Over the last century, fire exclusion in the forests of the Sierra Nevada has allowed surface fuels to accumulate and has led to increased tree density. Stand composition has also been altered as shade tolerant tree species crowd out shade intolerant species. To restore forest structure and reduce the risk of large, intense fires, managers have increasingly used prescription burning. Most fires prior to EuroAmerican settlement occurred during the late summer and early fall and most prescribed burning has taken place during the latter part of this period. Poor air quality and lack of suitable burn windows during the fall, however, have resulted in a need to conduct more prescription burning earlier in the season. Previous reports have suggested that burning during the time when trees are actively growing may increase mortality rates due to fine root damage and/or bark beetle activity. This study examines the effects of fire on tree mortality and bark beetle attacks under prescription burning during early and late season. Replicated early season burn, late season burn and unburned control plots were established in an old-growth mixed conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada that had not experienced a fire in over 120 years. Although prescribed burns resulted in significant mortality of particularly the smallest tree size classes, no difference between early and late season burns was detected. Direct mortality due to fire was associated with fire intensity. Secondary mortality due to bark beetles was not significantly correlated with fire intensity. The probability of bark beetle attack on pines did not differ between early and late season burns, while the probability of bark beetle attack on firs was greater following early season burns. Overall tree mortality appeared to be primarily the result of fire intensity rather than tree phenology at the time of the burns. Early season burns are generally conducted under higher fuel moisture conditions, leading to less fuel consumption and potentially less injury to trees. This reduction in fire severity may compensate for relatively modest increases in bark beetle attack probabilities on some tree species, ultimately resulting in a forest structure that differs little between early and late season prescribed burning treatments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.036","usgsCitation":"Schwilk, D.W., Knapp, E.E., Ferrenberg, S., Keeley, J.E., and Caprio, A., 2006, Tree mortality from fire and bark beetles following early and late season prescribed fires in a Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 232, no. 1-3, p. 36-45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.036.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"36","endPage":"45","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345497,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","volume":"232","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59b10937e4b020cdf7d8da12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwilk, Dylan W.","contributorId":103883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwilk","given":"Dylan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knapp, Eric E.","contributorId":80570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knapp","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferrenberg, Scott 0000-0002-3542-0334 sferrenberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3542-0334","contributorId":147684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrenberg","given":"Scott","email":"sferrenberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":709648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":709649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Caprio, Anthony C.","contributorId":35863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caprio","given":"Anthony C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029465,"text":"70029465 - 2006 - Form drag in rivers due to small-scale natural topographic features: 1. Regular sequences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:46","indexId":"70029465","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Form drag in rivers due to small-scale natural topographic features: 1. Regular sequences","docAbstract":"Small-scale topographic features are commonly found on the boundaries of natural rivers, streams, and floodplains. A simple method for determining the form drag on these features is presented, and the results of this model are compared to laboratory measurements. The roughness elements are modeled as Gaussian-shaped features defined in terms of three parameters: a protrusion height, H; a streamwise length scale, ??; and a spacing between crests, ??. This shape is shown to be a good approximation to a wide variety of natural topographic bank features. The form drag on an individual roughness element embedded in a series of identical elements is determined using the drag coefficient of the individual element and a reference velocity that includes the effects of roughness elements further upstream. In addition to calculating the drag on each element, the model determines the spatially averaged total stress, skin friction stress, and roughness height of the boundary. The effects of bank roughness on patterns of velocity and boundary shear stress are determined by combining the form drag model with a channel flow model. The combined model shows that drag on small-scale topographic features substantially alters the near-bank flow field. These methods can be used to improve predictions of flow resistance in rivers and to form the basis for fully predictive (no empirically adjusted parameters) channel flow models. They also provide a foundation for calculating the near-bank boundary shear stress fields necessary for determining rates of sediment transport and lateral erosion.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2006JF000467","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Kean, J., and Smith, J., 2006, Form drag in rivers due to small-scale natural topographic features: 1. Regular sequences: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 111, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000467.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477504,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000467","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":210789,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000467"},{"id":237815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1343e4b0c8380cd545a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kean, J. W. 0000-0003-3089-0369","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-0369","contributorId":71679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kean","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, J.D.","contributorId":35796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170962,"text":"70170962 - 2006 - Interaction Assessment: A modeling tool for predicting population dynamics from field data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-12T16:29:43","indexId":"70170962","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction Assessment: A modeling tool for predicting population dynamics from field data","docAbstract":"Interaction Assessment (INTASS) is a field and analytic methodology for constructing population dynamics models. Because data collected in generating a model for one species comprise much of the information needed for other species, a small increase in effort can result in simultaneous expressions for the dynamics of multiple species. These expressions can be used to simulate whole community responses to environmental change, including management actions. Since publication of the most recent paper in this series, the INTASS methodology has undergone a large number of developments. These include the use of conceptual models to direct field and modeling efforts and incorporation of an information theoretic approach to model selection. We review these modifications and additions, applying them to a population of Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoilius hemionis) in Alaska and to cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) at the Desert Experimental Range in Utah. In both cases, useful information about the species’ ecology and population trends was ascertained. INTASS is portable across a wide range of taxa, habitats and management situations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.07.012","usgsCitation":"Emlen, J.M., Duda, J.J., Kirchhoff, M.D., and Freeman, D.C., 2006, Interaction Assessment: A modeling tool for predicting population dynamics from field data: Ecological Modelling, v. 192, no. 3-4, p. 557-570, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.07.012.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"557","endPage":"570","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321194,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"192","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5735a93de4b0dae0d5df512d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emlen, John M.","contributorId":168812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":629249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duda, Jeffrey J. 0000-0001-7431-8634 jduda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-8634","contributorId":145486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jduda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":629250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirchhoff, Matt D.","contributorId":169302,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirchhoff","given":"Matt","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7058,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freeman, D. Carl","contributorId":31599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freeman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Carl","affiliations":[{"id":7147,"text":"Wayne State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030491,"text":"70030491 - 2006 - Modeling decadal timescale interactions between surface water and ground water in the central Everglades, Florida, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T08:36:12","indexId":"70030491","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling decadal timescale interactions between surface water and ground water in the central Everglades, Florida, USA","docAbstract":"Surface-water and ground-water flow are coupled in the central Everglades, although the remoteness of this system has hindered many previous attempts to quantify interactions between surface water and ground water. We modeled flow through a 43,000 ha basin in the central Everglades called Water Conservation Area 2A. The purpose of the model was to quantify recharge and discharge in the basin's vast interior areas. The presence and distribution of tritium in ground water was the principal constraint on the modeling, based on measurements in 25 research wells ranging in depth from 2 to 37 m. In addition to average characteristics of surface-water flow, the model parameters included depth of the layer of 'interactive' ground water that is actively exchanged with surface water, average residence time of interactive ground water, and the associated recharge and discharge fluxes across the wetland ground surface. Results indicated that only a relatively thin (8 m) layer of the 60 m deep surfical aquifer actively exchanges surface water and ground water on a decadal timescale. The calculated storage depth of interactive ground water was 3.1 m after adjustment for the porosity of peat and sandy limestone. Modeling of the tritium data yielded an average residence time of 90 years in interactive ground water, with associated recharge and discharge fluxes equal to 0.01 cm d -1. 3H/3He isotopic ratio measurements (which correct for effects of vertical mixing in the aquifer with deeper, tritium-dead water) were available from several wells, and these indicated an average residence time of 25 years, suggesting that residence time was overestimated using tritium measurements alone. Indeed, both residence time and storage depth would be expected to be overestimated due to vertical mixing. The estimate of recharge and discharge (0.01 cm d-1) that resulted from tritium modeling therefore is still considered reliable, because the ratio of residence time and storage depth (used to calculated recharge and discharge) is much less sensitive to vertical mixing compared with residence time alone. We conclude that a small but potentially significant component of flow through the Everglades is recharged to the aquifer and stored there for years to decades before discharged back to surface water. Long-term storage of water and solutes in the ground-water system beneath the wetlands has implications for restoration of Everglades water quality.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.024","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J., Newlin, J., and Krupa, S., 2006, Modeling decadal timescale interactions between surface water and ground water in the central Everglades, Florida, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 320, no. 3-4, p. 400-420, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.024.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"400","endPage":"420","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211899,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.024"}],"volume":"320","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bede4b0c8380cd6f8dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, J. W. 0000-0002-2654-9873","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":39725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newlin, J.T.","contributorId":90099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newlin","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krupa, S.L.","contributorId":17265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krupa","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70170961,"text":"70170961 - 2006 - Guide to the identification of fish protozoan and metazoan parasites in stained tissue sections","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-12T16:07:36","indexId":"70170961","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Guide to the identification of fish protozoan and metazoan parasites in stained tissue sections","docAbstract":"The identification of protozoan and metazoan parasites is traditionally carried out using a series of classical keys based upon the morphology of the whole organism. However, in stained tissue sections prepared for light microscopy, taxonomic features will be missing, thus making parasite identification difficult. This work highlights the characteristic features of representative parasites in tissue sections to aid identification. The parasite examples discussed are derived from species affecting finfish, and predominantly include parasites associated with disease or those commonly observed as incidental findings in disease diagnostic cases. Emphasis is on protozoan and small metazoan parasites (such as Myxosporidia) because these are the organisms most likely to be missed or mis-diagnosed during gross examination. Figures are presented in colour to assist biologists and veterinarians who are required to assess host/parasite interactions by light microscopy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao070001","usgsCitation":"Bruno, D., Nowak, B., and Elliott, D., 2006, Guide to the identification of fish protozoan and metazoan parasites in stained tissue sections: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 70, no. 1-2, p. 1-36, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao070001.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao070001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5735a939e4b0dae0d5df5123","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bruno, D.W.","contributorId":44319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruno","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nowak, B.","contributorId":84948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowak","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, D.G.","contributorId":58226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030807,"text":"70030807 - 2006 - Oxygen isotopes of phosphatic compounds - Application for marine particulate matter, sediments and soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T09:04:16","indexId":"70030807","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen isotopes of phosphatic compounds - Application for marine particulate matter, sediments and soils","docAbstract":"The phosphate oxygen isotopic composition in naturally occurring particulate phosphatic compounds (δ18Op) can be used as a tracer for phosphate sources and to evaluate the cycling of phosphorus (P) in the environment. However, phosphatic compounds must be converted to silver phosphate prior to isotopic analysis, a process that involves digestion of particulate matter in acid. This digestion will hydrolyze some of the phosphatic compounds such that oxygen from the acid solution will be incorporated into the sample as these phosphatic compounds are converted to orthophosphate (PO43−). To determine the extent of incorporation of reagent oxygen into the sample, we digested various phosphatic compounds in both acid amended with H218O (spiked) and unspiked acid and then converted the samples to silver phosphate for δ18Op analysis. Our results indicate that there is no isotopic fractionation associated with acid digestion at 50 °C. Furthermore, we found that reagent oxygen incorporation is a function of the oxygen to phosphorus ratio (O:P) of the digested compound whereby the percentage of reagent oxygen incorporated into the sample is the same as that which is required to convert all of the P-compounds into orthophosphate. Based on these results, we developed a correction for reagent oxygen incorporation using simple mass balance, a procedure that allows for the determination of the δ18Op of samples containing a mixture of phosphatic compounds. We analyzed a variety of environmental samples for δ18Opto demonstrate the utility of this approach for understanding sources and cycling of P.
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, was first diagnosed in African buffalo in South Africa's Kruger National Park in 1990. Over the past 15 years the disease has spread northwards leaving only the most northern buffalo herds unaffected. Evidence suggests that 10 other small and large mammalian species, including large predators, are spillover hosts. Wildlife tuberculosis has also been diagnosed in several adjacent private game reserves and in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, the third largest game reserve in South Africa. The tuberculosis epidemic has a number of implications, for which the full effect of some might only be seen in the long-term. Potential negative long-term effects on the population dynamics of certain social animal species and the direct threat for the survival of endangered species pose particular problems for wildlife conservationists. On the other hand, the risk of spillover infection to neighboring communal cattle raises concerns about human health at the wildlife-livestock-human interface, not only along the western boundary of Kruger National Park, but also with regards to the joint development of the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area with Zimbabwe and Mozambique. From an economic point of view, wildlife tuberculosis has resulted in national and international trade restrictions for affected species. The lack of diagnostic tools for most species and the absence of an effective vaccine make it currently impossible to contain and control this disease within an infected free-ranging ecosystem. Veterinary researchers and policy-makers have recognized the need to intensify research on this disease and the need to develop tools for control, initially targeting buffalo and lion. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
","largerWorkTitle":"Veterinary Microbiology","language":"English","publisher":"Elselvier","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.035","issn":"03781135","usgsCitation":"Michel, A., Bengis, R.G., Keet, D., Hofmeyr, M., De Klerk, L.M., Cross, P., Jolles, A.E., Cooper, D., Whyte, I., Buss, P., and Godfroid, J., 2006, Wildlife tuberculosis in South African conservation areas: Implications and challenges: Veterinary Microbiology, v. 112, no. 2-4 Special Issue, p. 91-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.035.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477551,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2263/2359","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211971,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"2-4 Special Issue","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd105e4b08c986b32f1b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michel, A.L.","contributorId":69362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bengis, Roy G.","contributorId":29636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bengis","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keet, D.F.","contributorId":43566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keet","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hofmeyr, M.","contributorId":6662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofmeyr","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"De Klerk, L. M.","contributorId":49180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Klerk","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cross, P.C.","contributorId":48141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jolles, Anna E.","contributorId":40421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jolles","given":"Anna","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cooper, D.","contributorId":105913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Whyte, I.J.","contributorId":10999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whyte","given":"I.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Buss, P.","contributorId":97705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buss","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Godfroid, J.","contributorId":28807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfroid","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70030258,"text":"70030258 - 2006 - Frictional strength heterogeneity and surface heat flow: Implications for the strength of the creeping San Andreas fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030258","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frictional strength heterogeneity and surface heat flow: Implications for the strength of the creeping San Andreas fault","docAbstract":"Heat flow measurements along much of the San Andreas fault (SAF) constrain the apparent coefficient of friction (??app) of the fault to <0.2, much lower than laboratory-derived friction values for most geologic materials. However, heat flow data are sparse near the creeping section of the SAF, a frictional \"asperity\" where the fault slips almost exclusively by aseismic creep. We test the hypothesis that the creeping section has a substantially higher or lower ?? app than adjacent sections of the SAF. We use numerical models to explore the effects of faults with spatially and temporally heterogeneous frictional strength on the spatial distribution of surface heat flow. Heat flow from finite length asperities is uniformly lower than predicted by assuming an infinitely long fault. Over geologic time, lateral offset from strike-slip faulting produces heat flow patterns that are asymmetric across the fault and along strike. We explore a range of asperity sizes, slip rates, and displacement histories for comparing predicted spatial patterns of heat flow with existing measurements. Models with ??app ??? 0.1 fit the data best. For most scenarios, heat flow anomalies from a frictional asperity with ??app > 0.2 should be detectable even with the sparse existing observations, implying that ??app for the creeping section is as low as the surrounding SAF. Because the creeping section does not slip in large earthquakes, the mechanism controlling its weakness is not related to dynamic processes resulting from high slip rate earthquake ruptures. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JB003780","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"d'Alessio, M., Williams, C., and Burgmann, R., 2006, Frictional strength heterogeneity and surface heat flow: Implications for the strength of the creeping San Andreas fault: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 111, no. 5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003780.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477552,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jb003780","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":211999,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003780"},{"id":239398,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13efe4b0c8380cd54835","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"d'Alessio, M. A.","contributorId":43159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"d'Alessio","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, C.F. 0000-0003-2196-5496","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-5496","contributorId":20401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"C.F.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":426353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burgmann, R.","contributorId":10167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030260,"text":"70030260 - 2006 - State summaries: Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70030260","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"State summaries: Ohio","docAbstract":"In 2005, the value of coal and industrial minerals sold in Ohio amounted to $1.5 billion, an increase of 7% from 2004. Coal production for the year increased 4.7% from 2004, totalling 22.3 Mt. Aggregate production totalled 114 Mt, a 4% decrease from 2004. In 2005, the state's salt sales amounted to $132 million. Production of industrial sandstone and conglomerate as well as dimension stone and limestone also increased.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00265187","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, M., 2006, State summaries: Ohio: Mining Engineering, v. 58, no. 5, p. 109-112.","startPage":"109","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96d8e4b08c986b31b743","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, M.E.","contributorId":35947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70030265,"text":"70030265 - 2006 - Microhabitat use, home range, and movements of the alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, in Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:11","indexId":"70030265","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microhabitat use, home range, and movements of the alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, in Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Little is known about the ecology of the alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, particularly dentography and behavior. To learn more about the species in Oklahoma, we conducted a telemetry project on 2 small streams at Sequoyah National Wildlife Refuge, an 8,417.5-ha refuge located in east-central Oklahoma. Between June 1999 and August 2000, we fitted 19 M. temminckii with ultrasonic telemetry tags and studied turtle movements and microhahitat use. Turtles were checked 2 to 3 times weekly in summer and sporadically in winter. Several microhabitat variables were measured at each turtle location and a random location to help quantify microhabitat use vs. availability. We recorded 147 turtle locations. Turtles were always associated with submerged cover with a high percentage of overhead canopy cover. Turtles used deeper depths in late summer (but not deeper depths than random locations) and deeper depths in mid-winter (and deeper depths than random locations) than in early summer. They used shallower depths than random locations in early summer. This seasonal shift in depth use might be thermoregulatory, although evidence for this is indirect. The mean linear home range for all turtles was 777.8 m. Females had larger home ranges than males, and juveniles had larger home ranges than adults, although the latter was not statistically significant. Macrochelys temminckii used submerged structures as a core site, and stayed at each core site for an average of 12.3 d.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[35:MUHRAM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00384909","usgsCitation":"Riedle, J., Shipman, P., Fox, S.F., and Leslie, D., 2006, Microhabitat use, home range, and movements of the alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, in Oklahoma: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 51, no. 1, p. 35-40, https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[35:MUHRAM]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"35","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212116,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[35:MUHRAM]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":239542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5682e4b0c8380cd6d63e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riedle, J.D.","contributorId":87269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riedle","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shipman, P.A.","contributorId":75670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shipman","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fox, S. F.","contributorId":100984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030266,"text":"70030266 - 2006 - Climate model biases in seasonality of continental water storage revealed by satellite gravimetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T17:02:50","indexId":"70030266","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate model biases in seasonality of continental water storage revealed by satellite gravimetry","docAbstract":"Satellite gravimetric observations of monthly changes in continental water storage are compared with outputs from five climate models. All models qualitatively reproduce the global pattern of annual storage amplitude, and the seasonal cycle of global average storage is reproduced well, consistent with earlier studies. However, global average agreements mask systematic model biases in low latitudes. Seasonal extrema of low‐latitude, hemispheric storage generally occur too early in the models, and model‐specific errors in amplitude of the low‐latitude annual variations are substantial. These errors are potentially explicable in terms of neglected or suboptimally parameterized water stores in the land models and precipitation biases in the climate models.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004628","usgsCitation":"Swenson, S., and Milly, P., 2006, Climate model biases in seasonality of continental water storage revealed by satellite gravimetry: Water Resources Research, v. 42, no. 3, Article W03201; 7 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004628.","productDescription":"Article W03201; 7 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f652e4b0c8380cd4c6be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, Sean","contributorId":58584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Sean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030268,"text":"70030268 - 2006 - Belowground carbon balance and carbon accumulation rate in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T10:00:38","indexId":"70030268","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3350,"text":"Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Belowground carbon balance and carbon accumulation rate in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest","docAbstract":"The balance, accumulation rate and temporal dynamics of belowground carbon in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest are obtained in this paper, based on long-term observations to the soil organic matter, input and standing biomass of litter and coarse woody debris, and dissolved organic carbon carried in the hydrological process of subtropical climax forest ecosystem—monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, and its two successional forests of natural restoration—coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and Pinus massoniana forest, as well as data of root biomass obtained once every five years and respiration measurement of soil, litter and coarse woody debris respiration for 1 year. The major results include: the belowground carbon pools of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and Pinus massoniana forest are 23191 ± 2538 g · m−2, 16889 ± 1936 g · m−2 and 12680 ± 1854 g · m−2, respectively, in 2002. Mean annual carbon accumulation rates of the three forest types during the 24a from 1978 to 2002 are 383 ± 97 g · m−2 · a−1, 193 ± 85 g · m−2 · a−1 and 213 ± 86 g · m−2 · a−1, respectively. The belowground carbon pools in the three forest types keep increasing during the observation period, suggesting that belowground carbon pools are carbon sinks to the atmosphere. There are seasonal variations, namely, they are strong carbon sources from April to June, weak carbon sources from July to September; while they are strong carbon sinks from October to November, weak carbon sinks from December to March.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11430-006-0311-y","issn":"10069313","usgsCitation":"Zhou, G., Liu, S., Tang, X., Ouyang, X., Zhang, D., Liu, J., Yan, J., Zhou, C., Luo, Y., Guan, L., and Liu, Y., 2006, Belowground carbon balance and carbon accumulation rate in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest: Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences, v. 49, no. 3, p. 311-321, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-006-0311-y.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"321","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211713,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-006-0311-y"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0ade4b0c8380cd4a862","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, G.","contributorId":12604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tang, X.","contributorId":43082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ouyang, X.","contributorId":44348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ouyang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhang, Dongxiao","contributorId":26409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongxiao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Liu, J.","contributorId":23672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Yan, J.","contributorId":24480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Zhou, C.","contributorId":88466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Luo, Y.","contributorId":28417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Guan, L.","contributorId":63132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guan","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Liu, Yajing","contributorId":16553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Yajing","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70030269,"text":"70030269 - 2006 - A framework for spatial risk assessments: Potential impacts of nonindigenous invasive species on native species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T12:18:05","indexId":"70030269","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1468,"text":"Ecology and Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A framework for spatial risk assessments: Potential impacts of nonindigenous invasive species on native species","docAbstract":"Many populations of wild animals and plants are declining and face increasing threats from habitat fragmentation and loss as well as exposure to stressors ranging from toxicants to diseases to invasive nonindigenous species. We describe and demonstrate a spatially explicit ecological risk assessment that allows for the incorporation of a broad array of information that may influence the distribution of an invasive species, toxicants, or other stressors, and the incorporation of landscape variables that may influence the spread of a species or substances. The first step in our analyses is to develop species models and quantify spatial overlap between stressor and target organisms. Risk is assessed as the product of spatial overlap and a hazard index based on target species vulnerabilities to the stressor of interest. We illustrate our methods with an example in which the stressor is the ecologically destructive nonindigenous ant, Solenopsis invicta, and the targets are two declining vertebrate species in the state of South Carolina, USA. A risk approach that focuses on landscapes and that is explicitly spatial is of particular relevance as remaining undeveloped lands become increasingly uncommon and isolated and more important in the management and recovery of species and ecological systems. Effective ecosystem management includes the control of multiple stressors, including invasive species with large impacts, understanding where those impacts may be the most severe, and implementing management strategies to reduce impacts. Copyright ?? 2006 by the author(s).","language":"English","publisher":"The Resilience Alliance","issn":"17083087","usgsCitation":"Allen, C.R., Johnson, A., and Parris, L., 2006, A framework for spatial risk assessments: Potential impacts of nonindigenous invasive species on native species: Ecology and Society, v. 11, no. 1, Article 39; 13 p.","productDescription":"Article 39; 13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350424,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art39/"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3e3e4b0c8380cd4629b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":426408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, A.R.","contributorId":72176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parris, L.","contributorId":89342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parris","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}