The balance, accumulation rate and temporal dynamics of belowground carbon in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest are obtained in this paper, based on long-term observations to the soil organic matter, input and standing biomass of litter and coarse woody debris, and dissolved organic carbon carried in the hydrological process of subtropical climax forest ecosystem—monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, and its two successional forests of natural restoration—coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and Pinus massoniana forest, as well as data of root biomass obtained once every five years and respiration measurement of soil, litter and coarse woody debris respiration for 1 year. The major results include: the belowground carbon pools of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and Pinus massoniana forest are 23191 ± 2538 g · m−2, 16889 ± 1936 g · m−2 and 12680 ± 1854 g · m−2, respectively, in 2002. Mean annual carbon accumulation rates of the three forest types during the 24a from 1978 to 2002 are 383 ± 97 g · m−2 · a−1, 193 ± 85 g · m−2 · a−1 and 213 ± 86 g · m−2 · a−1, respectively. The belowground carbon pools in the three forest types keep increasing during the observation period, suggesting that belowground carbon pools are carbon sinks to the atmosphere. There are seasonal variations, namely, they are strong carbon sources from April to June, weak carbon sources from July to September; while they are strong carbon sinks from October to November, weak carbon sinks from December to March.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11430-006-0311-y","issn":"10069313","usgsCitation":"Zhou, G., Liu, S., Tang, X., Ouyang, X., Zhang, D., Liu, J., Yan, J., Zhou, C., Luo, Y., Guan, L., and Liu, Y., 2006, Belowground carbon balance and carbon accumulation rate in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest: Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences, v. 49, no. 3, p. 311-321, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-006-0311-y.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"321","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211713,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-006-0311-y"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0ade4b0c8380cd4a862","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, G.","contributorId":12604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tang, X.","contributorId":43082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ouyang, X.","contributorId":44348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ouyang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhang, Dongxiao","contributorId":26409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongxiao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Liu, J.","contributorId":23672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Yan, J.","contributorId":24480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Zhou, C.","contributorId":88466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Luo, Y.","contributorId":28417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Guan, L.","contributorId":63132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guan","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Liu, Yajing","contributorId":16553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Yajing","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70031009,"text":"70031009 - 2006 - Upland disturbance affects headwater stream nutrients and suspended sediments during baseflow and stormflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:15","indexId":"70031009","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upland disturbance affects headwater stream nutrients and suspended sediments during baseflow and stormflow","docAbstract":"Because catchment characteristics determine sediment and nutrient inputs to streams, upland disturbance can affect stream chemistry. Catchments at the Fort Benning Military Installation (near Columbus, Georgia) experience a range of upland disturbance intensities due to spatial variability in the intensity of military training. We used this disturbance gradient to investigate the effects of upland soil and vegetation disturbance on stream chemistry. During baseflow, mean total suspended sediment (TSS) concentration and mean inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) concentration increased with catchment disturbance intensity (TSS: R2 = 0.7, p = 0.005, range = 4.0-10.1 mg L-1; ISS: R2 = 0.71, p = 0.004, range = 2.04-7.3 mg L-1); dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration (R2 = 0.79, p = 0.001, range = 1.5-4.1 mg L-1) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentration (R2 = 0.75, p = 0.008, range = 1.9-6.2 ??g L-1) decreased with increasing disturbance intensity; and ammonia (NH 4+), nitrate (NO3-), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations were unrelated to disturbance intensity. The increase in TSS and ISS during storms was positively correlated with disturbance (R2 = 0.78 and 0.78, p = 0.01 and 0.01, respectively); mean maximum change in SRP during storms increased with disturbance (r = 0.7, p = 0.04); and mean maximum change in NO3- during storms was marginally correlated with disturbance (r = 0.58, p = 0.06). Soil characteristics were significant predictors of baseflow DOC, SRP, and Ca 2+, but were not correlated with suspended sediment fractions, any nitrogen species, or pH. Despite the largely intact riparian zones of these headwater streams, upland soil and vegetation disturbances had clear effects on stream chemistry during baseflow and stormflow conditions. ?? ASA, CSSA, SSSA.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2134/jeq2005.0102","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Houser, J., Mulholland, P.J., and Maloney, K., 2006, Upland disturbance affects headwater stream nutrients and suspended sediments during baseflow and stormflow: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 35, no. 1, p. 352-365, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0102.","startPage":"352","endPage":"365","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477454,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.555.7478","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211509,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0102"},{"id":238808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd21e4b08c986b328ede","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houser, J.N.","contributorId":91603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houser","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulholland, P. J.","contributorId":89081,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulholland","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maloney, K.O. 0000-0003-2304-0745","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2304-0745","contributorId":105414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maloney","given":"K.O.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":429620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031008,"text":"70031008 - 2006 - Effects of predation, flooding, and contamination on reproductive success of California Clapper Rails (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T13:12:50","indexId":"70031008","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of predation, flooding, and contamination on reproductive success of California Clapper Rails (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"We assessed the reproductive success of the California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus), an endangered subspecies restricted to San Francisco Bay, and the relative importance of predation, flooding, and contaminants as factors affecting that success. Our study was conducted in six tidal marshes in the northern and southern reaches of San Francisco Bay. This assessment, conducted in four breeding seasons (1991, 1992, 1998, 1999), determined that productivity of California Clapper Rails was much reduced over the natural potential. Only 69% of clapper rail eggs whose viability could be assessed were viable. Hatchability of eggs in North Bay and South Bay marshes was 65% and 70%, respectively. Only 45% of the nests successfully hatched at least one egg. Despite mean clutch sizes of 6.7 and 6.9 in the North and South bays, respectively, clapper rails produced only 1.9 and 2.5 young per nesting attempt. Flooding was a minor factor, reducing the number of eggs available to hatch by only 2.3%. Predation on eggs was a major factor affecting nest success, reducing productivity by a third. Failed eggs were examined for abnormal development and contaminant concentrations. Contamination appeared to adversely influence California Clapper Rail reproductive success, as evidenced by deformities; embryo hemorrhaging; embryo malpositions; a depressed rate of hatchability; excess concentrations of mercury, barium, and chromium over known avian embryotoxic thresholds; and a correlation of deformities with elevated concentrations of some trace elements in eggs that failed to hatch. Mercury was the only significant contaminant common to all marshes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0045:EOPFAC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Schwarzbach, S., Albertson, J., and Thomas, C., 2006, Effects of predation, flooding, and contamination on reproductive success of California Clapper Rails (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) in San Francisco Bay: The Auk, v. 123, no. 1, p. 45-60, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0045:EOPFAC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477386,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0045:eopfac]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a078ae4b0c8380cd51749","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwarzbach, S.E.","contributorId":32467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarzbach","given":"S.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albertson, J.D.","contributorId":24168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albertson","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, C.M.","contributorId":81289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031007,"text":"70031007 - 2006 - Scaling uncertainties in estimating canopy foliar maintenance respiration for black spruce ecosystems in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:16","indexId":"70031007","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2764,"text":"Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scaling uncertainties in estimating canopy foliar maintenance respiration for black spruce ecosystems in Alaska","docAbstract":"A major challenge confronting the scientific community is to understand both patterns of and controls over spatial and temporal variability of carbon exchange between boreal forest ecosystems and the atmosphere. An understanding of the sources of variability of carbon processes at fine scales and how these contribute to uncertainties in estimating carbon fluxes is relevant to representing these processes at coarse scales. To explore some of the challenges and uncertainties in estimating carbon fluxes at fine to coarse scales, we conducted a modeling analysis of canopy foliar maintenance respiration for black spruce ecosystems of Alaska by scaling empirical hourly models of foliar maintenance respiration (Rm) to estimate canopy foliar Rm for individual stands. We used variation in foliar N concentration among stands to develop hourly stand-specific models and then developed an hourly pooled model. An uncertainty analysis identified that the most important parameter affecting estimates of canopy foliar Rm was one that describes R m at 0??C per g N, which explained more than 55% of variance in annual estimates of canopy foliar Rm. The comparison of simulated annual canopy foliar Rm identified significant differences between stand-specific and pooled models for each stand. This result indicates that control over foliar N concentration should be considered in models that estimate canopy foliar Rm of black spruce stands across the landscape. In this study, we also temporally scaled the hourly stand-level models to estimate canopy foliar Rm of black spruce stands using mean monthly temperature data. Comparisons of monthly Rm between the hourly and monthly versions of the models indicated that there was very little difference between the estimates of hourly and monthly models, suggesting that hourly models can be aggregated to use monthly input data with little loss of precision. We conclude that uncertainties in the use of a coarse-scale model for estimating canopy foliar Rm at regional scales depend on uncertainties in representing needle-level respiration and on uncertainties in representing the spatial variability of canopy foliar N across a region. The development of spatial data sets of canopy foliar N represents a major challenge in estimating canopy foliar maintenance respiration at regional scales. ?? Springer 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11027-006-1015-5","issn":"13812386","usgsCitation":"Zhang, X., McGuire, A., and Ruess, R.W., 2006, Scaling uncertainties in estimating canopy foliar maintenance respiration for black spruce ecosystems in Alaska: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, v. 11, no. 1, p. 147-174, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-1015-5.","startPage":"147","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211480,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-1015-5"},{"id":238775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b871ce4b08c986b316302","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, X.","contributorId":30193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruess, Roger W.","contributorId":45483,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruess","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030266,"text":"70030266 - 2006 - Climate model biases in seasonality of continental water storage revealed by satellite gravimetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T17:02:50","indexId":"70030266","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate model biases in seasonality of continental water storage revealed by satellite gravimetry","docAbstract":"Satellite gravimetric observations of monthly changes in continental water storage are compared with outputs from five climate models. All models qualitatively reproduce the global pattern of annual storage amplitude, and the seasonal cycle of global average storage is reproduced well, consistent with earlier studies. However, global average agreements mask systematic model biases in low latitudes. Seasonal extrema of low‐latitude, hemispheric storage generally occur too early in the models, and model‐specific errors in amplitude of the low‐latitude annual variations are substantial. These errors are potentially explicable in terms of neglected or suboptimally parameterized water stores in the land models and precipitation biases in the climate models.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004628","usgsCitation":"Swenson, S., and Milly, P., 2006, Climate model biases in seasonality of continental water storage revealed by satellite gravimetry: Water Resources Research, v. 42, no. 3, Article W03201; 7 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004628.","productDescription":"Article W03201; 7 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f652e4b0c8380cd4c6be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, Sean","contributorId":58584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Sean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030265,"text":"70030265 - 2006 - Microhabitat use, home range, and movements of the alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, in Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:11","indexId":"70030265","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microhabitat use, home range, and movements of the alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, in Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Little is known about the ecology of the alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, particularly dentography and behavior. To learn more about the species in Oklahoma, we conducted a telemetry project on 2 small streams at Sequoyah National Wildlife Refuge, an 8,417.5-ha refuge located in east-central Oklahoma. Between June 1999 and August 2000, we fitted 19 M. temminckii with ultrasonic telemetry tags and studied turtle movements and microhahitat use. Turtles were checked 2 to 3 times weekly in summer and sporadically in winter. Several microhabitat variables were measured at each turtle location and a random location to help quantify microhabitat use vs. availability. We recorded 147 turtle locations. Turtles were always associated with submerged cover with a high percentage of overhead canopy cover. Turtles used deeper depths in late summer (but not deeper depths than random locations) and deeper depths in mid-winter (and deeper depths than random locations) than in early summer. They used shallower depths than random locations in early summer. This seasonal shift in depth use might be thermoregulatory, although evidence for this is indirect. The mean linear home range for all turtles was 777.8 m. Females had larger home ranges than males, and juveniles had larger home ranges than adults, although the latter was not statistically significant. Macrochelys temminckii used submerged structures as a core site, and stayed at each core site for an average of 12.3 d.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[35:MUHRAM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00384909","usgsCitation":"Riedle, J., Shipman, P., Fox, S.F., and Leslie, D., 2006, Microhabitat use, home range, and movements of the alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, in Oklahoma: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 51, no. 1, p. 35-40, https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[35:MUHRAM]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"35","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212116,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[35:MUHRAM]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":239542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5682e4b0c8380cd6d63e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riedle, J.D.","contributorId":87269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riedle","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shipman, P.A.","contributorId":75670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shipman","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fox, S. F.","contributorId":100984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029003,"text":"70029003 - 2006 - Origin and significance of clay-coated fractures in mudrock fragments of the SAFOD borehole (Parkfield, California)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:42","indexId":"70029003","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin and significance of clay-coated fractures in mudrock fragments of the SAFOD borehole (Parkfield, California)","docAbstract":"The clay mineralogy and texture of rock fragments from the SAFOD borehole at 3067 m and 3436 m measured depth (MD) was investigated by electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) and X-ray-diffraction (XRD). The washed and ultrasonically cleaned samples show slickenfiber striations and thin films of Ca-K bearing smectite that are formed on polished fault surfaces, along freshly opened fractures and within adjacent mineralized veins. The cation composition and hydration behavior of these films differ from the Namontmorillonite of the fresh bentonite drilling mud, although there is more similarity with circulated mud recovered from 3479 m MD. We propose that these thin film smectite precipitates formed by natural nucleation and crystal growth during fault creep, probably associated with the shallow circulation of low temperature aqueous fluids along this shallow portion of the San Andreas Fault. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2006GL026505","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Schleicher, A., van der Pluijm, B., Solum, J., and Warr, L., 2006, Origin and significance of clay-coated fractures in mudrock fragments of the SAFOD borehole (Parkfield, California): Geophysical Research Letters, v. 33, no. 16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026505.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477502,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl026505","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209966,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026505"},{"id":236736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70bbe4b0c8380cd761e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schleicher, A.M.","contributorId":73395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schleicher","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van der Pluijm, B.A.","contributorId":56844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van der Pluijm","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Solum, J.G.","contributorId":79280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solum","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Warr, L.N.","contributorId":12676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warr","given":"L.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031005,"text":"70031005 - 2006 - Association of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with live algae and total lipids in rivers - A field-based approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:16","indexId":"70031005","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Association of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with live algae and total lipids in rivers - A field-based approach","docAbstract":"The association of PCBs and live algal cells in rivers was studied at four locations during four seasons in two Wisconsin rivers. Positive relations between particle-associated PCBs and both chlorophyll-a and algal carbon concentrations indicated that live algal cells were a significant sorption phase for dissolved PCBs. Large Pennate diatoms (Navicula, Synedra, Pinnularia, Diatoma, and Cocconeis), or more rarely, Euglenoids (Trachelomonas sp.), dominated most sample assemblages on an algal carbon basis. These assemblages made up the highest percentage of total SOC during spring (average=50%) and lowest during summer (average=15%). At the three impounded sites, most individual PCB congeners were relatively enriched in samples characterized by: (1) high concentrations of algal carbon (as a percent of SOC), (2) algal assemblages dominated (or co-dominated) by Euglenoids, and (3) high concentrations of total lipids. Despite relatively higher masses of sorbed PCBs in the most lipid-rich samples, there was no robust correlation between total lipid content and particle-associated PCBs when aggregating all samples from the study. A possible explanation is that PCBs are associated with other structural components in live algae and (or) departure from chemical equilibrium in the river due to algal growth kinetics. A kinetic uptake model was used to calculate the mass of PCBs associated with the total organic carbon content of live algae. Based on this model, PCBs were enriched in algal cells during bloom seasons (spring and fall) compared to non-bloom seasons (summer and winter). Further, although individual PCB congener partition coefficients (log) to live algal cells (range=5.3-6.4) overlapped to those for detritus (range=3.6-7.4), PCBs tended to be enriched in detrital carbon pools during non-bloom conditions. The larger range of estimated PCB partition coefficients for detritus likely reflects the more heterogeneous nature of this material compared to live algal cells.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.11.025","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Fitzgerald, S., and Steuer, J.J., 2006, Association of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with live algae and total lipids in rivers - A field-based approach: Science of the Total Environment, v. 354, no. 1, p. 60-74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.11.025.","startPage":"60","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211450,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.11.025"},{"id":238741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"354","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee91e4b0c8380cd49e22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzgerald, S.A.","contributorId":94348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steuer, J. J.","contributorId":12430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steuer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70031004,"text":"70031004 - 2006 - Effects of heavy metals on the litter consumption by the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus in field soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:16","indexId":"70031004","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3024,"text":"Pedobiologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of heavy metals on the litter consumption by the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus in field soils","docAbstract":"Aim of this study was to determine effects of heavy metals on litter consumption by the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus in National Park the \"Brabantsche Biesbosch\", the Netherlands. Adult L. rubellus were collected from 12 polluted and from one unpolluted field site. Earthworms collected at the unpolluted site were kept in their native soil and in soil from each of the 12 Biesbosch sites. Earthworms collected in the Biesbosch were kept in their native soils. Non-polluted poplar (Populus sp.) litter was offered as a food source and litter consumption and earthworm biomass were determined after 54 days. Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations were determined in soil, pore water and 0.01 M CaCl2 extracts of the soil and in earthworms. In spite of low available metal concentrations in the polluted soils, Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations in L. rubellus were increased. The litter consumption rate per biomass was positively related to internal Cd and Zn concentrations of earthworms collected from the Biesbosch and kept in native soil. A possible explanation is an increased demand for energy, needed for the regulation and detoxification of heavy metals. Litter consumption per biomass of earthworms from the reference site and kept in the polluted Biesbosch soils, was not related to any of the determined soil characteristics and metal concentrations. ?? 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pedobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.004","issn":"00314056","usgsCitation":"Hobbelen, P., Koolhaas, J., and van Gestel, C., 2006, Effects of heavy metals on the litter consumption by the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus in field soils: Pedobiologia, v. 50, no. 1, p. 51-60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.004.","startPage":"51","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502645,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/effects-of-heavy-metals-on-the-litter-consumption-by-the-earthwor","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211449,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.004"},{"id":238740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a070ee4b0c8380cd51535","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hobbelen, P.H.F.","contributorId":94493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbelen","given":"P.H.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koolhaas, J.E.","contributorId":56439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koolhaas","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"van Gestel, C.A.M.","contributorId":60013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Gestel","given":"C.A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031003,"text":"70031003 - 2006 - Interactions among two strains of Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) and Myxobolus cerebralis (Myxozoa)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T16:03:40","indexId":"70031003","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions among two strains of Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) and Myxobolus cerebralis (Myxozoa)","docAbstract":"Host-parasite interactions influence host population growth, host evolution and parasite success. We examined the interactions among Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite that causes salmonid whirling disease, and resistant and susceptible strains of the oligochaete host Tubifex tubifex. Strains of T. tubifex with diverse genotypes often coexist in nature and have variable susceptibilities to M. cerebralis infection. Further, parasite proliferation differs by several orders of magnitude among T. tubifex strains. We examined total biomass produced by individual T. tubifex, including progeny production and adult growth, parasite proliferation and prevalence of infection using 2 strains of T. tubifex at 2 myxospore doses in a response-surface experimental design. Total biomass production per individual oligochaete and progeny biomass produced by an individual adult oligochaete were density-dependent for both resistant and susceptible individuals and the effects did not change with the addition of myxospores. However, both resistant and susceptible adults had highest growth when exposed to M. cerebralis. The presence of resistant oligochaetes in mixed cultures did not reduce the infection prevalence or parasite proliferation in susceptible individuals. In natural aquatic communities, resistant strains of T. tubifex may not reduce the effects of M. cerebralis on the salmonid host, particularly if sufficient numbers of susceptible T. tubifex are present. ?? Inter-Research 2006.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao068131","issn":"01775103","usgsCitation":"Steinbach, E.L., Kerans, B., Rasmussen, C., and Winton, J., 2006, Interactions among two strains of Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) and Myxobolus cerebralis (Myxozoa): Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 68, no. 2, p. 131-139, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao068131.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"139","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487683,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao068131","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265909,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.int-res.com/articles/dao2005/68/d068p131.pdf"}],"volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cbde4b0c8380cd62fcf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steinbach, Elwell L.C.","contributorId":100607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinbach","given":"Elwell","email":"","middleInitial":"L.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kerans, B.L.","contributorId":93610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerans","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rasmussen, C.","contributorId":66392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031002,"text":"70031002 - 2006 - Presence and distribution of wastewater-derived pharmaceuticals in soil irrigated with reclaimed water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:23:41","indexId":"70031002","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Presence and distribution of wastewater-derived pharmaceuticals in soil irrigated with reclaimed water","docAbstract":"Three sites in the Front Range of Colorado, USA, were monitored from May through September 2003 to assess the presence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in soil irrigated with reclaimed water derived from urban wastewater. Soil cores were collected monthly, and 19 pharmaceuticals, all of which were detected during the present study, were measured in 5‐cm increments of the 30‐cm cores. Samples of reclaimed water were analyzed three times during the study to assess the input of pharmaceuticals. Samples collected before the onset of irrigation in 2003 contained numerous pharmaceuticals, likely resulting from the previous year's irrigation. Several of the selected pharmaceuticals increased in total soil concentration at one or more of the sites. The four most commonly detected pharmaceuticals were erythromycin, carbamazepine, fluoxetine, and diphenhydramine. Typical concentrations of the individual pharmaceuticals observed were low (0.02–15 μg/kg dry soil). The existence of subsurface maximum concentrations and detectable concentrations at the lowest sampled soil depth might indicate interactions of soil components with pharmaceuticals during leaching through the vadose zone. Nevertheless, the present study demonstrates that reclaimed‐water irrigation results in soil pharmaceutical concentrations that vary through the irrigation season and that some compounds persist for months after irrigation.
Βiogenic manganese oxides are common and an important source of reactive mineral surfaces in the environment that may be potentially enhanced in bioremediation cases to improve natural attenuation. Experiments were performed in which the uranyl ion, UO22+ (U(VI)), at various concentrations was present during manganese oxide biogenesis. At all concentrations, there was strong uptake of U onto the oxides. Synchrotron-based extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were carried out to determine the molecular-scale mechanism by which uranyl is incorporated into the oxide and how this incorporation affects the resulting manganese oxide structure and mineralogy. The EXAFS experiments show that at low concentrations (<0.3 mol % U, <1 μM U(VI) in solution), U(VI) is present as a strong bidentate surface complex. At high concentrations (>2 mol % U, >4 μM U(VI) in solution), the presence of U(VI) affects the stability and structure of the Mn oxide to form poorly ordered Mn oxide tunnel structures, similar to todorokite. EXAFS modeling shows that uranyl is present in these oxides predominantly in the tunnels of the Mn oxide structure in a tridentate complex. Observations by XRD corroborate these results. Structural incorporation may lead to more stable U(VI) sequestration that may be suitable for remediation uses. These observations, combined with the very high uptake capacity of the Mn oxides, imply that Mn-oxidizing bacteria may significantly influence dissolved U(VI) concentrations in impacted waters via sorption and incorporation into Mn oxide biominerals.
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, was first diagnosed in African buffalo in South Africa's Kruger National Park in 1990. Over the past 15 years the disease has spread northwards leaving only the most northern buffalo herds unaffected. Evidence suggests that 10 other small and large mammalian species, including large predators, are spillover hosts. Wildlife tuberculosis has also been diagnosed in several adjacent private game reserves and in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, the third largest game reserve in South Africa. The tuberculosis epidemic has a number of implications, for which the full effect of some might only be seen in the long-term. Potential negative long-term effects on the population dynamics of certain social animal species and the direct threat for the survival of endangered species pose particular problems for wildlife conservationists. On the other hand, the risk of spillover infection to neighboring communal cattle raises concerns about human health at the wildlife-livestock-human interface, not only along the western boundary of Kruger National Park, but also with regards to the joint development of the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area with Zimbabwe and Mozambique. From an economic point of view, wildlife tuberculosis has resulted in national and international trade restrictions for affected species. The lack of diagnostic tools for most species and the absence of an effective vaccine make it currently impossible to contain and control this disease within an infected free-ranging ecosystem. Veterinary researchers and policy-makers have recognized the need to intensify research on this disease and the need to develop tools for control, initially targeting buffalo and lion. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
","largerWorkTitle":"Veterinary Microbiology","language":"English","publisher":"Elselvier","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.035","issn":"03781135","usgsCitation":"Michel, A., Bengis, R.G., Keet, D., Hofmeyr, M., De Klerk, L.M., Cross, P., Jolles, A.E., Cooper, D., Whyte, I., Buss, P., and Godfroid, J., 2006, Wildlife tuberculosis in South African conservation areas: Implications and challenges: Veterinary Microbiology, v. 112, no. 2-4 Special Issue, p. 91-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.035.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477551,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2263/2359","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211971,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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M.","contributorId":6662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofmeyr","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"De Klerk, L. M.","contributorId":49180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Klerk","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cross, P.C.","contributorId":48141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jolles, Anna E.","contributorId":40421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jolles","given":"Anna","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cooper, D.","contributorId":105913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Whyte, I.J.","contributorId":10999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whyte","given":"I.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Buss, P.","contributorId":97705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buss","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Godfroid, J.","contributorId":28807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfroid","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70030254,"text":"70030254 - 2006 - Tests of landscape influence: Nest predation and brood parasitism in fragmented ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030254","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tests of landscape influence: Nest predation and brood parasitism in fragmented ecosystems","docAbstract":"The effects of landscape fragmentation on nest predation and brood parasitism, the two primary causes of avian reproductive failure, have been difficult to generalize across landscapes, yet few studies have clearly considered the context and spatial scale of fragmentation. Working in two river systems fragmented by agricultural and rural-housing development, we tracked nesting success and brood parasitism in >2500 bird nests in 38 patches of deciduous riparian woodland. Patches on both river systems were embedded in one of two local contexts (buffered from agriculture by coniferous forest, or adjacent to agriculture), but the abundance of agriculture and human habitation within 1 km of each patch was highly variable. We examined evidence for three models of landscape effects on nest predation based on (1) the relative importance of generalist agricultural nest predators, (2) predators associated with the natural habitats typically removed by agricultural development, or (3) an additive combination of these two predator communities. We found strong support for an additive predation model in which landscape features affect nest predation differently at different spatial scales. Riparian habitat with forest buffers had higher nest predation rates than sites adjacent to agriculture, but nest predation also increased with increasing agriculture in the larger landscape surrounding each site. These results suggest that predators living in remnant woodland buffers, as well as generalist nest predators associated with agriculture, affect nest predation rates, but they appear to respond at different spatial scales. Brood parasitism, in contrast, was unrelated to agricultural abundance on the landscape, but showed a strong nonlinear relationship with farm and house density, indicating a critical point at which increased human habitat causes increased brood parasitism. Accurate predictions regarding landscape effects on nest predation and brood parasitism will require an increased appreciation of the multiple scales at which landscape components influence predator and parasite behavior. ?? 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Tewksbury, J., Garner, L., Garner, S., Lloyd, J., Saab, V., and Martin, T.E., 2006, Tests of landscape influence: Nest predation and brood parasitism in fragmented ecosystems: Ecology, v. 87, no. 3, p. 759-768.","startPage":"759","endPage":"768","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5dfe4b08c986b320d3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tewksbury, J.J.","contributorId":78116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewksbury","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garner, L.","contributorId":25817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garner, S.","contributorId":103521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lloyd, J.D.","contributorId":59309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lloyd","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Saab, V.","contributorId":55376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saab","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Martin, T. E.","contributorId":10911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030253,"text":"70030253 - 2006 - Lithospheric controls on the formation of provinces hosting giant orogenic gold deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030253","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithospheric controls on the formation of provinces hosting giant orogenic gold deposits","docAbstract":"Ages of giant gold systems (>500 t gold) cluster within well-defined periods of lithospheric growth at continental margins, and it is the orogen-scale processes during these mainly Late Archaean, Palaeoproterozoic and Phanerozoic times that ultimately determine gold endowment of a province in an orogen. A critical factor for giant orogenic gold provinces appears to be thickness of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath a province at the time of gold mineralisation, as giant gold deposits are much more likely to develop in orogens with subducted oceanic or thin continental lithosphere. A proxy for the latter is a short pre-mineralisation crustal history such that thick SCLM was not developed before gold deposition. In constrast, orogens with protracted pre-mineralisation crustal histories are more likely to be characterised by a thick SCLM that is difficult to delaminate, and hence, such provinces will normally be poorly endowed. The nature of the lithosphere also influences the intrinsic gold concentrations of potential source rocks, with back-arc basalts, transitional basalts and basanites enriched in gold relative to other rock sequences. Thus, segments of orogens with thin lithosphere may enjoy the conjunction of giant-scale fluid flux through gold-enriched sequences. Although the nature of the lithosphere plays the crucial role in dictating which orogenic gold provinces will contain one or more giant deposits, the precise siting of those giants depends on the critical conjunction of a number of province-scale factors. Such features control plumbing systems, traps and seals in tectonically and lithospherically suitable terranes within orogens. ?? Springer-Verlag 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00126-005-0046-2","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Bierlein, F., Groves, D., Goldfarb, R., and Dube, B., 2006, Lithospheric controls on the formation of provinces hosting giant orogenic gold deposits: Mineralium Deposita, v. 40, no. 8, p. 874-886, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-005-0046-2.","startPage":"874","endPage":"886","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211914,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-005-0046-2"}],"volume":"40","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4893e4b0c8380cd67f7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bierlein, F.P.","contributorId":74945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bierlein","given":"F.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Groves, D.I.","contributorId":73616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dube, B.","contributorId":58096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dube","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030249,"text":"70030249 - 2006 - Shelf and open-ocean calcareous phytoplankton assemblages across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Implications for global productivity gradients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-27T16:28:06","indexId":"70030249","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shelf and open-ocean calcareous phytoplankton assemblages across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Implications for global productivity gradients","docAbstract":"Abrupt global warming and profound perturbation of the carbon cycle during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ca. 55 Ma) have been linked to a massive release of carbon into the ocean-atmosphere system. Increased phytoplankton productivity has been invoked to cause subsequent CO2 drawdown, cooling, and environmental recovery. However, interpretations of geochemical and biotic data differ on when and where this increased productivity occurred. Here we present high-resolution nannofossil assemblage data from a shelf section (the U.S. Geological Survey [USGS] drill hole at Wilson Lake, New Jersey) and an open-ocean location (Ocean Drilling Program [ODP] Site 1209, paleoequatorial Pacific). These data combined with published biotic records indicate a transient steepening of shelf-offshelf trophic gradients across the PETM onset and peak, with a decrease in open-ocean productivity coeval with increased nutrient availability in shelf areas. Productivity levels recovered in the open ocean during the later stages of the event, which, coupled with intensified continental weathering rates, may have played an important role in carbon sequestration and CO2 drawdown. ?? 2006 Geological Society of America.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G22381.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, S., Bralower, T., Bown, P.R., Zachos, J., and Bybell, L., 2006, Shelf and open-ocean calcareous phytoplankton assemblages across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Implications for global productivity gradients: Geology, v. 34, no. 4, p. 233-236, https://doi.org/10.1130/G22381.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"236","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211855,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G22381.1"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e66e4b08c986b3188f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, S.J.","contributorId":66914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bralower, T.J.","contributorId":11336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bralower","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bown, Paul R.","contributorId":15408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bown","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zachos, J.C.","contributorId":61965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zachos","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bybell, L.M. 0000-0002-4760-7542","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":11220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030246,"text":"70030246 - 2006 - Influence of habitat heterogeneity on distribution, occupancy patterns, and productivity of breeding peregrine falcons in central West Greenland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T14:47:15","indexId":"70030246","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of habitat heterogeneity on distribution, occupancy patterns, and productivity of breeding peregrine falcons in central West Greenland","docAbstract":"We used occupancy and productivity data collected at 67 cliffs used for nesting from 1972 to 1999 to assess patterns of distribution and nest-site selection in an increasing population of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in central West Greenland. Peregrine Falcons breeding at traditionally occupied cliffs used for nesting had significantly lower variation in productivity and thus these cliffs were better quality sites. This indicates that Peregrine Falcons occupied cliffs according to a pattern of despotic distribution. Falcons breeding at cliffs that were consistently occupied during the breeding season had higher average productivity and lower variation in productivity than falcons at inconsistently occupied cliffs, and thus consistent occupancy also was indicative of cliff quality. Features of high quality habitat included tall cliffs, greater change in elevation from the lowest point within 3 km of the cliff to the cliff top (elevation gain), and protection from weather on the eyrie ledge. Spacing of suitable and occupied cliffs also was an important feature, and the best cliffs generally were more isolated. Increased spacing was likely a mechanism for reducing intraspecific competition. Our results suggest that Peregrine Falcons use a resource defense strategy to compete for better quality habitats and may use spacing and physical features of a nest site to identify good quality breeding habitat. ?? The Cooper Ornithological Society 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[270:IOHHOD]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Wightman, C., and Fuller, M., 2006, Influence of habitat heterogeneity on distribution, occupancy patterns, and productivity of breeding peregrine falcons in central West Greenland: Condor, v. 108, no. 2, p. 270-281, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[270:IOHHOD]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"270","endPage":"281","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211825,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[270:IOHHOD]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"108","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b3fe4b0c8380cd62370","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wightman, C.S.","contributorId":24170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wightman","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, M.R.","contributorId":71278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030244,"text":"70030244 - 2006 - Trade-offs across space, time, and ecosystem services","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030244","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1468,"text":"Ecology and Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trade-offs across space, time, and ecosystem services","docAbstract":"Ecosystem service (ES) trade-offs arise from management choices made by humans, which can change the type, magnitude, and relative mix of services provided by ecosystems. Trade-offs occur when the provision of one ES is reduced as a consequence of increased use of another ES. In some cases, a trade-off may be an explicit choice; but in others, trade-offs arise without premeditation or even awareness that they are taking place. Trade-offs in ES can be classified along three axes: spatial scale, temporal scale, and reversibility. Spatial scale refers to whether the effects of the trade-off are felt locally or at a distant location. Temporal scale refers to whether the effects take place relatively rapidly or slowly. Reversibility expresses the likelihood that the perturbed ES may return to its original state if the perturbation ceases. Across all four Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios and selected case study examples, trade-off decisions show a preference for provisioning, regulating, or cultural services (in that order). Supporting services are more likely to be \"taken for granted.\" Cultural ES are almost entirely unquantified in scenario modeling; therefore, the calculated model results do not fully capture losses of these services that occur in the scenarios. The quantitative scenario models primarily capture the services that are perceived by society as more important - provisioning and regulating ecosystem services - and thus do not fully capture trade-offs of cultural and supporting services. Successful management policies will be those that incorporate lessons learned from prior decisions into future management actions. Managers should complement their actions with monitoring programs that, in addition to monitoring the short-term provisions of services, also monitor the long-term evolution of slowly changing variables. Policies can then be developed to take into account ES trade-offs at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Successful strategies will recognize the inherent complexities of ecosystem management and will work to develop policies that minimize the effects of ES trade-offs. Copyright ?? 2006 by the author(s).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology and Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"17083087","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, J., Beard, T., Bennett, E., Cumming, G.S., Cork, S., Agard, J., Dobson, A.P., and Peterson, G., 2006, Trade-offs across space, time, and ecosystem services: Ecology and Society, v. 11, no. 1.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6aee4b08c986b326dfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, J.P.","contributorId":78542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beard, T.D. Jr.","contributorId":100160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"T.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, E.M.","contributorId":65666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cumming, Graeme S.","contributorId":39191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cumming","given":"Graeme","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cork, S.J.","contributorId":66481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cork","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Agard, J.","contributorId":27673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agard","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dobson, A. P.","contributorId":9992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dobson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Peterson, G.D.","contributorId":102835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70030974,"text":"70030974 - 2006 - Land-use effects on erosion, sediment yields, and reservoir sedimentation: A case study in the Lago Loiza Basin, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-07T11:56:26.762221","indexId":"70030974","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3059,"text":"Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land-use effects on erosion, sediment yields, and reservoir sedimentation: A case study in the Lago Loiza Basin, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Lago Loíza impounded in 1953 to supply San Juan, Puerto Rico, with drinking water; by 1994, it had lost 47% of its capacity. To characterize sedimentation in Lago Loíza, a study combining land-use history, hillslope erosion rates, and subbasin sediment yields was conducted. Sedimentation rates during the early part of the reservoir’s operation (1953– 1963) were slightly higher than the rates during 1964–1990. In the early history of the reservoir, cropland comprised 48% of the basin and erosion rates were high. Following economic shifts during the 1960s, cropland was abandoned and replaced by forest, which increased from 7.6% in 1950 to 20.6% in 1987. These land-use changes follow a pattern similar to the northeastern United States. Population in the Lago Loíza Basin increased 77% from 1950 to 1990, and housing units increased 194%. Sheetwash erosion measured from 1991 to 1993 showed construction sites had the highest sediment concentration (61,400 ppm), followed by cropland (47,400 ppm), pasture (3510 ppm), and forest (2050 ppm). This study illustrates how a variety of tools and approaches can be used to understand the complex interaction between land use, upland erosion, fluvial sediment transport and storage, and reservoir sedimentation.
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World consumption was 14.1 kt of lithium contained in minerals and compounds in 2003. Exports from the US increased slightly compared with 2004. 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Chamber measurements were made of ET from the five dominant species, and from bare soil, on 3 days during the monsoon season when the soil surface was dry. The chamber measurements were assembled into landscape ET using a simple geometric model of the vegetated land surface. Chamber estimates of landscape ET were well correlated with, but about 26% greater than, simultaneous eddy‐correlation measurements. Excessive air speed inside the chamber appears to be the primary cause of the overestimate. Overall, transpiration accounted for 84% of landscape ET, and bare soil evaporation for 16%. Desert zinnia, a small (∼0.1 m high) but abundant species, was the greatest water user, both per unit area of shrub and of landscape. Partitioning of ETinto components varied as a function of air temperature and shallow soil moisture. Transpiration from shorter species was more highly correlated with air temperature whereas transpiration from taller species was more highly correlated with shallow soil moisture. Application of these results to a full drying cycle between rainfalls at a similar site suggests that during the monsoon, ET at such sites may be about equally partitioned between transpiration and bare soil evaporation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004251","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D.I., and Weltz, M.A., 2006, Partitioning evapotranspiration in sparsely vegetated rangeland using a portable chamber: Water Resources Research, v. 42, no. 2, W02413; 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004251.","productDescription":"W02413; 13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477392,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005wr004251","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a753ee4b0c8380cd77a77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, David I. distanna@usgs.gov","contributorId":562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"David","email":"distanna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":429452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weltz, Mark A.","contributorId":75790,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weltz","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030796,"text":"70030796 - 2006 - An episode of rapid bedrock channel incision during the last glacial cycle, measured with 10Be","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:19","indexId":"70030796","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An episode of rapid bedrock channel incision during the last glacial cycle, measured with 10Be","docAbstract":"We use 10Be to infer when, how fast, and why the Susquehanna River incised through bedrock along the U.S. Atlantic seaboard, one of the world's most prominent and ancient passive margins. Although the rate at which large rivers incise rock is a fundamental control on the development of landscapes, relatively few studies have directly measured how quickly such incision occurs either in tectonically active environments or along passive margins. Exposure ages of fluvially carve d, bedrock strath terraces, preserved along the lower Susquehanna River, demonstrate that even along a passive margin, large rivers are capable of incising through rock for short periods of time at rates approaching those recorded in tectonically active regions, such as the Himalayas. Over eighty samples, collected along and between three prominent levels of strath terraces within Holtwood Gorge, indicate that the Susquehanna River incised more than 10 meters into the Appalachian Piedmont during the last glacial cycle. Beginning ???36 ka, incision rates increased dramatically, and remained elevated until ???14 ka. The northern half of the Susquehanna basin was glaciated during the late Wisconsinan; however, similar rates and timing of incision occurred in the unglaciated Potomac River basin immediately to the south. The concurrence of incision periods on both rivers suggests that glaciation and associated meltwater were not the primary drivers of incision. Instead, it appears that changing climatic conditions during the late Pleistocene promoted an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flood events capable of exceeding thresholds for rock detachment and bedrock erosion, thus enabling a short-lived episode of rapid incision into rock. Although this study has constraine d the timing and rate of bedrock incision along the largest river draining the Atlantic passive margin, the dates alone cannot explain fully why, or by what processes, this incision occurred. However, cosmogenic dating offers compelling evidence that episodes of rapid incision into bedrock are tied to glacial cycles and changes in global climate. These results, and the methods we employ, provide valuable insights into the nature of bedrock channel incision, not only along the Susquehanna River and passive margins, but also across a wide range of settings around the globe. Because river incision into bedrock transmits the effects of changing climate and tectonics through fluvial networks to hillslopes, comprehending when, where, and why rivers incise has important implications for the evolution of landscapes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Journal of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2475/ajs.306.2.69","issn":"00029599","usgsCitation":"Reusser, L., Bierman, P., Pavich, M., Larsen, J., and Finkel, R., 2006, An episode of rapid bedrock channel incision during the last glacial cycle, measured with 10Be: American Journal of Science, v. 306, no. 2, p. 69-102, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.306.2.69.","startPage":"69","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477389,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.306.2.69","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211411,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.306.2.69"}],"volume":"306","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea3ee4b0c8380cd48724","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reusser, L.","contributorId":89716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reusser","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bierman, P.","contributorId":52395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bierman","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pavich, M.","contributorId":58399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavich","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Larsen, J.","contributorId":74544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finkel, R.","contributorId":103028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkel","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}