This publication portrays the geology of the Hardeeville NW quadrangle and parts of the Brighton and Pineland quadrangles that are within Jasper County, South Carolina. The study area is located in the Atlantic Coastal Plain province, approximately 50 to 70 kilometers (km) inland from the coast. The data are compiled from geological field mapping, light detection and ranging (lidar) elevation data, cores, optically stimulated luminescence ages, radiocarbon ages, and biostratigraphic interpretations. Most of the study area is occupied by the valley of the Savannah River, and exposures of geologic units are very limited. Traditional geologic mapping in this area is difficult because of limited access, subdued topography, extensive swamps, and abundant vegetation.
The Savannah River flows predominantly southeast, and forms most of the border between the States of South Carolina and Georgia. The river is approximately 483 km long and has a total drainage area of approximately 15,850 square km. Although upstream tributaries drain the southeastern side of the Appalachian Blue Ridge province, the Savannah River begins in the Piedmont province and then flows across the Atlantic Coastal Plain province to the Atlantic Ocean. For much of its extent, the modern channel of the Savannah River is located on the southwestern side of the river valley, and the southwestern bank of the valley is the active cut bank. Within the study area, the valley of the Savannah River trends southeast and is relatively straight. The valley has relatively low relief, although the southwestern valley wall is steeper and has greater relief than the northeastern valley wall.
Elevations within the valley mostly range from 3 to 15 meters (m) above sea level, whereas elevations on the high terrace that forms the eastern margin of the Savannah River valley are 15 to 20 m above sea level. The width of the valley is 6 to 7 km in the northern part of the study area and expands to 10 to 12 km farther south. The modern river channel occupies the southwestern side of the valley, and some modern (active) creeks enter the river from the west. Sand hills and low-relief terraces are present to the east of the modern river channel, and the eastern side of the valley is characterized by abandoned meandering and linear channels. Fan-shaped deposits of sand and mud are present where relict (inactive) channels enter the eastern side of the valley. Abandoned meandering channels of low relief (<3 m) are also present to the east on the high terrace (>15 m elevation) that forms the eastern margin of the Savannah River valley. Within the study area, most of the Savannah River valley is covered by alluvial wetland community vegetation dominated by cypress and tupelo trees, although sand hills within the valley are covered by xeric sand community vegetation dominated by pine trees.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3424","usgsCitation":"Swezey, C.S., Schultz, A.P., Doar, W.R., III, Garrity, C.P., Bernhardt, C.E., Crider, E.A., Jr., Edwards, L.E., and McGeehin, J.P., 2019, Geology of the Hardeeville NW quadrangle and parts of the Brighton and Pineland quadrangles, Jasper County, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3424, 2 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3424.","productDescription":"2 Sheets: 51.79 x 40.25 inches and 32.20 x 40.22 inches; Companion File; Database; XML Metadata","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-040734","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361223,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3424/metadata/sim3424_fgdc.xml","text":"XML Metadata","size":"37.3 KB xml"},{"id":361056,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3424/sim3424_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1 ","size":"185 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Geologic Map and Lidar Shaded-Relief Map"},{"id":361057,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3424/sim3424_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","size":"6.95 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Cross Sections, Stratigraphic Descriptions from Cores, Optically Stimulated Luminescence and Radiocarbon Ages, and Dinoflagellate Biostratigraphic Interpretations"},{"id":361055,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3424/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":361222,"rank":4,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3424/metadata/sim3424.gdb.zip","size":"1.44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Jasper County","otherGeospatial":"Brighton Quadrangle, Pineland Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.14295959472656,\n 32.146257633327764\n ],\n [\n -81.1007308959961,\n 32.146257633327764\n ],\n [\n -81.1007308959961,\n 32.222967176706305\n ],\n [\n -81.14295959472656,\n 32.222967176706305\n ],\n [\n -81.14295959472656,\n 32.146257633327764\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center
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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been working with Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (ADOT&PF) since 1993 to provide hydraulic assessments of scour for bridges throughout Alaska. The purpose of the program is to evaluate, monitor, and study streambed scour at bridges in Alaska; this includes surveying streambed elevations at regular intervals and monitoring real-time bed elevation changes. Over the duration of the scour program (1994–2017), repeated cross sections have been surveyed along the lengths of 76 bridges. Channel soundings are depth-from-bridge measurements on either the upstream or downstream side of a bridge. Flow, depth, and velocity dictated whether streambed elevations were measured using either USGS sounding weights on cable reels, weighted measuring tapes, or acoustic Doppler current profilers. The soundings were done on an annual basis at most sites. In addition to annual soundings, channel soundings were made during floods or periods of scour. Results show that general scour can be uniform or non-uniform across the channel. The magnitude and distribution of scour across the channel are influenced by several factors that include streambed sediment type, degree of channel contraction at the bridge crossing, influence of instream structures, and bridge pier location and alignment. The data collected from the repeat soundings can be used to identify long-term aggradation or degradation of the streambed, as well as seasonal changes in streambed elevations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191028","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities","usgsCitation":"Dworsky, K.L., and Conaway, J.S., 2019, Measurement of long-term channel change through repeated cross-section surveys at bridge crossings in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1028, 118 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191028.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 118 p.; 2 Appendices","numberOfPages":"130","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-101816","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437525,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9G663NX","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Sounding Cross Section Surveys at Alaska Bridge Crossings"},{"id":362475,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1028/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":362477,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1028/ofr20191028_appendix01.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"2.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2019-1028 Appendix 1"},{"id":362476,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1028/ofr20191028.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1028"},{"id":362478,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1028/ofr20191028_appendix02.pdf","text":"Appendix 2","size":"4.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1028 Appendix 2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","contact":"Director, Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
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The Kankakee River in northern Indiana flows through the area once known as the Grand Marsh. Beginning in the 1860s, anthropogenic changes to the river within Indiana resulted in downstream flooding and additional transport of sediment and nutrients. In 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, upgraded the gaging station Kankakee River at Shelby, Indiana, to include the collection of water-quality data. By relating continuously monitored water-quality data to discrete data collected from December 2015 through May 2018, linear regression was used to develop models for estimating concentrations of suspended sediment, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Developed regression models indicated a strong correlation between turbidity and specific conductance with suspended-sediment concentration (adjusted coefficient of determination equals 0.92, predicted residual error sum of squares equals 0.151), nitrate plus nitrite and specific conductance with total nitrogen (adjusted coefficient of determination equals 0.95, predicted residual error sum of squares equals 0.0248), and turbidity with total phosphorus (adjusted coefficient of determination equals 0.89, predicted residual error sum of squares equals 0.0103).
Daily loads of suspended sediment, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were computed as the product of daily mean regression model concentrations and daily mean streamflow. Rloadest models were used to compute daily loads of each constituent during gaps in regression model loads. For 2016 and 2017, the estimated annual suspended-sediment loads were 105,000 and 91,000 tons; estimated total nitrogen loads were 8,690 and 8,890 tons; and estimated total phosphorus loads were 265 and 236 tons, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20195005","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Lathrop, T.R., Bunch, A.R., and Downhour, M.S., 2019, Regression models for estimating sediment and nutrient concentrations and loads at the Kankakee River, Shelby, Indiana, December 2015 through May 2018: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigation Report 2019–5005, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195005.","productDescription":"Report: v, 13 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-101520","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362192,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5005/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":362193,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5005/sir20195005.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.72 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2019-5005"},{"id":362194,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PE9PTD","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data and rloadest models for suspended sediment, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus for Kankakee River at Shelby, Indiana, January 5, 2016 to May 31, 2018"},{"id":362195,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P90EKU6X","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data and Surrogate Models for Suspended Sediment, Total Nitrogen, and Total Phosphorus for the Kankakee River at Shelby, Indiana, January 5, 2016 to May 31, 2018"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Shelby","otherGeospatial":"Kankakee River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.81396484375,\n 41.34897943069752\n ],\n [\n -86.08337402343749,\n 41.34588656996287\n ],\n [\n -86.08337402343749,\n 41.76721469421018\n ],\n [\n -86.81259155273438,\n 41.76823896512856\n ],\n [\n -86.81396484375,\n 41.34897943069752\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center
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The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, designed and operates a network of monitoring stations on streams and springs throughout Missouri known as the Ambient Water-Quality Monitoring Network. During water year 2017 (October 1, 2016, through September 30, 2017), data presented in this report were collected at 72 stations: 70 Ambient Water-Quality Monitoring Network stations and 2 U.S. Geological Survey National Stream Quality Assessment Network stations. Among the 72 stations in this report, 4 stations have data presented from additional sampling performed in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Summaries of the concentrations of dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, water temperature, suspended solids, suspended sediment, Escherichia coli bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, dissolved nitrate plus nitrite as nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved and total recoverable lead and zinc, and selected pesticide compounds are presented. Most of the stations have been classified based on the physiographic province or primary land use in the watershed represented by the station. Some stations have been classified based on the unique hydrology of the waterbodies they monitor. A summary of hydrologic conditions in the State including peak streamflows, monthly mean streamflows, and 7-day low flows also are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds1108","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Barr, M.N., and Bartels, K.A., 2019, Quality of surface water in Missouri, water year 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 1108, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1108.","productDescription":"v, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-101659","costCenters":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1108/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":362076,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1108/ds1108.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.30 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 1108"}],"country":"United 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U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401
Mercury monitoring results from about 300 Morone saxatilis (striped bass) muscle tissue samples collected by the State of Utah from Lake Powell resulted in a Utah/Arizona fish consumption advisory issued in 2012 for approximately the lower 100 kilometers of the reservoir. Chemical, physical, and biological data were collected during two synoptic sampling cruises on Lake Powell during May/June 2014 and August 2015 to test three hypotheses associated with a conceptual model developed to explain the observed geographic concentration gradient of Hg in fish tissue samples. This model proposes that in the transition from a primarily riverine system to a reservoir, there is a change in the concentration and composition of water-column particulate material, increasing in the proportion of organic content moving downstream, as the larger size fractions of the inorganic particulate load are deposited in the upper reservoir. This change alleviates light limitation of phytoplankton production and leads to a higher proportion of autochthonous primary production in the downstream direction. This, in turn, drives increased microbial methylmercury (MeHg) production in the benthos and potentially the water column, in the downstream direction, and results in the observed elevated fish Hg levels in the lower part of the reservoir. The model also proposes that there are differences between the main stem of Lake Powell and side canyons, embayments, or secondary rivers entering the reservoir, in terms of Hg cycling dynamics and bioaccumulations, driven mainly by differences in hydrology. Finally, seasonal differences in Hg dynamics within the reservoir are proposed, based on seasonal dynamics associated with primary production and the physical process of seasonal stratification.
A total of three statistically testable hypotheses were proposed and postulated that measurable differences in key Hg and non-Hg metrics exist between: (1) the upper and lower reservoir; (2) main stem and river arm/side canyon/embayment sites; and (3) early-season (May/June 2014, less stratified) and late-season (August 2015, stratified) conditions. Statistically modeled least square means in combination with the graphical analysis of Hg and non-Hg parameters were used to examine the data collected during the study and test these hypotheses. Data collected during the study are included in a U.S. Geological Survey data release and are available online at https://doi.org/10.5066/F74X560J.
In general, water-column, plankton, and surface sediment samples collected during the synoptic sampling cruises are supportive of the three hypotheses associated with the conceptual model. In support of hypothesis 1 (comparing upper and lower reservoir sites), the least square mean for turbidity was higher in the upper reservoir. In contrast, surface water particulate organic carbon (as a percentage of total particulate mass), particulate MeHg (by mass [in nanograms per gram] and as a percentage of total mercury [THg]), and particulate-dissolved partitioning coefficients for THg and MeHg were higher in the lower reservoir. Plankton THg concentrations also were significantly (probability [p] less than (<) 0.05) higher in the lower reservoir. Surface sediment metrics in support of hypothesis 1 include higher MeHg production potential rates in the lower reservoir. In contrast, there were no statistically significant differences between the upper and lower reservoir for surface sediment percent of MeHg and MeHg concentration, percent MeHg, or methylation rate constants. These spatial trends associated with hypothesis 1 indicate a pathway for enhanced Hg bioavailability in the lower reservoir.
Hypothesis 2, which tested for differences between main stem and river arm/side canyon/embayment sites, was supported by a number of water-column parameters, including particulate THg and MeHg concentrations by mass (in nanograms per gram) and percent particulate MeHg being significantly (p<0.05) higher in the river arms, side canyons, and embayments relative to the main stem channel. Plankton MeHg concentrations (by mass [in nanograms per gram] and volume [in nanograms per liter] and as a percentage of THg) were elevated in river arm/side canyon/embayment sites compared to main stem sites, indicating an enhanced potential for MeHg bioaccumulation at the base of the pelagic food web in river arms, side canyons, and embayments. In contrast, few of the sediment metrics differed between main stem and river arm/side canyon/embayment sampling sites; however, the potential for MeHg degradation in surface sediment was significantly higher in the main stem. The data indicate that river arm/side canyon/embayment sites may experience enhanced Hg bioaccumulation, compared to the main stem, because of higher MeHg levels at the base of the pelagic food web. This conclusion is supported by the elevated Hg detected in striped bass muscle tissue samples collected in the San Juan Arm during this study (2014). Fish collected from the lower reservoir exhibited a distinct Hg isotopic signature that was enriched in delta (δ)202Hg and capital delta (Δ)199Hg relative to fish samples collected from either Good Hope Bay or the San Juan Arm.
Hypothesis 3 tested for differences between early (May/June) high-flow and late (August) low-flow seasons. This test was supported by a range of non-Hg metrics (nitrate, phosphate, chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen, fluorescent dissolved organic matter, temperature, and pH) that reflect the increase in chlorophyll a, decrease in nutrients, and buildup of stratified conditions in the transition from early- to late-season sampling periods. Significant seasonal differences also were noted for multiple Hg metrics, including (a) water-column filtered and particulate (by mass) MeHg and THg concentrations; (b) plankton MeHg and THg concentration (by mass); and (c) sediment percent MeHg, Hg(II)-methylation rate constant, and microbial ribosomal ribonucleic acid, small subunit 16 (16S rRNA) abundance, all of which were higher during the late-season synoptic sampling. Overall, the surface sediment metrics are consistent with a seasonal shift from the early-season synoptic results, when the availability of Hg(II) exerts a primary control on MeHg production, to the late-season synoptic sampling, when microbial activity is a dominant driver of MeHg production.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181159","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., Marvin-DiPasquale, M., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Aiken, G., Boyd, E.S., Conaway, C.H., Ogorek, J., and Anderson, G.M., 2019, Biogeochemical and physical processes controlling mercury methylation and bioaccumulation in Lake Powell, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah and Arizona, 2014 and 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1159, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181159.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 81 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"98","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-095917","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359576,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1159/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":359577,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1159/ofr20181159.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018–1159"},{"id":359578,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F74X560J","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Data for Biogeochemical and Physical Processes Controlling Mercury Methylation and Bioaccumulation in Lake Powell, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah and Arizona, 2014–2015"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Glen Canyon, Lake Powell","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.63551330566406,\n 36.75594019674357\n ],\n [\n -111.14044189453124,\n 36.75594019674357\n ],\n [\n -111.14044189453124,\n 37.020646433887805\n ],\n [\n -111.63551330566406,\n 37.020646433887805\n ],\n [\n -111.63551330566406,\n 36.75594019674357\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Utah Water Science Center
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2329 West Orton Circle West
Valley City, UT 84119
About one-quarter of the water supply for the Village of Ruidoso, New Mexico, is derived from groundwater pumping along North Fork Eagle Creek in the Eagle Creek Basin near Alto, New Mexico. Because of concerns regarding the effects of groundwater pumping on surface-water hydrology in the Eagle Creek Basin and the effects of the 2012 Little Bear Fire, which resulted in substantial losses of vegetation in the basin, the monitoring of North Fork Eagle Creek for short-term geomorphic change has been required by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Lincoln National Forest, as part of the permitting decision that allows for the continued pumping of the production wells. The monitoring of short-term geomorphic change in North Fork Eagle Creek began in June 2017 with a geomorphic survey of the stream reach located between the North Fork Eagle Creek near Alto, New Mexico, streamflow-gaging station (USGS site 08387550) and the Eagle Creek below South Fork near Alto, New Mexico, streamflow-gaging station (USGS site 08387600). The 2017 geomorphic survey was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Village of Ruidoso, and was the first in a planned series of five annual geomorphic surveys. The results of the 2017 geomorphic survey are summarized and interpreted in this report and are provided in their entirety in its companion data release.
The study reach is 1.86 miles long, and large sections of the reach are characterized by intermittent streamflow. Where water is normally present (including at the upper and lower portions of the reach near the streamflow-gaging stations), the discharge typically remains below 2 cubic feet per second throughout the year. Therefore, if geomorphic change is to occur, it will likely be driven by seasonal high-flow events. Discharge records from streamflow-gaging stations in the Eagle Creek Basin indicated that high-flow events in the basin (with peaks above 50 cubic feet per second) typically occurred during the North American monsoon months of July, August, and September. Additionally, the records appear to indicate that, as expected, overland runoff and “flashy” responses to rainfall have increased in the 5 years since the 2012 Little Bear Fire.
For the 2017 geomorphic survey of North Fork Eagle Creek, cross sections were established and surveyed at 14 locations along the study reach. Cross-section survey results indicated that channel characteristics (including channel width and area) varied widely along the study reach. Also, as part of the survey, woody debris accumulations and pools in the channel of the study reach were identified, cataloged, photographed, and surveyed for location. There were 58 woody debris accumulations and 14 pools found in the study reach. On the basis that debris jams could be a driver of geomorphic change in North Fork Eagle Creek, woody debris accumulations were classified according to their debris jam potential. The burn marks found on some woody debris indicated that the 2012 Little Bear Fire may be a contributing factor to the volume of debris in North Fork Eagle Creek. However, the woody debris present at the time of the survey did not appear to have substantially affected the geomorphic state of the study reach. Further, the structure and composition of the woody debris accumulations indicated that, under high-flow conditions, most woody debris would likely be transported downstream and out of the study reach without causing substantial geomorphic change through further jamming.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181187","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Village of Ruidoso, New Mexico","usgsCitation":"Graziano, A.P., 2019, Geomorphic survey of North Fork Eagle Creek, New Mexico, 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1187, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181187.","productDescription":"Report: v., 28 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-093851","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362041,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PR7TX3","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Data supporting the 2017 geomorphic survey of North Fork Eagle Creek, New Mexico"},{"id":362039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1187/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":362040,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1187/ofr20181187.pdf","text":"Report","size":"18.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018–1187"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"North Fork Eagle Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.98236083984375,\n 33.02939031998959\n ],\n [\n -104.98260498046875,\n 33.02939031998959\n ],\n [\n -104.98260498046875,\n 33.68549637289138\n ],\n [\n -105.98236083984375,\n 33.68549637289138\n ],\n [\n -105.98236083984375,\n 33.02939031998959\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd NE
Albuquerque, NM 87113
Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
Libraries of digital flood-inundation maps that spanned a combined 37.2-mile reach of the Meramec River that extended upstream from Eureka, Missouri, to downstream near the confluence of the Meramec and Mississippi Rivers were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District, Missouri Department of Transportation, Missouri American Water, Federal Emergency Management Agency Region 7, and the cities of Pacific, Eureka, Wildwood, and Arnold. The flood-inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science website at https://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (stages) at the cooperative USGS streamgages for the Meramec River near Eureka, Mo. (USGS station 07019000), the Meramec River at Valley Park, Mo. (USGS station 07019130), the Meramec River at Fenton, Mo. (USGS station 07019210), and the Meramec River at Arnold, Mo. (USGS station 07019300). Near-real-time stage data at these streamgages may be obtained from the USGS National Water Information System at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN or the National Weather Service (NWS) Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service at https://water.weather.gov/ahps/, which also forecasts flood hydrographs at these sites (listed as NWS sites erkm7, vllm7, fnnm7, and arnm7, respectively).
Flood profiles were computed for the stream reach by means of a calibrated one-dimensional step-backwater hydraulic model. The model was calibrated using a stage-discharge relation at the Meramec River near Eureka, Mo., streamgage (USGS station 07019000) and documented high-water marks from the flood of December 2015 through January 2016.
The calibrated hydraulic model was used to compute water-surface profiles: 1 set for the Meramec River near Eureka, Mo., streamgage (USGS station 07019000); 1 set for the Meramec River at Valley Park, Mo., streamgage (USGS station 07019130); 7 sets for the Meramec River at Fenton, Mo., streamgage (USGS station 07019210) for a range of Mississippi River conditions; and 8 sets for the Meramec River at Arnold, Mo., streamgage (USGS station 07019300) for a range of Mississippi River conditions. The water-surface profiles were produced for stages at 1-foot (ft) intervals referenced to the datum from each streamgage and ranging from the NWS action stage, or near bankfull discharge, to the stage corresponding to the estimated 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability (500-year recurrence interval) flood, as determined at the Meramec River near Eureka, Mo., streamgage (USGS station 07019000). The simulated water-surface profiles then were combined with a geographic information system digital elevation model (derived from light detection and ranging data having a 0.28-ft vertical accuracy and 3.28-ft horizontal resolution) to delineate the area flooded at each simulated 1-ft stage increment. Previously published flood-inundation maps were updated and incorporated in the flood map libraries for USGS stations 07019130 and 07019210 to complete the map sets corresponding to eight Mississippi River conditions.
The availability of these maps, along with internet information regarding current stage from the USGS streamgages and forecasted high-flow stages from the NWS, will provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities such as evacuations and road closures and for postflood recovery efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20195004","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District, Missouri Department of Transportation, Missouri American Water, Federal Emergency Management Agency Region 7, the city of Pacific, the city of Eureka, the city of Wildwood, and the city of Arnold","usgsCitation":"Dietsch, B.J., and Strauch, K.R., 2019, Flood-inundation maps of the Meramec River from Eureka to Arnold, Missouri, 2018: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5004, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195004.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 12 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-096951","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361924,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5004/sir20195004.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.32 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2019–5004"},{"id":361925,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9B0XLJL","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Flood-Inundation Maps of the Meramec River from Eureka to Arnold, Missouri, 2018"},{"id":361923,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2019/5004/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Arnold, Eureka","otherGeospatial":"Meramec River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.66398620605469,\n 38.38795699631396\n ],\n [\n -90.33405303955078,\n 38.38795699631396\n ],\n [\n -90.33405303955078,\n 38.565347844885466\n ],\n [\n -90.66398620605469,\n 38.565347844885466\n ],\n [\n -90.66398620605469,\n 38.38795699631396\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401
In 2016, digital flood-inundation maps along the shoreline of Lake Champlain in Addison, Chittenden, Franklin, and Grand Isle Counties in Vermont and northern Clinton County in New York were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the International Joint Commission (IJC). This report discusses the creation of updated static digital flood-inundation mapping, in 2018, to include the entire shoreline of Lake Champlain in the United States. The flood-inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science website at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/, depict estimates of the areal extent of flooding corresponding to selected water-surface elevations (stages) at the USGS lake gages on Lake Champlain.
As a result of the record setting floods of May 2011 in Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River, the U.S. and Canadian governments requested that the IJC issue a reference for a study to identify how flood forecasting, preparedness, and mitigation could be improved in the Lake Champlain–Richelieu River Basin. The IJC submitted the Lake Champlain–Richelieu River Plan of Study to the governments of Canada and the United States in 2013. The flood-inundation maps in this study are one aspect of the task work outlined in the IJC 2013 Plan of Study.
Wind and seiche effects (standing oscillating wave with a long wavelength) that can influence flooding along the Lake Champlain shoreline were not represented. The flood-inundation maps reflect 11 stages for Lake Champlain that are static for the entire area of the lake. Near-real-time stages at the USGS gages on Lake Champlain may be obtained from the USGS National Water Information System website at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/ (https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN) or from the National Weather Service Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service at http://water.weather.gov/ahps/.
Updated static flood-inundation boundary extents were created for Lake Champlain in Franklin, Chittenden, Addison, Rutland, and Grand Isle Counties in Vermont and Clinton, Essex, and Washington Counties in New York by using recently acquired (2009, 2012, 2014, and 2015) light detection and ranging (lidar) data. The corresponding flood-inundation maps may be referenced to any of the four active USGS lake gages on Lake Champlain. Of these four active lake gages, USGS lake gage 04295000, Richelieu River (Lake Champlain) at Rouses Point, N.Y.; USGS lake gage 04294500, Lake Champlain at Burlington, Vt.; USGS lake gage 04279085 Lake Champlain north of Whitehall, N.Y.; and USGS lake gage 04294413, Lake Champlain at Port Henry, N.Y., only the Richelieu River (Lake Champlain) at Rouses Point, N.Y., gage also serves as a National Weather Service prediction location. Lake Champlain static flood-inundation map boundary extents corresponding to the May 2011 peak flood stage (103.20 feet [ft], National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 [NGVD 29], as recorded at the USGS Rouses Point lake gage, were compared to the flood-inundation area extents determined from satellite imagery for the May 2011 flood (which incorporated documented high-water marks from the flood of May 2011) and were found to be in good agreement. The May 2011 flood is the highest recorded lake water level (stage) at the Rouses Point, N.Y., and Burlington, Vt., lake gages. Flood stages greater than 101.5 ft (NGVD 29) exceed the “major flood stage” as defined by the National Weather Service for USGS lake gage 04295000.
Updated digital elevation models (DEMs) were created from the recent lidar data for Lake Champlain in Vermont and New York. These DEMs were used in determining the flood-inundation boundary and associated depth grids for 11 flood stages at 0.5-ft or 1-ft intervals from 100.0 to 106.0 ft (NGVD 29) as referenced to the USGS lake gages. In addition, the May 2011 flood-inundation area for elevation 103.20 ft (NGVD 29) (102.77 ft, North American Vertical Datum of 1988) was determined from these updated DEMs.
The availability of these maps, along with online information regarding current stages at the USGS lake gages and forecasted high-flow stages from the National Weather Service at USGS lake gage 04295000, Richelieu River (Lake Champlain) at Rouses Point, N.Y., will provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for post-flood recovery efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185169","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the International Joint Commission","usgsCitation":"Flynn, R.H., and Hayes, L., 2019, Flood-inundation maps for Lake Champlain in Vermont and New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5169, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185169. [Supersedes USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5060.]","productDescription":"Report: v, 14 p.; Application Site; Data release","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-101452","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437545,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZBDF6S","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Flood-Inundation Shapefiles and Grids for Lake Champlain in Vermont and New York"},{"id":361774,"rank":4,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://wimcloud.usgs.gov/apps/FIM/FloodInundationMapper.html ","linkHelpText":"- Flood Inundation Mapper"},{"id":361771,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5169/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361772,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5169/sir20185169.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.30 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5169"},{"id":361773,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZBDF6S ","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Flood-inundation shapefiles and grids for Lake Champlain in Vermont and New York"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, Vermont","county":"Addison, Chittenden, Clinton, Franklin, Grand Isle ","otherGeospatial":"Lake Champlain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.7081,43.5785 ], [ -73.7081,45.0891 ], [ -72.8948,45.0891 ], [ -72.8948,43.5785 ], [ -73.7081,43.5785 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
331 Commerce Way, Suite 2
Pembroke, NH 03275
The Detroit River separates the United States and Canada as it flows from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie. The Trenton Channel is a 13-kilometer-long branch of the Detroit River that flows to the west of Grosse Ile before rejoining the Detroit River near its mouth, just before the Detroit River flows into Lake Erie. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has listed both the Trenton Channel and Detroit River as Areas of Concern because of a list of Beneficial Use Impairments such as interrupted drinking-water services, loss of aquatic life, and reduced recreational use. Phosphorus loading from tributaries such as the Trenton Channel is one of the primary drivers of eutrophication in Lake Erie. The complex flow patterns and variable distribution of chemical constituents in the Trenton Channel make it difficult to accurately characterize the concentrations and loads of nutrients and other constituents conveyed through the channel to Lake Erie.
In order to better understand the Trenton Channel’s contributions of nutrients (total phosphorus, orthophosphate, total nitrogen, and ammonia), chloride, and suspended sediment to Lake Erie and evaluate differences in results obtained by using different sample methodologies, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Environment Canada, completed 12 sampling campaigns on the Trenton Channel in Detroit, Michigan, from November 2014 through November 2015.
Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) techniques were used to characterize the distribution of velocity components within a cross section corresponding to a transect of the Trenton Channel at U.S. Geological Survey station 041686401 Trenton Channel of Detroit River at Grosse Ile, Mich. Three methods of collecting water-quality data at the same transect of the Trenton Channel were used: multiple-vertical depth-integrated (MVDI), fixed-point, and discrete samples. Horizontal and vertical variations in concentrations of nutrients, chloride, and suspended sediment were analyzed from discrete samples to better understand distributions of these constituents throughout the channel. Constituent loads were calculated by using individual sample concentrations and ADCP measurements for discharge made on the same day that the water-quality samples were collected. Constituent loads calculated from MVDI and fixed-point sampling methods were compared. The relation between MVDI and fixed-point samples helped quantify the differences between the sampling methods. Linear regression equations depicting the relation between concentrations measured by using MVDI and fixed-point samples were prepared.
ADCP data indicates that velocities throughout the sampled transect remain uniform except for one location around 200 meters from the west bank of the channel. Secondary flow vectors suggest the presence of counter-rotating helical flow cells, and these helical flow cells could affect the mixing of constituents in transport by preventing cross-channel mixing. Flow discharges throughout the sampling campaign showed small variations, although lower flow rates were observed in the early winter months than in the summer months. Discrete sampling methods results displayed both heterogeneity throughout the channel horizontally, representing limited horizontal mixing in the channel, and displayed homogeneity throughout vertical transects, indicating mixing vertically. Comparisons between MVDI and fixed-point methods found consistently higher concentrations were measured in MVDI samples compared to concentrations measured in fixed-point samples. To correct for this bias between MVDI and fixed-point sample results, simple linear-regression equations were developed for all major constituents to help estimate constituent concentrations from fixed-point samples equivalent to those measured by using MVDI sampling techniques. Instantaneous constituent loads were developed by using velocity and discharge data obtained from ADCPs and constituent concentrations obtained from MVDI and fixed-point samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185141","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Environment and Climate Change Canada","usgsCitation":"Totten, A.R., and Duris, J.W., 2019, Spatial distribution of nutrients, chloride, and suspended sediment concentrations and loads determined by using different sampling methods in a cross section of the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River, Michigan, November 2014–November 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5141, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185141.","productDescription":"viii, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-091065","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361790,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5141/sir20185141.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.63 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5141"},{"id":361789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5141/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Detroit River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.26263427734375,\n 41.97174336327968\n ],\n [\n -82.78884887695312,\n 41.97174336327968\n ],\n [\n -82.78884887695312,\n 42.40622065620649\n ],\n [\n -83.26263427734375,\n 42.40622065620649\n ],\n [\n -83.26263427734375,\n 41.97174336327968\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6520 Mercantile Way, Suite 5
Lansing, MI 48911
To support Levee Ready Columbia’s (LRC’s) effort to re-certify levees along the Columbia and Willamette Rivers and remain accredited, two 2-dimensional hydraulic models, Adaptive Hydraulics and Delft3D-Flexible Mesh, were used to simulate the effects of plausible extreme high water during the 2030 to 2059 period. The Columbia River was simulated from Bonneville Dam, situated at river mile (RM) 145, to the mouth of Columbia River, and the Willamette River was simulated from Willamette Falls, RM 26.2, to the Columbia River confluence. Inputs to the models included light detection and ranging (lidar) and bathymetric mapping data to determine bed level, and boundary conditions in the form of daily inflow hydrographs and water levels in the ocean offshore of the mouth of the Columbia River.
Future conditions were based on climate science data developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and others. These conditions included future streamflow and coastal ocean water levels. The hypothetical, extreme but plausible, upstream boundary was based on scaling up the hydrographs from the 1996 flood. Scaling factors were determined by comparing the peak flow rankings determined from flood frequency analyses of historical unregulated periods and 2040s simulated unregulated winter streamflow. The comparison resulted in scaling up the Columbia River hydrograph by 40-percent and scaling up the Willamette River and Lower Columbia River tributaries hydrographs by 20-percent. The downstream ocean boundary was based on a combination of sea-level change, high tide, and storm surge.
The models were calibrated for two historical periods: (1) from January 15 to February 28, 1996, and (2) from April 12 to July 12, 1997. The two models compared well to the measured water-surface elevation over the historical periods and had good performance statistics, with root-mean square error ranging from 0.085 to 0.32 meters, Nash-Sutcliffe values greater than 0.96, and bias ranging from -0.03 to 0.28 meters. The simulated peak stage in the Columbia River at Vancouver, Washington, for 1996 was 9.60 and 9.98 meters (31.5 and 32.7 feet) compared to the measured peak of 9.89 meters (32.5 feet). Future peak stage then was simulated with boundary conditions representing extreme but plausible future conditions at the inflow sites and the ocean boundary.
The two calibrated models compared well in their simulations of extreme but plausible future conditions. For the 0-meter sea-level change scenario, the simulated peak stage in the Columbia River at Vancouver was 11.15 and 11.39 meters (36.6 and 37.4 feet); and for the 1-meter sea-level change scenario, the simulated peak stage in the Columbia River was 11.25 and 11.54 meters (36.9 and 37.9 feet). The total increase in stage as compared to the 1996 measured peak stage ranged from 1.26 to 1.65 meters (4.13 to 5.40 feet).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185161","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Levee Ready Columbia","usgsCitation":"Wherry, S.A., Wood, T.M., Moritz, H.R., and Duffy, K.B., 2019, Assessment of Columbia and Willamette River flood stage on the Columbia Corridor Levee System at Portland, Oregon, in a future climate: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018-5161, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185161.","productDescription":"vii, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-096367","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361538,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5161/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361539,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5161/sir20185161.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5161"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Portland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.112548828125,\n 44.953136827528816\n ],\n [\n -119.9981689453125,\n 44.953136827528816\n ],\n [\n -119.9981689453125,\n 46.5172957536981\n ],\n [\n -124.112548828125,\n 46.5172957536981\n ],\n [\n -124.112548828125,\n 44.953136827528816\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
The Arizona hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus) is endemic to central Arizona in Gila and Pinal Counties, and has been federally listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) since 1979. Mining, mineral exploration, and highway development have resulted in habitat degradation and loss of individual plants. Therefore, decreases in the population of the cactus are expected to continue. In response to a request from FWS to compile, evaluate, and synthesize data for the cactus, we identified and evaluated existing survey and monitoring data for the cactus and conducted a demographic analysis with suitable data.
Systematic surveys for the Arizona hedgehog cactus did not begin until the late 1970s. Early surveys generally were anecdotal descriptions of cactus populations and precisely georeferenced records of individual cactus occurrence did not occur until global positioning systems were widely used. Much of the georeferenced data have been collected by consultants for mining operations, the Arizona Department of Transportation, the U.S. Forest Service, and independent surveyors. Occurrence records have been compiled by the Arizona Game and Fish Department Heritage Data Management System, but submission of these data may be incomplete, and the attributes reported have varied among the contributing entities. The compilation and management of survey data is essential for field-based evidence of the size, distribution, and range extent of the cactus. In support of consistency in future survey data collection, this report makes several suggestions for future surveys.
Monitoring for the Arizona hedgehog cactus, defined as repeat observations of the status of cactus individuals, has been done by consulting companies for three mines. Demographic monitoring further involves marking individual cacti in consistently defined plots and recording the fate of each cacti through time, including birth, growth, reproduction, and death. We were able to use demographic monitoring data provided by two consulting companies to calculate survival and population growth rates, using several statistical approaches. Resulting models indicate that larger cacti, as measured by their number of stems, have greater survival rates. Larger individuals also had higher probability of producing more flowers. Small cacti had the lowest survivorship, with potentially only 15–20 percent reaching large size. Most populations monitored by the two companies were stable to increasing. However, there were differences in the growth rates among plots and some plots had negative population growth rates. The demographic monitoring data we used represented relatively dense populations of undisturbed cacti. Hence, overall positive population growth rates were not influenced by any large-scale disturbances. Previous analyses with cacti and other species suggest that more than 10 years of data are necessary to accurately forecast long-term population trajectories. As the monitoring intervals we evaluated were shorter, they represent short-term dynamics only. Several suggestions are made in the report to improve collection of monitoring data to support evidence-based estimates of demographic characteristics of the Arizona hedgehog cactus.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191004","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arizona Ecological Services","usgsCitation":"Thomas, K.A., Shryock, D.F., and Esque, T.C., 2019, Arizona hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus)—A systematic data assessment in support of recovery: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1004, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191004.","productDescription":"viii, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-099658","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361617,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1004/ofr20191004.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1004"},{"id":361616,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1004/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Gila County, Pinal County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.22421264648438,\n 33.25534082823907\n ],\n [\n -110.9014892578125,\n 33.25534082823907\n ],\n [\n -110.9014892578125,\n 33.48070852506531\n ],\n [\n -111.22421264648438,\n 33.48070852506531\n ],\n [\n -111.22421264648438,\n 33.25534082823907\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Southwest Biological Science Center
520 N. Park Avenue, Suite 221
University of Arizona, Building 120
Tucson, Arizona 85719
A 2.5-year data collection program was undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP), to quantify and estimate base flow in small watersheds in western Pennsylvania where only periodic streamflow measurements had been obtained. Twelve streamgages with watershed areas of less than 10 square miles were established in western Pennsylvania for this study, with most established within Greene and Washington Counties (an area where a type of underground coal mining known as longwall mining occurs). Data from five previously established streamgages with watershed areas ranging from 48.9 to 281 square miles were also used in the analyses for this study. The index-gage method was used to relate streamflow at one streamgage referred to as the “index streamgage” to streamflow at another site of interest (usually an ungaged site, but for this study another streamgage) using a regression technique.
Streamflow regressions were developed for all newly established streamgages by using the Maintenance of Variance Extension, Type 1 (MOVE.1) method. Not all streamflow data from the newly established streamgages were used for MOVE.1 regression development; only data that have little to no influence from runoff were considered. Runoff-influenced streamflow for this study was defined as streamflow on a day that precipitation occurs plus streamflow on the following 2 days. One streamflow value per day selected from a specified schedule that captures numerous non-runoff periods was used to develop a MOVE.1 regression.
Prediction limits were calculated from the regression to provide the upper and lower bounds for the regression-produced streamflow estimates. Using these data, base flow at a site can be estimated with the index-gage method. The log10-tranformed prediction interval width and other regression diagnostics were used as indicators of regression quality when comparing streamgage relations to determine the best index streamgage among the streamgages established for this study. It was determined that index streamgages within about 10 miles of the site of interest provided the best estimated base flow and could, in the future, be used by mine operators and the PADEP to quantify base flow and to evaluate the effects of mining on streamflow.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185150","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Hittle, E., and Risser, D.W., 2019, Estimation of base flow on ungaged, periodically measured streams in small watersheds in western Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5150, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185150.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 42 p.; Data release","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-093027","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361469,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7F18XX9","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Index-gage Data and Regressions in Support of Estimation of Base Flow on Ungaged, Periodically Measured Streams in Small Watersheds in Western Pennsylvania"},{"id":361422,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5150/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361423,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5150/sir20185150.pdf","text":"Report","size":"25.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5150"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.52429199218749,\n 39.72831341029745\n ],\n [\n -79,\n 39.72831341029745\n ],\n [\n -79,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -80.52429199218749,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -80.52429199218749,\n 39.72831341029745\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
For the past 36 years, Bulletin 17B, published by the Interagency Committee on Water Data in 1982, has guided flood-frequency analyses in the United States. During this period, much has been learned about both hydrology and statistical methods. In keeping with the tradition of periodically updating the Bulletin 17B guidelines in light of advances in our understanding and methods, the Hydrologic Frequency Analysis Work Group (HFAWG) was charged by the Subcommittee on Hydrology (SOH) of the Advisory Committee on Water Information (ACWI) to consider possible updates to Bulletin 17B.
The purpose of this report is to consider the statistical performance of possible revisions to Bulletin 17B procedures. Of particular interest are procedures designed to accommodate more general forms of flood information. The concern is how the proposed procedures would affect the precision, accuracy and robustness of flood-frequency estimates. The investigations reported here focus on techniques for the following:
The proposed changes, which mostly involve generalizing Bulletin 17B’s method-of-moments procedures by using the Expected Moments Algorithm (EMA), are relatively modest, at least in the sense that they would not affect the main features of Bulletin 17B. The proposed methods include the following:
The hydrological literature already provides extensive support for the theory behind the proposed changes. The remaining question is practical: How well do the proposed methods perform under typical and realistic conditions and, specifically, with difficult records occasionally encountered in practice? In order to answer these questions, the HFAWG commissioned the work reported here. The following four major sets of results are provided:
Collectively, these studies provide a reasonably comprehensive, valid, and robust assessment of the properties of the Bulletin 17B methods and proposed alternatives. The experiments and analysis indicate that the flood quantile estimators, proposed as a revision of Bulletin 17B, do the following:
Chief, Analysis and Prediction Branch
Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division
Water Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Mail Stop 415
Reston, VA 20192
The Souris River Basin is a 24,000 square-mile basin in the Provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba in Canada, and the State of North Dakota in the United States. Above-average snowpack during the winter of 2010–11, along with record-setting rains in May and June of 2011, led to record flooding that caused extensive damage to Minot, North Dakota, and numerous smaller communities in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and North Dakota. As a result, the International Souris River Board created the Souris River Flood Task Force to evaluate potential reservoir operation changes and flood control measures to manage future floods and droughts. Part of this evaluation involved identifying a need for a stochastic streamflow model to estimate the likelihood of future flooding or drought.
A stochastic natural (unregulated) streamflow simulation model described in a previous report was built upon in this report to include the effects of regulation of four reservoirs (Rafferty, Alameda, and Boundary Reservoirs and Lake Darling) and their operation guidelines. First, a regulated reservoir storage/streamflow routing model was developed and calibrated from when all four reservoirs were in operation until the end of the reconstructed natural streamflow dataset provided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1992–2011). The regulated reservoir storage/streamflow routing model then was combined with the stochastic natural (unregulated) streamflow model to provide a stochastic regulated streamflow simulation model for the Souris River Basin upstream from Minot, North Dakota.
The stochastic regulated streamflow simulation model was used to estimate regulated flood frequency curves, which are useful for feasibility and design of critical structures such as levees or bridges. Three potential future climatic conditions were considered in this analysis: condition A (wet equilibrium), representing wet (similar to 1970–2017) climatic conditions; condition B (transition), representing transition from wet to dry (similar to 1912–69) climatic conditions; and condition C (dry equilibrium), representing dry climatic conditions. Comparison of the estimated flood frequency curves for regulated flow among the three climatic conditions indicated large differences in flood magnitudes for the more extreme (1-percent or less) annual exceedance probabilities. The estimated 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability flood magnitude for the Souris River upstream from Minot, N. Dak., was 29,300 cubic feet per second for condition A (wet equilibrium), compared to 14,800 cubic feet per second for condition C (dry equilibrium). For comparison, the recorded peak streamflow for 2011 for the Souris River upstream from Minot, N. Dak., was 26,900 cubic feet per second. Although it is not possible to predict how long the current (1970–2017) wet climatic conditions may persist, flood risk for at least the next 25 years, or until about 2040, may be represented best by climatic condition A.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Dakota State Water Commission","usgsCitation":"Kolars, K.A., Vecchia, A.V., and Galloway, J.M., 2019, Stochastic model for simulating Souris River Basin regulated streamflow upstream from Minot, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5155, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185155.","productDescription":"viii, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-090130","costCenters":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361373,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5155/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361374,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5155/sir20185155.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.75 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018–5155"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","city":"Minot","otherGeospatial":"Souris River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 48.99824008113872\n ],\n [\n -104.74365234375,\n 49.42884000063522\n ],\n [\n -104.7930908203125,\n 50.004208515595614\n ],\n [\n -103.480224609375,\n 50.52041218671901\n ],\n [\n -102.0245361328125,\n 50.604159488561\n ],\n [\n -101.195068359375,\n 50.25071752130677\n ],\n [\n -100.65673828125,\n 49.745781306155735\n ],\n [\n -99.60891723632812,\n 49.648069803718805\n ],\n [\n -99.18594360351562,\n 49.577773933420914\n ],\n [\n -99.2340087890625,\n 49.39131220507362\n ],\n [\n -99.76547241210936,\n 49.413653634531116\n ],\n [\n -99.4482421875,\n 48.100094697973795\n ],\n [\n -101.502685546875,\n 47.99727386804474\n ],\n [\n -103.568115234375,\n 48.52388120259336\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 48.99824008113872\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Dakota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
821 East Interstate Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58503
An ethylene dibromide (EDB) plume extends approximately 5,880 feet northeast from the Bulk Fuels Facility on Kirtland Air Force Base. The leading edge of the EDB plume is about 3,700 feet upgradient from several water-supply wells. The water-supply wells are screened in the upper Santa Fe Group aquifer system. Within the upper Santa Fe Group, two primary clay-rich layers, the A1 and A2 units, separate water-producing zones. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority and the U.S. Air Force, installed four sentinel well nests and two aquifer-test pumping wells between the EDB plume and the water-supply wells. The purpose of the sentinel wells is to provide early warning of EDB plume migration towards water-supply wells. The sentinel well nests include at least three wells that are screened above, in between, and below the A1 and A2 units. The two aquifer-test pumping wells, installed for performing hydraulic tests on the aquifer system, are screened across both clay layers, as are the nearby water-supply wells. Well-bore flow logging indicated that greater than 60 percent of groundwater flow to the wells was through the deepest interval below the lowermost clay layer (A1 unit). The interval between the A1 and A2 units is the second most productive interval. Water-quality data also indicated that water drawn from the aquifer-test pumping wells and previously studied nearby water-supply wells is most similar in composition to water from the sentinel wells screened in the middle and deep intervals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185138","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority and the U.S. Air Force","usgsCitation":"Travis, R.E., and Myers, N.C., 2019, Hydraulic and water-quality indicators of aquifer zones contributing groundwater flow to wells in the Santa Fe Group aquifer system near southeast Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2013–16 (ver. 1.1, May 2019): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5138, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185138.","productDescription":"v, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2013-01-01","temporalEnd":"2016-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-093706","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361320,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5138/coverthb3.jpg"},{"id":361321,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5138/sir20185138.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.40 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018–5138"},{"id":363734,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5138/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"1 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIR 2018–5138 Version History"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Bernalillo County","city":"Albuquerque","otherGeospatial":"Kirtland Air Force Base, Santa Fe Group Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107,\n 34.9\n ],\n [\n -106.33,\n 34.9\n ],\n [\n -106.33,\n 35.25\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 35.25\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 34.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":" Version 1.1 : May 14, 2019","contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd. NE
Albuquerque, NM 87113
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Broward County Environmental Planning and Resilience Division, has developed county-scale and local-scale groundwater/surface-water models to study the potential for increased inundation and flooding in eastern Broward County that are due to changes in future climate and sea-level rise. These models were constructed by using MODFLOW 2005, with the surface-water system represented by using the Surface-Water Routing process and a new Urban Runoff process. The local-scale model allowed the use of finer grid resolution in a selected area of the county, whereas the county-scale model provided boundary conditions for the local-scale model and insight into the hydrologic behavior of the larger system. The aquifer layering, properties, and boundaries relied heavily on a previous three-dimensional variable-density solute-transport model of the same area developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The surface-water system within these new models actively simulates a part of the extensive canal network by using level-pool routing and active structure operations within the Surface-Water Routing process. These models were used to simulate a historical base-case period (1990–99) by using measured data and regional climate model rainfall and potential evapotranspiration output. The simulated flow and water-level results generally captured the behavior of the hydrologic system. A future period (2060–69) was simulated by using regional climate model rainfall and potential evapotranspiration output representing a wetter and drier future and low, intermediate, and high sea-level rise projections. The results were used to evaluate the potential effects on the surface-water drainage system, coastal-structure operation, and wet-season groundwater levels.
Future period simulations using the county-scale model indicate that (1) the effects of the changing climate and sea level are much more evident in eastern and coastal areas of Broward County compared to western areas, with increases in groundwater level nearly equivalent to sea-level rise; (2) coastal groundwater-level increases are distributed farther inland in the wetter future scenarios than in the drier future scenarios; (3) water levels at the westernmost groundwater station locations exhibited little change caused by sea-level rise and showed more dependence on changes in precipitation; (4) there was a reduced west-to-east groundwater gradient with increasing sea-level rise; and (5) increased downstream tidal stage at the S–13 structure resulted in increased reliance on the pump to control upstream inland canal stages. Future simulations using the local-scale model indicate similar behavior as seen in the county-scale model: (1) the coastal areas exhibited the largest impacts in groundwater levels in the future scenarios; (2) the westernmost, interior areas exhibited little change during the future scenarios; and (3) there was an increased reliance on the pump at the S–13 coastal structure but to a lesser extent than indicated in the county-scale model because of the reduced temporal scale of the local-scale model.
Possible adaptation and mitigation strategies were simulated to evaluate the county-scale and local-scale models’ ability to simulate hydrologic changes. Alterations to S–13 pump operations within the county-scale model were tested, and results indicate a reduced effect of sea-level rise inland of the control structure, but the affected area is spatially limited. The concept of using pumps to reduce the local groundwater levels in two neighborhood-sized areas was tested by using the local-scale model. The MODFLOW 2005 Drain package was used to remove groundwater by using drainage elevations set to zero, 1 foot, and 2 feet above average wet-season groundwater levels. Area 1 was well connected to coastal boundaries, and a high rate of groundwater removal was required, whereas the rate of groundwater removal required was greatly reduced in Area 2, which is less connected to tidal boundaries. Water for these scenarios was assumed to be pumped to tide with no downstream effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185125","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Broward County Environmental Planning and Resilience Division","usgsCitation":"Decker, J.D., Hughes, J.D., and Swain, E.D., 2019, Potential for increased inundation in flood-prone regions of southeast Florida in response to climate and sea-level changes in Broward County, Florida, 2060–69: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5125, 106 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185125.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 106 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"118","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-066244","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361163,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5125/sir20185125.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018–5125"},{"id":361162,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5125/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361164,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9E6INWZ","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW 2005 data sets for the simulation of potential increased inundation in flood-prone regions of Southeast Florida in response to climate and sea-level changes in Broward County, Florida, 2060–69"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Broward County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.44326782226562,\n 25.95557515483912\n ],\n [\n -80.07522583007812,\n 25.95557515483912\n ],\n [\n -80.07522583007812,\n 26.331576128197028\n ],\n [\n -80.44326782226562,\n 26.331576128197028\n ],\n [\n -80.44326782226562,\n 25.95557515483912\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4446 Pet Lane, Suite 108
Lutz, FL 33559
During 2016, as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Project (NAWQA), the U.S. Geological Survey conducted the Northeast Stream Quality Assessment (NESQA) to investigate stream quality in the northeastern United States. The goal of the NESQA was to assess the health of wadeable streams in the region by characterizing multiple water-quality factors that are stressors to aquatic life and by evaluating the relation between these stressors and the condition of biological communities. Urbanization, agriculture, and human modifications to streamflow are anthropogenic changes that greatly affect water quality in the region; consequently, the study design primarily selected sites and targeted stressors associated with these activities. The NESQA built on a prior NAWQA study conducted in the region in 2014, the Atlantic Highlands flow-ecology study, which investigated the effects of anthropogenically modified flows on aquatic biological communities in primarily forested watersheds. Land-cover data for the NESQA were used to identify and select sites within the region that had watersheds ranging in levels of urban and agricultural development. A total of 95 sites were selected: 67 on streams in watersheds representing a range of urban land use, 13 on streams in watersheds with some degree of agricultural land use, and 15 on streams in predominantly forested watersheds with little development. Depending on land-cover characteristics, sites were sampled weekly for metal and organic contaminants, nutrients, and sediment for either a 9-week period that began the week of June 6, 2016, or a 4-week period that begin the week of July 11, 2016. Beginning August 1, 2016, and for about 2 weeks, an ecological survey was conducted at every site to assess stream habitat, and algal, benthic invertebrate, and fish communities. Additional samples collected during the ecological surveys were streambed sediment for chemical analysis and toxicity testing, and fish tissue for mercury analysis. This report describes the various study components and methods of the NESQA and describes a precursor effort for the Atlantic Highlands flow-ecology study. Details are presented for measurements of water quality, sediment chemistry, streamflow, and ecological surveys of stream biota and habitat, as well as processes of sample analysis, quality assurance and quality control, and data management.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181183","collaboration":"National Water Quality Program","usgsCitation":"Coles, J.F., Riva-Murray, K., Van Metre, P.C., Button, D.T., Bell, A.H., Qi, S.L., Journey, C.A., and Sheibley, R.W., 2019, Design and methods of the U.S. Geological Survey Northeast Stream Quality Assessment (NESQA), 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1183, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181183.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 46 p.; Appendixes 1 and 2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-095438","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361093,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1183/ofr20181183_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2, tables 2.1 through 2.10: Excel ","size":"119 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":361094,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1183/ofr20181183_appendixes.zip","text":"Appendixes 1 and 2, all tables in CSV format","size":"5.45 GB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":361095,"rank":6,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://webapps.usgs.gov/rsqa/#!/"},{"id":361090,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1183/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361091,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1183/ofr20181183.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.59 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1183"},{"id":361092,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1183/ofr20181183_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1, tables 1.1 through 1.4: Excel","size":"777 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -68.291015625,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -68.291015625,\n 47.60616304386874\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 47.60616304386874\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 40.17887331434696\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
In the late 1800s, John Wesley Powell, second Director of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), proposed gaging the flow of rivers and streams in the Western United States to evaluate the potential for irrigation. Around the same time, several cities in the Eastern United States established primitive streamgages to help design water-supply systems. Streamgaging technology has greatly advanced since the 1800s, and USGS hydrographers have made at least one streamflow measurement at more than 37,000 sites throughout the years. Today, the USGS Groundwater and Streamflow Information Program supports the collection and (or) delivery of both streamflow and water-level information for more than 8,500 sites (continuous or partial record) and water-level information alone for more than 1,700 additional sites. The data are served online—most in near realtime—to meet many diverse needs; more than 640 million requests for streamflow information were fulfilled during the 2017 water year (October 1, 2016‒September 30, 2017).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20183081","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Eberts, S.M., Woodside, M.D., Landers, M.N., and Wagner, C.R., 2018, Monitoring the pulse of our Nation's rivers and streams—The U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging network: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2018–3081, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20183081.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-101883","costCenters":[{"id":38131,"text":"WMA - Office of Planning and Programming","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360982,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2018/3081/fs20183081.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.40 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2018-3081"},{"id":360981,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2018/3081/coverthb2.jpg"}],"contact":"Groundwater and Stream Flow Information Program
U.S. Geological Survey Water Mission Area
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
A catastrophic flood event on the Missouri River system in 2011 led to substantial changes in abundance and distribution of unvegetated sand habitat. This river system is a major component of the breeding range for interior Least terns (Sternula antillarum; “terns”) and piping plovers (Charadrius melodus; “plovers”), both of which are Federally listed ground-nesting birds that prefer open, unvegetated sand and gravel nesting substrates on sandbars and shorelines. The 2011 flood inundated essentially all tern and plover nesting habitat during 2011, but it had potential to generate post-flood habitat conditions that favored use by terns and plovers in subsequent years. We compared several tern and plover demographic parameters during the pre-flood and post-flood periods on the Garrison Reach and Lake Sakakawea, North Dakota, to determine how this event influenced these species (both species on the Garrison Reach, and plovers only on Lake Sakakawea). The principal parameters we measured (nest survival, chick survival, and breeding population) showed spatial and temporal variation typical of opportunistic species occupying highly variable habitats. There was little evidence that nest survival of least terns differed between pre- and post-flood. During 2012 when habitat was most abundant on the Garrison Reach and Lake Sakakawea, piping plover nest survival was higher than in any other year in the study, but returned to rates comparable to pre-flood years in 2013. Chick survival for terns on the Garrison Reach and plovers on Lake Sakakawea showed a similar pattern to plover nest survival, with the 2012 rate exceeding all other years of the study, and the remaining pre-flood and post-flood years being generally similar but slightly higher in post-flood years. However, plover chick survival on the Garrison Reach in 2012 was similar to pre-flood years, and increased annually thereafter to its highest rate in 2014. Although wide confidence intervals precluded firm conclusions about flood effects on breeding populations, the general pattern suggested lower populations of plovers but higher populations of least terns immediately after the flood. Despite near total absence of breeding habitat on either study area during the flood of 2011, populations of both species persisted after the flood due to their propensity to disperse and/or forgo breeding for at least a year. Tern and plover populations have similarly persisted and recovered after the flood, but their mechanisms for persistence likely differ. Data on tern dispersal is generally lacking, but they are thought to show little fidelity to their natal grounds, have a propensity to disperse potentially long distances, and routinely forgo breeding until their second year, thus a lost opportunity to breed in a given area may be easily overcome. Plovers exhibit stronger demographic ties to the general area in which they previously nested, yet they occupy much broader nesting habitat features than terns and exploit three major landforms in the Dakotas (free-flowing rivers, reservoir shorelines, and wetland shorelines). Consequently, dispersal to and from non-Missouri River habitats and potential to exploit non-traditional habitats likely sustained the Northern Great Plains population through the flood event. Terns and plovers normally occupy similar habitats on the Missouri River and both species experienced similar loss of a breeding season due to the flood. Persistence of these populations after the flood underscores the importance of understanding their unique demographic characteristics and the context within which the Missouri River operates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181176","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Anteau, M.J., Sherfy, M.H., Shaffer, T.L., Swift, R.J., Toy, D.L., and Dovichin, C.M., 2019, Demographic responses of least terns and piping plovers to the 2011 Missouri River flood—A large-scale case study: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1176, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181176.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 33 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-079007","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360855,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VHGRDD","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Least tern and piping plover responses to the 2011 Missouri River flood: Nest, chick, and adult datasets"},{"id":360853,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1176/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":360854,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1176/ofr20181176.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.71 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018–1176"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Garrison Reach, Lake Sakakawea","contact":"Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
The glacial aquifer system, which is a collection of aquifers within Quaternary sediments in the glaciated conterminous United States, is a principal aquifer that supplies groundwater that serves about 42 million people and accounts for about 5 percent of the Nation’s drinking water. This aquifer system (the area of maximum glacial advance) underlies parts of 25 States and covers 1.87×106 square kilometers. A hydrogeologic framework is presented that divides the glaciated United States into 17 distinct hydrogeologic terranes using a geologic approach based on previous mapping. Each hydrogeologic terrane contains Quaternary sediment that is derived from a common depositional history and can be characterized by similar texture and thickness. Characteristics of Quaternary sediments are described using attributes computed from a lithologic database of well logs compiled from 24 States (excluding Kentucky). The hydrogeologic framework presents a nationwide picture of the glacial aquifer system and provides generalizations concerning the nature of aquifers within it (for example, whether the aquifers are shallow or deep, and unconfined or confined). In this way insights can be gained from understanding the similarities and differences in distinct parts of the glacial aquifer system and how they relate to water use and quality and to aquifer vulnerability.
Delineation of hydrogeologic terranes was based on an interpretation of existing geologic mapping of Quaternary sediments and the thickness of unconsolidated material. Overall thickness of Quaternary sediment was used to qualitatively rank the generalized complexity of the hydrogeologic framework in each terrane: “lower” complexity (assigned a terrane code 1), “moderate” complexity (terrane code 2), and “higher” complexity (terrane code 3). Letter designations appended to the terrane codes (for example, 1A, 1B, or 1C) differentiate terranes of similar complexity. Two unique areas, where thick, stratified, coarse-grained sediment dominates, were assigned terrane code 4.
Elements of this hydrogeologic framework include a glacial environments and surficial sediments geodatabase, which includes lithologic, geomorphic, and stratigraphic characterization of Quaternary sediments based on previous mapping; a gridded database of sediment and aquifer characteristics computed from lithologic logs obtained from water-well driller records; a water-use database with information on public-water supply systems and sources of groundwater; and estimated recharge computed from a geologically based soil-water balance model. A generalized map of the bedrock geology based on previous State-level mapping is included as well.
Quaternary sediment in the glaciated United States includes glacial, postglacial (Holocene) and nonglacial sediments. At land surface, 60 percent of the glacial sediment is till. Large areas of outwash and ice contact sediments are extensive throughout the Midwest but generally are confined to valleys in the Northeast and the Northwest. Lacustrine sediments were deposited in proglacial lakes adjacent to the present Great Lakes and in glacial Lake Agassiz in the eastern Dakotas and northwestern Minnesota. The median thickness of Quaternary sediment ranges from 6 to 45 meters across the 17 hydrogeologic terranes, but the maximum thickness is more than 500 meters in some areas. Quaternary sediments generally contain less than 10 percent coarse material; the median range is near zero percent under till to about 50 percent under ice contact and outwash sediments. About 80 percent of the coarse material lies within 25 to 40 meters of land surface.
In most of the glaciated United States, there is a small likelihood of penetrating an aquifer-material interval containing coarse material at least 3 meters thick. A single aquifer-material interval was recorded in about 44 percent of lithologic logs, whereas about 11 percent of the logs penetrated multiple intervals. About 44 percent of water wells in the lithologic database are completed in Quaternary sediment, and many of these Quaternary water wells (42 percent) are confined by at least 7.5 meters of fine materials. About 33 percent of these Quaternary water wells are unconfined—the remainder are where only thin layers (less than 3 meters) of coarse material are present. The median depths of Quaternary water wells range from 13 to 40 meters among the 17 hydrogeologic terranes.
Recharge ranges from more than 400 millimeters per year in the Northeast to 11 millimeters or less per year in the Dakotas and Montana (median value of 136 millimeters per year). Annual groundwater withdrawals compiled by county range on an areal basis from less than 1 to 370 millimeters per year, and the mean is 7.4 millimeters per year. About 36 percent of the withdrawals are for public-water supply, of which 70 percent are derived from Quaternary sediments. Groundwater withdrawals are less than 10 percent of recharge throughout most of the glaciated conterminous United States but are a larger proportion of recharge near urban areas in the Northeast and the Midwest, and in counties throughout drier parts of the Midwest.
The salient characteristics of the 17 hydrogeologic terranes are presented through maps and a set of descriptive plots to facilitate visual comparisons between selected sediment and aquifer characteristics. The thickness of Quaternary sediment generally increases from the lower complexity terranes through the higher complexity terranes, consistent with their delineation. Median proportions of coarse material in Quaternary sediment and depths to aquifer-material intervals are highly variable (less than 10 to 50 percent, and 0 to 30 meters, respectively). Median thicknesses of aquifer-material intervals generally fall within a narrow range (10 to 20 meters), except in two terranes that contain thick coarse-grained sediment (30 to 35 meters). The source of water in wells varies from mostly bedrock wells in the lower complexity terranes to mostly Quaternary wells in the higher complexity terranes where the sediment is thickest. A tree diagram compiled from a hierarchical cluster analysis of a matrix composed of metrics based on sediment and aquifer characteristics, and the distribution of water wells in each terrane, indicates some groups of terranes that can be treated as comparable when analyzing groundwater flow and quality.
Aquifer-material intervals indicated on maps prepared from the lithologic logs, including unconfined and confined conditions, correlate well with aquifer systems delineated on state maps for Illinois, Indiana, and North Dakota. The large scale of the study limits the resolution at which the maps can be interpreted, however, and alluvial units are not mapped correctly for some valleys in the Northeast and the Northwest. Lithologic logs used in the study are biased toward shallow depths because not all logs penetrate the entire thickness of Quaternary sediment, but this bias should not limit the utility of the sediment and aquifer descriptions because shallow depths are commonly exploited for water supply. The hydrogeologic framework will support ongoing studies of groundwater flow and quality in the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment program for the glaciated United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185091","usgsCitation":"Yager, R.M., Kauffman, L.J., Soller, D.R., Haj, A.E., Heisig, P.M., Buchwald, C.A., Westenbroek, S.M., and Reddy, J.E., 2019, Characterization and occurrence of confined and unconfined aquifers in Quaternary sediments in the glaciated conterminous United States (ver. 1.1, February 2019): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5091, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185091.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 90 p.; Interactive Leaflet maps; Data releases","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-081249","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359750,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F71R6PQG","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Databases used to develop a hydrogeologic framework for Quaternary sediments in the glaciated conterminous United States"},{"id":359748,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1090","text":"Data Series 1090","linkHelpText":"- Hydrogeologic Framework for Characterization and Occurrence of Confined and Unconfined Aquifers in Quaternary Sediments in the Glaciated Conterminous United States—A Digital Map Compilation and Database"},{"id":359747,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7HH6J8X","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Digital products from a hydrogeologic framework for Quaternary sediments within the glaciated conterminous United States"},{"id":359745,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5091/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":359749,"rank":6,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5091/sir20185091_index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"- Index page for oversized, interactive Leaflet maps"},{"id":359746,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5091/sir20185091.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5091"},{"id":361089,"rank":7,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5091/versionHist.txt","size":"1.27 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.969069883,\n 35.090811167\n ],\n [\n -65.343237884,\n 35.090811167\n ],\n [\n -65.343237884,\n 50.932504994\n ],\n [\n -124.969069883,\n 50.932504994\n ],\n [\n -124.969069883,\n 35.090811167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1: February 2019; Version 1.0: December 2018","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
400 South Clinton Street
Iowa City, IA 52240
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Cedar Rapids, began a study in 2013 to better understand the effects of drought stress on the Cedar River alluvial aquifer. After an evaluation of the existing groundwater-flow models for the alluvial aquifer, a plan was begun to construct an updated groundwater-flow model capable of evaluating the effect of prolonged drought and increased demand. As part of the effort to update the existing groundwater-flow model, data were collected during an airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey in May 2017. The study area for the AEM survey encompasses about 53 square kilometers of the Cedar River Basin, west of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and includes a 19-kilometer reach of the Cedar River. The AEM survey of the Cedar River alluvial aquifer and adjacent areas was completed to characterize the subsurface geology of the area to refine a lithologic framework. The collected AEM data were postprocessed by numerical inversion using the program EM1DFM to produce subsurface apparent resistivity cross sections. Changes observed in resistivity profile values with depth were used to infer lithologic changes and delineate three of the four lithologic units designated in the lithologic framework for this area: alluvial deposits, glacial till, and bedrock; hereafter referred to as the “lithologic framework.” The fourth unit, composed of surficial eolian sediments, was not delineated in these profiles because these units are thin and discontinuous and are not reliably distinguishable from flood plain alluvial deposits. For the purposes of delineating lithologic units using the AEM data, bedrock was assumed to be the lowest unit in a profile, glacial till was deposited on a bedrock surface, and alluvium was deposited on erosional till or bedrock surfaces.
A three-dimensional fence diagram was created as part of the lithologic framework to further define the extent and thickness of the lithologic units near the Cedar River alluvial aquifer. The fence diagram shows a three-dimensional perspective of unit thickness, extent, and orientation of the delineated lithologic framework. A lithologic framework, by design, is intended to represent a simplification of a more complex natural system through data interpolation between known points, which usually are lithologic logs. The resistivity profiles produced from the AEM survey allow for continuous mapping and accurate interpolation of lithology between lithologic logs; however, the apparent resistivity value may reflect several characteristics of subsurface materials including variations in lithology, porosity, water quality, grain sorting, and degree of saturation. In this study, the only variables considered were those related to changes in the subsurface material.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3423","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Cedar Rapids","usgsCitation":"Valder, J.F., Haj, A.E., Bristow, E.L., and Valseth, K.J., 2019, Delineation of selected lithologic units using airborne electromagnetic data near Cedar Rapids, Iowa (ver. 1.1, February 2019): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3423, 2 sheets, 9-p. pamphlet, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3423.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: vi, 9 p.; 2 Sheets: 42.0 x 24.0 inches and 44.0 x 28.0 inches; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-101741","costCenters":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361084,"rank":6,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3423/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"1 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIM 3423 Version History"},{"id":360194,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3423/sim3423_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","size":"2.99 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3423 Sheet 2"},{"id":360192,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3423/sim3423_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"2.00 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3423 Pamphlet"},{"id":360191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3423/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":360193,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3423/sim3423_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","size":"7.65 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3423 Sheet 1"},{"id":360208,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BS882S","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Airborne electromagnetic and magnetic survey data and inverted resistivity models, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, May 2017"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"Cedar Rapids","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.8,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -91.7,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -91.7,\n 42.0667\n ],\n [\n -91.8,\n 42.0667\n ],\n [\n -91.8,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1: February 2019; Version 1.0: December 2018","contact":"Director, Dakota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1608 Mountain View Road
Rapid City, SD 57702
Airborne microorganisms in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere remain elusive due to a lack of reliable sample collection systems. To address this problem, we designed, installed, and flight-validated a novel Aircraft Bioaerosol Collector (ABC) for NASA's C-20A that can make collections for microbiological research investigations up to altitudes of 13.7 km. Herein we report results from the first set of science flights—four consecutive missions flown over the United States (US) from 30 October to 2 November, 2017. To ascertain how the concentration of airborne bacteria changed across the tropopause, we collected air during aircraft Ascent/Descent (0.3 to 11 km), as well as sustained Cruise altitudes in the lower stratosphere (~12 km). Bioaerosols were captured on DNA-treated gelatinous filters inside a cascade air sampler, then analyzed with molecular and culture-based characterization. Several viable bacterial isolates were recovered from flight altitudes, including Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp., and Staphylococcus sp. from Cruise samples and Brachybacterium sp. from Ascent/Descent samples. Using 16S V4 sequencing methods for a culture-independent analysis of bacteria, the average number of total OTUs was 305 for Cruise samples and 276 for Ascent/Descent samples. Some taxa were more abundant in the flight samples than the ground samples, including OTUs from families Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae as well as the following genera: Clostridium, Mogibacterium, Corynebacterium, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Pseudomonas, and Parabacteroides. Surprisingly, our results revealed a homogeneous distribution of bacteria in the atmosphere up to 12 km. The observation could be due to atmospheric conditions producing similar background aerosols across the western US, as suggested by modeled back trajectories and satellite measurements. However, the influence of aircraft-associated bacterial contaminants could not be fully eliminated and that background signal was reported throughout our dataset. Considering the tremendous engineering challenge of collecting biomass at extreme altitudes where contamination from flight hardware remains an ever-present issue, we note the utility of using the stratosphere as a proving ground for planned life detection missions across the solar system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2018.01752","usgsCitation":"David J. Smith, Ravichandar, J.D., Jain, S., Griffin, D.W., Yu, H., Tan, Q., Thissen, J., Lusby, T., Nicoll, P., Shedler, S., Martinez, P., Osorio, A., Lechniak, J., Choi, S., Sabino, K., Iverson, K., Chan, L., Jaing, C., and McGrath, J., 2019, Airborne bacteria in Earth’s lower stratosphere resemble taxa detected in the troposphere: results from a new NASA aircraft bioaerosol collector (ABC): Frontiers in Microbiology, v. 9, 1752, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01752.","productDescription":"1752, 20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-097097","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":468111,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01752","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":367005,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.51904296875,\n 32.63937487360669\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 32.63937487360669\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -124.51904296875,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -124.51904296875,\n 32.63937487360669\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"David J. 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2019 - Hydrogeologic controls and geochemical indicators of groundwater movement in the Niles Cone and southern East Bay Plain groundwater subbasins, Alameda County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T09:40:36","indexId":"sir20185003","displayToPublicDate":"2018-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2018-5003","title":"Hydrogeologic controls and geochemical indicators of groundwater movement in the Niles Cone and southern East Bay Plain groundwater subbasins, Alameda County, California","docAbstract":"Beginning in the 1970s, Alameda County Water District began infiltrating imported water through ponds in repurposed gravel quarries at the Quarry Lakes Regional Park, in the Niles Cone groundwater subbasin, to recharge groundwater and to minimize intrusion of saline, San Francisco Bay water into freshwater aquifers. Hydraulic connection between distinct aquifers underlying Quarry Lakes allows water to recharge the upper aquifer system to depths of 400 feet below land surface, and the Deep aquifer to depths of more than 650 feet. Previous studies of the Niles Cone and southern East Bay Plain groundwater subbasins suggested that these two subbasins may be hydraulically connected. Characterization of storage capacities and hydraulic properties of the complex aquifers and the structural and stratigraphic controls on groundwater movement aids in optimal storage and recovery of recharged water and provides information on the ability of aquifers shared by different water management agencies to fulfill competing storage and extraction demands. The movement of recharge water through the Niles Cone groundwater subbasin from Quarry Lakes and the possible hydraulic connection between the Niles Cone and the southern East Bay Plain groundwater subbasins were investigated using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), water-chemistry, and isotopic data, including tritium/helium-3, helium-4, and carbon-14 age-dating techniques.
InSAR data collected during refilling of the Quarry Lakes recharge ponds show corresponding ground-surface displacement. Maximum uplift was about 0.8 inches, reasonable for elastic expansion of sedimentary materials experiencing an increase in hydraulic head that resulted from pond refilling. Sodium concentrations increase while calcium and magnesium concentrations in groundwater decrease along groundwater flowpaths from the Niles Cone groundwater subbasin through the Deep aquifer to the northwest toward the southern East Bay Plain groundwater subbasin. Residual effects of pre-1970s intrusion of saline water from San Francisco Bay, including high chloride concentrations in groundwater, are evident in parts of the Niles Cone subbasin. Noble gas recharge temperatures indicate two primary recharge sources (Quarry Lakes and Alameda Creek) in the Niles Cone groundwater subbasin. Although recharge at Quarry Lakes affects hydraulic heads as far as the transition zone between the Niles Cone and East Bay Plain groundwater subbasins (about 5 miles), the effect of recharged water on water quality is only apparent in wells near (less than 2 miles) recharge sources. Groundwater chemistry from upper aquifer system wells near Quarry Lakes showed an evaporated signal (less negative oxygen and hydrogen isotopic values) relative to surrounding groundwater and a tritium concentration (2 tritium units) consistent with recently recharged water from a surface-water impoundment.
Uncorrected carbon-14 activities measured in water sampled from wells in the Niles Cone groundwater subbasin range from 16 to 100 percent modern carbon (pmC). The geochemical reaction modeling software NETPATH was used to interpret carbon-14 ages along a flowpath from Quarry Lakes toward the East Bay Plain groundwater subbasin. Model results indicate that changes in groundwater chemistry are controlled by cation exchange on clay minerals and weathering of primary silicate minerals. Old groundwater (lower carbon-14 activities) is characterized by high dissolved silica and pH. Interpreted carbon-14 ages ranged from 830 to more than 7,000 years before present and are less than helium-4 ages that range from 2,000 to greater than 11,000 years before present. The average horizontal groundwater velocity along the studied flowpath, as calculated using interpreted carbon-14 ages, through the Deep aquifer of the Niles Cone groundwater subbasin is between 3 and 12 feet per year. The groundwater velocity decreases near the boundary of the transition zone to the southern East Bay Plain groundwater subbasin to about 0.5 feet per year. These changes may result from water recharged from different sources converging in flowpaths north of the transition zone, or a boundary to flow between the Niles Cone and southern East Bay Plain groundwater subbasins, likely owing to changes in lithology caused by depositional patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20185003","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the East Bay Municipal Utility District, City of Hayward, and Alameda County Water District","usgsCitation":"Teague, Nick, Izbicki, John, Borchers, Jim, Kulongoski, Justin, and Jurgens, Bryant, 2018, Hydrogeologic controls and geochemical indicators of groundwater movement in the Niles Cone and southern East Bay Plain groundwater subbasins, Alameda County, California (ver. 1.1, February 2019): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5003, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185003.","productDescription":"x, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"76","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-043410","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360934,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5003/versionHist.txt"},{"id":351228,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5003/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":351229,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5003/sir20185003_v1.1.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2018-5003"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Alameda County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3333,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -121.9167,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -121.9167,\n 37.8333\n ],\n [\n -122.3333,\n 37.8333\n ],\n [\n -122.3333,\n 37.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Ver. 1.0: February 2018; Ver. 1.1: February 2019","contact":"Director,
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