Multiple treatment (i.e., drying, chemical digestion, and oxidation) steps are often required during preparation of biological matrices for quantitative analysis of mercury; these multiple steps could potentially lead to systematic errors and poor recovery of the analyte. In this study, the Direct Mercury Analyzer (Milestone Inc., Monroe, CT) was utilized to measure total mercury in fish tissue by integrating steps of drying, sample combustion and gold sequestration with successive identification using atomic absorption spectrometry. We also evaluated the differences between the mercury concentrations found in samples that were homogenized and samples with no preparation. These results were confirmed with cold vapor atomic absorbance and fluorescence spectrometric methods of analysis. Finally, total mercury in wild captured largemouth bass (n = 20) were assessed using the Direct Mercury Analyzer to examine internal variability between mercury concentrations in muscle, liver and brain organs. Direct analysis of total mercury measured in muscle tissue was strongly correlated with muscle tissue that was homogenized before analysis (r = 0.81, p < 0.0001). Additionally, results using this integrated method compared favorably (p < 0.05) with conventional cold vapor spectrometry with atomic absorbance and fluorescence detection methods. Mercury concentrations in brain were significantly lower than concentrations in muscle (p < 0.001) and liver (p < 0.05) tissues. This integrated method can measure a wide range of mercury concentrations (0-500 ??g) using small sample sizes. Total mercury measurements in this study are comparative to the methods (cold vapor) commonly used for total mercury analysis and are devoid of laborious sample preparation and expensive hazardous waste. ?? Springer 2006.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11270-006-9101-6","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Haynes, S., Gragg, R.D., Johnson, E., Robinson, L., and Orazio, C.E., 2006, An evaluation of a reagentless method for the determination of total mercury in aquatic life: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 172, no. 1, p. 359-374, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9101-6.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"374","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212093,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9101-6"}],"volume":"172","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea46e4b0c8380cd48753","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haynes, Sekeenia","contributorId":56442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haynes","given":"Sekeenia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gragg, Richard D.","contributorId":175336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gragg","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Elijah","contributorId":175337,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Elijah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, Larry","contributorId":57374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Larry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Orazio, Carl E. 0000-0002-2532-9668 corazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2532-9668","contributorId":1366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orazio","given":"Carl","email":"corazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":426863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030651,"text":"70030651 - 2006 - Changes in late-winter snowpack depth, water equivalent, and density in Maine, 1926-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:14","indexId":"70030651","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Changes in late-winter snowpack depth, water equivalent, and density in Maine, 1926-2004","docAbstract":"Twenty-three snow-course sites in and near Maine, USA, with records spanning at least 50 years through to 2004 were tested for changes over time in snowpack depth, water equivalent, and density in March and April. Of the 23 sites, 18 had a significant decrease (Mann-Kendall test, p < 0??1) in snowpack depth or a significant increase in snowpack density over time. Data from four sites in the mountains of western Maine-northern New Hampshire with mostly complete records from 1926 to 2004 indicate that average snowpack depths have decreased by about 16% and densities have increased by about 11%. Average snowpack depths and water equivalents in western Maine-northern New Hampshire peaked in the 1950s and 1960s, and densities peaked in the most recent decade. Previous studies in western North America also found a water-equivalent peak in the third quarter of the 20th century. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.6111","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Hodgkins, G., and Dudley, R.W., 2006, Changes in late-winter snowpack depth, water equivalent, and density in Maine, 1926-2004, in Hydrological Processes, v. 20, no. 4, p. 741-751, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6111.","startPage":"741","endPage":"751","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212160,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6111"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-02-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f41ae4b0c8380cd4bb3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodgkins, G.A.","contributorId":14022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgkins","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dudley, R. W.","contributorId":90780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70031151,"text":"70031151 - 2006 - Geochemistry and source waters of rock glacier outflow, Colorado Front Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70031151","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3032,"text":"Permafrost and Periglacial Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and source waters of rock glacier outflow, Colorado Front Range","docAbstract":"We characterize the seasonal variation in the geochemical and isotopic content of the outflow of the Green Lake 5 rock glacier (RG5), located in the Green Lakes Valley of the Colorado Front Range, USA. Between June and August, the geochemical content of rock glacier outflow does not appear to differ substantially from that of other surface waters in the Green Lakes Valley. Thus, for this alpine ecosystem at this time of year there does not appear to be large differences in water quality among rock glacier outflow, glacier and blockslope discharge, and discharge from small alpine catchments. However, in September concentrations of Mg2+ in the outflow of the rock glacier increased to more than 900 ??eq L-1 compared to values of less than 40 ??eq L-1 at all the other sites, concentrations of Ca2+ were greater than 4,000 ??eq L-1 compared to maximum values of less than 200 ??eq L-1 at all other sites, and concentrations of SO42- reached 7,000 ??eq L-1, compared to maximum concentrations below 120 ??eq L-1 at the other sites. Inverse geochemical modelling suggests that dissolution of pyrite, epidote, chlorite and minor calcite as well as the precipitation of silica and goethite best explain these elevated concentrations of solutes in the outflow of the rock glacier. Three component hydrograph separation using end-member mixing analysis shows that melted snow comprised an average of 30% of RG5 outflow, soil water 32%, and base flow 38%. Snow was the dominant source water in June, soil water was the dominant water source in July, and base flow was the dominant source in September. Enrichment of ?? 18O from - 10??? in the outflow of the rock glacier compared to -20??? in snow and enrichment of deuterium excess from +17.5??? in rock glacier outflow compared to +11??? in snow, suggests that melt of internal ice that had undergone multiple melt/freeze episodes was the dominant source of base flow. Copyright ?? 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Permafrost and Periglacial Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/ppp.535","issn":"10456740","usgsCitation":"Williams, M., Knauf, M., Caine, N., Liu, F., and Verplanck, P., 2006, Geochemistry and source waters of rock glacier outflow, Colorado Front Range: Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, v. 17, no. 1, p. 13-33, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.535.","startPage":"13","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211652,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.535"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16e0e4b0c8380cd552c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, M.W.","contributorId":15565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knauf, M.","contributorId":77360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knauf","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caine, N.","contributorId":34881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caine","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, F.","contributorId":14150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Verplanck, P. L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":106565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030346,"text":"70030346 - 2006 - Demographic patterns and harvest vulnerability of chronic wasting disease infected white-tailed deer in Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030346","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demographic patterns and harvest vulnerability of chronic wasting disease infected white-tailed deer in Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) caused by transmissible protease-resistant prions. Since the discovery of CWD in southern Wisconsin in 2001, more than 20,000 deer have been removed from a >2,500-km2 disease eradication zone surrounding the three initial cases. Nearly all deer removed were tested for CWD infection and sex, age, and harvest location were recorded. Our analysis used data from a 310-km2 core study area where disease prevalence was higher than surrounding areas. We found no difference in harvest rates between CWD infected and noninfected deer. Our results show that the probability of infection increased with age and that adult males were more likely to be infected than adult females. Six fawns tested positive for CWD, five fawns from the core study area, including the youngest (5 months) free-ranging cervid to test positive. The increase in male prevalence with age is nearly twice the increase found in females. We concluded that CWD is not randomly distributed among deer and that differential transmission among sex and age classes is likely driving the observed patterns in disease prevalence. We discuss alternative hypotheses for CWD transmission and spread and, in addition, discuss several possible nonlinear relationships between prevalence and age. Understanding CWD transmission in free-ranging cervid populations will be essential to the development of strategies to manage this disease in areas where CWD is found, as well as for surveillance strategies in areas where CWD threatens to spread.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[546:DPAHVO]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Grear, D., Samuel, M., Langenberg, J., and Keane, D., 2006, Demographic patterns and harvest vulnerability of chronic wasting disease infected white-tailed deer in Wisconsin: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 70, no. 2, p. 546-553, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[546:DPAHVO]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"546","endPage":"553","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211830,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[546:DPAHVO]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"70","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe82e4b0c8380cd4ed78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grear, D.A. 0000-0002-5478-1549","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5478-1549","contributorId":6253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grear","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":426781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Samuel, M.D.","contributorId":13910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langenberg, J.A.","contributorId":91055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenberg","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keane, D.","contributorId":95684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keane","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030406,"text":"70030406 - 2006 - Thermodynamic calculations in the system CH4-H2O and methane hydrate phase equilibria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030406","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2425,"text":"Journal of Physical Chemistry B","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermodynamic calculations in the system CH4-H2O and methane hydrate phase equilibria","docAbstract":"Using the Gibbs function of reaction, equilibrium pressure, temperature conditions for the formation of methane clathrate hydrate have been calculated from the thermodynamic properties of phases in the system CH4-H 2O. The thermodynamic model accurately reproduces the published phase-equilibria data to within ??2 K of the observed equilibrium boundaries in the range 0.08-117 MPa and 190-307 K. The model also provides an estimate of the third-law entropy of methane hydrate at 273.15 K, 0.1 MPa of 56.2 J mol-1 K-1 for 1/n CH4??H 2O, where n is the hydrate number. Agreement between the calculated and published phase-equilibria data is optimized when the hydrate composition is fixed and independent of the pressure and temperature for the conditions modeled. ?? 2006 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Physical Chemistry B","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/jp055422f","issn":"15206106","usgsCitation":"Circone, S., Kirby, S.H., and Stern, L., 2006, Thermodynamic calculations in the system CH4-H2O and methane hydrate phase equilibria: Journal of Physical Chemistry B, v. 110, no. 16, p. 8232-8239, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp055422f.","startPage":"8232","endPage":"8239","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211721,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp055422f"},{"id":239065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-04-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb26ee4b08c986b3257d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Circone, S.","contributorId":35901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Circone","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stern, L.A.","contributorId":38293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031150,"text":"70031150 - 2006 - Capture-related stressors impair immune system function in sablefish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70031150","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Capture-related stressors impair immune system function in sablefish","docAbstract":"The sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria is a valuable North Pacific Ocean species that, when not targeted in various commercial fisheries, is often a part of discarded bycatch. Predictions of the survival of discarded fish are dependent on understanding how a fish responds to stressful conditions. Our objective was to describe the immunological health of sablefish exposed to capture stressors. In laboratory experiments designed to simulate the capture process, we subjected sablefish to various stressors that might influence survival: towing in a net, hooking, elevated seawater and air temperatures, and air exposure time. After stress was imposed, the in vitro mitogen-stimulated proliferation of sablefish leukocytes was used to evaluate the function of the immune system in an assay we validated for this species. The results demonstrated that regardless of fishing gear type, exposure to elevated seawater temperature, or time in air, the leukocytes from stressed sablefish exhibited significantly diminished proliferative responses to the T-cell mitogen, concanavalin A, or the B-cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide. There was no difference in the immunological responses associated with seawater or air temperature. The duration and severity of the capture stressors applied in our study were harsh enough to induce significantly elevated levels of plasma cortisol and glucose, but there was no difference in the magnitude of levels among stressor treatments. These data suggest that immunological suppression occurs in sablefish subjected to capture-related stressors. The functional impairment of the immune system after capture presents a potential reason why delayed mortality is possible in discarded sablefish. Further studies are needed to determine whether delayed mortality in discarded sablefish can be caused by increased susceptibility to infectious agents resulting from stressor-mediated immunosuppression.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T04-198.1","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Lupes, S., Davis, M., Olla, B., and Schreck, C., 2006, Capture-related stressors impair immune system function in sablefish: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 135, no. 1, p. 129-138, https://doi.org/10.1577/T04-198.1.","startPage":"129","endPage":"138","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211651,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T04-198.1"},{"id":238979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f355e4b0c8380cd4b725","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lupes, S.C.","contributorId":84975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lupes","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, M.W.","contributorId":51083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olla, B.L.","contributorId":10602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olla","given":"B.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schreck, C.B.","contributorId":11977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030701,"text":"70030701 - 2006 - Geochemistry of bed and suspended sediment in the Mississippi river system: Provenance versus weathering and winnowing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T19:11:38.592904","indexId":"70030701","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of bed and suspended sediment in the Mississippi river system: Provenance versus weathering and winnowing","docAbstract":"Stream-bed sediment for the size fraction less than 150 μm, examined in 14,000 samples collected mostly from minor tributaries to the major rivers throughout the Mississippi River drainage system, is composed of 5 mineral fractions identified by factor analysis—Al-silicate minerals, quartz, calcite and dolomite, heavy minerals, and an Fe–Mn fraction. The Al-silicate fraction parallels its distribution in the regolith, emphasizing the local sediment source as a primary control to its distribution. Quartz and the heavy-mineral fraction, and associated trace elements, exhibit a complementary distribution to that of the Al-silicate fraction, with a level of enrichment in the bed sediment that is achieved through winnowing and sorting. The carbonate fraction has a distribution suggesting its dissolution during transport. Trace elements partitioned onto the Fe–Mn, possibly amorphous oxyhydride, fraction are introduced to the streams, in part, through human activity. Except for the heavy-mineral fraction, these fractions are identified in suspended sediment from the Mississippi River itself. Although comparison of the tributary bed sediment with the riverine suspended sediment is problematic, the geochemistry of the suspended sediment seems to corroborate the interpretation of the geochemistry of the bed sediment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.05.041","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., Ludington, S., Duval, J.S., and Taylor, H.E., 2006, Geochemistry of bed and suspended sediment in the Mississippi river system: Provenance versus weathering and winnowing: Science of the Total Environment, v. 362, no. 1-3, p. 179-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.05.041.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"204","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas basin, Ohio basin Tennessee basin, Lower Mississippi basin, Missouri basin, Upper Mississippi 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This primary production is the ultimate source of food for clams, zooplankton, crabs, sardines, halibut, sturgeon, diving ducks, pelicans, and harbor seals. From measurements made in 1980, we estimated that phytoplankton primary production in San Francisco Bay was about 200,000 tons of organic carbon per year (Jassby et al. 1993). This is equivalent to producing the biomass of 5500 adult humpback whales, or the calories to feed 1.8 million people. These numbers may seem large, but primary production in San Francisco Bay is low compared to many other nutrient-enriched estuaries.
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E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jassby, A.D.","contributorId":172874,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jassby","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schraga, T.S.","contributorId":107480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schraga","given":"T.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dallas, K.L.","contributorId":85013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dallas","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030698,"text":"70030698 - 2006 - Storage and transit time of chemicals in thick unsaturated zones under rangeland and irrigated cropland, High Plains, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T08:08:48","indexId":"70030698","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storage and transit time of chemicals in thick unsaturated zones under rangeland and irrigated cropland, High Plains, United States","docAbstract":"In 2000-2002, three rangeland and six irrigated sites were instrumented to assess the storage and transit time of chemicals in thick (15 to 50 m) unsaturated zones (UZ) in the High Plains. These processes are likely to influence relations between land use and groundwater quality, yet they have not been documented systematically in the High Plains. Land use and climate were important controls on the size of subsoil chloride, nitrate, and pesticide compound reservoirs. The reservoirs under irrigated cropland generally were larger than those under rangeland because more chemicals were applied to cropland than to rangeland. In some cases, chloride and nitrate reservoirs under rangeland were larger than those under cropland, presumably because of long‐term evaporative concentration near the base of the root zone. Natural salts mobilized by irrigation return flow accounted for as much as 60 and 80% of the nitrate and chloride reservoirs, respectively, under some cropland, as indicated by detailed chemical profiles and isotopic tracers (15N, 18O in nitrate and 2H, 3H, 18O in water). Advective chemical transit times in the UZ under cropland ranged from about 50 to 375 years, longer than any of the instrumented fields had been irrigated, yet agrichemicals were detected at the water table at four of the six sites. The data provide evidence for the existence of slow and fast paths for water movement in the UZ, with larger subsoil chemical reservoirs occurring in areas dominated by slow paths. Implications of these findings with respect to water quality in the aquifer are significant because they indicate that the amount of chemical mass reaching the aquifer could increase with time as chemicals that still reside under irrigated fields reach the water table.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004417","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., Dennehy, K., Bruce, B.W., Böhlke, J., Michel, R.L., Gurdak, J., and Hurlbut, D., 2006, Storage and transit time of chemicals in thick unsaturated zones under rangeland and irrigated cropland, High Plains, United States: Water Resources Research, v. 42, no. 3, W03413; 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004417.","productDescription":"W03413; 18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b986ce4b08c986b31c019","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dennehy, K.F.","contributorId":41841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennehy","given":"K.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bruce, B. W.","contributorId":19577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruce","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gurdak, J.J.","contributorId":35119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurdak","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hurlbut, D.B.","contributorId":32597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurlbut","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70030377,"text":"70030377 - 2006 - Flow resistance dynamics in step‐pool channels: 2. Partitioning between grain, spill, and woody debris resistance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T16:56:27","indexId":"70030377","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow resistance dynamics in step‐pool channels: 2. Partitioning between grain, spill, and woody debris resistance","docAbstract":"In step‐pool stream channels, flow resistance is created primarily by bed sediments, spill over step‐pool bed forms, and large woody debris (LWD). In order to measure resistance partitioning between grains, steps, and LWD in step‐pool channels we completed laboratory flume runs in which total resistance was measured with and without grains and steps, with various LWD configurations, and at multiple slopes and discharges. Tests of additive approaches to resistance partitioning found that partitioning estimates are highly sensitive to the order in which components are calculated and that such approaches inflate the values of difficult‐to‐measure components that are calculated by subtraction from measured components. This effect is especially significant where interactions between roughness features create synergistic increases in resistance such that total resistance measured for combinations of resistance components greatly exceeds the sum of those components measured separately. LWD contributes large proportions of total resistance by creating form drag on individual pieces and by increasing the spill resistance effect of steps. The combined effect of LWD and spill over steps was found to dominate total resistance, whereas grain roughness on step treads was a small component of total resistance. The relative contributions of grain, spill, and woody debris resistance were strongly influenced by discharge and to a lesser extent by LWD density. Grain resistance values based on published formulas and debris resistance values calculated using a cylinder drag approach typically underestimated analogous flume‐derived values, further illustrating sources of error in partitioning methods and the importance of accounting for interaction effects between resistance components.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004278","usgsCitation":"Wilcox, A.C., Nelson, J.M., and Wohl, E.E., 2006, Flow resistance dynamics in step‐pool channels: 2. Partitioning between grain, spill, and woody debris resistance: Water Resources Research, v. 42, no. 5, Article W05419; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004278.","productDescription":"Article W05419; 14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477384,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005wr004278","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":239167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a124fe4b0c8380cd54265","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilcox, Andrew C. 0000-0002-6241-8977","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6241-8977","contributorId":195613,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-7632-8526 jmn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-8526","contributorId":2812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":426913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wohl, Ellen E.","contributorId":16969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wohl","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030376,"text":"70030376 - 2006 - Stability of low levels of perchlorate in drinking water and natural water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030376","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stability of low levels of perchlorate in drinking water and natural water samples","docAbstract":"Perchlorate ion (ClO4-) is an environmental contaminant of growing concern due to its potential human health effects, impact on aquatic and land animals, and widespread occurrence throughout the United States. The determination of perchlorate cannot normally be carried out in the field. As such, water samples for perchlorate analysis are often shipped to a central laboratory, where they may be stored for a significant period before analysis. The stability of perchlorate ion in various types of commonly encountered water samples has not been generally examined-the effect of such storage is thus not known. In the present study, the long-term stability of perchlorate ion in deionized water, tap water, ground water, and surface water was examined. Sample sets containing approximately 1000, 100, 1.0, and 0.5 ??g l-1 perchlorate ion in deionized water and also in local tap water were formulated. These samples were analyzed by ion chromatography for perchlorate ion concentration against freshly prepared standards every 24 h for the first 7 days, biweekly for the next 4 weeks, and periodically after that for a total of 400 or 610 days for the two lowest concentrations and a total of 428 or 638 days for the high concentrations. Ground and surface water samples containing perchlorate were collected, held and analyzed for perchlorate concentration periodically over at least 360 days. All samples except for the surface water samples were found to be stable for the duration of the study, allowing for holding times of at least 300 days for ground water samples and at least 90 days for surface water samples. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytica Chimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.030","issn":"00032670","usgsCitation":"Stetson, S., Wanty, R., Helsel, D., Kalkhoff, S., and Macalady, D., 2006, Stability of low levels of perchlorate in drinking water and natural water samples: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 567, no. 1 SPEC. ISS., p. 108-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.030.","startPage":"108","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211779,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.030"},{"id":239132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"567","issue":"1 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9657e4b08c986b31b455","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stetson, S.J.","contributorId":6650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stetson","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helsel, D.R.","contributorId":57448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helsel","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7242,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":426909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kalkhoff, S. J.","contributorId":28967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Macalady, D.L.","contributorId":76468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macalady","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030349,"text":"70030349 - 2006 - Differences in tsunami generation between the December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005 Sumatra earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-24T14:51:59","indexId":"70030349","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1430,"text":"Earth, Planets and Space","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differences in tsunami generation between the December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005 Sumatra earthquakes","docAbstract":"Source parameters affecting tsunami generation and propagation for the Mw > 9.0 December 26, 2004 and the Mw = 8.6 March 28, 2005 earthquakes are examined to explain the dramatic difference in tsunami observations. We evaluate both scalar measures (seismic moment, maximum slip, potential energy) and finite-source repre-sentations (distributed slip and far-field beaming from finite source dimensions) of tsunami generation potential. There exists significant variability in local tsunami runup with respect to the most readily available measure, seismic moment. The local tsunami intensity for the December 2004 earthquake is similar to other tsunamigenic earthquakes of comparable magnitude. In contrast, the March 2005 local tsunami was deficient relative to its earthquake magnitude. Tsunami potential energy calculations more accurately reflect the difference in tsunami severity, although these calculations are dependent on knowledge of the slip distribution and therefore difficult to implement in a real-time system. A significant factor affecting tsunami generation unaccounted for in these scalar measures is the location of regions of seafloor displacement relative to the overlying water depth. The deficiency of the March 2005 tsunami seems to be related to concentration of slip in the down-dip part of the rupture zone and the fact that a substantial portion of the vertical displacement field occurred in shallow water or on land. The comparison of the December 2004 and March 2005 Sumatra earthquakes presented in this study is analogous to previous studies comparing the 1952 and 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquakes and tsunamis, in terms of the effect slip distribution has on local tsunamis. Results from these studies indicate the difficulty in rapidly assessing local tsunami runup from magnitude and epicentral location information alone.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Planets and Space","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Terra Scientific","issn":"13438832","usgsCitation":"Geist, E., Bilek, S., Arcas, D., and Titov, V., 2006, Differences in tsunami generation between the December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005 Sumatra earthquakes: Earth, Planets and Space, v. 58, no. 2, p. 185-193.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265851,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/abstract/5802/58020185.html"}],"country":"Indonesia","otherGeospatial":"Bay of Bengal, Sumatra","volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00f3e4b0c8380cd4f9e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bilek, S.L.","contributorId":89169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilek","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arcas, D.","contributorId":82240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arcas","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Titov, V.V.","contributorId":48752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titov","given":"V.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030375,"text":"70030375 - 2006 - Occurrence of antibiotics in wastewater treatment facilities in Wisconsin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T08:55:32","indexId":"70030375","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of antibiotics in wastewater treatment facilities in Wisconsin, USA","docAbstract":"Samples from several wastewater treatment facilities in Wisconsin were screened for the presence of 21 antibiotic compounds. These facilities spanned a range of community size served (average daily flow from 0.0212 to 23.6 million gallons/day), secondary treatment processes, geographic locations across the state, and they discharged the treated effluents to both surface and ground waters (for ground water after a soil passage). A total of six antibiotic compounds were detected (1–5 compounds per site), including two sulfonamides (sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole), one tetracycline (tetracycline), fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin), macrolide (erythromycin-H2O) and trimethoprim. The frequency of detection of antibiotics was in the following order: tetracycline and trimethoprim (80%) > sulfamethoxazole (70%) > erythromycin-H2O (45%) > ciprofloxacin (40%) > sulfamethazine (10%). However, the soluble concentrations were in the parts-per-billion (ppb) range (≤ 1.3 μg/L), and importantly were unaffected by the size of the wastewater treatment facility. The concentrations detected were within an order of magnitude of those reported for similar systems in Europe and Canada: they were within a factor of two in comparison to those reported for Canada but generally lower relative to those measured in wastewater systems in Europe. Only sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline were detected in groundwater monitoring wells adjacent to the treatment systems. Future intensive wastewater monitoring programs in Wisconsin may be limited to the six antibiotic compounds detected in this study.
Hydraulic tests and geophysical logging performed in the Palisades sill and the underlying sedimentary rocks in the NE part of the Newark Rift Basin, New York, USA, confirm that the particular transmissive zones are localized within the dolerite-sedimentary rock contact zone and within a narrow interval below this contact zone that is characterized by the occurrence of small layers of chilled dolerite. Transmissivity values determined from fluid injection, aquifer testing, and flowmeter measurements generally fall in the range of 8.1E-08 to 9.95E-06 m2/s and correspond to various scales of investigation. The analysis of acoustic and optical BHTV images reveals two primary fracture sets within the dolerite and the sedimentary rocks—subhorizontal fractures, intersected by subvertical ones. Despite being highly fractured either with subhorizontal, subvertical or both fracture populations, the dolerite above and the sedimentary rocks below the contact zone and the zone with the layers of chilled dolerite are significantly less conductive. The distribution of the particular conductive intervals is not a function of the two dominant fracture populations or their density but rather of the intrusion path of the sill. The intrusion caused thermal fracturing and cracking of both formations, resulting in higher permeability along the contact zone.
The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit has identified five distinct rock types in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater. Clovis Class rock is a poorly sorted clastic rock that has undergone substantial aqueous alteration. We interpret it to be aqueously altered ejecta deposits formed by impacts into basaltic materials. Wishstone Class rock is also a poorly sorted clastic rock that has a distinctive chemical composition that is high in Ti and P and low in Cr. Wishstone Class rock may be pyroclastic or impact in origin. Peace Class rock is a sedimentary material composed of ultramafic sand grains cemented by significant quantities of Mg- and Ca-sulfates. Peace Class rock may have formed when water briefly saturated the ultramafic sands and evaporated to allow precipitation of the sulfates. Watchtower Class rocks are similar chemically to Wishstone Class rocks and have undergone widely varying degrees of near-isochemical aqueous alteration. They may also be ejecta deposits, formed by impacts into Wishstone-rich materials and altered by small amounts of water. Backstay Class rocks are basalt/trachybasalt lavas that were emplaced in the Columbia Hills after the other rock classes were, either as impact ejecta or by localized volcanic activity. The geologic record preserved in the rocks of the Columbia Hills reveals a period very early in Martian history in which volcanic materials were widespread, impact was a dominant process, and water was commonly present.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2005JE002562","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Squyres, S.W., Arvidson, R., Blaney, D., Clark, B.C., Crumpler, L., Farrand, W.H., Gorevan, S., Herkenhoff, K.E., Hurowitz, J., Kusack, A., McSween, H., Ming, D.W., Morris, R., Ruff, S.W., Wang, A., and Yen, A., 2006, Rocks of the Columbia Hills: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 111, no. E2, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002562.","productDescription":"19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239355,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211964,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002562"}],"otherGeospatial":"Columbia Hills; Mars","volume":"111","issue":"E2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-02-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae19e4b0c8380cd87014","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Squyres, S. W.","contributorId":31836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squyres","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arvidson, R. E.","contributorId":46666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvidson","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blaney, D.L.","contributorId":43477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blaney","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, B. C.","contributorId":39918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"B.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crumpler, L.","contributorId":59545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crumpler","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Farrand, W. H.","contributorId":64372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrand","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gorevan, S.","contributorId":7886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorevan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":428148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hurowitz, J.","contributorId":17742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurowitz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kusack, A.","contributorId":52398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kusack","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"McSween, H.Y.","contributorId":64370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSween","given":"H.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Ming, D. W.","contributorId":96811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ming","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Morris, R.V.","contributorId":6978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"R.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Ruff, S. 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For a Poisson process, the wait times between successive events occur statistically with an exponential density function. Fitting an exponential function to the durations between successive large Kp events forms the basis of our analysis. Defining these wait times by calculating the differences between times when Kp exceeds a certain value, such as Kp ??? 5, we find the wait-time distribution is not exponential. Because large storms often have several periods with large Kp values, their occurrence in time is not memoryless; short duration wait times are not independent of each other and are often clumped together in time. If we remove same-storm large Kp occurrences, the resulting wait times are very nearly exponentially distributed and the storm arrival process can be characterized as Poisson. Fittings are performed on wait time data for Kp ??? 5, 6, 7, and 8. The mean wait times between storms exceeding such Kp thresholds are 7.12, 16.55, 42.22, and 121.40 days respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2006GL026687","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Remick, K., and Love, J.J., 2006, Statistical modeling of storm-level Kp occurrences: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 33, no. 16, Article L16102; 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026687.","productDescription":"Article L16102; 4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477533,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl026687","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209625,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026687"}],"volume":"33","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9734e4b08c986b31b946","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Remick, K.J.","contributorId":78139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Remick","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Love, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-3324-0348 jlove@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","contributorId":760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030374,"text":"70030374 - 2006 - North American prairie wetlands are important nonforested land-based carbon storage sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T10:17:47","indexId":"70030374","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"North American prairie wetlands are important nonforested land-based carbon storage sites","docAbstract":"We evaluated the potential of prairie wetlands in North America as carbon sinks. Agricultural conversion has resulted in the average loss of 10.1 Mg ha- 1 of soil organic carbon on over 16 million ha of wetlands in this region. Wetland restoration has potential to sequester 378 Tg of organic carbon over a 10-year period. Wetlands can sequester over twice the organic carbon as no-till cropland on only about 17% of the total land area in the region. We estimate that wetland restoration has potential to offset 2.4% of the annual fossil CO2 emission reported for North America in 1990. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.06.007","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Euliss, N., Gleason, R., Olness, A., McDougal, R., Murkin, H., Robarts, R., Bourbonniere, R., and Warner, B., 2006, North American prairie wetlands are important nonforested land-based carbon storage sites: Science of the Total Environment, v. 361, no. 1-3, p. 179-188, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.06.007.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"188","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211747,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.06.007"}],"volume":"361","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a67eae4b0c8380cd7351c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Euliss, N.H. Jr.","contributorId":54917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gleason, R.A.","contributorId":46035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olness, A.","contributorId":48919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olness","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McDougal, R.L.","contributorId":50486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougal","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murkin, H.R.","contributorId":35697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murkin","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robarts, R.D.","contributorId":72343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robarts","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bourbonniere, R.A.","contributorId":91447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourbonniere","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Warner, B.G.","contributorId":40170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70030372,"text":"70030372 - 2006 - Applicability of the flood-pulse concept in a temperate floodplain river ecosystem: Thermal and temporal components","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030372","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applicability of the flood-pulse concept in a temperate floodplain river ecosystem: Thermal and temporal components","docAbstract":"Annual growth increments were calculated for blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) and flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) from the lower Mississippi River (LMR) to assess hypothesized relationships between fish growth and floodplain inundation as predicted by the Flood-Pulse Concept. Variation in catfish growth increment was high for all age classes of both species, and growth increments were not consistently related to various measures of floodplain inundation. However, relationships became stronger, and usually direct, when water temperature was integrated with area and duration of floodplain inundation. Relationships were significant for four of six age classes for blue catfish, a species known to utilize floodplain habitats. Though similar in direction, relationships were weaker for flathead catfish, which is considered a more riverine species. Our results indicate the Flood-Pulse Concept applies more strongly to temperate floodplain-river ecosystems when thermal aspects of flood pulses are considered. We recommend that future management of the LMR should consider ways to 'recouple' the annual flood and thermal cycles. An adaptive management approach will allow further determination of important processes affecting fisheries production in the LMR. Copyright ?? John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"River Research and Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/rra.921","issn":"15351459","usgsCitation":"Schramm, H., and Eggleton, M., 2006, Applicability of the flood-pulse concept in a temperate floodplain river ecosystem: Thermal and temporal components: River Research and Applications, v. 22, no. 5, p. 543-553, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.921.","startPage":"543","endPage":"553","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211746,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.921"},{"id":239095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec83e4b0c8380cd492f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schramm, H.L. Jr.","contributorId":103823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schramm","given":"H.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eggleton, M.A.","contributorId":40370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleton","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}