The Denali fault is the principal intracontinental strike-slip fault accommodating deformation of interior Alaska associated with the Yakutat plate convergence. We obtained the first quantitative late Pleistocene-Holocene slip rates on the Denali fault system from dating offset geomorphic features. Analysis of cosmogenic 10Be concentrations in boulders (n = 27) and sediment (n = 13) collected at seven sites, offset 25-170 m by the Denali and Totschunda faults, gives average ages that range from 2.4 ± 0.3 ka to 17.0 ± 1.8 ka. These offsets and ages yield late Pleistocene-Holocene average slip rates of 9.4 ± 1.6, 12.1 ± 1.7, and 8.4 ± 2.2 mm/yr-1 along the western, central, and eastern Denali fault, respectively, and 6.0 ± 1.2 mm/yr-1 along the Totschunda fault. Our results suggest a westward decrease in the mean Pleistocene-Holocene slip rate. This westward decrease likely results from partitioning of slip from the Denali fault system to thrust faults to the north and west. 2006 Geological Society of America.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G22361.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Matmon, A., Schwartz, D.P., Haeussler, P.J., Finkel, R., Lienkaemper, J.J., Stenner, H.D., and Dawson, T.E., 2006, Denali fault slip rates and Holocene-late Pleistocene kinematics of central Alaska: Geology, v. 34, no. 8, p. 645-648, https://doi.org/10.1130/G22361.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"645","endPage":"648","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237257,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210361,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G22361.1"}],"volume":"34","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe94e4b0c8380cd4edde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matmon, A.","contributorId":14983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matmon","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":52968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":416237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finkel, R.","contributorId":103028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkel","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lienkaemper, J. J.","contributorId":71947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stenner, Heidi D.","contributorId":35868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenner","given":"Heidi","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dawson, T. E.","contributorId":84537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70028104,"text":"70028104 - 2006 - Response of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) to wind-power development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70028104","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) to wind-power development","docAbstract":"Wind-power development is occurring throughout North America, but its effects on mammals are largely unexplored. Our objective was to determine response (i.e., home-range, diet quality) of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) to wind-power development in southwestern Oklahoma. Ten elk were radiocollared in an area of wind-power development on 31 March 2003 and were relocated bi-weekly through March 2005. Wind-power construction was initiated on 1 June 2003 and was completed by December 2003 with 45 active turbines. The largest composite home range sizes (>80 km2) occurred April-June and September, regardless of the status of wind-power facility development. The smallest home range sizes (<50 km2) typically occurred in October-February when elk aggregated to forage on winter wheat. No elk left the study site during the study and elk freely crossed the gravel roads used to access the wind-power facility. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes and percent nitrogen in feces suggested that wind-power development did not affect nutrition of elk during construction. Although disturbance and loss of some grassland habitat was apparent, elk were not adversely affected by wind-power development as determined by home range and dietary quality.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Midland Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2006)156[363:RORMEC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00030031","usgsCitation":"Walter, W.D., Leslie, D., and Jenks, J., 2006, Response of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) to wind-power development: American Midland Naturalist, v. 156, no. 2, p. 363-375, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2006)156[363:RORMEC]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"363","endPage":"375","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210364,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2006)156[363:RORMEC]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":237260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"156","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa1ee4b0c8380cd86163","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, W. David","contributorId":108309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jenks, J.A.","contributorId":31726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenks","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028037,"text":"70028037 - 2006 - Groundwater-surface water interaction in the riparian zone of an incised channel, Walnut Creek, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70028037","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater-surface water interaction in the riparian zone of an incised channel, Walnut Creek, Iowa","docAbstract":"Riparian zones of many incised channels in agricultural regions are cropped to the channel edge leaving them unvegetated for large portions of the year. In this study we evaluated surface and groundwater interaction in the riparian zone of an incised stream during a spring high flow period using detailed stream stage and hydraulic head data from six wells, and water quality sampling to determine whether the riparian zone can be a source of nitrate pollution to streams. Study results indicated that bank storage of stream water from Walnut Creek during a large storm water runoff event was limited to a narrow 1.6 m zone immediately adjacent to the channel. Nitrate concentrations in riparian groundwater were highest near the incised stream where the unsaturated zone was thickest. Nitrate and dissolved oxygen concentrations and nitrate-chloride ratios increased during a spring recharge period then decreased in the latter portion of the study. We used MODFLOW and MT3DMS to evaluate dilution and denitrification processes that would contribute to decreasing nitrate concentrations in riparian groundwater over time. MT3DMS model simulations were improved with a denitrification rate of 0.02 1/d assigned to the floodplain sediments implying that denitrification plays an important role in reducing nitrate concentrations in groundwater. We conclude that riparian zones of incised channels can potentially be a source of nitrate to streams during spring recharge periods when the near-stream riparian zone is largely unvegetated. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.11.014","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., Li, Z., and Zhang, Y., 2006, Groundwater-surface water interaction in the riparian zone of an incised channel, Walnut Creek, Iowa: Journal of Hydrology, v. 327, no. 1-2, p. 140-150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.11.014.","startPage":"140","endPage":"150","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210389,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.11.014"}],"volume":"327","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2dd1e4b0c8380cd5c057","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Li, Z.","contributorId":29160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, Y.-K.","contributorId":44309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.-K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028105,"text":"70028105 - 2006 - Health-based screening levels to evaluate U.S. Geological Survey ground water quality data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-04T14:02:18","indexId":"70028105","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3300,"text":"Risk Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Health-based screening levels to evaluate U.S. Geological Survey ground water quality data","docAbstract":"Federal and state drinking‐water standards and guidelines do not exist for many contaminants analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water‐Quality Assessment Program, limiting the ability to evaluate the potential human‐health relevance of water‐quality findings. Health‐based screening levels (HBSLs) were developed collaboratively to supplement existing drinking‐water standards and guidelines as part of a six‐year, multi‐agency pilot study. The pilot study focused on ground water samples collected prior to treatment or blending in areas of New Jersey where groundwater is the principal source of drinking water. This article describes how HBSLs were developed and demonstrates the use of HBSLs as a tool for evaluating water‐quality data in a human‐health context. HBSLs were calculated using standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) methodologies and toxicity information. New HBSLs were calculated for 12 of 32 contaminants without existing USEPA drinking‐water standards or guidelines, increasing the number of unregulated contaminants (those without maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)) with human‐health benchmarks. Concentrations of 70 of the 78 detected contaminants with human‐health benchmarks were less than MCLs or HBSLs, including all 12 contaminants with new HBSLs, suggesting that most contaminant concentrations were not of potential human‐health concern. HBSLs were applied to a state‐scale groundwater data set in this study, but HBSLs also may be applied to regional and national evaluations of water‐quality data. HBSLs fulfill a critical need for federal, state, and local agencies, water utilities, and others who seek tools for evaluating the occurrence of contaminants without drinking‐water standards or guidelines.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00805.x","issn":"02724332","usgsCitation":"Toccalino, P.L., and Norman, J.E., 2006, Health-based screening levels to evaluate U.S. Geological Survey ground water quality data: Risk Analysis, v. 26, no. 5, p. 1339-1348, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00805.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1339","endPage":"1348","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210365,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00805.x"}],"volume":"26","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2fe3e4b0c8380cd5d18f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toccalino, Patricia L. 0000-0003-1066-1702 ptocca@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1066-1702","contributorId":933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toccalino","given":"Patricia","email":"ptocca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":416556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Norman, Julia E. 0000-0002-2820-6225 jnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2820-6225","contributorId":3832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Julia","email":"jnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":416555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028107,"text":"70028107 - 2006 - An analysis of urban thermal characteristics and associated land cover in Tampa Bay and Las Vegas using Landsat satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T09:59:40","indexId":"70028107","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An analysis of urban thermal characteristics and associated land cover in Tampa Bay and Las Vegas using Landsat satellite data","docAbstract":"Remote sensing data from both Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 systems were utilized to assess urban area thermal characteristics in Tampa Bay watershed of west-central Florida, and the Las Vegas valley of southern Nevada. To quantitatively determine urban land use extents and development densities, sub-pixel impervious surface areas were mapped for both areas. The urban–rural boundaries and urban development densities were defined by selecting certain imperviousness threshold values and Landsat thermal bands were used to investigate urban surface thermal patterns. Analysis results suggest that urban surface thermal characteristics and patterns can be identified through qualitatively based urban land use and development density data. Results show the urban area of the Tampa Bay watershed has a daytime heating effect (heat-source), whereas the urban surface in Las Vegas has a daytime cooling effect (heat-sink). These thermal effects strongly correlated with urban development densities where higher percent imperviousness is usually associated with higher surface temperature. Using vegetation canopy coverage information, the spatial and temporal distributions of urban impervious surface and associated thermal characteristics are demonstrated to be very useful sources in quantifying urban land use, development intensity, and urban thermal patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2005.09.023","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Xian, G., and Crane, M., 2006, An analysis of urban thermal characteristics and associated land cover in Tampa Bay and Las Vegas using Landsat satellite data: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 104, no. 2, p. 147-156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.09.023.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"156","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":210392,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.09.023"},{"id":237297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9f7e4b0c8380cd48561","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xian, George 0000-0001-5674-2204","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5674-2204","contributorId":76589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xian","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crane, Mike","contributorId":99824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crane","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028161,"text":"70028161 - 2006 - Mercury content and petrographic composition in Pennsylvanian coal beds of Indiana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:42","indexId":"70028161","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury content and petrographic composition in Pennsylvanian coal beds of Indiana, USA","docAbstract":"A suite of high volatile bituminous coals of Pennsylvanian age from Indiana has been studied for their mercury (Hg) concentration and relationship between mercury content and maceral and lithotype composition. The coals ranged in Hg content from 0.02 in the Danville Coal Member to 0.31 ppm in the Upper Block Coal Member. Our study indicates that relationships between petrographic composition of coal and mercury content are site specific. This lack of a consistent relationship is explained by the fact that most Hg occurs in pyrite and not in the organic matter itself. Comparison of Hg content in durain/vitrain pairs shows that durain has more frequently a higher Hg content than vitrain, but the difference in frequency is inconsequential and shows no consistent pattern for a single coal bed or a single location. We suggest that increased concentration of Hg in vitrain is related to the presence of epigenetic pyrite in cleats. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2005.10.002","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Mastalerz, M., Drobniak, A., and Filippelli, G., 2006, Mercury content and petrographic composition in Pennsylvanian coal beds of Indiana, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 68, no. 1-2 SPEC. ISS., p. 2-13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.10.002.","startPage":"2","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210260,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.10.002"},{"id":237129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"1-2 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53f6e4b0c8380cd6ce3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drobniak, A.","contributorId":11748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobniak","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Filippelli, G.","contributorId":52388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filippelli","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028134,"text":"70028134 - 2006 - The composite method: An improved method for stream-water solute load estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70028134","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The composite method: An improved method for stream-water solute load estimation","docAbstract":"The composite method is an alternative method for estimating stream-water solute loads, combining aspects of two commonly used methods: the regression-model method (which is used by the composite method to predict variations in concentrations between collected samples) and a period-weighted approach (which is used by the composite method to apply the residual concentrations from the regression model over time). The extensive dataset collected at the outlet of the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW) near Atlanta, Georgia, USA, was used in data analyses for illustrative purposes. A bootstrap (subsampling) experiment (using the composite method and the PMRW dataset along with various fixed-interval and large storm sampling schemes) obtained load estimates for the 8-year study period with a magnitude of the bias of less than 1%, even for estimates that included the fewest number of samples. Precisions were always <2% on a study period and annual basis, and <2% precisions were obtained for quarterly and monthly time intervals for estimates that had better sampling. The bias and precision of composite-method load estimates varies depending on the variability in the regression-model residuals, how residuals systematically deviated from the regression model over time, sampling design, and the time interval of the load estimate. The regression-model method did not estimate loads precisely during shorter time intervals, from annually to monthly, because the model could not explain short-term patterns in the observed concentrations. Load estimates using the period-weighted approach typically are biased as a result of sampling distribution and are accurate only with extensive sampling. The formulation of the composite method facilitates exploration of patterns (trends) contained in the unmodelled portion of the load. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.6147","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Aulenbach, B., and Hooper, R.P., 2006, The composite method: An improved method for stream-water solute load estimation: Hydrological Processes, v. 20, no. 14, p. 3029-3047, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6147.","startPage":"3029","endPage":"3047","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210336,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6147"},{"id":237228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa49e4b08c986b3227af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aulenbach, Brent T.","contributorId":62766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulenbach","given":"Brent T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028135,"text":"70028135 - 2006 - Effects of substrate and hydrodynamic conditions on the formation of mussel beds in a large river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70028135","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of substrate and hydrodynamic conditions on the formation of mussel beds in a large river","docAbstract":"A numerical model for simulation of freshwater mussel dynamics was used to investigate the effects of substrate and hydrodynamic conditions on the formation of mussel beds in a 10-km reach of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR). Suitable habitats for mussel survival were identified by creating a dimensionless parameter (shear stress ratio) combining shear force and substrate type. This parameter is a measure of substrate stability that could be used in many different applications. Dispersal of juvenile mussels with flow as they detach from their fish hosts was simulated by a particle-tracking mechanism that identified suitable areas for colonization with the potential to evolve into mussel beds. Simulated areas of mussel accumulation coincided with reported locations of mussel beds, and simulated densities were in the range of abundant mussel beds in other reaches of the UMR. These results, although more qualitative than quantitative, provide insight into factors influencing the formation of mussel beds in a large river. ?? 2006 by The North American Benthological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[664:EOSAHC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"08873593","usgsCitation":"Morales, Y., Weber, L., Mynett, A., and Newton, T., 2006, Effects of substrate and hydrodynamic conditions on the formation of mussel beds in a large river: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 25, no. 3, p. 664-676, https://doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[664:EOSAHC]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"664","endPage":"676","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477711,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1899/0887-3593%282006%2925%5B664%3AEOSAHC%5D2.0.CO%3B2","text":"External Repository"},{"id":210366,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[664:EOSAHC]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":237262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07e6e4b0c8380cd518b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morales, Y.","contributorId":47961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morales","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, L.J.","contributorId":79988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mynett, A.E.","contributorId":31188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mynett","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Newton, T.J.","contributorId":104428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028255,"text":"70028255 - 2006 - Attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy of plant leaves: A tool for ecological and botanical studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:43","indexId":"70028255","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2863,"text":"New Phytologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy of plant leaves: A tool for ecological and botanical studies","docAbstract":"??? Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra of plant leaves display complex absorption features related to organic constituents of leaf surfaces. The spectra can be recorded rapidly, both in the field and in the laboratory, without special sample preparation. ??? This paper explores sources of ATR spectral variation in leaves, including compositional, positional and temporal variations. Interspecific variations are also examined, including the use of ATR spectra as a tool for species identification. ??? Positional spectral variations generally reflected the abundance of cutin and the epicuticular wax thickness and composition. For example, leaves exposed to full sunlight commonly showed more prominent cutin- and wax-related absorption features compared with shaded leaves. Adaxial vs. abaxial leaf surfaces displayed spectral variations reflecting differences in trichome abundance and wax composition. Mature vs. young leaves showed changes in absorption band position and intensity related to cutin, polysaccharide, and possibly amorphous silica development on and near the leaf surfaces. ??? Provided that similar samples are compared (e.g. adaxial surfaces of mature, sun-exposed leaves) same-species individuals display practically identical ATR spectra. Using spectral matching procedures to analyze an ATR database containing 117 individuals, including 32 different tree species, 83% of the individuals were correctly identified. ?? The Authors (2006).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"New Phytologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01823.x","issn":"0028646X","usgsCitation":"Ribeiro da Luz, B., 2006, Attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy of plant leaves: A tool for ecological and botanical studies: New Phytologist, v. 172, no. 2, p. 305-318, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01823.x.","startPage":"305","endPage":"318","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487560,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01823.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":210183,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01823.x"},{"id":237025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"172","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eed1e4b0c8380cd49fae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ribeiro da Luz, B.","contributorId":28423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribeiro da Luz","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70028260,"text":"70028260 - 2006 - River size and fish assemblages in southwestern South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T11:35:42","indexId":"70028260","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1859,"text":"Great Plains Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"River size and fish assemblages in southwestern South Dakota","docAbstract":"We studied relations between river size, fish species diversity, and fish species composition along four major rivers in the Great Plains of southwestern South Dakota to assess patterns of species diversity and composition. We expected diversity to increase with river size and fish composition to change via species addition downstream. Previous surveys of 52 sampling stations provided fish assemblage data, and we used the Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine watershed area by station. Watershed area did not predict species richness or species diversity (Fisher's ??), so species richness of 12 ?? 3.5 SD species and Fisher's ?? of 2.3 ?? 0.87 SD characterized species diversity in the study area. Cluster analysis of faunal similarity (S??rensen's Index) among the 52 sampling stations identified two geographically distinct faunal divisions, so species composition was variable within the study area, but changed via species replacements among faunas rather than species additions downstream. Nonnative species were a minor component of all faunas. Uniform species diversity may be a recent phenomenon caused by impacts of Missouri River dams on native large-river fishes and the unsuitability of rivers in the Great Plains for nonnative species. Variation in faunal composition may also be recent because it was affected by dams. ?? Copyright by the Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Great Plains Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10525165","usgsCitation":"Hoagstrom, C., Wall, S., Duehr, J., and Berry, C.R., 2006, River size and fish assemblages in southwestern South Dakota: Great Plains Research, v. 16, no. 2, p. 117-126.","startPage":"117","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268120,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsresearch/845/"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aadb7e4b0c8380cd86f69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoagstrom, C.W.","contributorId":11400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoagstrom","given":"C.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wall, S.S.","contributorId":36721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wall","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duehr, J.P.","contributorId":86162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duehr","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berry, C. R. Jr.","contributorId":39167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028256,"text":"70028256 - 2006 - Evaluating the relative contributions of hydroperiod and soil fertility on growth of south Florida mangroves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028256","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the relative contributions of hydroperiod and soil fertility on growth of south Florida mangroves","docAbstract":"Low and high water periods create contrasting challenges for trees inhabiting periodically flooded wetlands. Low to moderate flood durations and frequencies may bring nutrient subsidies, while greater hydroperiods can be energetically stressful because of oxygen deficiency. We tested the hypothesis that hydroperiod affects the growth of mangrove seedlings and saplings in a greenhouse experiment by varying flood duration while keeping salinity and soil fertility constant. We measured the growth of mangrove trees along a hydroperiod gradient over a two-year period by tracking fine-scale diameter increment. Greenhouse growth studies indicated that under a full range of annual flood durations (0-8760 h/year), hydroperiod alone exerted a significant influence on growth for one species, Laguncularia racemosa, when flooding was imposed for two growing seasons. Field evaluations, on the other hand, indicated that increased flood duration may provide nutrient subsidies for tree growth. Diameter growth was related curvilinearly to site hydroperiod, including flood duration and frequency, as well as to salinity and soil fertility. An analysis of soil physico-chemical parameters suggests that phosphorus fertility, which was also linked directly to hydroperiod, is likely to influence growth on south Florida mangrove sites. The physical removal of phosphorus by greater flood frequencies from upland sources and/or addition of phosphorus from tidal flooding balanced against increased soil aeration and reduced water deficits may be an extremely important growth determinant for south Florida mangroves. ?? Springer 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10750-006-0139-7","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Krauss, K., Doyle, T., Twilley, R., Rivera-Monroy, V., and Sullivan, J., 2006, Evaluating the relative contributions of hydroperiod and soil fertility on growth of south Florida mangroves: Hydrobiologia, v. 569, no. 1, p. 311-324, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0139-7.","startPage":"311","endPage":"324","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210184,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0139-7"},{"id":237026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"569","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bfee4b0c8380cd529b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krauss, K. W. 0000-0003-2195-0729","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":19517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"K. W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":417257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doyle, T.W. 0000-0001-5754-0671","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":16783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"T.W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":417256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Twilley, R.R.","contributorId":94647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twilley","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rivera-Monroy, V. H.","contributorId":83243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rivera-Monroy","given":"V. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sullivan, J.K.","contributorId":68953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70028259,"text":"70028259 - 2006 - Bluff evolution along coastal drumlins: Boston Harbor Islands, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T10:57:10","indexId":"70028259","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bluff evolution along coastal drumlins: Boston Harbor Islands, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"A series of partially drowned drumlins forms the backbone of the inner islands within Boston Harbor. The shoreline of these rounded glacial deposits is composed of actively retreating bluffs formed by continual wave attack. Comparisons of bluffs reveal variability in their height and lateral extent, as well as in the dominant mechanism causing their retreat. Two processes are responsible for bluff erosion and yield distinct bluff morphologies: (1) wave attack undercuts the bluff and causes episodic slumping, yielding planar bluff slopes, and (2) subaerial processes such as rainfall create irregular slopes characterized by rills and gullies. We propose a model of drumlin bluff evolution that is based on processes of erosion and physical characteristics such as bluff height, slope morphology, and the orientation of the bluff with respect to the long axis of the drumlin and its topographic crest. The four phases of drumlin bluff evolution consist of (1) initial formation of bluff, with retreat dominated by wave notching and slumping processes; (2) rill and gully development as bluff heights exceed 10 m and slumped sediment at bluff base inhibits wave attack; (3) return of wave notching and slumping as bluff heights decrease; and (4) final development of boulder retreat lag as last remnants of drumlin are eroded by wave action. These phases capture the important physical processes of drumlin evolution in Boston Harbor and could apply to other eroding coastal drumlin deposits.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2112/06A-0005.1","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Himmelstoss, E., FitzGerald, D.M., Rosen, P., and Allen, J., 2006, Bluff evolution along coastal drumlins: Boston Harbor Islands, Massachusetts: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 22, no. 5, p. 1230-1240, https://doi.org/10.2112/06A-0005.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1230","endPage":"1240","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Boston Harbor Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.0324478149414,\n 42.32403179535469\n ],\n [\n -71.02180480957031,\n 42.28797686534489\n ],\n [\n -70.93425750732422,\n 42.25977870328815\n ],\n [\n -70.83503723144531,\n 42.27349830394709\n ],\n [\n -70.85220336914062,\n 42.33113878082107\n ],\n [\n -70.87898254394531,\n 42.363110278811256\n ],\n [\n -71.0324478149414,\n 42.32403179535469\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1efe4b0c8380cd4aee5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Himmelstoss, E. A.","contributorId":74567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelstoss","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"FitzGerald, D. M.","contributorId":55038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"FitzGerald","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosen, P.S.","contributorId":100539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allen, J.R.","contributorId":16955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028136,"text":"70028136 - 2006 - Erosion of steepland valleys by debris flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70028136","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Erosion of steepland valleys by debris flows","docAbstract":"Episodic debris flows scour the rock beds of many steepland valleys. Along recent debris-flow runout paths in the western United States, we have observed evidence for bedrock lowering, primarily by the impact of large particles entrained in debris flows. This evidence may persist to the point at which debris-flow deposition occurs, commonly at slopes of less than ???0.03-0.10. We find that debris-flow-scoured valleys have a topographic signature that is fundamentally different from that predicted by bedrock river-incision models. Much of this difference results from the fact that local valley slope shows a tendency to decrease abruptly downstream of tributaries that contribute throughgoing debris flows. The degree of weathering of valley floor bedrock may also decrease abruptly downstream of such junctions. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesize that valley slope is adjusted to the long-term frequency of debris flows, and that valleys scoured by debris flows should not be modeled using conventional bedrock river-incision laws. We use field observations to justify one possible debris-flow incision model, whose lowering rate is proportional to the integral of solid inertial normal stresses from particle impacts along the flow and the number of upvalley debris-flow sources. The model predicts that increases in incision rate caused by increases in flow event frequency and length (as flows gain material) downvalley are balanced by rate reductions from reduced inertial normal stress at lower slopes, and stronger, less weathered bedrock. These adjustments lead to a spatially uniform lowering rate. Although the proposed expression leads to equilibrium long-profiles with the correct topographic signature, the crudeness with which the debris-flow dynamics are parameterized reveals that we are far from a validated debris-flow incision law. However, the vast extent of steepland valley networks above slopes of ???0.03-0.10 illustrates the need to understand debris-flow incision if we hope to understand the evolution of steep topography around the world. ?? 2006 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B25902.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Stock, J., and Dietrich, W.E., 2006, Erosion of steepland valleys by debris flows: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, no. 9-10, p. 1125-1148, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25902.1.","startPage":"1125","endPage":"1148","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210367,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25902.1"},{"id":237263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-09-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a3ce4b0c8380cd5226f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stock, J. D. 0000-0001-8565-3577","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8565-3577","contributorId":79998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stock","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dietrich, W. E.","contributorId":47538,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dietrich","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028603,"text":"70028603 - 2006 - Shallow gas off the Rhône prodelta, Gulf of Lions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-20T11:45:20","indexId":"70028603","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow gas off the Rhône prodelta, Gulf of Lions","docAbstract":"Sediment cores acquired in 2004 off the Rhône prodelta show consistent anomalous methane concentrations of up to 87,440 ppm. Methane compositional and isotopic data support a biogenic origin, although there are a few sites that show strongly depleted δ13C values (− 53‰ PDB) suggesting a mixed source for the gas (biogenic and thermogenic). Anomalous methane concentrations (samples with more than 90 ppm) are discussed and integrated with organic carbon data, sedimentary rates and ADCP profiles. Highest gas concentrations were found directly off the river mouth (20–40 m water depth) and where the IFREMER models point to the thickest accumulation (> 2 m) in response to the Rhône flood event.
\nIn areas unaffected by the high flux of organic matter and rapid/thick flood deposition, or in between flood events, the conditions for methanogenesis and gas accumulation have not been met; in these areas, the physical and biological reworking of the surficial sediment may effectively oxidize and mineralize organic matter and limit bacterial methanogenesis in the sub-surface. We propose that in the Rhône prodelta flood deposits deliver significant amounts of terrigenous organic matter that can be rapidly buried, effectively removing this organic matter from aerobic oxidation and biological uptake and leading to the potential for methanogenesis with burial.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2006.09.005","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Garcia-Garcia, A., Orange, D.L., Lorenson, T., Radakovitch, O., Tesi, T., Miserocchi, S., Berne, S., Friend, P., Nittrouer, C., and Normand, A., 2006, Shallow gas off the Rhône prodelta, Gulf of Lions: Marine Geology, v. 234, no. 1-4, p. 215-231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2006.09.005.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"231","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477479,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-01061570","text":"External Repository"},{"id":236535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209812,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2006.09.005"}],"volume":"234","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e1ee4b08c986b318742","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia-Garcia, Ana","contributorId":43958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia-Garcia","given":"Ana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orange, Daniel L.","contributorId":23309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orange","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lorenson, T.","contributorId":88915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Radakovitch, Olivier","contributorId":23324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radakovitch","given":"Olivier","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tesi, Tommaso","contributorId":106687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tesi","given":"Tommaso","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miserocchi, Stefano","contributorId":68949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miserocchi","given":"Stefano","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Berne, Serge","contributorId":68089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berne","given":"Serge","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Friend, P.L.","contributorId":59609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Nittrouer, Chuck","contributorId":23325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nittrouer","given":"Chuck","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Normand, Alain","contributorId":26499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normand","given":"Alain","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70028579,"text":"70028579 - 2006 - Water color affects the stratification, surface temperature, heat content, and mean epilimnetic irradiance of small lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:43","indexId":"70028579","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water color affects the stratification, surface temperature, heat content, and mean epilimnetic irradiance of small lakes","docAbstract":"The effects of water color on lake stratification, mean epilimnetic irradiance, and lake temperature dynamics were examined in small, north-temperate lakes that differed widely in water color (1.5-19.8 m -1). Among these lakes, colored lakes differed from clear lakes in the following ways: (i) the epilimnia were shallower and colder, and mean epilimnetic irradiance was reduced; (ii) the diel temperature cycles were more pronounced; (iii) whole-lake heat accumulation during stratification was reduced. The depth of the epilimnion ranged from 2.5 m in the clearest lake to 0.75 m in the most colored lake, and 91% of the variation in epilimnetic depth was explained by water color. Summer mean morning epilimnetic temperature was ???2??C cooler in the most colored lake compared with the clearest lake. In clear lakes, the diel temperature range (1.4 ?? 0.7??C) was significantly (p = 0.01) less than that in the most colored lake (2.1 ?? 1.0??C). Change in whole-lake heat content was negatively correlated with water color. Increasing water color decreased light penetration more than thermocline depth, leading to reduced mean epilimnetic irradiance in the colored lakes. Thus, in these small lakes, water color significantly affected temperature, thermocline depth, and light climate. ?? 2006 NRC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/F06-131","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Houser, J., 2006, Water color affects the stratification, surface temperature, heat content, and mean epilimnetic irradiance of small lakes: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 63, no. 11, p. 2447-2455, https://doi.org/10.1139/F06-131.","startPage":"2447","endPage":"2455","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487577,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Water_color_affects_the_stratification_surface_temperature_heat_content_and_mean_epilimnetic_irradiance_of_small_lakes/24833859","text":"External Repository"},{"id":209945,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F06-131"},{"id":236710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc7d4e4b08c986b32c655","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houser, J.N.","contributorId":91603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houser","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70028614,"text":"70028614 - 2006 - Paleotsunami research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028614","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleotsunami research","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Rhodes, B., Tuttle, M., Horton, B., Doner, L., Kelsey, H., Nelson, A., and Cisternas, M., 2006, Paleotsunami research: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 87, no. 21, p. 208-209.","startPage":"208","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a745ce4b0c8380cd775de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rhodes, B.","contributorId":79689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tuttle, M.","contributorId":26397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horton, B.","contributorId":25341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doner, L.","contributorId":46290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doner","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kelsey, H.","contributorId":84556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelsey","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nelson, A.","contributorId":50343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cisternas, M.","contributorId":33911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cisternas","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70028615,"text":"70028615 - 2006 - Linking middle-school teachers to Earthscope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-11T16:13:14","indexId":"70028615","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking middle-school teachers to Earthscope","docAbstract":"EarthScope is a multidisciplinary geophysical investigation of the structure and deformation of the North American continent. Components include a transportable array of digital seismometers (USArray) that will image the continental crust and underlying mantle, and Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and strainmeters (Plate Boundary Observatory, PBO) that will measure tectonic and volcanic deformations
Translating geophysics for kindergarten through 12th grade (K‐12) teachers and their students involves inviting them to explore new understandings of how Earth works. When they construct their understanding of Earth science through geophysical problem solving, these learners can engage in Earth‐Scope, which offers unprecedented public access to data from seismology and geodesy.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2006EO260003","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Butler, R., Bishop, E., Ault, C., Atwater, B., Magura, B., Hedeen, C., Blakely, R., Wells, R., Shay, K., Wagner, R., Southworth-Neumeyer, T., and Connor, D., 2006, Linking middle-school teachers to Earthscope: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 87, no. 26, p. 257-259, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006EO260003.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47d8e4b0c8380cd67a0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, R.","contributorId":13802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bishop, E.","contributorId":7898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ault, C. Jr.","contributorId":92035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ault","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Atwater, B.","contributorId":10212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atwater","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Magura, B.","contributorId":102259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magura","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hedeen, C.","contributorId":47563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedeen","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Blakely, R.","contributorId":65569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":418840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Shay, K.","contributorId":45103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shay","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wagner, R.","contributorId":88859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Southworth-Neumeyer, T.","contributorId":31966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southworth-Neumeyer","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Connor, D.","contributorId":70982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connor","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70028655,"text":"70028655 - 2006 - Trends in summer chemistry linked to productivity in lakes recovering from acid deposition in the Adirondack region of New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028655","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in summer chemistry linked to productivity in lakes recovering from acid deposition in the Adirondack region of New York","docAbstract":"The US Environmental Protection Agency established the Adirondack Effects Assessment Program (AEAP) to evaluate and monitor the status of biological communities in lakes in the Adirondack region of New York that have been adversely affected by acid deposition. This program includes chemical analysis of 30 lakes, sampled two to three times each summer. Results of trends analysis for lake chemistry and chlorophyll a (chlor a) are presented for 1994 to 2003, and a general comparison is made with recent results of the Adirondack Long-Term Monitoring (ALTM) Program, which included chemical analysis of all but two of these lakes (plus an additional 24 lakes) monthly, year-round for 1992-2004. Increases in pH were found in 25 of the 30 AEAP lakes (P < 0.05) and increases in acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) were found in 12 of the 30 lakes (P < 0.05). Concentrations of both SO 42- and Mg 2+ decreased in 11 lakes (P < 0.05), whereas concentrations of NO 3- decreased in 20 lakes (P < 0.05). Concentrations of NH 4+ decreased in 10 lakes at a significance level of P < 0.05 and in three other lakes based on P < 0.1. Concentrations of inorganic and organic monomeric aluminum generally were below the reporting limit of 1.5 ??mol L-1, but decreases were detected in four and five lakes, respectively (P < 0.1). Concentrations of chlor a increased in seven lakes at a significance level of P < 0.05 and two lakes at a significance level of P < 0.1. A significant inverse correlation was also found between chlor a and NO 3- concentrations in nine lakes at a significance level of P < 0.05 and two lakes at a significance level of P < 0.1. Results of AEAP analysis of lake chemistry were similar to those of the ALTM Program, although decreases in SO 42- concentrations were more evident in the year-round ALTM record. Overall, the results suggest (a) a degree of chemical recovery from acidification during the summer, (b) an increase in phytoplankton productivity, and (c) a decreasing trend in NO 3- concentrations resulting from the increased productivity. ?? 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10021-006-0012-6","issn":"14329840","usgsCitation":"Momen, B., Lawrence, G., Nierzwicki-Bauer, S., Sutherland, J., Eichler, L., Harrison, J., and Boylen, C., 2006, Trends in summer chemistry linked to productivity in lakes recovering from acid deposition in the Adirondack region of New York: Ecosystems, v. 9, no. 8, p. 1306-1317, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-006-0012-6.","startPage":"1306","endPage":"1317","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209602,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-006-0012-6"}],"volume":"9","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-01-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb80ae4b08c986b32763a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Momen, B.","contributorId":91283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Momen","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nierzwicki-Bauer, S. 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Compared to its relatives, the black-footed ferret is an extreme specialist, depending on the prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) of North American grasslands for food and using prairie dog burrows for shelter. The black-footed ferret’s close association with prairie dogs was an important factor in its decline. Prairie dogs were regarded as an agricultural pest as human settlement progressed westward, and they became important hosts for plague as that disease colonized eastward from its sources of introduction on the west coast. Prairie dog numbers were dramatically reduced by poisoning, cropland conversions, and plague during the first half of the 20th century, and black-footed ferret populations declined precipitously. The black-footed ferret was included on the first lists of endangered species, and its status was precarious by the time the Endangered Species Act of 1973 was passed. Its rebound from a low point of 10 known individuals in spring of 1985 (Biggins and others, 2006) is impressive, but the species is not yet “recovered” in either the biological or legal sense (for further details, see Lockhart and others, this volume).
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