Recent field and geochronological studies in eight 7.5-minute quadrangles near Mount Rogers in Virginia, North Carolina and Tennessee recognize (1) important stratigraphic and structural relationships for the Neoproterozoic Mount Rogers and Konnarock Formations, and the northeast end of the Mountain City window; (2) the separation of Mesoproterozoic rocks of the Blue Ridge into three age groups; and (3) the timing and emplacement of the Blue Ridge thrust sheet. The study area includes folded and faulted Paleozoic strata of the Valley and Ridge in the northwest juxtaposed by metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Blue Ridge to the southeast. In the Valley and Ridge, Cambrian to Middle Ordovician carbonate and clastic rocks are exposed in a syncline in the Pulaski thrust sheet; these rocks are overridden by the Blue Ridge thrust sheet. The northeast end of the Mountain City window is interpreted as a simple window; the Stone Mountain fault is folded and continues as the Iron Mountain fault on the NW-side of the window. The Stone Mountain fault does not exist at the surface to the NE near the Razor Ridge volcanic center. Instead, a continuous section of Proterozoic gneisses, Mount Rogers Formation, Konnarock Formation and Chilhowee Group is now recognized.
Rhyolites of the Mount Rogers Formation range from 760–749Ma, with detrital zircon age populations from associated volcaniclastic rocks indicating magmatism and rifting began by ~780 Ma. Rhyolite outliers in the Konnarock Formation and a change from rift-related clastic rocks of the Mount Rogers Formation transitioning to maroon laminites, mudstones and laminites with dropstones, suggest that the Konnarock Formation may be as old as ~751 Ma.
Mesoproterozoic crystalline rocks of the Blue Ridge, previously referred to as the Cranberry Gneiss, are distinguished based on field relationships and SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology: (1) ~1.33 Ga pre-Grenvillian crust; (2) 1190–1140 Ma granitoids (early magmatic suite); and (3) 1075–1030 Ma granitoids (late magmatic suite).
Multiple greenschist-facies high-strain zones, including the 2–11 km wide Fries high-strain zone, occur in the Blue Ridge thrust sheet. Fabrics across the Fries and Gossan Lead faults have similar orientations and NW–directed contractional deformation. 40Ar/39Ar hornblende, muscovite, and K-feldspar ages indicate the western and eastern Blue Ridge had different thermal histories. The eastern Blue Ridge (Gossan Lead thrust sheet) experienced a 360–340 Ma amphibolite facies event prior to juxtaposition with the western Blue Ridge. 40Ar/39Ar muscovite ages in western Blue Ridge rocks document greenschist facies metamorphism and deformation and emplacement of the Blue Ridge thrust sheet at ~340 Ma; the Catface and Fries faults are tentatively interpreted to be contemporaneous. After initial emplacement of the Blue Ridge thrust sheet at ~340 Ma, shortening was accommodated by westward translation along the basal decollement, which carried the Blue Ridge thrust sheet to its current position.
","conferenceTitle":"Geology of the Mount Rogers area, revisited, Blue Ridge, VA–NC–TN: Virginia Geological Field Conference","conferenceDate":"October 27-29, 2023","conferenceLocation":"Troutdale, VA","language":"English","publisher":"Virginia Geological Field Conference","usgsCitation":"Merschat, A.J., McAleer, R.J., Holm-Denoma, C., and Southworth, C.S., 2023, Geology of the Mount Rogers area, revisited: Evidence of Neoproterozoic continental rifting, glaciation, and the opening and closing of the Iapetus Ocean, Blue Ridge, VA–NC–TN, Geology of the Mount Rogers area, revisited, Blue Ridge, VA–NC–TN: Virginia Geological Field Conference, Troutdale, VA, October 27-29, 2023, p. 1-28.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"28","ipdsId":"IP-158912","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423016,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":422996,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://vgfc.blogs.wm.edu/past-conferences/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rogers area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.37532149916849,\n 36.95542282359787\n ],\n [\n -82.37532149916849,\n 36.22133694740798\n ],\n [\n -80.84600971858332,\n 36.22133694740798\n ],\n [\n -80.84600971858332,\n 36.95542282359787\n ],\n [\n -82.37532149916849,\n 36.95542282359787\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merschat, Arthur J. 0000-0002-9314-4067 amerschat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9314-4067","contributorId":4556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merschat","given":"Arthur","email":"amerschat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":888788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McAleer, Ryan J. 0000-0003-3801-7441 rmcaleer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3801-7441","contributorId":215498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAleer","given":"Ryan","email":"rmcaleer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":888789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holm-Denoma, Christopher S. 0000-0003-3229-5440","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3229-5440","contributorId":219763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holm-Denoma","given":"Christopher S.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":888790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Southworth, C. Scott 0000-0002-7976-7807 ssouthwo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7976-7807","contributorId":1608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southworth","given":"C.","email":"ssouthwo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":888791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70243910,"text":"70243910 - 2023 - Resistivity imaging over porphyry copper systems in the Red Mountain district, southwest Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-26T17:34:45.358484","indexId":"70243910","displayToPublicDate":"2023-11-01T11:25:05","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Resistivity imaging over porphyry copper systems in the Red Mountain district, southwest Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"The Red Mountain district in southwestern Colorado produced base and precious metals hosted in breccia pipes and vein structures related to an extensive lithocap that overlies pervasive quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration. A helicopter-borne time-domain electromagnetic survey flown over the district yielded resistivity values that range from tens to thousand or more ohm-m, with lesser resistivity values in the lithocap and greater resistivity values in the rocks with propylitic alteration. A 60 m-thick, low resistivity zone subparallel to topography characterizes the magmatic-hydrothermal breccia pipes. A broad zone of low resistivity that may envelope epithermal deposits spans multiple flight lines and occurs beneath rocks with argillic alteration. A 50 m-thick low resistivity zone occurs beneath quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration and may indicate porphyry deposit at depth.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 17th SGA biennial meeting","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"17th Biennial SGA Meeting","conferenceDate":"August 28 - September 1, 2023","conferenceLocation":"Zurich, Switzerland","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits","usgsCitation":"Anderson, E., Deszcz-Pan, M., Yager, D., Eastman, K., and Hoogenboom, B.E., 2023, Resistivity imaging over porphyry copper systems in the Red Mountain district, southwest Colorado, USA, in Proceedings of the 17th SGA biennial meeting, v. 3, Zurich, Switzerland, August 28 - September 1, 2023, p. 343-346.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"346","ipdsId":"IP-151353","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425027,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":425026,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sga2023.ch/programme/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Red Mountain district, Silverton caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.7348537741502,\n 37.95951050781375\n ],\n [\n -107.7348537741502,\n 37.80819889981343\n ],\n [\n -107.54924524249871,\n 37.80819889981343\n ],\n [\n -107.54924524249871,\n 37.95951050781375\n ],\n [\n -107.7348537741502,\n 37.95951050781375\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Eric D. 0000-0002-0138-6166","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-6166","contributorId":202072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Eric D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deszcz-Pan, Maryla 0000-0002-6298-5314","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6298-5314","contributorId":305724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deszcz-Pan","given":"Maryla","affiliations":[{"id":37374,"text":"Retired USGS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":873712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yager, Douglas 0000-0001-5074-4022","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5074-4022","contributorId":305726,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yager","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eastman, Kyle","contributorId":305728,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eastman","given":"Kyle","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36941,"text":"Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":873714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoogenboom, Bennett Eugene 0000-0001-8096-3533","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8096-3533","contributorId":239871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoogenboom","given":"Bennett","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70245198,"text":"70245198 - 2023 - Reconnaissance mineral and cathodoluminescence studies of gold occurrences in the Pogo-Black Mountain area, eastern interior Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-26T17:23:09.372104","indexId":"70245198","displayToPublicDate":"2023-11-01T11:17:57","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Reconnaissance mineral and cathodoluminescence studies of gold occurrences in the Pogo-Black Mountain area, eastern interior Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"The Pogo Au deposit is the largest of a number of gold occurrences in eastern interior Alaska, that occur along a broad trend from west of Pogo to Black Mountain. Some of these occurrences are hosted in amphibolite facies gneisses and others in mid-Cretaceous igneous rocks that intruded the older metamorphic rocks. All occurrences contain arsenopyrite and pyrite. Whole rock geochemical trends distinguish most metamorphic rock-hosted vein prospects (strong Bi-Te-Au correlations) and intrusion-hosted occurrences (weak As-Au correlations). Brecciated quartz veins in metamorphic rocks have paragentically late Bi-Te (±S) + Au that post-dates Fe-As sulphide deposition. High grade vein samples from the Tibbs Creek intrusion-hosted deposits contain pyrite and arsenopyrite, generally lack Bi-Te minerals, but can contain paragentically younger euhedral quartz, stibnite and carbonate. Cathodoluminescence studies of gold-rich samples indicate that quartz dissolution occurred during the syn- to post-tectonic Bi-Te-Au deposition, and the later stibnite event. In the case of metamorphic rock-hosted deposits (e.g., Pogo, Gray Lead), Bi-Te and gold deposition commonly occurs in microfractures within quartz veins; the limited quartz in these fractures have distinctive CL response. We propose that gold deposition is related to changes in P-T conditions rather than fluid-rock chemical reactions. Similar quartz dissolution textures affect the void-filling euhedral quartz before or during stibnite and carbonate mineralization in the high-grade Au samples from Blue Lead.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 17th SGA biennial meeting","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"17th Biennial SGA Meeting","conferenceDate":"August 28 - September 1, 2023","conferenceLocation":"Zurich, Switzerland","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits","usgsCitation":"Graham, G.E., Marsh, E.E., Lowers, H.A., and Taylor, R., 2023, Reconnaissance mineral and cathodoluminescence studies of gold occurrences in the Pogo-Black Mountain area, eastern interior Alaska, USA, in Proceedings of the 17th SGA biennial meeting, v. 2, Zurich, Switzerland, August 28 - September 1, 2023, p. 142-145.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"142","endPage":"145","ipdsId":"IP-151250","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425025,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":425024,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sga2023.ch/programme/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Pogo-Black Mountains area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -145,\n 64.5\n ],\n [\n -145,\n 64.33\n ],\n [\n -144.5,\n 64.33\n ],\n [\n -144.5,\n 64.5\n ],\n [\n -145,\n 64.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graham, Garth E. 0000-0003-0657-0365 ggraham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0657-0365","contributorId":1031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Garth","email":"ggraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marsh, Erin E. 0000-0001-5245-9532 emarsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-9532","contributorId":1250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Erin","email":"emarsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowers, Heather A. 0000-0001-5360-9264 hlowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":191307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather","email":"hlowers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Ryan D. 0000-0002-8845-5290","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-5290","contributorId":201948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Ryan D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70249788,"text":"sim3511 - 2023 - Stratigraphic cross sections of the Lewis Shale in the eastern part of the southwestern Wyoming Province, Wyoming and Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-23T18:14:31.201823","indexId":"sim3511","displayToPublicDate":"2023-10-30T16:00:00","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3511","title":"Stratigraphic cross sections of the Lewis Shale in the eastern part of the southwestern Wyoming Province, Wyoming and Colorado","docAbstract":"Three stratigraphic cross sections A–A', B–B', and C–C' were created for the Lewis Shale and associated strata in the eastern part of the Southwestern Wyoming Province of Wyoming and Colorado. The cross sections highlight 15 clinothems within the Lewis Shale, Fox Hills Sandstone, and Lance Formation progradational system (also referred to as the Lewis Shale system). Additionally, the cross sections indicate that multiple source areas were active at the same time during deposition of the Lewis Shale. Specifically, the north-to-southeast cross section A–A' demonstrates that the northern, sand-rich source was being deposited and onlapping onto an older, southern, mud-rich source.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3511","usgsCitation":"Hearon, J.S., 2023, Stratigraphic cross sections of the Lewis Shale in the eastern part of the Southwestern Wyoming Province, Wyoming and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3511, 1 sheet, 5-p. pamphlet, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3511.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 5 p.; 1 Sheet: 55.68 × 45.43 inches; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-140606","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3511/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":422257,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3511/sim3511_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.01 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3511 Pamphlet"},{"id":422258,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3511/sim3511.pdf","text":"Sheet","size":"14.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3511 Sheet"},{"id":422288,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3511/images"},{"id":500440,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115585.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":422289,"rank":6,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3511/sim3511_pamphlet.xml","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"}},{"id":422290,"rank":7,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sim3511/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIM 3511 Pamphlet"},{"id":422306,"rank":8,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NAFL9H","text":"USGS data release—","linkHelpText":"Digital Stratigraphic and Structural Grids of the Cretaceous Lewis Shale in the Eastern Part of the Southwestern Wyoming Province, Wyoming and Colorado"},{"id":435135,"rank":9,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NAFL9H","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Digital Stratigraphic and Structural Grids of the Cretaceous Lewis Shale in the Eastern Part of the Southwestern Wyoming Province, Wyoming and Colorado"},{"id":422196,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XRPCSC","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Formation tops data from the stratigraphic cross sections of the Lewis Shale in the eastern part of the Southwestern Wyoming Province, Wyoming and Colorado"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.31087420580677,\n 40.14874874835829\n ],\n [\n -106.31087420580677,\n 42.49163925065031\n ],\n [\n -109.82649920580654,\n 42.49163925065031\n ],\n [\n -109.82649920580654,\n 40.14874874835829\n ],\n [\n -106.31087420580677,\n 40.14874874835829\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver, CO 80225-0046
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic contaminant that has been mobilized and distributed worldwide and is a threat to many wildlife species. Amphibians are facing unprecedented global declines due to many threats including contaminants. While the biphasic life history of many amphibians creates a potential nexus for methylmercury (MeHg) exposure in aquatic habitats and subsequent health effects, the broad-scale distribution of MeHg exposure in amphibians remains unknown. We used nonlethal sampling to assess MeHg bioaccumulation in 3,241 juvenile and adult amphibians during 2017–2021. We sampled 26 populations (14 species) across 11 states in the United States, including several imperiled species that could not have been sampled by traditional lethal methods. We examined whether life history traits of species and whether the concentration of total mercury in sediment or dragonflies could be used as indicators of MeHg bioaccumulation in amphibians. Methylmercury contamination was widespread, with a 33-fold difference in concentrations across sites. Variation among years and clustered subsites was less than variation across sites. Life history characteristics such as size, sex, and whether the amphibian was a frog, toad, newt, or other salamander were the factors most strongly associated with bioaccumulation. Total Hg in dragonflies was a reliable indicator of bioaccumulation of MeHg in amphibians (R2 ≥ 0.67), whereas total Hg in sediment was not (R2 ≤ 0.04). Our study, the largest broad-scale assessment of MeHg bioaccumulation in amphibians, highlights methodological advances that allow for nonlethal sampling of rare species and reveals immense variation among species, life histories, and sites. Our findings can help identify sensitive populations and provide environmentally relevant concentrations for future studies to better quantify the potential threats of MeHg to amphibians.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.3c05549","usgsCitation":"Tornabene, B.J., Hossack, B., Halstead, B., Eagles-Smith, C., Adams, M.J., Backlin, A.R., Brand, A., Emery, C., Fisher, R., Fleming, J.E., Glorioso, B., Grear, D.A., Campbell Grant, E.H., Kleeman, P.M., Miller, D., Muths, E., Pearl, C., Rowe, J., Rumrill, C.T., Waddle, J.H., Winzeler, M., and Smalling, K., 2023, Broad-scale assessment of methylmercury in adult amphibians: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 57, no. 45, p. 17511-17521, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c05549.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"17511","endPage":"17521","ipdsId":"IP-151126","costCenters":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science 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From 2018 - 2022, the U.S. Geological Survey acquired over 82,000 line-kilometres of airborne electromagnetic, radiometric, and magnetic data over this region to provide comprehensive and systematic information about subsurface geologic and hydrologic properties that support multiple scientific and societal interests. Most of the data were acquired on a regional grid of west-east flight lines separated by 3 - 6 kilometres; however, several high-resolution inset grids with line spacing as close as 200 m were acquired in targeted areas of interest. Approximately 8,000 line-kilometres were acquired along streams and rivers to characterise the potential for surface water-groundwater connection, and another 6,000 line-kilometres were acquired along the Mississippi and Arkansas River levees to characterise this critical infrastructure. Here, we present a summary of the data along with several examples of how they are being used to inform regional groundwater model development, inferences of groundwater salinity, identification of faults in the New Madrid seismic zone, and levee infrastructure.
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Alaska using tree-ring crossdating and radiocarbon wiggle-matching","docAbstract":"A forest bed of tree stumps currently in the intertidal zone at Girdwood, south-central Alaska, records coseismic submergence during the penultimate great earthquake. Tree-ring samples from ten spruce stumps were crossdated to develop a 149-year-long ring-width chronology. Radiocarbon wiggle-matching found that single-ring ages from the chronology were offset 28 ± 7 years older than the IntCal20 calibration curve and that the last ring of the chronology dated as 1169 to 1189 CE (781–761 cal. yr. BP) at the 95% confidence level. Bark was observed on some stumps, six samples had the same year for the last growth ring, and so this wiggle-match date is also the best estimate of the date of the penultimate great earthquake. This date is in good agreement with a date for this event in a seismo-turbidite record from Skilak Lake but not with previous dates from Bayesian models of maximum- and minimum-limiting ages from coastal salt marshes. Reanalysis of the coastal salt marsh ages with the data grouped by area, context and material found that outer wood samples from stumps at coseismic submergence sites and a Bayesian limiting age model based on just herbaceous plant ages from Turnagain Arm and the Copper River area are both consistent with our wiggle-match date. Furthermore, coseismic emergence ages from Cape Suckling and Yakataga are older than the penultimate earthquake and so likely relate to an earlier uplift event in this eastern area. The rupture extent during the penultimate great earthquake appears to have been less than in the 1964 great earthquake and the interseismic interval between these two events was 785 ± 10 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2023.100142","usgsCitation":"Barclay, D.J., Haeussler, P., and Witter, R.C., 2023, Dating the penultimate great earthquake in south-central Alaska using tree-ring crossdating and radiocarbon wiggle-matching: Quaternary Science Advances, v. 13, 100142, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2023.100142.","productDescription":"100142, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-158222","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qsa.2023.100142","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":498618,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.97392172569602,\n 60.587785877878815\n ],\n [\n -156.97392172569602,\n 56.48596044935496\n ],\n [\n -140.95577716118677,\n 56.48596044935496\n ],\n [\n -140.95577716118677,\n 60.587785877878815\n ],\n [\n -156.97392172569602,\n 60.587785877878815\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barclay, David J 0009-0007-9629-3731","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9629-3731","contributorId":365136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barclay","given":"David","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":87054,"text":"SUNY Cortland, Cortland, NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":219956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Witter, Robert C. 0000-0002-1721-254X rwitter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1721-254X","contributorId":219962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witter","given":"Robert","email":"rwitter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70249899,"text":"70249899 - 2023 - Monitoring population-level foraging distribution of a marine migratory species from land: Strengths and weaknesses of the isotopic approach on the Northwest Atlantic loggerhead turtle aggregation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-04T13:36:45.459948","indexId":"70249899","displayToPublicDate":"2023-10-27T08:35:02","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3912,"text":"Frontiers in Marine Science","onlineIssn":"2296-7745","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring population-level foraging distribution of a marine migratory species from land: Strengths and weaknesses of the isotopic approach on the Northwest Atlantic loggerhead turtle aggregation","docAbstract":"Assessing the linkage between breeding and non-breeding areas has important implications for understanding the fundamental biology of and conserving animal species. This is a challenging task for marine species, and in sea turtles a combination of stable isotope analysis (SIA) and satellite telemetry has been increasingly used. The Northwest Atlantic (NWA) loggerhead (Caretta caretta) Regional Management Unit, one of the largest sea turtle populations in the world, provides an excellent opportunity to investigate key biological patterns as well as methodological aspects related to the use of stable isotopes to infer spatial distribution of turtles in foraging areas. We provide the first comprehensive assessment of the annual distribution of NWA adult female loggerheads among foraging areas and investigate the efficacy of various analytical approaches as well as the effect of sample size in these types of studies. A total of 5168 individual females were sampled from seven Management Units (MUs) between 2013-2018. We provide the first estimate of the proportion of females originating from each MU that uses each foraging area and show how this proportion varies over time. We also estimate the relative importance (in terms of number of turtles) of each foraging area to the overall loggerhead breeding aggregation nesting in Florida and in the NWA for each year of the study. The foraging area used by reproductively active females differs considerably across MUs. One of these, the Subtropical NWA, is by far the most important foraging area in terms of both number of individuals and genetic diversity, and therefore this region may be considered as a conservation priority. Through simulations, we show that limited sizes of sample groups (unknowns; training; priors) may result in false geographic differentiation and consequently mislead interpretations. We provide thresholds and methodological recommendations for future studies. This study establishes a fundamental baseline for monitoring the annual contribution of foraging area to a terrestrial-based breeding aggregation of a marine animal in a cost-effective way. This type of monitoring allows for early detection of changes in foraging distributions—a possible effect of climate change on marine ecosystems or of area-specific anthropogenic threats.
The Elk Hills Oil Field is one of the many fields selected for regional groundwater mapping and monitoring by the California State Water Resources Control Board as part of the Oil and Gas Regional Monitoring Program (California State Water Resources Control Board, 2015, 2022b; U.S. Geological Survey, 2022a). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board, is evaluating groundwater resources near areas of oil and gas development in California, including (1) the location of groundwater resources near oil fields; (2) the proximity of oil and gas operations to groundwater, and the geologic materials between them; (3) evidence (or lack of evidence) of fluids from oil and gas sources in groundwater; and (4) the pathways or processes responsible when fluids from oil and gas sources are present in groundwater (U.S. Geological Survey, 2022a). As part of this evaluation, the USGS installed a multiple-well monitoring site near the administrative boundary of the Elk Hills Oil Field in the southern San Joaquin Valley about 6 miles northeast of Taft, California (California Department of Water Resources, 2020; fig. 1). Data collected at the Elk Hills multiple-well monitoring site (ELKH) provide information about the geology, hydrology, geophysical properties, and water quality of the aquifer system, thus enhancing the understanding of relations between adjacent groundwater and the Elk Hills Oil Field in an area where groundwater data are limited, particularly at different depths in the aquifer. This report presents construction information for the ELKH and initial geohydrologic data collected from the site. Similar sites installed on the east side of the Lost Hills Oil Field, on the east side of the North and South Belridge Oil Fields, and within the Poso Creek Oil Field were described by Everett and others (2020a, b, 2023).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231073","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Everett, R.R., Gillespie J.M., Shepherd, M.M., Morita, A.Y., Bobbitt, M., Kohel, C.A., and Warden, J.G., 2023, Multiple-well monitoring site adjacent to the Elk Hills Oil Field, Kern County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1073, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231073.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-148290","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499485,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115583.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":422144,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20231073/full"},{"id":422143,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1073/images"},{"id":422141,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1073/ofr20231073.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":422140,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1073/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":422142,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1073/ofr20231073.xml"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Kern County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.35,\n 35.2\n ],\n [\n -119.35,\n 35.1\n ],\n [\n -119.1,\n 35.1\n ],\n [\n -119.1,\n 35.2\n ],\n [\n -119.35,\n 35.2\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
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U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
Excess sediment is a common reason water bodies in the USA become listed as impaired resulting in total maximum daily loads (TMDL) that require municipalities to invest millions of dollars annually on management practices aimed at reducing suspended-sediment loads (SSLs), yet monitoring data are rarely used to quantify SSLs and track TMDL progress. A monitoring network was created to quantify the SSL from the City of Roanoke, Virginia, USA (CoR), to the Roanoke River and Tinker Creek and help guide TMDL assessment and implementation. Suspended-sediment concentrations were estimated between 2020 and 2022 from high-frequency turbidity data using surrogate linear-regression models. Sixty-one percent of the total three-year SSL resulted from five large storm events. The average suspended-sediment yield from the CoR (58.1 metric tons/km2/year) was similar to other urban watersheds in the Eastern United States; however, the yield was nearly five times larger than the TMDL allocation (12.2 metric tons/km2/year). The TMDL allocated load was modeled based on a predominantly forested reference watershed and may not be a practical target for highly impervious watersheds within the CoR. The TMDL model used daily input data which likely does not capture the full range of SSLs during storm events, particularly from flashy urban streams. The average SSL following the five large storm events doubled that of the CoR’s annual allocated load from the TMDL. The results of this study highlight the importance of using high-frequency monitoring data to accurately estimate SSLs and evaluate TMDLs in urban areas.
The summer of 2023 is a notable time for water-resource management in the western United States: Glen Canyon Dam, on the Colorado River, turns 60 years old while the largest dam-removal project in history is beginning on the Klamath River. This commentary discusses these events in the context of a changing paradigm for dam and reservoir management in this region. Since the era of large dam building began to wane six decades ago, new challenges have arisen for dam and reservoir management owing to climate change, population increase, reservoir sedimentation, declining safety of aging dams, and more environmentally focused management objectives. Today we also better understand dams' benefits, costs, and environmental impacts, including some that were unforeseen and took decades to become apparent. Where dams have become unsafe, obsolete (e.g., due to excessive reservoir sedimentation), and uneconomical beyond saving, dam removal has become common. The science and practice of dam removal are accelerating rapidly, and some long-term physical and biological response studies are now available. Removal of four hydroelectric dams on the Klamath River will be a larger and more complex project than any previous dam removal. The imminency of this project reflects a very different situation for dam and reservoir management than 60 years ago. Looking forward, dam and reservoir management in the western United States and worldwide will require continued collaboration and innovative thinking to meet a wide range of objectives and to manage water resources sustainably for future generations.
Trace elements within groundwater that originate from aquifer materials and pose potential public-health hazards if consumed are known as geogenic contaminants. The geogenic contaminants arsenic, chromium, and vanadium can form negatively charged ions with oxygen known as oxyanions. Uranium complexes with bicarbonate and carbonate to form negatively charged ions having aqueous chemistry similar to oxyanions. The concentrations of arsenic, chromium, uranium, and vanadium in groundwater result from the combined effects of (1) geologic abundance within aquifer materials; (2) the fraction of these elements that have weathered from and sorbed to the surfaces of mineral grains and are potentially available to groundwater; and (3) the aqueous chemistry of dissolved oxyanions in groundwater during different redox conditions and pH, both of which are affected by hydrogeology, including the length of time groundwater has been in contact with aquifer materials. Concentrations of arsenic, chromium, uranium, and vanadium were measured in samples of (1) rock, surficial alluvium, and drill cuttings using portable (handheld) X-ray fluorescence (pXRF); (2) operationally defined fractions extractable from these materials; and (3) water from wells sampled between 2000 and 2018 within the 3,500 square mile Mojave River area and Morongo area of the western Mojave Desert, southern California.
Regionally, rock and surficial alluvium in the Mojave River and Morongo areas are high in arsenic, low in chromium and uranium, and near the average bulk continental crust concentration for vanadium. Locally, high chromium concentrations are present in mafic rock within the San Gabriel Mountains; high uranium concentrations are present in felsic rock within the San Bernardino Mountains; and high arsenic, uranium, and vanadium concentrations are present in extrusive (volcanic) felsic rock within uplands surrounding groundwater basins along the Mojave River downstream from Barstow, California. Elemental assemblages identified using principal component analyses (PCA) of pXRF data were used to characterize felsic, mafic, and felsic volcanic source terranes in rock, surficial alluvium, and in geologic material penetrated by selected monitoring wells drilled between 1994 and 2018. Highly felsic alluvium associated with recent deposition from the Mojave River was identified along the 90-mile length of the floodplain aquifer along the river. The thickness of these highly felsic alluvial deposits ranged from 200 feet (ft) near Victorville and near Barstow to a thin veneer about 30 ft thick downstream from Victorville and downstream portions of the floodplain aquifer within the Mojave Valley.
Groundwater in the Mojave River and Morongo areas was generally oxic and alkaline (pH≥7.5). Maximum concentrations of arsenic, hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], uranium, and vanadium in water from as many as 498 wells sampled between 2000 and 2018 were 360, 140, 1,470, and 690 micrograms per liter (μg/L), respectively. Water from 22 percent of sampled wells exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maximum contaminant level (MCL) for arsenic of 10 μg/L, with arsenic concentrations commonly exceeding the MCL in water from wells east of Barstow, deep wells in the Victorville fan, and in suboxic or reduced groundwater within the floodplain aquifer. Water from about 1 percent of sampled wells had Cr(VI) concentrations greater than the California MCL for total chromium of 50 μg/L, whereas 13 percent of sampled wells had Cr(VI) concentrations greater than the former California MCL of 10 μg/L. Hexavalent chromium concentrations were highest in water from wells in the Sheep Creek alluvial fan, eroded from mafic rock in the San Gabriel Mountains, although Cr(VI) concentrations greater than the former California MCL also were present elsewhere in the study area where mafic materials or older groundwater were present. Water from about 9 percent of sampled wells exceeded the EPA MCL for uranium of 30 μg/L, with concentrations exceeding the MCL commonly associated with irrigation return from agricultural land overlying the floodplain aquifer. Water from about 7 percent of sampled wells had vanadium concentrations greater than the California notification level of 50 μg/L; most of these wells were in the Victorville fan within the Mojave River area. In general, arsenic concentrations were higher in suboxic or reduced water; chromium concentrations were higher in oxic, alkaline (pH≥7.5) water; uranium concentrations were higher in circumneutral to slightly alkaline water (pH≤7.4); and vanadium concentrations were higher in highly alkaline (pH≥8.0) water, independent of redox status.
Concentrations within geologic source terranes are not the sole factor controlling the concentrations of geogenic elements in groundwater. Differences in mineral weathering, pH-dependent sorption to surface-exchange sites on mineral grains, and aqueous geochemistry (especially redox status and pH) affect geogenic element concentrations in groundwater. Consequently, the relative abundances of arsenic, Cr(VI), uranium, and vanadium in groundwater differ from their relative abundances in the average bulk continental crust and their regional abundances in rock and surficial alluvium within groundwater basins of the western Mojave Desert. Processes that control the concentrations of arsenic, chromium, uranium, and vanadium in groundwater operate at the mineral-grain and aquifer scale.
At the mineral-grain scale, sequential chemical extraction data show arsenic and uranium are more available to groundwater (under specific geochemical conditions) than chromium or vanadium, which largely are unavailable within unweathered mineral grains. Additionally, chromium and vanadium form few aqueous complexes and bind tightly with iron minerals within surface coatings on mineral grains making them less available to groundwater, whereas complexation with other dissolved ions enhances the solubility of uranium and, to a lesser extent, arsenic. Complexation also increases the valence (less negative charge) and increases the size of dissolved oxyanions and uranium complexes with bicarbonate and carbonate making them less readily sorbed to aquifer materials.
At the aquifer scale, hydrogeology (including isolation of water in aquifers from surface sources of recharge, older groundwater age, and long contact times between groundwater and aquifer materials) combined with geochemical processes (such as silicate weathering) to produce alkaline groundwater. Desorption from sorption sites on the surfaces of mineral grains with increasing pH increases arsenic, chromium, and vanadium concentrations in water from wells and increases Cr(VI) concentrations as long as water remains oxic.
Aqueous geochemistry and concentrations of geogenic contaminants also are affected by anthropogenic activities including (1) discharge of treated municipal wastewater, which may change the redox status of groundwater; (2) return from irrigated agriculture, which may alter the chemistry of groundwater and increase the solubility of trace elements such as uranium; and (3) groundwater pumping and subsequent water-level declines, which may change the source of water yielded by wells. The quality of water imported from northern California and infiltrated from ponds for groundwater recharge may be altered by naturally present trace elements, especially uranium in areas of agricultural land use or chromium within mafic alluvium.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235089","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mojave Water Agency","programNote":"U.S. Geological Survey Cooperative Water Program","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., Groover, K.D., and Seymour, W.A., 2023, Arsenic, chromium, uranium, and vanadium in rock, alluvium, and groundwater, western Mojave Desert, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5089, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235089.","productDescription":"Report: xiii, 96 p., 3 Data Releases; 2 Tables","numberOfPages":"96","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-101005","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501053,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115509.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":421873,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5089/sir20235089_table2.1.csv","text":"Table 2.1","size":"3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"- Well Identification and National Water Information System Record Numbers for Wells Sampled in the Mojave River and Morongo Groundwater Basins as Part of This Study July 2016 to October 2016 and for Wells Sampled as Part of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring Assessment Program Priority Basin Project Mojave Basin Domestic-Supply Aquifer Study January to May 2018 western Mojave Desert southern California"},{"id":421877,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9C7U6DW","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Groover, K.D., Goldrath, D.A., Bennett, G.L., Johnson, T.D., and Watson, E.E., 2019, Groundwater-quality data in the Mojave Basin Shallow Aquifer Study Unit, 2018—Results from the California GAMA Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9C7U6DW.","linkHelpText":"Groundwater-quality data in the Mojave Basin Shallow Aquifer Study Unit, 2018—Results from the California GAMA Priority Basin Project"},{"id":421878,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/mojave/mojave-water-quality.html","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Metzger, L.F., Landon, M.K., House, S.F., and Olsen, L.D., 2015, Mapping selected trace elements and major ions, 2000–2012, Mojave River and Morongo Groundwater Basins, Southwestern Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://ca.water.usgs.gov/mojave/mojave-water-quality.html.","linkHelpText":"Mapping selected trace elements and major ions, 2000–2012, Mojave River and Morongo Groundwater Basins, Southwestern Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California"},{"id":421923,"rank":9,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235089/full"},{"id":421973,"rank":10,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5089/sir_20235089.pdf","text":"Report","size":"30 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":421869,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5089/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":421871,"rank":2,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5089/sir20235089.xml"},{"id":421872,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5089/sir20235089_table1.1.csv","text":"Table 1.1","size":"3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"- Boreholes having portable (handheld) X-ray fluoresence (pXRF) data from drill cuttings, Mojave River and Morongo groundwater basins, western Mojave Desert, southern California"},{"id":421874,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5089/images"},{"id":421876,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Groover, K.D., and Izbicki, J.A., 2018, Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CU0EH3.","linkHelpText":"Field portable X-ray fluorescence and associated quality control data for the western Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Western Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.4,\n 35.2\n ],\n [\n -117.4,\n 34.00\n ],\n [\n -116.0,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 35.2\n ],\n [\n -117.4,\n 35.2\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
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U.S. Geological Survey
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This publication is a preliminary map and geodatabase of the coseismic surface rupture and other coseismic features generated from the August 9, 2020, Mw 5.1 earthquake near Sparta, North Carolina. Geologic mapping facilitated by analysis of post-earthquake quality level 0 to 1 lidar, document the coseismic surface rupture, named the Little River fault, and other coseismic features. The Little River fault is traced for approximately 4 kilometers and cuts the regional Paleozoic fabric (mean foliation, 063°/57°), and the dominant strike of joint sets are 0°–10°, 130°–150°, and 320°–340°. Individual fault strands occur in an en echelon pattern within an approximately 10-meter-wide zone. Trenches across the Little River fault document a thrust fault oriented 110°/45° with at least 10 centimeters (cm) of displacement. The Little River fault is marked by a flexure or scarp with a height of 5–30 cm and a local maximum height of 50 cm. Southwest-side-up displacement is consistent along the fault and indicates thrust kinematics. The strike of the Little River fault changes from 110° to 130° near Duncan Farm where it crosses Chestnut Grove Church Road (NC Rt. 1426). Although the surface expression of the fault terminates and (or) is imperceptible at both ends, deformation is still clear in residual surface maps showing the change between pre- and post-earthquake lidar elevations. Other coseismic features documented are rockfalls, ground cracks, fissures, lateral spreading on a sandbar, and mass-wasting scarps; several possible faults that were identified from lidar analyses strike E-W and oblique to the Little River fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231074","usgsCitation":"Merschat, A.J., and Carter, M.W., 2023, Preliminary map of the surface rupture from the August 9, 2020, Mw 5.1 earthquake near Sparta, North Carolina—The Little River fault and other possible coseismic features: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1074, 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231074.","productDescription":"Sheet: 47.89 x 19.47 inches; Data Release","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-144102","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":421654,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9S5PGIH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Database for the preliminary map of the surface rupture from the August 9, 2020, Mw 5.1 earthquake near Sparta, North Carolina—The Little River fault and other possible coseismic features"},{"id":421652,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1074/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":421653,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1074/ofr20231074.pdf","text":"Report","size":"106 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023-1074"},{"id":499788,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115507.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"Sparta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.18690346012897,\n 36.54364449287644\n ],\n [\n -81.18690346012897,\n 36.472458202284926\n ],\n [\n -81.09177792830289,\n 36.472458202284926\n ],\n [\n -81.09177792830289,\n 36.54364449287644\n ],\n [\n -81.18690346012897,\n 36.54364449287644\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center
U.S. Geological Survey
926A National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Rattlesnake Knoll is a small, 30-meter-high mound of igneous breccia in the center of Spring Valley, east-central Nevada. In the past, researchers have disagreed as to whether the unusual-looking outcrop is intrusive or volcanic. The breccia possesses a normal magnetic polarity, but this is not apparent in aeromagnetic survey data. These data instead show that the knoll lies within a small aeromagnetic low that partially overlaps the extent of a small gravity high. The small gravity anomaly associated with the knoll, combined with an initial, limited ground magnetic survey taken at the knoll, indicates that the knoll rocks extend northward in the subsurface. A second, more extensive ground magnetic traverse was also done north of the knoll. Taking into consideration these new survey data and preexisting data, a two and one-half dimensional modeling program based on Webring (1985) was used to produce a geophysical model that accounts for gravity and magnetic properties, satisfies available geologic information, and conforms to current estimates of basin thickness. This model and the field observations support the interpretation that the knoll consists of gently west-dipping beds of Tertiary volcanic flow breccia, mudflow breccia, and conglomerate.
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U.S. Geological Survey
Building 19, 350 N. Akron Rd.
P.O. Box 158
Moffett Field, CA 94035
Due to Idaho’s inland location approximately 350 miles from the Pacific Ocean and its 80 recognized mountain ranges, the State’s climate varies widely, with maritime influence in the northern and western parts of Idaho and continental influence on the eastern side. The weather in the abundant mountains is unpredictable and often associated with natural hazards such as severe thunder and lightning storms leading to flooding, landslides, and wildfires. Issues important to Idaho’s economy include river, stream, and forest resource management, and infrastructure and construction management. Idaho participated in the U.S. Geological Survey 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) in 2016, the State’s first 3DEP project. The success of this project led to development of the Idaho Statewide Lidar Plan. Critical applications that meet the State’s management needs depend on light detection and ranging (lidar) data that provide a highly detailed three-dimensional (3D) model of the Earth’s surface and aboveground features.
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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, National Geospatial Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Mail Stop 511
Reston, VA 20192
Email: 3DEP@usgs.gov
","tableOfContents":"Waterfowl with more body mass and a greater body condition during the non-breeding season are thought to be more likely to survive and have increased productivity during the following breeding season. Body mass and body condition in waterfowl should reflect the resources available to them locally. We analyzed the relationship of landscape composition on mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) body mass and body condition (mass-wing length index) among age and sex groups. We calculated these variables from hunter-harvested mallards during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 duck hunting seasons in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley of Arkansas, USA. We used linear mixed-effects models to analyze changes in body mass and body condition with changes in the percent landscape composition of water cover, woody wetlands, herbaceous wetlands, rice, soybeans, and disturbance. We found that body mass and condition of harvested mallards were positively associated with greater proportions of water cover and woody wetlands but negatively associated with greater proportions of herbaceous wetlands and human disturbance from human infrastructure. Management actions focused on providing flooded and woody wetland areas on the landscape that allow waterfowl to access food resources, while decreasing the disturbance around wetlands in the form of road density and human infrastructure, should increase body mass and body condition in mallards spending the non-breeding season in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.22509","usgsCitation":"Veon, J., Krementz, D., Naylor, L., and DeGregorio, B.A., 2023, Influences of landscape composition on hunter-harvested mallard body mass and condition in eastern Arkansas: The Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 88, no. 1, e22509, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22509.","productDescription":"e22509, 22 p.","ipdsId":"IP-139908","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":490090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22509","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":482266,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"eastern 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\"}}]}","volume":"88","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veon, John T.","contributorId":351068,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Veon","given":"John T.","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krementz, David G.","contributorId":351069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krementz","given":"David G.","affiliations":[{"id":36206,"text":"Retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naylor, Luke W.","contributorId":351070,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Naylor","given":"Luke W.","affiliations":[{"id":37007,"text":"Arkansas Game and Fish Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeGregorio, Brett Alexander 0000-0002-5273-049X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5273-049X","contributorId":243214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGregorio","given":"Brett","email":"","middleInitial":"Alexander","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70256477,"text":"70256477 - 2023 - Striped bass exploitation in tailwater habitats of east-central Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-09T15:47:17.424251","indexId":"70256477","displayToPublicDate":"2023-10-03T10:41:23","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5373,"text":"Cooperator Science Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"FWS/CSS-152-2023","title":"Striped bass exploitation in tailwater habitats of east-central Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) is naturally anadromous, but a few land-locked populations have been documented that are self-sustaining, including fish in the Arkansas River, Oklahoma. This rare population is the source of brood stock for the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation hatcheries and is an important sportfish stock. Striped Bass often congregate in tailwater habitats, where anecdotal observations indicate anglers can harvest numerous fish daily. This suggests the need to evaluate the sustainability of harvest in these locations. It is unknown what portion of fish from the Arkansas River population use tailwater habitats or the timing and duration of use. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine size structure , abundance, and total mortality rate of Striped Bass in the tailwaters of Tenkiller Lake and Lake Eufaula; 2) determine the extent and timing of immigration and emigration of Striped Bass in tailwater habitats to determine the potential for overharvest when they congregate in tailwater areas; 3) estimate delayed hooking mortality of Striped Bass in spring and summer; and 4) using the above data and modeling simulations, determine the potential for growth overfishing of Striped Bass in the tailwater reaches. We sampled 2,730 Striped Bass using boat electrofishing and tagged with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags to estimate demographic data using a capture-recapture model. A subset of these Striped Bass was tagged with angler reward tags (internal anchor tags, n = 681) and dual technology acoustic-radio telemetry tags (n = 111) to estimate exploitation and track movements, respectively. Anglers returned 116 tags from 2020 to 2022; and our angler reporting rate was estimated to be 14.3%. Annual harvest mortality is minimally 7% (unadjusted for reporting rate) but could be as high as 42% (i.e., adjusting for compliance; but this exceeds the measured total mortality rate (34.3%) so true exploitation is probably 7–34.3%). Our abundance estimates for Striped Bass varied seasonally (ranging from 782 to 38,597 seasonally) and had a high level of uncertainty likely due to relatively low recapture rates. Additionally, our results indicated that Striped Bass exhibited a strong fidelity to their respective habitats within seasons, with fidelity probabilities ranging from 0.98 to 1.00. Movement among segments was common among seasons, indicating these localized populations mix with a larger population annually. Striped Bass were primarily in tailwater habitats during summer. Delayed hooking mortality data were collected in summer 2022. Due to habitat conditions that year, angling catch rates were low. Twenty-nine Striped Bass were tagged, and only eight Striped Bass remained tagged long enough to be tracked at least one day. The total time tracked for these eight fish was between one and three days. There were no confirmed mortalities, treatment, or control. Because of the low sample size, literature values for delayed hooking mortality were also used to supplement field data in the models. The yield-per-recruit model indicated exploitation at 30% or higher leads to recruitment overfishing. A 600 mm minimum TL regulation and 25–30% exploitation rate achieve maximum yield (954 kg/1,000 recruits). Maximum yield related to an average size at harvest of 718-mm TL; thus, growth overfishing occurs for any regulation where average size of harvest is smaller than 718 mm (which the model predicted would occur for any minimum length < 600, and for minimum length = 600 if exploitation was > 30%, it never occurred with minimum length requirements > 650). Increasing the minimum length regulation improves size structure, but a maximum length regulation had minimal effect unless it was implemented at a sufficiently small size (i.e., < 700 mm). Although catch-and-release mortality can be relatively high at times in the literature, according to our model, it appears to have a small effect on size structure, except when exploitation rates are > 50% and a restrictive maximum size regulation (< 800 mm) is used. The current population appears sustainable, especially considering the annual mixing dynamics and apparently large population (though we see a lot of uncertainty in the population estimates). However, modeling indicates that if enhancing size structure is an agency priority, then implementing more restrictive regulations could be advantageous.
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We combined the data of four long-term sampling programs, adding several years of data (post and prior) to previously published analyses to offer a longer-term, cross-basin analysis of M. diluviana populations in the Great Lakes from 1997 to 2019. Densities were high in lakes Superior and Ontario (summer values 100–300/m2), high and variable but declining (from 200–300/m2 in 1997–2004 to less than 100/m2 in 2017–2019) in Lake Michigan, low (∼20–50/m2 since 2005) in Lake Huron, and very low in shallower eastern Lake Erie (<1/m2). Biomass showed similar trends. Life history parameters (mortality, fecundity, and growth) were consistently highest in eastern Lake Erie, followed by lakes Ontario, Michigan, Huron, and Superior. Generation time was 1 year in Lake Erie and 2 years in the other lakes. Cross-basin relationships between annual M. diluviana areal densities and food indices (chlorophyll-a concentration and zooplankton biomass) were non-linear, increasing with food levels up to about 250 mysids/m2 and about 650 mg dry wt/m2. Annual growth rates were also positively correlated to both food indices in the four deep lakes, but fecundity and mortality rates were not. Our results suggest food availability is a primary factor predicting M. diluviana density and biomass. Density-dependent mortality and fish predation could explain some of the inter-lake differences, but these relationships could benefit from further investigations.
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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":896687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bowen, Kelly L.","contributorId":38382,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowen","given":"Kelly","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":896688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Currie, Warren J.S.","contributorId":334845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Currie","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"J.S.","affiliations":[{"id":34798,"text":"DFO Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":896689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jude, David J.","contributorId":334847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jude","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37387,"text":"University of Michigan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":896690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Boynton, Patrick","contributorId":334848,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boynton","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":896691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rudstam, Lars G. 0000-0002-3732-6368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3732-6368","contributorId":213508,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rudstam","given":"Lars","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":896692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70260095,"text":"70260095 - 2023 - Petrology and geochronology of Cretaceous–Eocene plutonic rocks in northeastern Washington, USA: Crustal thickening, slab rollback, and origin of the Challis episode","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-28T12:02:39.587199","indexId":"70260095","displayToPublicDate":"2023-09-30T07:00:55","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology and geochronology of Cretaceous–Eocene plutonic rocks in northeastern Washington, USA: Crustal thickening, slab rollback, and origin of the Challis episode","docAbstract":"Cretaceous through Eocene plutonic rocks in northeastern Washington, USA, document a 60 m.y. history of crustal thickening and subsequent collapse and extension in response to two terrane-accretion events. Rocks emplaced 113–53 Ma have increasing La/Yb ratios reflecting orogenic plateau development after arrival of the Insular terrane by 100 Ma. Plutons emplaced 52–45 Ma (the Challis episode) document collapse of this plateau and define a SW-younging age progression attributed to breakoff and rollback of the Farallon slab following accretion of the Siletzia terrane at ca. 50 Ma. All of the rocks have chemical traits of arc magmas, likely inherited from their lower-crustal sources, but low B/Be ratios and the lack of evidence for amphibole fractionation indicate the Eocene magmas formed under drier conditions than are typical of active subduction settings. These magmas also originated at greater depth (eclogitic vs. gabbroic source) and were emplaced more shallowly than the earlier ones. All rocks have overlapping Sr-Nd and O isotopic data, indicating significant contributions from older continental crust, and depleted mantle Nd model ages become older toward the east, defining three regions that correspond with previously inferred lower-crustal domains. Farallon slab rollback also drove extension (core complex formation, dike swarms) and crustal uplift, which, along with voluminous magmatism, define the Challis episode. This tectonic model is further supported by seismic tomography, which has identified remnants of a detached slab in the upper mantle beneath the region.
Most of the population of the Treasure Valley and the surrounding area of southwestern Idaho and easternmost Oregon depends on groundwater for domestic supply, either from domestic or municipal-supply wells. Current and projected rapid population growth in the area has caused concern about the long-term sustainability of the groundwater resource. In 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Idaho Water Resource Board and the Idaho Department of Water Resources, began a project to construct a numerical groundwater-flow model of the westernmost portion of the western Snake River Plain aquifer system, called the Treasure Valley.
The development of the model was guided by several objectives, including:
The model was constructed with a spatial scale and level of detail that aimed to meet these objectives while balancing the sometimes-competing goals of fast runtimes, numerical stability, usability, and parsimony.
The Treasure Valley Groundwater Flow Model (TVGWFM) is a three-dimensional finite-difference numerical model constructed using MODFLOW 6 (Langevin and others, 2017, Documentation for the MODFLOW 6 Groundwater Flow Model: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 6, chap. A55, 197 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A55). The model covers the westernmost portion of the western Snake River Plain and is discretized into a regular grid of 64 by 65 cells with a side length of 1 mile and 6 layers of varying depth and active area. A historical model period was developed consisting of 360 month-long stress periods for 1986–2015. The model builds upon previous modeling efforts by adding a transient period, incorporating new head and discharge observations to constrain parameters, incorporating information from the hydrogeologic framework model (HFM) of Bartolino (2019, Hydrogeologic framework of the Treasure Valley and surrounding area, Idaho and Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5138, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195138) and incorporating refined estimates of evapotranspiration and irrigation classification of lands in the study area.
The TVGWFM includes all significant components of recharge to and discharge from the aquifer. Inflows include canal seepage, irrigation and precipitation recharge, mountain-front recharge, rivers and stream seepage, and seepage from Lake Lowell. Outflows include discharge to agricultural drainage ditches, discharge to rivers and streams, pumping, and discharge to Lake Lowell. Each recharge or discharge component is represented separately using individual MODFLOW 6 packages.
Parameter values were derived with a combination of trial-and-error steps and automated parameter estimation using PEST software (Doherty, J.E., 2005, PEST, model-independent parameter estimation–User manual: Watermark Numerical Computing, https://pesthomepage.org/documentation). Parameter estimates were constrained with several types of observation data, including water levels, water level changes, vertical water level differences, drain discharges, change in drain discharges, river seepage, seepage from Lake Lowell, and change in seepage from Lake Lowell. Material properties from the hydrogeologic framework were also used to assign the minimum and maximum values of some parameters.
A final parameter realization was reached that minimized residuals between the observed and modelled values for the various observation groups. Mean residuals for the observation groups were 15.4 feet (ft) for water levels, 0.2 ft for water level changes, 19.4 ft for vertical water level differences, −3.9 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) for drain discharges, 0.0 ft3/s for changes in drain discharge, 45.0 ft3/s for river seepage, −40.1 ft3/s for Lake Lowell seepage, and 126.3 ft3/s for changes in Lake Lowell seepage. The quality of the model’s fit to observations varied spatially, with notable areas of under- or over-simulation of water levels present to the northwest and southwest of Lake Lowell, in the foothills along the eastern model boundary, and near the City of Eagle. Trends were observed in the residuals of many of the observation groups, indicating that the model is missing or not fully reproducing some phenomena that are observed in the system.
The TVGWFM can be used as a tool for water resource planning, for understanding the interactions of groundwater and surface water at a basin scale, and for facilitating conjunctive management, but may lack the precision needed for water rights administration at a local scale. Additional sources of uncertainty or limitations of the model are noted. The quantity and spatial distribution of canal seepage and infiltration of irrigation water recharge, the largest sources of recharge to the system, are unknown and approximated indirectly. There is poor understanding of how canal seepage and incidental recharge change as land is converted from agricultural (irrigated) to suburban (semi-irrigated). These uncertainties will affect any scenarios that investigate changes to land use or irrigation practices. Finally, the model has relatively high water-level residuals around and to the southwest of Lake Lowell and should not be used to estimate water level effects in that region.
The model was built with multiple, broadly expressed objectives and did not optimize performance for specific uses. However, the model and the tools included in an associated data release provide ample flexibility to improve the model for future uses. Adjustments and improvements could be made by refining the model in an area of interest, collecting additional calibration data, applying more rigorous boundary conditions, or re-estimating model parameters to optimize model performance for a specific model forecast.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Water Resource Board and the Idaho Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Hundt, S.A., and Bartolino, J.R., 2023, Groundwater-flow model of the Treasure Valley, southwestern Idaho, 1986–2015: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5096, 107 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235096.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 107 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-127901","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501062,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115439.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":421318,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5096/sir20235096.pdf","text":"Report","size":"30.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023-5096"},{"id":421321,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5096/images"},{"id":421317,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5096/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":421320,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U6OOPH","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data and archive for a groundwater flow model of the Treasure Valley aquifer system, southwestern Idaho"},{"id":421322,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5096/sir20235096.XML"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Treasure Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.26392993194762,\n 44.27650517719664\n ],\n [\n -117.26392993194762,\n 42.71456173603502\n ],\n [\n -115.50611743194747,\n 42.71456173603502\n ],\n [\n -115.50611743194747,\n 44.27650517719664\n ],\n [\n -117.26392993194762,\n 44.27650517719664\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Road
Boise, Idaho 83702-4520
The Sparta-Memphis aquifer, present across much of eastern Arkansas, is the second most used groundwater resource in the State, with the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer being the primary groundwater resource. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Arkansas Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Division, Arkansas Geological Survey, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Union County Water Conservation Board, and the Union County Conservation District, collects groundwater data across the Sparta-Memphis aquifer extent in Arkansas. This report presents water-level data for measurements conducted during two time periods, January–May 2013 and January–June 2015, and discusses water-level altitude changes for the 2011–13 and 2013–15 periods in the Sparta-Memphis aquifer. Accompanying water-level data in this report include groundwater-quality data for the period 2010–15 in the Sparta-Memphis aquifer. Groundwater data can guide ongoing and future groundwater-monitoring efforts and inform management of the aquifers in Arkansas.
Water levels measured at 306 wells from January to May 2013 and 273 wells from January to June 2015 are graphically presented as potentiometric-surface maps. Measurements from 2011, 2013, and 2015 were used in the construction of 2011–13 and 2013–15 water-level change maps. Select long-term hydrographs are included in the report to illustrate water-level changes at the local scale.
Water-level data show the influence of climate, pumping, and conservation and management efforts on groundwater levels. With respect to climate, the study area experienced extreme drought conditions between January 2011 and December 2012. The proximate effects of drought—increased evapotranspiration, decreased recharge, and increased irrigation needs—resulted in water-level declines that were particularly notable in the northern and central portions of the study area.
Groundwater sampled in 2010–15 from 148 wells completed in the Sparta-Memphis aquifer was analyzed for specific conductance, pH, chloride (Cl) concentration, and bromide (Br) concentration. In 2015, groundwater-quality data from 103 wells completed in the Sparta-Memphis aquifer had a median specific conductance of 356 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius and a median Cl concentration of 9.5 milligrams per liter (mg/L). The data show two areas of higher Cl (greater than 10 mg/L) and higher Br (greater than 0.5 mg/L) concentrations in Union, Calhoun, and Bradley Counties in southern Arkansas and Monroe and Phillips Counties in eastern-central Arkansas. A Cl and Br mixing model indicates the two regions of wells may have different sources of higher salinity. In the greater Union County area, water in most wells may be a mixture of recharge or precipitation and higher salinity groundwater from the Nacatoch aquifer. Water in wells in eastern-central Arkansas may be sourced from aquifers having a higher Cl concentration (and thus, also a higher Cl-to-Br ratio).
Director, Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
640 Grassmere Park, Suite 100
Nashville, TN 37211
Turtles are one of the most imperiled vertebrate groups in the world. With habitat destruction unabated in many places, urban and suburban greenspaces may serve as refugia for turtles, at least those species able to tolerate heavily altered landscapes. In south-central Louisiana, we have conducted a turtle capture–mark–recapture effort in two ponds in an urban greenspace for 13 yr to understand species composition, survival, and individual growth rates. We had 574 total captures of 251 individuals of five species from 2009–2021, with Trachemys scripta elegans (Red-Eared Sliders) and Sternotherus odoratus (Eastern Musk Turtles) being the most common. Apparent annual survival for T. scripta (0.79) was similar to estimates reported in other studies in altered habitats, whereas apparent annual survival for S. odoratus (0.89) was slightly or much higher than other published studies. Growth rates of T. scripta were comparable to other studies and showed both sexes have similar rates of growth until maturity, which is earlier and at a smaller size in males. The two ponds showed marked differences in captures by size, with significantly more juvenile T. scripta captured in the pond with more vegetation, depth, and a softer bottom. Most T. scripta (78.5%) that were recaptured came from the same pond from which they were originally captured. The basic demographic data gained in this study can serve as a starting point for broader questions on urbanization effects and as a comparison to more natural populations.
The Equus Beds aquifer and Cheney Reservoir are primary sources for the city of Wichita’s current (2023) water supply. The Equus Beds aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) project was developed by the city of Wichita in the early 1990s to meet future water demands using the Little Arkansas River as an artificial aquifer recharge water source during above-base-flow conditions. Little Arkansas River water is removed from the river at an ASR Facility intake structure, treated using National Primary Drinking Water Regulations as a guideline, and is infiltrated into the Equus Beds aquifer through recharge basins or injected into the aquifer through recharge wells for later use. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of Wichita, completed this study to quantify and characterize Little Arkansas River water-quality data. Data in this report can be used to evaluate changing conditions, provide science-based information for decision making, and help meet regulatory requirements.
Continuous (hourly) physicochemical properties were measured, and discrete water-quality samples were collected from three Little Arkansas River sites located along the easternmost extent of the Equus Beds aquifer during 1995 through 2021 over a range of streamflow conditions. The Little Arkansas River at Highway 50 near Halstead, Kansas, streamgage (U.S. Geological Survey station 07143672; hereafter referred to as the “Highway 50 site”) is located upstream from the other two sites, and the Little Arkansas River near Sedgwick, Kans., streamgage (U.S. Geological Survey station 07144100; hereafter referred to as the “Sedgwick site”) is located downstream from the other two sites; these two sites bracket most of the easternmost part of the Equus Beds aquifer. The Little Arkansas River upstream of ASR Facility near Sedgwick, Kans., streamgage (U.S. Geological Survey station 375350097262800; hereafter referred to as the “Upstream ASR site”) is located between the Highway 50 and Sedgwick sites, about 14.7 river miles (mi) downstream from the Highway 50 site, about 1.7 river mi upstream from the Sedgwick site, and immediately upstream from the ASR Facility intake structure. Surrogate models for water-quality constituents of interest (including bromide, dissolved organic carbon, 2-chloro-4-isopropylamino-6-amino-s-triazine [deethylatrazine], atrazine, and metolachlor) were updated or developed using continuously measured and concomitant discrete data. These surrogate models, along with previously developed regression models, were used to compute concentrations (at the Highway 50, Sedgwick, and Upstream ASR sites) and loads (at the Highway 50 and Sedgwick sites) during the study period. Federal criteria were used to evaluate water quality. Where applicable, water-quality data were compared to Federal national drinking-water regulations. Flow-normalized water-quality constituent trends were evaluated using Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS) statistical models and water-quality trends were described using WRTDS bootstrap tests.
Continuously computed primary ion concentrations were generally larger at the Highway 50 site compared to the Sedgwick site. During the study period, the Federal secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) for dissolved solids was exceeded 57 percent of the time at the Highway 50 site and 38 percent of the time at the Sedgwick site. Computed bromide concentrations were larger at the Highway 50 site and exceeded the city of Wichita treatment threshold about 70, 21, and 19 percent of the time at the Highway 50, Sedgwick, and Upstream ASR sites, respectively. Chloride concentrations exceeded the Federal SMCL about 16 percent of the time at the Highway 50 site and did not exceed the SMCL at the Sedgwick site. Continuous arsenic concentrations exceeded the Federal Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) 9 to 15 percent of the time at the Sedgwick and Highway 50 sites, respectively, during the study. Atrazine concentrations exceeded the Federal MCL 10 percent of the time at the Highway 50 and Sedgwick sites and 14 percent of the time at the Upstream ASR site during the study; computed glyphosate concentrations at the Sedgwick site never exceeded the MCL during the study.
Little Arkansas River flow-normalized primary ion concentrations during 1995 through 2021 generally had downward trends and decreases were generally larger at the Highway 50 site compared to the Sedgwick site. Dissolved solids and chloride concentrations decreased at the Highway 50 and Sedgwick sites. Bromide had no trend at the Highway 50 site and a downward trend at the Sedgwick site. Nitrate plus nitrite and total phosphorus concentrations had upward trends at the Highway 50 site but downward trends at the Sedgwick site, whereas total organic carbon had upward trends at both sites. Nitrate plus nitrite, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon fluxes had upward trends at the Highway 50 and Sedgwick sites. Suspended-sediment concentrations had an upward trend at the Highway 50 site and had no trend at the Sedgwick site. Arsenic concentrations had downward trends at the Highway 50 and Sedgwick sites.
About one-quarter to one-half of the Little Arkansas River loads, including nutrients and sediment, were transported during 1 percent of the time during the study. Because streamflows are highly sensitive to climatic variation and an increase of extreme precipitation events in the Great Plains is expected, similar disproportionately large pollutant loading events may increase into the future. Continuous measurement of physicochemical properties in near-real time allowed characterization of Little Arkansas River surface water during conditions and time scales that would not have been possible otherwise and served as a complement to discrete water-quality sampling. Continuation of this water-quality monitoring will provide data to characterize changing conditions in the Little Arkansas River and possibly identify new and changing trends. Information in this report allows the city of Wichita to make informed municipal water-supply decisions using past and present water-quality conditions and trends in the watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235102","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the city of Wichita, Kansas","usgsCitation":"Stone, M.L., and Klager, B.J., 2023, Long-term water-quality constituent trends in the Little Arkansas River, south-central Kansas, 1995–2021: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5102, 103 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235102.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 103 p.; 1 Figure; 9 Tables; 5 Appendixes; Dataset","numberOfPages":"118","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-146544","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501150,"rank":27,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Arkansas River upstream of ASR Facility near Sedgwick, Kansas"},{"id":421176,"rank":23,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5102/sir20235102_appendix5.zip","text":"Appendix 5","size":"2.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":"- Surrogate Regression Model Archive Summaries for the Little Arkansas River near Sedgwick, Kansas"},{"id":421175,"rank":22,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5102/sir20235102_appendix4.zip","text":"Appendix 4","size":"1.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":"- Surrogate Regression Model Archive Summaries for the Little Arkansas River at Highway 50 near Halstead, Kansas"},{"id":421189,"rank":21,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5102/sir20235102_table11.1.csv","text":"Table 11.1","size":"14 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1995–2021"},{"id":421184,"rank":18,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5102/sir20235102_table8.2.csv","text":"Table 8.2","size":"10 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"- Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season estimated mean, flow-normalized, and generalized mean fluxes for nutrients and carbon species at the Little Arkansas River at Highway 50 near Halstead, Kansas, and Little Arkansas River near Sedgwick, Kans., 1995–2021"},{"id":421183,"rank":17,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5102/sir20235102_table8.1.csv","text":"Table 8.1","size":"12 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"- Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season estimated mean, flow-normalized, and generalized mean fluxes for primary ions at the Little Arkansas River at Highway 50 near Halstead, Kansas, and Little Arkansas River near Sedgwick, Kans., 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and Season estimated mean, flow-normalized, and generalized mean concentrations for nutrients and carbon species at the Little Arkansas River at Highway 50 near Halstead, Kansas, and Little Arkansas River near Sedgwick, Kans., 1995–2021"},{"id":421179,"rank":13,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5102/sir20235102_table7.1.csv","text":"Table 7.1","size":"12 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"- Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season estimated mean, flow-normalized, and generalized mean concentrations for primary ions at the Little Arkansas River at Highway 50 near Halstead, Kansas, and Little Arkansas River near Sedgwick, Kans., 1995–2021"},{"id":421178,"rank":12,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5102/sir20235102_tables7.1-7.3.xlsx","text":"Tables 7.1–7.3","size":"108 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Highway 50 near Halstead, Kansas; Little Arkansas River near Sedgwick, Kans.; and Little Arkansas River upstream of ASR Facility near Sedgwick, Kans., 2004–19"},{"id":421167,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5102/sir20235102.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023–5102"},{"id":421166,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5102/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":421201,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235102/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":421171,"rank":9,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5102/sir20235102_table2.1.csv","text":"Table 2.1","size":"2.2 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}},{"id":421168,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication 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A, YSI 6026 (YSI6026) and YSI 6136 (YSI6136) at the Little Arkansas River at Highway 50 near Halstead, Kansas"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.1667,\n 38.6\n ],\n [\n -98.1667,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -97.25,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -97.25,\n 38.6\n ],\n [\n -98.1667,\n 38.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049
As part of a joint Saudi Geological Survey (SGS) and United States Geological Survey project, we analyzed P-wave receiver functions from seismic stations covering most of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to map the thickness of the crust across the Arabia Plate. We present an update of crustal thickness estimates and fill in gaps for the western Arabian Shield and the rifted margin at the Red Sea (the coastal plain), as well as the eastern Arabian Platform. We applied a conventional H-k stacking algorithm and included careful attention to stacking weights, two forms of sedimentary corrections for stations located on the Arabian Platform, and additional processing for noisy stations. We obtained useful results at 154 stations from 898 teleseismic events over a 2-year period from 1995–1997 (for non-SGS stations) and a 6-year period from 2008–2014 (for SGS stations). Average crustal thickness (that is, depth to the Mohorovičić discontinuity [Moho] below the surface) beneath the Red Sea coastal plain (the rift margin) is 29 kilometers (km), beneath the volcanic fields (known in Arabic as harra [plural] or harrat [singular]) is 35 km, beneath the Arabian Shield (excluding harrats) is 37 km, and beneath the Arabian Platform is 38 km. Crustal thinning appears not to extend east of the rift escarpment, suggesting uniform extension that is no broader at depth than at the surface. In contrast to some previous interpretations that the Arabian Platform crust is thicker than that of the Arabian Shield, we find no statistically significant difference between their whole crustal thicknesses. However, the average sub-sedimentary crustal thickness (that is, the crystalline crust) for stations on the Arabian Platform is 34 km, 3 km thinner than the crust of the Arabian Shield. Individual station P-wave (pressure) velocity and S-wave (shear) velocity ratios (VP/VS) are highly variable for the Arabia Plate, ranging from 1.60 to 1.97 and averaging 1.75, with a standard deviation of 0.07. There are no statistically significant differences between VP/VS ratios of the different geologic regions of Saudi Arabia. Similar VP/ VS ratios, coupled with similar crustal thicknesses for harrats and the Arabian Shield, indicate that Cenozoic magmatism has contributed negligibly to crustal growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231042","usgsCitation":"Blanchette, A.R., Klemperer, S.L., and Mooney, W.D., 2023, Crustal thickness and the VP/VS ratio within the Arabia Plate from P-wave receiver functions at 154 broadband seismic stations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1042, 325 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231042.","productDescription":"xi, 325 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-136065","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":421029,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1042/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":421030,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1042/ofr20231042.pdf","text":"Report","size":"84.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023-1042"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[42.77933,16.34789],[42.64957,16.77464],[42.34799,17.07581],[42.27089,17.47472],[41.75438,17.83305],[41.22139,18.6716],[40.93934,19.48649],[40.24765,20.17463],[39.80168,20.33886],[39.1394,21.2919],[39.0237,21.98688],[39.06633,22.57966],[38.49277,23.68845],[38.02386,24.07869],[37.48363,24.28549],[37.15482,24.85848],[37.20949,25.08454],[36.93163,25.60296],[36.6396,25.82623],[36.24914,26.57014],[35.64018,27.37652],[35.13019,28.06335],[34.63234,28.05855],[34.78778,28.60743],[34.83222,28.95748],[34.95604,29.35655],[36.06894,29.19749],[36.50121,29.50525],[36.74053,29.86528],[37.50358,30.00378],[37.66812,30.33867],[37.99885,30.5085],[37.00217,31.50841],[39.00489,32.01022],[39.19547,32.16101],[40.39999,31.88999],[41.88998,31.19001],[44.7095,29.17889],[46.56871,29.09903],[47.45982,29.00252],[47.70885,28.52606],[48.41609,28.552],[48.80759,27.68963],[49.29955,27.46122],[49.47091,27.11],[50.15242,26.68966],[50.21294,26.27703],[50.1133,25.94397],[50.23986,25.60805],[50.52739,25.32781],[50.66056,24.9999],[50.81011,24.75474],[51.11242,24.55633],[51.38961,24.62739],[51.57952,24.2455],[51.61771,24.01422],[52.00073,23.00115],[55.0068,22.49695],[55.20834,22.70833],[55.66666,22],[54.99998,19.99999],[52.00001,19],[49.11667,18.61667],[48.18334,18.16667],[47.46669,17.11668],[47,16.95],[46.74999,17.28334],[46.36666,17.23332],[45.4,17.33334],[45.21665,17.43333],[44.06261,17.41036],[43.79152,17.31998],[43.38079,17.57999],[43.1158,17.08844],[43.21838,16.66689],[42.77933,16.34789]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Saudi Arabia\"}}]}","contact":"Earthquake Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
350 N. Akron Rd.
Moffett Field, CA 94035