sea corals, sponges, fisheries, and other organisms and provide new insight into subduction zone and hydrate-associated fluids in this important seismogenic zone. The studies address fishery management concerns and inform future conservation of sensitive species (e.g., deep-sea corals) and benthic habitats. From your perspective, what makes this area unique? The Cascadia Margin seeps are a critical component of the leaky margin that stretches from Baja California to the Aleutian Arc along the Pacific coastline of North America. Cold seeps have been intensely studied on the Gulf of Mexico and U.S. Atlantic passive margins with a focus on chemosynthetic communities, deep-sea corals, and leakage of microbially-generated and/or thermogenic hydrocarbons; however, the recently-discovered Cascadia Margin seeps, as well as active margin seep systems in general, remain more poorly characterized. Such seeps not only contribute to the ocean carbon cycle (e.g., Pohlman et al., 2011), thereby fueling the base of the food chain in these settings, but also emit subduction zone fluids that provide clues about processes within the seismogenic zone and the accretionary complex. The Cascadia seeps area allows both biological (e.g., benthic habitats, coral distributions) and physical processes (e.g., generation of subduction zone fluids) to be studied along both depth (perpendicular to the deformation front) and latitudinal gradients.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Workshop to identify national ocean exploration priorities in the Pacific: White paper submissions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Consortium for Ocean Leadership","usgsCitation":"Demopoulos, A., Ruppel, C.D., Prouty, N.G., Watt, J., Baumberger, T., and Butterfield, D.A., 2020, Cascadia Margin cold seeps: Subduction zone fluids, gas hydrates, and chemosynthetic habitats, in Workshop to identify national ocean exploration priorities in the Pacific: White paper submissions, p. 61-64.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"64","ipdsId":"IP-121853","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397462,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":397441,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://oceanleadership.org/discovery/ocean-exploration-pacific-priorities-workshop/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascadia Margin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.662109375,\n 42.22851735620852\n ],\n [\n -123.48632812499999,\n 46.13417004624326\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -129.19921875,\n 50.3454604086048\n ],\n [\n -133.330078125,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -132.71484375,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n -131.30859375,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -127.529296875,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -123.74999999999999,\n 39.90973623453719\n ],\n [\n -123.662109375,\n 42.22851735620852\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demopoulos, Amanda 0000-0003-2096-4694","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-4694","contributorId":222183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demopoulos","given":"Amanda","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppel, Carolyn D. 0000-0003-2284-6632 cruppel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2284-6632","contributorId":195778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppel","given":"Carolyn","email":"cruppel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prouty, Nancy G. 0000-0002-8922-0688 nprouty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8922-0688","contributorId":3350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prouty","given":"Nancy","email":"nprouty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watt, Janet 0000-0002-4759-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4759-3814","contributorId":221271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watt","given":"Janet","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baumberger, Tamara","contributorId":289140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baumberger","given":"Tamara","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36803,"text":"NOAA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Butterfield, David A","contributorId":172469,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butterfield","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":27052,"text":"JISAO/PMEL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70229999,"text":"70229999 - 2020 - Mapping, exploration, and characterization of the California continental margin and associated features from the California-Oregon border to Ensenada, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-23T14:47:44.40071","indexId":"70229999","displayToPublicDate":"2020-03-31T09:38:00","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mapping, exploration, and characterization of the California continental margin and associated features from the California-Oregon border to Ensenada, Mexico","docAbstract":"Priority Geographic Area: Both within and outside US Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). California continental margin. This area includes and continues south of the geographic area captured in the Watt et al. white paper.
Description of Priority Area: The California continental margin, from the narrow shelf to abyssal depths, contains diverse seafloor features that influence benthic community types, biological connectivity, and is associated with significant seafloor geohazards. These complex features include marginal basins, depositional slopes, submarine canyons, ridges, and seamounts, and seep environments as a result of fluid seeps along active faults. Water column characteristics are variable, with steep gradients in current velocities, which influence sediment transport, from depositional fans (slow flow, muddy) to submarine canyons and seamounts (high currents, rocky, rugged terrain). These features and associated environments can influence the distribution of deep-sea habitats, including coral and sponge communities. South of the region described in the Watt et al. and Demopoulos et al. white papers, plentiful seeps occur from northern California down to the southern California Borderland. However, the underlying foundational geology associated with these seeps varies along the margin, changing with contrasting tectonic settings, from convergent tectonics to regions dominated by strike-slip faulting (Barry et al. 1996; Paull et al. 2008; Bernardo and Smith 2010; Maloney et al. 2015). For seeps located off southern California, the relationship to strike-slip fault systems may influence the distribution of seep fluid expulsion sites and associated seep habitats (Maloney et al. 2015; Grupe et al. 2015; Conrad et al., 2017), where transpression plays a key role in formation and localization of fluid seeps. Further exploration is required in order to understand these connections. Several submarine canyons intersect the shelf within this region, serving as important channels of energy and transport of sediment from shelf to slope depths. Canyons are typically associated with high currents, turbidity flows, steep and rugged terrain, and high food availability, all of which structures canyon communities and supports hotspots of biodiversity. Specific canyons along the California margin that have been well studied include Scripps and La Jolla Canyons off San Diego, and Monterey Canyon off Monterey, but many more remain relatively unexplored. Commercially important species of fish and invertebrates have been found associated with canyons, as well as deep-sea corals and sponges (e.g., Barry et al. 1996). However, in contrast to their Atlantic counterparts (e.g., through ACUMEN and ASPIRE campaigns) there has been a dearth of exploration and characterization of canyons along the California margin. A number of questions remain regarding canyon and slope wall stability and associated geohazards, plus, how the canyons connect and influence the broader regional biogeography of benthic communities is unknown. Due to their topography, seamounts along the California margin are characterized by steep slopes, large areas of rocky substrate, and high currents. Hydrological complexity is associated with seamounts given they impinge different watermasses, depending on depth range. This heterogeneity yields complex and diverse benthic communities, including commercially important fishes (e.g., Tracey et al., 2012). The geology of Davidson, Pioneer, San Juan, and Rodriquez Seamounts has received considerable study (e.g., Davis et al., 2010) but other seamounts are less known, including how they are biologically and ecologically connected. For example, research comparing the benthic communities associated with Rodriguez and San Juan Seamounts, located outside of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary and within the proposed Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary, to communities found within the sanctuary is critical for managing and protecting resources within the sanctuary and modifying sanctuary boundaries. Exploration would yield the data needed to delineate and characterize essential fish habitats, and deep-sea coral and sponge communities, thus directly connecting the utility of exploration and discovery to decision making. The southern California Borderland is a geomorphologically heterogeneous area created by a complex network of faults, containing deep basins separated by shallow ridges and islands. Persistent fault-related deformation has created complex features, such as exposure of scarps and uplift rocks/ridges, seeps, erosional terraces, hydrate mounds, and mud volcanoes that provide support for thriving benthic communities. That said, significant oxygen minimum zones and low aragonite saturation states persist within several of the basin environments, influencing energy flow, community ecology, and calcification. For example, the combined effects of hypoxia and acidification pose serious threats to marine organisms and biological resources along the California margin. Mapping and exploration of the extensive faults and fault scarps can help constrain historical earthquake activity. But many questions remain regarding how the underlying geology and geological processes have shaped the biological communities.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Workshop to identify national ocean exploration priorities in the Pacific: White paper submissions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Consortium for Ocean Leadership","usgsCitation":"Demopoulos, A., Prouty, N.G., Brothers, D.S., Watt, J., Conrad, J.E., Chaytor, J., and Caldow, C., 2020, Mapping, exploration, and characterization of the California continental margin and associated features from the California-Oregon border to Ensenada, Mexico, in Workshop to identify national ocean exploration priorities in the Pacific: White paper submissions, p. 65-68.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"68","ipdsId":"IP-121854","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":397442,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://oceanleadership.org/discovery/ocean-exploration-pacific-priorities-workshop/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"continental margin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 32.47269502206151\n ],\n [\n -117.1142578125,\n 33.687781758439364\n ],\n [\n -119.83886718750001,\n 34.77771580360469\n ],\n [\n -123.92578125,\n 43.100982876188546\n ],\n [\n -128.2763671875,\n 42.48830197960227\n ],\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 31.98944183792288\n ],\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 32.47269502206151\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demopoulos, Amanda 0000-0003-2096-4694","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-4694","contributorId":219234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demopoulos","given":"Amanda","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prouty, Nancy G. 0000-0002-8922-0688 nprouty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8922-0688","contributorId":3350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prouty","given":"Nancy","email":"nprouty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brothers, Daniel S. 0000-0001-7702-157X dbrothers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7702-157X","contributorId":167089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brothers","given":"Daniel","email":"dbrothers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watt, Janet 0000-0002-4759-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4759-3814","contributorId":221271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watt","given":"Janet","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Conrad, James E. 0000-0001-6655-694X jconrad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6655-694X","contributorId":2316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"James","email":"jconrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chaytor, Jason 0000-0001-8135-8677 jchaytor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8135-8677","contributorId":140095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaytor","given":"Jason","email":"jchaytor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Caldow, Chris","contributorId":270136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caldow","given":"Chris","affiliations":[{"id":56094,"text":"NOAA, NOS, Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, Santa Barbara, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70209078,"text":"sir20205025 - 2020 - Hydrogeologic characterization of the Hualapai Plateau on the western Hualapai Indian Reservation, northwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-07T16:49:15.946957","indexId":"sir20205025","displayToPublicDate":"2020-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-5025","displayTitle":"Hydrogeologic Characterization of the Hualapai Plateau on the Western Hualapai Indian Reservation, Northwestern Arizona","title":"Hydrogeologic characterization of the Hualapai Plateau on the western Hualapai Indian Reservation, northwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"This study was developed to assess if groundwater from the western Hualapai Plateau could be used to supply developments in the Grand Canyon West area of the Hualapai Indian Reservation and to collect hydrogeologic data for future use in a numerical groundwater model for the reservation. Ground-based geophysical surveys; existing well, spring, and other hydrogeologic information from previous studies; and new well and spring data collected for this study were used to provide a better understanding of the hydrogeology of the western Hualapai Plateau.
Surface geophysical data provided information on the depth and geologic structure of lower Paleozoic rock units and Proterozoic crystalline and metamorphic rocks that underlie the western Hualapai Plateau. The surface geophysical data and discharge information from springs were used to select a site to drill and develop the U.S. Geological Survey Hualapai Test Well.
The Hualapai Test Well was drilled to understand the geophysical properties of geologic formations at depth. These data were used to verify the results of surface geophysical data and to evaluate if sufficient water was present in the Hualapai Test Well for potential groundwater development. The Hualapai Test Well was drilled to a depth of 2,468 feet and bottomed in Proterozoic granite. Water was expected in the lower part of the Muav Limestone, but water was not observed until the Tapeats Sandstone at a depth of 2,400 feet. The Tapeats Sandstone was determined to be confined with a hydrostatic head of over 900 feet. A 48-hour pumping test was conducted to determine aquifer properties. Low specific capacity indicated that although groundwater is present in the Tapeats Sandstone, well yields are likely to be small. A water-quality sample indicated the sample had a calcium, magnesium-bicarbonate water type with a total dissolved-solids concentration of 371 milligrams per liter. Alpha radioactivity of the sample, 18.3 picocuries per liter, exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 15 picocuries per liter for drinking water. Concentrations of iron and manganese in the water sample also exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant levels for drinking water.
An inventory of wells and springs provided insight into the occurrence of groundwater on the western Hualapai Plateau. Data from 56 springs on and adjacent to the western Hualapai Plateau were compiled for this study, and new data were collected at 31 springs. Discharge from springs visited for this study ranged from dry to about 345 gallons per minute. The temporal data from springs, where repeat measurements were available, indicated that spring flow is highly variable and likely related to seasonal and annual precipitation. Water levels from 36 wells on and adjacent to the western Hualapai Plateau were compiled for this study, and new water levels were collected at 5 wells. The spring and well data in conjunction with the Hualapai Test Well results indicated that on the western Hualapai Plateau, bedrock aquifers have limited discrete flow paths that make extensive groundwater development unlikely.
Director,
Arizona Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
520 N. Park Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85719
The geology of northwestern Arizona is prominently displayed on the canyon and cliff walls that compose the high-desert landscape of the Hualapai Plateau and that border the Truxton basin. The Truxton basin is a small topographic basin filled with Quaternary and Tertiary deposits and volcanic rock (about 1,600 feet thick near Truxton, Arizona) that overlie Proterozoic crystalline metamorphic rocks in the west or Cambrian sedimentary rocks in the east. The Hualapai Plateau is a large block of Paleozoic-age sedimentary rocks that are dissected by many deep canyons. Most surface-water drainages in the Truxton basin and Hualapai Plateau are ephemeral and flow only in response to significant precipitation events, but a few drainages have perennial reaches that are supported by groundwater discharge from springs. Saturated basin-fill sediments in the Truxton basin compose the Truxton aquifer, which is currently used as a water supply for the community of Peach Springs, Arizona, and supplies a small number of livestock and domestic wells. Usable groundwater on the Hualapai Plateau is in either perched water-bearing zones close to land surface or in the Muav Limestone aquifer at depths of greater than 2,000 feet below land surface. To date, only two test wells have been drilled through the Muav Limestone on the Hualapai Plateau, and neither of those wells encountered water in the limestone, indicating the unit is not saturated in all areas of the plateau.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205017B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Mason, J.P., Bills, D.J., and Macy, J.P., 2020, Geology and hydrology of the Truxton basin and Hualapai Plateau, northwestern Arizona, chap. B of Mason, J.P., ed., Geophysical surveys, hydrogeologic characterization, and groundwater flow model for the Truxton basin and Hualapai Plateau, northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5017, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205017B.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p.","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-115098","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373640,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5017/b/sir20205017_chap_b.pdf","text":"Report","size":"21 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5017 Chapter B"},{"id":399685,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109884.htm"},{"id":373501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5017/b/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Hualapai Plateau, Truxton Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.2125,\n 35.2281\n ],\n [\n -113.0603,\n 35.2281\n ],\n [\n -113.0603,\n 36.2139\n ],\n [\n -114.2125,\n 36.2139\n ],\n [\n -114.2125,\n 35.2281\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Arizona Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
520 N. Park Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85719
This is a summary chapter of a multichapter volume that includes a brief description of the study area and descriptions of the hydrogeologic framework, numerical groundwater-flow model, and estimates of simulated changes to groundwater levels of the Truxton aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205017A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Mason J.P., Knight, J.E., Ball, L.B. Kennedy, J.R., Bills, D.J., and Macy, J.P., 2020, Groundwater availability in the Truxton basin, northwestern Arizona, chap. A of Mason, J.P., ed., Geophysical surveys, hydrogeologic characterization, and groundwater flow model for the Truxton basin and Hualapai Plateau, northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5017, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205017A.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"14","ipdsId":"IP-106205","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399684,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109883.htm"},{"id":373639,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5017/a/sir20205017_chap_a.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":373500,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5017/a/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Truxton basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.0333,\n 35.3039\n ],\n [\n -113.1667,\n 35.3039\n ],\n [\n -113.1667,\n 36.1636\n ],\n [\n -114.0333,\n 36.1636\n ],\n [\n -114.0333,\n 35.3039\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Arizona Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
520 N. Park Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85719
A three-dimensional, numerical groundwater flow model of the Hualapai Plateau and Truxton basin was developed to assist water-resource managers in understanding the potential effects of projected groundwater withdrawals on groundwater levels and storage in the basin. The Truxton Basin Hydrologic Model (TBHM) is a transient model that simulates the hydrologic system for the years 1976 through 2139, including hypothetical low-, medium-, and high-groundwater withdrawal scenarios beginning in 2020. The simulated effects of these withdrawal scenarios are presented as groundwater-level changes from the year 2020 to 2070, and from 2020 to 2140. Hydrologic properties in the TBHM are derived from calibration of a steady-state model of the predevelopment (before 1976) groundwater system. The future pumping scenarios are each simulated with three different interpretations of basin depth supported by geophysical data. For each of the resulting nine transient models, a Monte Carlo approach is used to produce a range of possible and probable groundwater-level changes at points throughout the basin given probabilistic ranges of hydrologically reasonable aquifer property values supported by the model calibration results. The ensemble of models that simulate the future pumping scenarios include pumping from the existing well field (three wells) plus additional pumping from a proposed new well. Simulated high future pumping increases progressively to 1,840 acre-feet per year in 2120 and produces a range of drawdowns between 20 and 39 feet (ft) near the pumping center, with a median drawdown of 28 ft. The low future pumping scenario, which increases progressively to 650 acre-ft per year in 2120, produces a range of drawdowns between 5 and 15 ft, with a median drawdown of 10 ft at the same location over the same period of time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205017E","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Knight, J.E., 2020, Simulation of groundwater-level changes from projected groundwater withdrawals in the Truxton basin, northwestern Arizona, chap. E of Mason, J.P., ed., Geophysical surveys, hydrogeologic characterization, and groundwater flow model for the Truxton basin and Hualapai Plateau, northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5017, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205017E.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 39 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-108383","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399689,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_109887.htm"},{"id":373648,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9O2WGLS","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-NWT groundwater model used for simulating potential future pumping scenarios and forecasting associated groundwater-level changes in the Truxton aquifer on the Hualapai Reservation and adjacent areas, Mohave County, Arizona"},{"id":373647,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5017/e/sir20205017_chap_e.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5017 Chapter E"},{"id":373504,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5017/e/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Truxton basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.05,\n 35.2403\n ],\n [\n -113.18,\n 35.2403\n ],\n [\n -113.18,\n 36.1656\n ],\n [\n -114.05,\n 36.1656\n ],\n [\n -114.05,\n 35.2403\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Arizona Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
520 N. Park Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85719
Director,
Arizona Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
520 N. Park Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85719
Droughts in Africa cause severe problems, such as crop failure, food shortages, famine, epidemics and even mass migration. To minimize the effects of drought on water and food security on Africa, a high-resolution drought dataset is essential to establish robust drought hazard probabilities and to assess drought vulnerability considering a multi- and cross-sectional perspective that includes crops, hydrological systems, rangeland and environmental systems. Such assessments are essential for policymakers, their advisors and other stakeholders to respond to the pressing humanitarian issues caused by these environmental hazards. In this study, a high spatial resolution Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought dataset is presented to support these assessments. We compute historical SPEI data based on Climate Hazards group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) precipitation estimates and Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) potential evaporation estimates. The high-resolution SPEI dataset (SPEI-HR) presented here spans from 1981 to 2016 (36 years) with 5 km spatial resolution over the whole of Africa. To facilitate the diagnosis of droughts of different durations, accumulation periods from 1 to 48 months are provided. The quality of the resulting dataset was compared with coarse-resolution SPEI based on Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time Series (TS) datasets, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) calculated from the Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling System (GIMMS) project and root zone soil moisture modelled by GLEAM. Agreement found between coarse-resolution SPEI from CRU TS (SPEI-CRU) and the developed SPEI-HR provides confidence in the estimation of temporal and spatial variability of droughts in Africa with SPEI-HR. In addition, agreement of SPEI-HR versus NDVI and root zone soil moisture – with an average correlation coefficient (R) of 0.54 and 0.77, respectively – further implies that SPEI-HR can provide valuable information for the study of drought-related processes and societal impacts at sub-basin and district scales in Africa. The dataset is archived in Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) via the following link: https://doi.org/10.5285/bbdfd09a04304158b366777eba0d2aeb (Peng et al., 2019a).
","language":"English","doi":"10.5194/essd-12-753-2020","usgsCitation":"Peng, J., Dawdson, S., Hirpa, F., Dyer, E., Vicento-Serrano, S., and Funk, C., 2020, A pan-African high-resolution drought index dataset: Earth System Science Data, v. 12, no. 1, p. 753-769, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-753-2020.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"753","endPage":"769","ipdsId":"IP-111573","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":457233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-753-2020","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":398683,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Africa","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peng, Jian","contributorId":223712,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peng","given":"Jian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40756,"text":"Oxford","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":795416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawdson, Simon","contributorId":223713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawdson","given":"Simon","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40757,"text":"Max Planck Institute for Meteorology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":795417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hirpa, Firaya","contributorId":223714,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hirpa","given":"Firaya","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40758,"text":"Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":795418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dyer, Ellen","contributorId":223715,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dyer","given":"Ellen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27567,"text":"Ghent University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":795419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vicento-Serrano, Sergio","contributorId":223716,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vicento-Serrano","given":"Sergio","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40759,"text":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC) Zaragoza, Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":795420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Funk, Chris 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":167070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Chris","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":795421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70226976,"text":"70226976 - 2020 - Seasonal habitat use indicates that depth may mediate the potential for invasive round goby impacts in inland lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-08T15:37:05.65671","indexId":"70226976","displayToPublicDate":"2020-03-30T10:28:58","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal habitat use indicates that depth may mediate the potential for invasive round goby impacts in inland lakes","docAbstract":"Satellite-based actual evapotranspiration (ETa) is becoming increasingly reliable and available for various water management and agricultural applications from water budget studies to crop performance monitoring. The Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model is currently used by the US Geological Survey (USGS) Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET) to routinely produce and post multitemporal ETa and ETa anomalies online for drought monitoring and early warning purposes. Implementation of the global SSEBop using the Aqua satellite’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature and global gridded weather datasets is presented. Evaluation of the SSEBop ETa data using 12 eddy covariance (EC) flux tower sites over six continents indicated reasonable performance in capturing seasonality with a correlation coefficient up to 0.87. However, the modeled ETa seemed to show regional biases whose natures and magnitudes require a comprehensive investigation using complete water budgets and more quality-controlled EC station datasets. While the absolute magnitude of SSEBop ETa would require a one-time bias correction for use in water budget studies to address local or regional conditions, the ETa anomalies can be used without further modifications for drought monitoring. All ETa products are freely available for download from the USGS FEWS NET website.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/s20071915","collaboration":"","usgsCitation":"Senay, G., Kagone, S., and Velpuri, N.M., 2020, Operational global actual evapotranspiration: Development, evaluation, and dissemination, v. 7, no. 20, 1915, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071915.","productDescription":"1915, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-116111","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":457241,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071915","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":437046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9OUVUUI","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Operational Global Actual Evapotranspiration using the SSEBop model"},{"id":374752,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senay, Gabriel 0000-0002-8810-8539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":216910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":788972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kagone, Stefanie 0000-0002-2979-4655","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2979-4655","contributorId":210980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kagone","given":"Stefanie","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Velpuri, Naga M. 0000-0002-6370-1926","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6370-1926","contributorId":96183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velpuri","given":"Naga","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70220206,"text":"70220206 - 2020 - Hillslope groundwater discharges provide localized ecosystem buffers from regional PFAS contamination in a gaining coastal stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-27T13:19:56.792469","indexId":"70220206","displayToPublicDate":"2020-03-29T08:04:39","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hillslope groundwater discharges provide localized ecosystem buffers from regional PFAS contamination in a gaining coastal stream","docAbstract":"Emerging groundwater contaminants such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may impact surface-water quality and groundwater-dependent ecosystems of gaining streams. Although complex near-surface hydrogeology of stream corridors challenges sampling efforts, recent advances in heat tracing of discharge zones enable efficient and informed data collection. For this study we used a combination of streambed temperature push-probe and thermal infrared methods to guide a discharge-zone-oriented sample collection along approximately 6 km of a coastal trout stream on Cape Cod, MA where groundwater discharge constitutes approximately 95% of total streamflow. Eight surface-water locations and discharging groundwater from 24 streambed and bank seepages were analyzed for dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, stable water isotopes, and a range of PFAS compounds which are contaminants of emerging concern in aquatic environments. The results indicate a complex system of groundwater discharge source flowpaths, where the sum of concentrations of six PFAS compounds (Environmental Protection Agency third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule UCMR 3) showed a median concentration of 52 331 (SD) ng/L with two higher outliers and three discharges with non-detection of PFAS. Higher UCMR 3 PFAS concentration was related -0.66 (Spearman Rank, p<0.001) to discharging groundwater that showed an evaporative signature (deuterium excess), indicating flow through at least one upgradient kettle lake. Therefore, more regional groundwater flowpaths originating from outside the local river corridor tended to show higher PFAS concentrations as evaluated at their respective discharge zones. Conversely, UCMR 3 PFAS concentrations were typically low at discharges that did not indicate evaporation and were adjacent to steep hillslopes and, therefore, were classified as locally recharged groundwater. Previous research at this stream found that the native brook trout favor discharge points of groundwater recharged on local hillslopes for spawning, likely in response to generally higher levels of dissolved oxygen compared to discharge zones located further away from hillslopes. Our study shows that the trout may thereby be avoiding emerging contaminants such as PFAS in groundwater recharged farther from the stream.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.13752","usgsCitation":"Briggs, M.A., Tokranov, A.K., Hull, R.B., LeBlanc, D.R., Haynes, A., and Lane, J., 2020, Hillslope groundwater discharges provide localized ecosystem buffers from regional PFAS contamination in a gaining coastal stream: Hydrological Processes, v. 34, no. 10, p. 2281-2291, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13752.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2281","endPage":"2291","ipdsId":"IP-117276","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":385320,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod, Quashnet River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.24932861328125,\n 42.06356771883277\n ],\n [\n -70.2081298828125,\n 42.02481360781777\n ],\n [\n -70.1806640625,\n 42.01665183556825\n ],\n [\n -70.16693115234375,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -70.18890380859375,\n 42.04317376494972\n ],\n [\n -70.16143798828125,\n 42.06356771883277\n ],\n [\n -70.11199951171875,\n 42.04113400940807\n ],\n [\n -70.07904052734375,\n 41.92475971933975\n ],\n [\n -70.0653076171875,\n 41.89818843043047\n ],\n [\n -70.0543212890625,\n 41.920672548686824\n ],\n [\n -70.02960205078125,\n 41.92271616673922\n ],\n [\n -70.0213623046875,\n 41.887965758804484\n ],\n [\n -70.00762939453125,\n 41.81021999190292\n ],\n [\n -70.07080078125,\n 41.777456667491066\n ],\n [\n -70.125732421875,\n 41.76106872528616\n ],\n [\n -70.16693115234375,\n 41.75492216766298\n ],\n [\n -70.20263671875,\n 41.748775021355044\n ],\n [\n -70.257568359375,\n 41.7180304600481\n ],\n [\n -70.279541015625,\n 41.72828028223453\n ],\n [\n -70.345458984375,\n 41.74262728637672\n ],\n [\n -70.44158935546875,\n 41.75287318430239\n ],\n [\n -70.49102783203125,\n 41.77336007442076\n ],\n [\n -70.55145263671875,\n 41.775408403663285\n ],\n [\n -70.587158203125,\n 41.748775021355044\n ],\n [\n -70.6201171875,\n 41.73647896274239\n ],\n [\n -70.65582275390625,\n 41.68316883525891\n ],\n [\n -70.6475830078125,\n 41.64213096472801\n ],\n [\n -70.653076171875,\n 41.60312076451184\n ],\n [\n -70.64208984375,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -70.78765869140625,\n 41.47771800887871\n ],\n [\n -70.94146728515625,\n 41.42625319507269\n ],\n [\n -70.94970703125,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -70.86181640625,\n 41.41801503608024\n ],\n [\n -70.784912109375,\n 41.4509614012039\n ],\n [\n -70.653076171875,\n 41.51680395810118\n ],\n [\n -70.6201171875,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -70.5487060546875,\n 41.53531012183376\n ],\n [\n -70.48828125,\n 41.54764462357737\n ],\n [\n -70.4443359375,\n 41.588742636696765\n ],\n [\n -70.43060302734375,\n 41.60517452129933\n ],\n [\n -70.39764404296875,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -70.367431640625,\n 41.61749568924243\n ],\n [\n -70.3125,\n 41.6257084937525\n ],\n [\n -70.26580810546875,\n 41.60928183876483\n ],\n [\n -70.24108886718749,\n 41.6257084937525\n ],\n [\n -70.17791748046875,\n 41.65239288426814\n ],\n [\n -70.13946533203124,\n 41.65034063112266\n ],\n [\n -70.06805419921875,\n 41.66470503009207\n ],\n [\n -70.015869140625,\n 41.668808555620586\n ],\n [\n -69.98016357421875,\n 41.65239288426814\n ],\n [\n -70.0103759765625,\n 41.566141964768384\n ],\n [\n -70.0103759765625,\n 41.539421883822854\n ],\n [\n -69.9884033203125,\n 41.54764462357737\n ],\n [\n -69.98016357421875,\n 41.59490508367679\n ],\n [\n -69.92523193359375,\n 41.68316883525891\n ],\n [\n -69.93072509765625,\n 41.81431422987254\n ],\n [\n -69.97467041015625,\n 41.94927724511655\n ],\n [\n -70.048828125,\n 42.039094188385945\n ],\n [\n -70.13397216796875,\n 42.07783959017503\n ],\n [\n -70.21087646484375,\n 42.08803181932636\n ],\n [\n -70.24932861328125,\n 42.06356771883277\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-04-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briggs, Martin A. 0000-0003-3206-4132 mbriggs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3206-4132","contributorId":4114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Martin","email":"mbriggs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tokranov, Andrea K. 0000-0003-4811-8641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4811-8641","contributorId":255483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tokranov","given":"Andrea","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hull, Robert B. 0000-0002-0216-5250","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0216-5250","contributorId":215569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hull","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":219907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haynes, A.","contributorId":257634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haynes","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36710,"text":"University of Connecticut","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":814759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":210076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70210380,"text":"70210380 - 2020 - Climatically driven displacement on the Eglington fault, Las Vegas, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-02T13:53:01.204552","indexId":"70210380","displayToPublicDate":"2020-03-27T08:38:01","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatically driven displacement on the Eglington fault, Las Vegas, Nevada","docAbstract":"The Eglington fault is one of several intrabasinal faults in the Las Vegas Valley, Nevada and is the only one recognized as a source for significant earthquakes. Its broad warp displaces late Pleistocene paleo-spring deposits of the Las Vegas Formation, which record hydrologic fluctuations that occurred in response to millennial and submillennial-scale climate oscillations throughout the late Quaternary. The sediments allow us to constrain the timing of displacement on the Eglington fault and identify hydrologic changes that are temporally coincident with that event. The fault warps deposits that represent widespread marshes that filled the valley between 31.7 and 27.6 ka. These marshes desiccated abruptly in response to warming and groundwater lowering during Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events 4 and 3, resulting in the formation of a pervasive, hard carbonate cap by 27.0 ka. Vertical offset by as much as 4.2 meters occurred after the cap hardened, and most likely after younger marshes desiccated irreversibly due to a sudden depression of the water table during D-O 2, beginning at 23.3 ka. The timing of displacement is further constrained to before 19.5 ka as evidenced by undeformed spring deposits that are inset into the incised topography of the warp. Coulomb stress calculations validate the hypothesis that the significant groundwater decline during D-O 2 triggered fault displacement through unloading of vertical stress of the water column. The synchroneity of this abrupt hydrologic change and warping on the Eglington fault suggests that climatically modulated tectonics operated in the Las Vegas Valley during the late Quaternary.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G47162.1","usgsCitation":"Springer, K.B., and Pigati, J.S., 2020, Climatically driven displacement on the Eglington fault, Las Vegas, Nevada: Geology, v. 48, no. 6, p. 574-578, https://doi.org/10.1130/G47162.1.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"574","endPage":"578","ipdsId":"IP-115161","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BTB41W","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data release for Climatically driven displacement on the Eglington fault, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA"},{"id":375244,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Las Vegas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.60913085937499,\n 35.9157474194997\n ],\n [\n -114.82910156249999,\n 35.9157474194997\n ],\n [\n -114.82910156249999,\n 36.41244153535644\n ],\n [\n -115.60913085937499,\n 36.41244153535644\n ],\n [\n -115.60913085937499,\n 35.9157474194997\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Springer, Kathleen B. 0000-0002-2404-0264 kspringer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2404-0264","contributorId":149826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Springer","given":"Kathleen","email":"kspringer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pigati, Jeffrey S. 0000-0001-5843-6219 jpigati@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-6219","contributorId":201167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pigati","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jpigati@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}