A particle-size analyzer was used to determine particle sizes of sediment by an optical technique based on an adjustable circle of light which determines the intermediate axis of the sediment particles shown on a photograph. Data from counting particles in various size ranges can be presented either in the form of a particle count or volumetric analysis. Comparison with standard methods of analysis of particles shows that the particle-size analyzer is well suited for measurements of material larger than 8 millimeters in intermediate diameter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/twri05C3","usgsCitation":"Ritter, J.R., and Helley, E.J., 1969, Optical method for determining particle sizes of coarse sediment: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 05-C3, vii, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri05C3.","productDescription":"vii, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139209,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri05c3/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":483445,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri05c3/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db69142f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ritter, John R.","contributorId":75508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritter","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helley, Edward J.","contributorId":106463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helley","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68495,"text":"ha330 - 1969 - Ground water in the Ogallala formation in the southern high plains of Texas and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T16:38:08","indexId":"ha330","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"330","title":"Ground water in the Ogallala formation in the southern high plains of Texas and New Mexico","docAbstract":"The Ogallala Formation of Tertiary (Pliocene) age is the principal aquifer in the Southern High Plains of western Texas and eastern New Mexico. This heavily pumped aquifer supplies practically all the water used for irrigation, municipal, industrial (except oil-field repressuring), and domestic purposes.
\nAlthough the ground water in the Ogallala Formation in the Southern High Plains is common to both Texas and New Mexico, the State laws concerning ownership of the water are different. The New Mexico statutes provide that all underground waters of the State belong to the public and are subject to appropriation for beneficial use (Reynolds, 1961, p. 79). Under conditions specified in the law, the State Engineer may declare certain areas as underground water basins in which the State Engineer has jurisdiction over the drilling of wells. The approximate boundaries of two such basins in New Mexico are shown on the maps. In Texas, the landowner owns the underground water. Under a law passed by the Texas State Legislature in 1949, underground water conservation districts may be formed with the authority to make rules and regulations for the conservation of ground waters, such as rules governing the minimum spacing of wells, and rules for the prevention of waste and contamination of fresh water, and other practices for the conservation of ground water. The approximate boundaries of two underground water conservation districts in Texas are shown on the maps.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/ha330","usgsCitation":"Cronin, J., 1969, Ground water in the Ogallala formation in the southern high plains of Texas and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 330, Document: 9 p.; 4 Plates: 29.50 x 40.79 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha330.","productDescription":"Document: 9 p.; 4 Plates: 29.50 x 40.79 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":90050,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/330/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90051,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/330/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90052,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/330/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90053,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/330/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90054,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/330/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":185976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/330/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-101.6243,35.6186],[-101.6244,35.6249],[-101.0862,35.6238],[-101.0862,35.6211],[-101.0862,35.1826],[-101.0873,34.7476],[-100.943,34.7466],[-100.9472,34.3132],[-100.5121,34.315],[-100.5206,33.835],[-100.5194,33.3966],[-101.0406,33.3962],[-101.0371,32.9701],[-101.1733,32.9627],[-101.1738,32.9627],[-101.176,32.5272],[-101.1776,32.4871],[-101.1739,32.0897],[-101.2626,32.0896],[-101.2654,31.6522],[-101.777,31.6521],[-102.2897,31.6533],[-102.3171,31.6527],[-102.769,31.6512],[-102.7986,31.6513],[-102.7982,32.0871],[-103.0641,32.0856],[-103.0642,31.9996],[-103.3084,32.0006],[-103.3265,32.0007],[-103.3394,32.0008],[-103.3781,32.0008],[-103.3954,32.0008],[-103.7164,32.0015],[-103.7162,32.0631],[-103.716,32.0918],[-103.716,32.1666],[-103.7161,32.1817],[-103.7157,32.2546],[-103.7158,32.2692],[-103.7154,32.3385],[-103.7155,32.3535],[-103.7156,32.4278],[-103.7157,32.4429],[-103.7165,32.4916],[-103.7165,32.5085],[-103.7166,32.524],[-103.7194,32.524],[-103.7493,32.5242],[-103.7716,32.5246],[-103.789,32.5245],[-103.8096,32.5249],[-103.8097,32.5399],[-103.81,32.6101],[-103.8101,32.6247],[-103.8103,32.6971],[-103.8105,32.7122],[-103.8112,32.7823],[-103.8114,32.7974],[-103.8112,32.8429],[-103.8114,32.8575],[-103.8115,32.8725],[-103.8116,32.8876],[-103.8112,32.903],[-103.8111,32.9663],[-103.7651,32.9668],[-103.765,33.0096],[-103.7646,33.0232],[-103.7625,33.2722],[-103.7623,33.3173],[-103.7611,33.3973],[-103.7155,33.3973],[-103.7149,33.4547],[-103.7151,33.4683],[-103.7146,33.4847],[-103.7143,33.5147],[-103.7139,33.5284],[-103.7127,33.5702],[-103.5738,33.571],[-103.5396,33.5712],[-103.506,33.5713],[-103.5043,33.6591],[-103.6091,33.6595],[-103.6466,33.6603],[-103.6637,33.6606],[-103.7144,33.6612],[-103.716,33.7208],[-103.7159,33.8186],[-103.8385,33.8219],[-103.8396,34.0843],[-103.945,34.0848],[-103.9419,34.2625],[-103.9475,34.2621],[-103.9457,34.6056],[-104.1266,34.6059],[-104.1268,34.7817],[-104.1282,34.9553],[-104.1226,34.9561],[-104.123,35.1427],[-104.016,35.1927],[-103.8564,35.2641],[-103.8561,35.2424],[-103.6927,35.2409],[-103.6352,35.2406],[-103.6357,35.3894],[-103.586,35.3913],[-103.4799,35.3914],[-103.3992,35.391],[-103.3919,35.3922],[-103.3774,35.4032],[-103.3789,35.6524],[-103.3746,35.6525],[-103.3744,35.7398],[-103.0409,35.7408],[-103.0409,35.7394],[-103.0409,35.6225],[-102.1624,35.6277],[-102.1625,35.6203],[-101.768,35.6197],[-101.6927,35.619],[-101.656,35.6186],[-101.6514,35.6187],[-101.6463,35.6187],[-101.6356,35.6184],[-101.6243,35.6186]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Curry\",\"state\":\"NM\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d8e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, J.G.","contributorId":47769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68356,"text":"ha331 - 1969 - Floods on Little Buffalo Creek at West Jefferson, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T12:45:03","indexId":"ha331","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"331","title":"Floods on Little Buffalo Creek at West Jefferson, North Carolina","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha331","usgsCitation":"Haire, W.J., 1969, Floods on Little Buffalo Creek at West Jefferson, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 331, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha331.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":189787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89831,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/331/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"West Jefferson","otherGeospatial":"Little Buffalo Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.5031909942627,\n 36.391785805369864\n ],\n [\n -81.5031909942627,\n 36.42977705573923\n ],\n [\n -81.48405075073242,\n 36.42977705573923\n ],\n [\n -81.48405075073242,\n 36.391785805369864\n ],\n [\n -81.5031909942627,\n 36.391785805369864\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df820","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haire, William J.","contributorId":70482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haire","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70112284,"text":"70112284 - 1969 - Airborne fluorometer applicable to marine and estuarine studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T14:01:18","indexId":"70112284","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T12:36:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2678,"text":"Marine Technology Society Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Airborne fluorometer applicable to marine and estuarine studies","docAbstract":"An experimental Fraunhofer line discriminator detected solar-stimulated yellow fluorescence (5890 A) emitted by Rhodamine WT dye in aqueous solutions. Concentration of 1 part per billion was detected in tap water 1/2-meter deep. In extremely turbid San Francisco Bay, dye was monitored in concentrations of less than 5 parts per billion from helicopter and ship. Applications include studies of current dynamics and dispersion. Potential applications of the technique could include sensing oil spills, fish oils, lignin sulfonates, other fluorescent pollutants, and chlorophyll fluorescence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Marine Technology Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Stoertz, G.E., Hemphill, W.R., and Markle, D.A., 1969, Airborne fluorometer applicable to marine and estuarine studies: Marine Technology Society Journal, v. 3, no. 6, p. 11-26.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288487,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288486,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19710067013"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5992,37.3985 ], [ -122.5992,38.0794 ], [ -122.065,38.0794 ], [ -122.065,37.3985 ], [ -122.5992,37.3985 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acbe6e4b0e83db6d08ebc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoertz, George E.","contributorId":58636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoertz","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemphill, William R.","contributorId":21970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemphill","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markle, David A.","contributorId":59355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markle","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70112280,"text":"70112280 - 1969 - Some guidelines for remote sensing in hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T14:00:52","indexId":"70112280","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T12:01:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some guidelines for remote sensing in hydrology","docAbstract":"Remote sensing in the field of hydrology is beginning to be applied to significant problems, such as thermal pollution, in many programs of the Federal and State Governments as well as in operation of many private organizations. The purpose of this paper is to guide the hydrologist to a better understanding of how he may collect, synthesize, and interpret remote sensing data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1969.tb04876.x","usgsCitation":"Robinove, C.J., and Anderson, D., 1969, Some guidelines for remote sensing in hydrology: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 5, no. 2, p. 10-19, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1969.tb04876.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288485,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288484,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1969.tb04876.x"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acc15e4b0e83db6d08ff6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinove, Charles J.","contributorId":16983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinove","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Daniel G.","contributorId":23523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Daniel G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70112277,"text":"70112277 - 1969 - Satellite imagery of the earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T13:59:26","indexId":"70112277","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T11:48:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3051,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Satellite imagery of the earth","docAbstract":"Photography of the Earth from spacecraft has application to both atmospheric and Earth sciences. Gemini and Apollo photographs have furnished information on sea surface roughness, areas of potential upwelling and oceanic current systems. Regional geologic structures and geomorphologic features are also recorded in orbital photographs. Infrared satellite imagery provides meteorological and hydrological data and is potentially useful for locating fresh water springs along coastal areas, sources of geothermal power and volcanic activity. Ground and airborne surveys are being undertaken to create a basis for the interpretation of data obtained from future satellite systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Merifield, P., Cronin, J., Foshee, L., Gawarecki, S., Neal, J., Stevenson, R.E., Stone, R., and Williams, R., 1969, Satellite imagery of the earth: Photogrammetric Engineering, v. 35, no. 7, p. 654-668.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"654","endPage":"668","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288479,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288478,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asprs.org/Photogrammetric-Engineering-and-Remote-Sensing/PE-RS-Archive-Search-2009-and-earlier.html"}],"volume":"35","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acc14e4b0e83db6d08fdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merifield, P.M.","contributorId":69557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merifield","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cronin, J.","contributorId":51655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foshee, L.L.","contributorId":94591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foshee","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gawarecki, S.J.","contributorId":103297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gawarecki","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Neal, J.T.","contributorId":39550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stevenson, R. E.","contributorId":57772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevenson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stone, R.O.","contributorId":25467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Williams, R.S. Jr.","contributorId":46102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70112274,"text":"70112274 - 1969 - EROS: investigations from space","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T13:57:13","indexId":"70112274","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T11:40:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1865,"text":"Ground Water Resources Institute Quarterly","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"EROS: investigations from space","docAbstract":"The Earth Resources Observation Satellite Program of the Geological Survey and NASA will enable earth-bound scientists to learn more about natural resources-particularly about ground water resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ground Water Resources Institute","publisherLocation":"Chicago, IL","usgsCitation":"Fischer, W., 1969, EROS: investigations from space: Ground Water Resources Institute Quarterly, v. 2, no. 1, p. 2-3.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"2","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288475,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acbf1e4b0e83db6d08ef9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, William A.","contributorId":47787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"William A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70164336,"text":"70164336 - 1969 - Finney County Basic Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-07T13:21:44","indexId":"70164336","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Finney County Basic Data","docAbstract":"This open-file report contains basic data on measurements and chemical analyses of ground water, logs of test holes, and summary information on selected logs for Finney County, Kans.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lawerence, KS","doi":"10.3133/70164336","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State Geological Survey of Kansas, Kansas State Board of Agriculture, and Kansas State Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Meyer, W., Gutentag, E., and Lobmeyer, D., 1969, Finney County Basic Data: Open-File Report, 147 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70164336.","productDescription":"147 p.","numberOfPages":"147","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316389,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70164336.jpg"},{"id":318656,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70164336/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","county":"Finney County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-100.6845,38.2627],[-100.2447,38.2606],[-100.2265,38.2609],[-100.2269,38.0007],[-100.6638,38.0005],[-100.6641,37.8296],[-100.6507,37.8285],[-100.6526,37.7364],[-101.0904,37.737],[-101.0895,37.8281],[-101.103,37.8297],[-101.1037,38.2636],[-100.6845,38.2627]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Finney\",\"state\":\"KS\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b08fcbe4b010e2af2a5d60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, W.R.","contributorId":81141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gutentag, E. D.","contributorId":70015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutentag","given":"E. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lobmeyer, D.H.","contributorId":106502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lobmeyer","given":"D.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70048641,"text":"70048641 - 1969 - Ground-water data as of 1967, Central Coastal Subregion, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-12T13:01:34","indexId":"70048641","displayToPublicDate":"1979-10-25T12:51:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"title":"Ground-water data as of 1967, Central Coastal Subregion, California","docAbstract":"Most usable ground water in the predominantly mountainous Central Coastal Subregion occurs in alluvium-filled valleys and coastal plains and in deeper aquifers of Quaternary and Tertiary age. The intervening mountainous areas are underlain by consolidated sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks, mainly of Mesozoic age. These older rocks contain only small quantities of recoverable ground water and, therefore, are not considered a major source of ground water.
\nIn the Central Coastal Subregion, 24 basins have been identified as significant sources of ground water. The total area of the 24 basins is about 3,500 square miles. The water-bearing deposits range in thickness from about 200 to 4,000 feet. Depending on local conditions, recharge infiltrates at rates of less than 1½ feet per day to more than 10 feet per day in the upper part of alluvial fans and stream channels and at the outcrops of the deeper aquifers. The maximum measured depth to water in the water-bearing deposits is 568 ft. In several valleys there are flowing wells.
\nTotal storage capacity of 16 of the basins is more than 20,000,000 acre-feet . The usable storage capacity of 18 of the basins is more than 7,600,000 acre-feet; the limiting factors are sea-water intrusion and high pumping lift. Ground-water temperature ranges from about 55° to about 75°F . The dissolved-solids content of the water is generally less than 800 parts per million, but locally is more than 11,000 parts per million. The predominant water type is calcium bicarbonate, but sodium, magnesium, sulfate, and chloride are present locally in significant quantities.
\nProperly constructed wells in some areas can yield 425 gallons per minute.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/70048641","usgsCitation":"Bader, J., 1969, Ground-water data as of 1967, Central Coastal Subregion, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, iii, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70048641.","productDescription":"iii, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278452,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70048641.jpg"},{"id":279569,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70048641/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.4976,34.0071 ], [ -122.4976,37.501 ], [ -118.9984,37.501 ], [ -118.9984,34.0071 ], [ -122.4976,34.0071 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"526b9306e4b058918d0acc0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bader, J. S.","contributorId":65830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bader","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047681,"text":"70047681 - 1969 - A study of deep aquifers underlying coastal Orange County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T13:36:06","indexId":"70047681","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-24T11:11:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"A study of deep aquifers underlying coastal Orange County, California","docAbstract":"Deep untapped aquifers of late Pliocene age, which contain water having 1,000 to 2,000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids, underlie most of the coastal part of Orange County. Inland from the Newport-Inglewood structural\nzone, the depth to the base of aquifers containing fresh water ranges from 1,000 to 2,500 feet below mean sea level. The aquifers are composed of fine to medium sand with locally occurring beds of coarse sand and gravel. Permeability generally ranges from less than 50 gallons per day per square foot to 300 gallons per day per square foot. Pressure head increases with depth of the aquifer to as much as 40 feet above land surface near the base of fresh water. The water is of the sodium bicarbonate type, increasing in salinity with depth. Organic material imparts an amber color to the water, which becomes more distinct with depth. A test well, drilled to 926 feet and perforated from 784 to 884 feet, yielded 1,950 gallons per minute with about 90 feet of drawdown. The water is of the sodium bicarbonate type with dissolved solids of 225 mg/1. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the possibilities of subsidence due to pumping from the deep aquifers, to determine the vertical and horizontal permeabilities of confining beds, and to monitor the changes in water quality and water level.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/70047681","usgsCitation":"Moreland, J.A., and Singer, J.A., 1969, A study of deep aquifers underlying coastal Orange County, California, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70047681.","productDescription":"27 p.","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276749,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047681.jpg"},{"id":278736,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047681/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Orange County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.116536,33.386743 ], [ -118.116536,33.94763 ], [ -117.412767,33.94763 ], [ -117.412767,33.386743 ], [ -118.116536,33.386743 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52136e2fe4b0b08f446198ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moreland, Joe A.","contributorId":48171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moreland","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, John A.","contributorId":48976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171367,"text":"70171367 - 1969 - Willamette River at Lambert Bend, Oregon, bridge-site report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-22T08:14:03","indexId":"70171367","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Willamette River at Lambert Bend, Oregon, bridge-site report","docAbstract":"The proposed crossing of the Willamette River at Lambert Bend involves a 2.3-mile-wide flood plain. Two of the three principal tangents of the crossing will include bridges that will span the main channel and an overflow channel of the river, as shown in figure 1, page 3. The Oregon State Highway Department wants to know what flow will result when the water-surface elevation upstream from the bridges is 100.0 feet (mean-sea-level datum). This design elevation will be referred to as Condition 1 in this report. Also required in Condition 1 is how much backwater is represented in the 100-foot elevation and how often did this flow occur before the river became regulated in 1941.
\nThe Highway Department also wants to know what flow could be expected from a flood event equal to that of December 1964, but regulated by three additional reservoirs that have been completed since 1964. This design discharge will be referred to as Condition 2 in this report. Also required in Condition 2 is the amount of backwater caused by the two constrictions and how often the design flood occurred before regulation began in 1941.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/70171367","usgsCitation":"Harris, D., 1969, Willamette River at Lambert Bend, Oregon, bridge-site report: Open-File Report, i, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70171367.","productDescription":"i, 10 p.","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321833,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70171367.jpg"},{"id":324187,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70171367/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Lambert Bend, Willamette River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.04309844970705,\n 45.13143776767583\n ],\n [\n -123.04309844970705,\n 45.19219964931452\n ],\n [\n -122.99537658691406,\n 45.19219964931452\n ],\n [\n -122.99537658691406,\n 45.13143776767583\n ],\n [\n -123.04309844970705,\n 45.13143776767583\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57496fb7e4b07e28b665ccb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, D.D.","contributorId":59002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207123,"text":"70207123 - 1969 - Distribution of oxygen and carbon isotopes in fossils of late cretaceous age, western interior region of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T16:56:11","indexId":"70207123","displayToPublicDate":"1969-12-31T16:52:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of oxygen and carbon isotopes in fossils of late cretaceous age, western interior region of North America","docAbstract":"The oxygen isotope composition of both calcite and aragonite of the pelecypod Inoceramus is lighter than the composition of the aragonite of associated baculites and other cephalopods from the western interior region, the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains, parts of Canada, and West Greenland. This difference cannot be explained by biotic and oceanographic factors or by postdepositional alteration of original isotopic compositions. Metabolic fractionation of oxygen isotopes by Inoceramus is strongly implied by the data and is not contradicted by what is known of the processes involved in the biologic deposition of shell carbonate. In addition, the oxygen isotope compositions of the inocerams and of some baculites are so light as to indicate temperatures greater than 30° C, which is too high for mollusks to tolerate. The unreasonable range of the indicated temperatures seems to be partly the result of metabolic fractionation of oxygen and partly the result of the Late Cretaceous sea in the western interior region having had a light oxygen isotope composition because of dilution with fresh water. The carbon isotope composition of the aragonite from Inoceramus is consistently heavier than that of the calcite in the same specimen by amounts ranging from 1 to 3 per mil. Metabolic fractionation of carbon isotopes within Inoceramus thus is indicated. The carbon isotope composition of the aragonite from baculites and other cephalopods is consistently lighter than that in either the aragonite or calcite in Inoceramus, indicating either that the cephalopods fractionated carbon isotopes from the dissolved carbonate in sea water differently than did inocerams or that the cephalopods utilized carbon of a different isotopic composition, probably from their food source, for their metabolic processes. While oxygen isotope data from the inocerams are not useful for paleotemperature interpretations, the oxygen isotope data from the baculites, if taken at face value, suggest either warmer temperatures for the western interior sea than around the periphery of Cretaceous North America, or water of oxygen isotope composition lighter than world oceans, or both. Data from British Columbia, southeastern Alaska, and West Greenland to the Gulf Coastal Plain do not indicate a well-developed latitudinal distribution of temperature in Late Cretaceous time. A general decline in temperatures during late Campanian and early Maestrichtian time is not evident. © 1969, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1903:DOOACI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Tourtelot, H.A., and Rye, R., 1969, Distribution of oxygen and carbon isotopes in fossils of late cretaceous age, western interior region of North America: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 10, p. 1903-1922, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1903:DOOACI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"1903","endPage":"1922","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370080,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tourtelot, H. A.","contributorId":79140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tourtelot","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R.O.","contributorId":189158,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rye","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207466,"text":"70207466 - 1969 - Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T16:46:01","indexId":"70207466","displayToPublicDate":"1969-12-31T16:41:16","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 1","docAbstract":"The most dramatic variations in pore water composition occurred in Holes 2 and 3 in the Gulf of Mexico. Both holes showed a strong increase in salinity with depth, evidently owing to diffusion from underlying salt bodies. However, on Challenger Knoll (Hole 2) a sharp drop in salinity was observed in the cap rock of the salt dome in which chloride fell to only 4.8 percent. The drop is attributed to production of fresh water during the formation of native sulfur.
Outside of the Gulf of Mexico, changes in total salinity with depth did not exceed a few percent, but differences in diagenetic modification of the ionic ratios of sea water were pronounced. In nondiapiric strata in the Gulf of Mexico (Hole 1) both magnesium and potassium were depleted in the pore waters, whereas in the open ocean holes (4, 5, 6, and 7), potassium appeared in excess. Water content (porosity) of the cores was irregular.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.1.120.1969","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F.T., and Sayles, F., 1969, Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 1: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 1, p. 403-410, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.1.120.1969.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"403","endPage":"410","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.1.120.1969","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":370524,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":20770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sayles, F.L.","contributorId":77657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayles","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207813,"text":"70207813 - 1969 - Glacial sedimentology of the Precambrian Gowganda Formation, Ontario, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-14T13:55:15","indexId":"70207813","displayToPublicDate":"1969-12-31T13:52:06","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glacial sedimentology of the Precambrian Gowganda Formation, Ontario, Canada","docAbstract":"The Gowganda Formation is part of the thick Huronián sequence of Precambrian sedimentary rocks that crop out in central Ontario from Lake Superior to Quebec. Although it has long been considered to be glacial, recent work on submarine slump and turbidite deposits has reopened the question of its origin. This study was made to determine its origin and paleogeography.
Till-like conglomerates, varved argillites, and abundant dropstones characterize the Gowganda and provide strong evidence for a glacial origin. Pebble fabric parallel to regional paleocurrents, rare striated and grooved pavements, and abundant unweathered detritus are also in harmony with a glacial origin. Local thin-bedded sandstones contain flame structure, graded bedding, contorted bedding, and rippled tops, suggesting deposition by turbidity flows. Association of these sandstones with varved argillites and rafted stones indicates that Gowganda turbidites are glaciolacustrine.
Along the southern margin of the Gowganda, at Whitefish Falls, thick, laterally continuous till-like conglomerates contain internal stratification indicative of subaqueous deposition. Argillites that lack varved structure and associated silty limestones suggest a glacial marine environment.
In the Cobalt region the apparent long axes of pebbles in conglomerates show a predominant north-south alignment. In the Bruce Mines-Elliot Lake region, the orientation of the long axes of pebbles is more variable. Differences in orientation are related to stratigraphic position. Ripple cross-lamination in sandstones that are interbedded with argillite indicates south-trending paleocurrents. Distribution of varved argillite, silty limestone, and probable marine argillites suggests a northern fresh-water facies and a southern marine facies. Abundant plutonic pebbles and feldspar indicate that the Gowganda ice sheets eroded a northern plutonic terrane and deposited much of their sediment load on the underlying Huronian sediments to the south.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1685:GSOTPG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, D.A., 1969, Glacial sedimentology of the Precambrian Gowganda Formation, Ontario, Canada: GSA Bulletin, v. 80, no. 9, p. 1685-1702, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1685:GSOTPG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1685","endPage":"1702","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371225,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Ontario","otherGeospatial":"Gowganda Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.4189453125,\n 45.30580259943578\n ],\n [\n -80.7275390625,\n 45.30580259943578\n ],\n [\n -80.7275390625,\n 47.07012182383309\n ],\n [\n -84.4189453125,\n 47.07012182383309\n ],\n [\n -84.4189453125,\n 45.30580259943578\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, David A. 0000-0002-9466-0899 dlindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-0899","contributorId":773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"David","email":"dlindsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207273,"text":"70207273 - 1969 - The relationship between fluids in some fresh alpine-type ultramafics and possible modern serpentinization, western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-15T13:35:58","indexId":"70207273","displayToPublicDate":"1969-12-31T13:35:23","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between fluids in some fresh alpine-type ultramafics and possible modern serpentinization, western United States","docAbstract":"Calcium hydroxide waters issue from four partly serpentinized Alpine-type ultramafic bodies in the western United States. The occurrence of calcium-hydroxide-type water is restricted to fresh Alpine-type ultramafic rocks. The calcium hydroxide waters are unsaturated with Mg end-member olivine and pyroxene but supersaturated with Mg end-member brucite and serpentine and thus have chemical potentials to cause Serpentinization. The calcium hydroxide waters are isotopically similar to the common magnesium bicarbonate meteoric waters peculiar to ultramafic rocks and serpentinites. Some Serpentinization is apparently a near-surface phenomenon occurring at present. The Serpentinization takes place at nearly constant composition, except for loss of CaO. © 1969, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1947:TRBFIS]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Barnes, I., and O’Neil, J.R., 1969, The relationship between fluids in some fresh alpine-type ultramafics and possible modern serpentinization, western United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 10, p. 1947-1960, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1947:TRBFIS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"1947","endPage":"1960","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370279,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, I.","contributorId":23678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":111576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206916,"text":"70206916 - 1969 - Experimental studies of pegmatite genesis: I. A model for the derivation and crystallization of granitic pegmatites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-26T17:36:33","indexId":"70206916","displayToPublicDate":"1969-12-01T17:30:08","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental studies of pegmatite genesis: I. A model for the derivation and crystallization of granitic pegmatites","docAbstract":"The genesis of granitic igneous pegmatites is here considered in terms of a model conceived from results of field and laboratory studies and subsequently tested by means of experimental investigations. This model emphasizes the roles of water (and/or other relatively volatile substances), both as a dissolved constituent in granitic magmas and as the dominant constituent of a separate fluid phase that is in the supercritical state under most conditions of pegmatite formation. Pegmatite magma, as distinguished by a content of dissolved water that is high relative to the limit of solubility under existing confining pressure, can be formed either through partial melting of crustal materials or as rest-liquid in a cooling igneous body yielding dominantly anhydrous crystalline phases. Such granitic magma can be expected to consolidate according to the following three-fold sequence: 1. Crystallization from hydrous silicate melt, yielding anhydrous solid phases with or without OH-bearing phases. The product is characterized by normal phaneritic textures that generafly are coarse grained. It has been termed pegmatite in some occurrences, and granite in others. 2. Crystallization concomitantly from silicate melt and from a coexisting exsolved aqueous fluid of considerably lower viscosity, yielding giant-textured pegmatite along with much finer-grained, even aplitic, mineral aggregates. Segregation of these products can vary enormously in scale and degree. Partitioning of constituents between melt and aqueous fluid, rapid diffusion of constituents through the aqueous phase, and gravitational rising of this fluid through the system contribute to formation of pods, zones, and other rock units of unusual composition and texture. 3. Crystallization in the absence of silicate melt, yielding a wide variety of late-stage products. These include so-called \"pocket minerals\" and numerous mineral aggregates formed through exchanges of material among aqueous fluid and earlier-formed crystal-line phases. Development of pegmatite bodies can begin with either Step 1 or Step 2, but it is suggested that the processes involved in Step 2 are essential to the formation of all true pegmatites of igneous origin. The appearance of a second fluid phase, in general a supercritical aqueous fluid derived from the crystallizing melt, is regarded as the decisive event; it is promptly followed by fundamental changes in distribution and texture of the solid phases being formed. The processes can operate effectively in a fully closed system, and they also can modify the surrounding rocks if the system is open at any stage. Step 1 can include reactions between magma and earlier-formed crystals, but far more rapid and extensive exchanges of materials are subsequently effected by processes included in Steps 2 and 3; indeed, such exchanges also can account satisfactorily for pegmatites of metamorphic origin. Crystallization of most granitic magmas in the absence of a separate aqueous phase probably would begin within the temperature range 1,300°-650 ° C, the specific liquidus temperature depending mainly upon the amounts of volatile constituents held in solution at the time. This compositional factor also would be important in controlling the stage of crystallization-late, intermediate, or early-at which a separate aqueous fluid would make its appearance. Depending upon confining pressure as dictated by geologic conditions for a given system, the stage in crystallization represented by the presence of both silicate melt and aqueous fluid could begin within about the same temperature range of 1.300°-650 ° C. Exhaustion of the melt could occur within range extending downward to temperatures of 600C or even somewhat lower. Textural and structural features appear to be the most reliable indicators of the stages and fundamental processes involved in crystallization of both natural and synthetic pegmatites. The contrasting processes of crystallization from one fluid and from more than one fluid can operate over such broad P-T-X ranges that simple genetic pegmatite classifications based largely upon \"key minerals,\" presumed temperature or pressure intervals, or the presence or absence of supercritical conditions appear to be somewhat unrealistic. © 1969 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists ","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.64.8.843","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Jahns, R.H., and Burnham, C., 1969, Experimental studies of pegmatite genesis: I. A model for the derivation and crystallization of granitic pegmatites: Economic Geology, v. 64, no. 8, p. 843-864, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.64.8.843.","productDescription":"22 p. ","startPage":"843","endPage":"864","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1969-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jahns, R. H.","contributorId":97961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jahns","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnham, C.W.","contributorId":220937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burnham","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70224595,"text":"70224595 - 1969 - Lake eutrophication— A natural process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T15:19:16.664451","indexId":"70224595","displayToPublicDate":"1969-12-01T10:10:34","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7168,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake eutrophication— A natural process","docAbstract":"Lake eutrophication is an economic, recreational, and aesthetic problem that affects every lake of the world. Eutrophication is the natural process of lake aging, and progresses irrespective of man's activities. Pollution, however, can hasten the natural rate of aging and shorten the life expectancy of a body of water. The eutrophication of a lake consists of the gradual progression from one life stage to another based on the degree of nourishment or productivity. The extinction of a lake is attributed to enrichment by nutritive materials, biological productivity, decay, and sedimentation. Presently used methods for retarding eutrophication are the abatement of cultural enrichment, treatment of eutrophic symptoms, and control of fundamental causes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1969.tb04920.x","usgsCitation":"Greeson, P.E., 1969, Lake eutrophication— A natural process: Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA), v. 5, no. 4, p. 16-30, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1969.tb04920.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389961,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greeson, Phillip E.","contributorId":25556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeson","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70224594,"text":"70224594 - 1969 - Relation of sea water to fresh water in carbonate rocks in coastal areas, with special reference to Florida, U.S.A., and Cephalonia (Kephallinia), Greece","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T15:08:35.706105","indexId":"70224594","displayToPublicDate":"1969-12-01T09:51:16","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation of sea water to fresh water in carbonate rocks in coastal areas, with special reference to Florida, U.S.A., and Cephalonia (Kephallinia), Greece","docAbstract":"The principles controlling the equilibrium between the denser salty water and the lighter fresh water in coastal aquifers apply to carbonate as well as sand systems. However, under certain equilibrium conditions of fresh and salt water in parts of some carbonate aquifers unusual hydrologic phenomena result. Hydrologic conditions at Tarpon Springs, Florida, and Cephalonia, Greece, include deep vertical openings as sinkholes through a relatively impervious part of the aquifer system. In both cases the tops of the sinkholes or natural wells are exposed to sea water. At Tarpon Springs the dynamic equilibrium between salt water and fresh water fluctuates so that the flow of salt water from the spring to a lake 2 miles away is sometimes reversed. At Cephalonia, the head of fresh water does not exceed the head of salty water in the sinkholes; the flow of sea water into the aquifer, aided by a shallow channel from the sea, is continuous, and the water level in the sinkhole is continuously depressed below sea level. Both cases represent a partially confined U-tube system where water at the seaward, sinkhole end is denser than at the other end and where a low fresh-water head is less than the salt-water head.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier B. V.","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(69)90086-9","usgsCitation":"Stringfield, V.T., and LeGrand, H.E., 1969, Relation of sea water to fresh water in carbonate rocks in coastal areas, with special reference to Florida, U.S.A., and Cephalonia (Kephallinia), Greece: Journal of Hydrology, v. 9, no. 4, p. 387-404, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(69)90086-9.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"404","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389958,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Greece, United States","state":"Cephalonia, Florida","county":"Pinellas County","city":"Argostoli, Tarpon Springs","otherGeospatial":"Argostolion, Ionian Islands, Lake Tarpon, Tarpon Springs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.81356811523438,\n 28.072889097746774\n ],\n [\n -82.68516540527344,\n 28.072889097746774\n ],\n [\n -82.68516540527344,\n 28.187638430515555\n ],\n [\n -82.81356811523438,\n 28.187638430515555\n ],\n [\n -82.81356811523438,\n 28.072889097746774\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 20.478515625,\n 38.19731500033766\n ],\n [\n 20.463924407958984,\n 38.19191855035254\n ],\n [\n 20.47473907470703,\n 38.17478217139536\n ],\n [\n 20.47199249267578,\n 38.15602198733136\n ],\n [\n 20.485382080078125,\n 38.14481756111573\n ],\n [\n 20.509243011474606,\n 38.161016176890456\n ],\n [\n 20.478515625,\n 38.19731500033766\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stringfield, V. T.","contributorId":72369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeGrand, H. E.","contributorId":54571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeGrand","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206436,"text":"70206436 - 1969 - Merumite occurrence in Guyana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-04T07:33:45","indexId":"70206436","displayToPublicDate":"1969-12-01T07:25:57","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Merumite occurrence in Guyana","title":"Merumite occurrence in Guyana","docAbstract":"Merumite was discovered with associated diamonds and gold in 1937 in gravels of the Merume River in Guyana. It was described as essentially a hydrous chromium oxide that contains more than 80 percent Cr2Oa. Milton and Chao in 1958 found it to be a complex aggregate, mainly eskolaite (Cr2Oa) with five or more new chromium minerals which have recently been identified. The deposit is unique. The richest gravel, averaging several ounces merumite per cubic yard, extends about 2 miles along the base of an east-dipping (35°) ridge of sandstone and ash beds, perhaps an outlier of the Precambrian Roraima Formation that forms bold mountainous scarps a few miles south. No chromium mineralization has been observed in the ridge or anywhere in the region, other than the merumite in the placer gravel. Merumite commonly occurs as grains a few millimeters across, but specimens as large as 10 cm have been found. Almost all the merumite is in rounded grains, many with broken worn edges, indicating wear in transport. Granular gold is enclosed in merumite, as is chromian pyrophyllite. Many merumite grains have impressions, and some contain crystals, of doubly terminated \"needle\" quartz. Water-worn gorceixite, rutile, tourmaline-quartz fels, jasper, euhedral glassy quartz (as much as several centimeters long), and fragments of basaltic rock accompany merumite at all localities; rarely, gold and diamonds are associated in the placers. Merumite was probably derived from a local moderate-temperature hydrothermal deposit possibly formed in the adjacent sandstone-volcanic ash bed from solutions related to local ash deposits and massive gabbro-dolerite intrusive bodies in the Roraima Formation. If the deposit was formed at depths of less than a few thousand feet, erosion may have reached it and re-deposited the merumite and accompanying resistant minerals, mostly'quartz and jasper, in local stream beds. © 1969 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
","language":"English ","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.64.8.910","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Milton, C., and Narain, S., 1969, Merumite occurrence in Guyana: Economic Geology, v. 64, no. 8, p. 910-914, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.64.8.910.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"910","endPage":"914","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Guyana ","otherGeospatial":"Merume River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -59.3756103515625,\n 5.4683637496808535\n ],\n [\n -57.864990234375,\n 5.4683637496808535\n ],\n [\n -57.864990234375,\n 7.035475652433024\n ],\n [\n -59.3756103515625,\n 7.035475652433024\n ],\n [\n -59.3756103515625,\n 5.4683637496808535\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1969-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milton, C.","contributorId":37472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Narain, S","contributorId":220228,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Narain","given":"S","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003980,"text":"1003980 - 1969 - Yersinia philomiragia sp. n., a new member of the Pasteurella group of bacteria, naturally pathogenic for the muskrat (Ondatra zibethica)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-03T16:06:45.10242","indexId":"1003980","displayToPublicDate":"1969-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2192,"text":"Journal of Bacteriology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Yersinia philomiragia sp. n., a new member of the Pasteurella group of bacteria, naturally pathogenic for the muskrat (Ondatra zibethica)","docAbstract":"A bacterium experimentally pathogenic for muskrats (Ondatra zibethica), white mice, mountain voles (Microtus montanus), and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) was isolated from the tissues of a sick muskrat captured on the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge (Brigham City, Utah) and from four surface water samples collected within 15 miles of that point. In culture, the cells are chiefly coccoid, but in the tissues of muskrats and voles they resemble the bizarre forms of Yersinia pestis, except for their smaller size. The characteristics of the organism are described and the name Yersinia philomiragia sp. n. is proposed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/jb.100.3.1237-1241.1969","usgsCitation":"Jensen, W.I., Owen, C., and Jellison, W., 1969, Yersinia philomiragia sp. n., a new member of the Pasteurella group of bacteria, naturally pathogenic for the muskrat (Ondatra zibethica): Journal of Bacteriology, v. 100, no. 3, p. 1237-1241, https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.100.3.1237-1241.1969.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1237","endPage":"1241","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487142,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.100.3.1237-1241.1969","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129733,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.5933837890625,\n 41.80203073088394\n ],\n [\n -112.76504516601562,\n 41.48389104267175\n ],\n [\n -112.55218505859374,\n 41.299476030028195\n ],\n [\n -112.401123046875,\n 41.229281845547625\n ],\n [\n -112.16079711914062,\n 41.19932314127607\n ],\n [\n -112.00286865234375,\n 41.221018745822505\n ],\n [\n -111.88064575195311,\n 41.27161384188987\n ],\n [\n -111.83258056640625,\n 41.410805789669816\n ],\n [\n -111.82846069335938,\n 41.509605687197975\n ],\n [\n -111.84768676757812,\n 41.639052070137204\n ],\n [\n -112.03445434570312,\n 41.76209309432243\n ],\n [\n -112.24456787109375,\n 41.781552998900345\n ],\n [\n -112.47528076171875,\n 41.81943165932007\n ],\n [\n -112.5933837890625,\n 41.80203073088394\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de456","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jensen, W. I.","contributorId":74705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owen, C.R.","contributorId":51245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jellison, W.L.","contributorId":26652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jellison","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70219922,"text":"70219922 - 1969 - The role of larval Chironomidae in the production of lacustrine copropel in Mud Lake, Marion County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T17:42:17.811003","indexId":"70219922","displayToPublicDate":"1969-11-30T06:30:56","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of larval Chironomidae in the production of lacustrine copropel in Mud Lake, Marion County, Florida","docAbstract":"Mud Lake is a shallow (avg 45 cm), alkaline (pH 7.7–10.2), brown‐water lake having an area of about 180 ha. A study of its organic sediment was undertaken because it appears to be a present‐day analogue of the richly organic lacustrine oozes that were the precursors of the oil shales of the Green River Formation (Eocene). The water contains about 200 ppm total dissolved solids. The soft ooze is about 1 m thick and consists of minute fecal pellets produced primarily by larvae of Chironomus (Chironomus) sp. Mean numbers of larvae ranged from 120 to 580 m−2; such a small population may reflect extensive predation by fish. The small diversity of Chironomidae at this latitude may reflect the fact that few organisms can tolerate the physical conditions produced by the shallow water.
Experiments with laboratory‐reared Mud Lake midges showed that the numbers of fecal pellets produced generally increased with the concentration of algal cells available; that only when the larvae were fed blue‐green algae were the fecal pellets coherent and durable—larvae fed green algae produced pellets that disintegrated, returning the undigested algae to the food supply; and that larvae fed blue‐green algae changed from filter‐feeding to grazing on the fecal pellets when suspended algal cells became sparse. We conclude that the sediment in Mud Lake is pelletal because only blue‐green algae are available for food and that the larvae probably graze because all the blue‐greens live only on, or in, the fecal pellets. Early instars produce ovoid pellets; later instars produce longer, cylindrical pellets.
The analogy between the Mud Lake pelletal ooze and the Eocene precursors of the Green River Formation oil shale is enhanced by the facts that some oil shale thin sections show minute fecal pellets and that certain beds of rich oil shale contain numerous unmineralized remains of immature chironomids.
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